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Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Chapter #31 Identifications Mitchell Palmer Mitchell Palmer was

an Attorney General during the Red Scare who was zealous in his hunt for those who opposed American ideals. He was known as the Fighting Quaker. John T. Scopes John T. Scopes was a teacher who taught evolution and became the center of the Monkey Trial. His trial highlighted the rift between Progressive education and religion. Clarence Darrow Clarence Darrow was a famed criminal lawyer who supported Scopes in the Monkey Trial. He went against William Jennings Bryan in the case. Andrew Mellon Andrew Mellon was Treasury Secretary and enacted policies that favored rapid expansion of capital investment. He reduced the nation debt by $10 billion through tax reductions. Frederick W. Taylor Frederick W. Taylor implemented stopwatch efficiency techniques that were crucial to the mass production industry that would eventually produce the first reliable cars. Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger led a birth control movement and championed the use of contraceptives. She was a strong feminist. H. L. Mencken H. L. Mencken led many young authors in the new era of literature after WWI. He wielded more of a sword than a pen in his criticism of almost every aspect of American society. F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald was a young author who gained fame overnight with the publishing of This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby. Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway was one of many writers greatly affected by the war. His works were his personal response to propaganda and overblown patriotism. Sinclair Lewis Sinclair Lewis was a journalist who addressed the vulgar and prosperous nature of American society. Buying on Margin Buying on margin could be seen in the stock market and meant that people would pay a small down payment. Red Scare The Red Scare was the period of time after WWI that featured an intense antiforeign and anti-communism attitude of the majority of Americans. Sacco and Vanzetti Case

The Sacco and Vanzetti was an explicit example of the antiforeign nature of the US in the Red Scare and the period of time after WWI. Emergency Quota Act 1921 The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 was the first of two laws to set a quota for immigration. It set the quota at 3%. Immigration Quota Act 1924 The Immigration Quote Act of 1924 was stricter than its predecessor and set the quota at 2%. It also stopped Japanese immigration and reduced immigration of Southern Europeans. Volstead Act The Volstead Act was enacted along with the 18th Amendment in order to enforce Prohibition, but failed miserably. Fundamentalism Fundamentalists were those who supported old religion and fought against Progressive education and its teachings of evolution. They believed that evolution went against the Bible and its teachings. Modernists Modernists were able to defeat and take over the Fundamentalists as the major religious group.

Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions Seeing Red Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. The perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare led to multiple incidents. For example, a mayor called to have federal troops to stop a general strike that was fair in its demands and would not have made such a mess in a different time period. This threat also led to a nationwide battle against left-wingers. Several state legislatures passed criminal syndicalism laws. The Red Scare was well reflected in the notorious case of Sacco and Vanzetti. Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen. The new KKK less resembled the old KKK that was only antiblack and was more like antiforeign nativist movements an extremist, ultraconservative uprising against the diversity and modernity that was changing American culture. The new KKK, however, lasted less than a decade and collapsed in the late 1920s. Stemming the Foreign Flood Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act 3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's. In the 1920s, two immigration laws were passed that changed the nature of the United States. The first was the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which set the quota at 3%. This didnt have much effect, and the Immigration Act of 1924 was much more effective. It set the quota at 2% and shifted the census back 20 years. In effect, Northern Europeans had no trouble immigrating while Southern Europeans found it difficult. Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt, while Japanese were forbidden from immigrating at all. Makers of America: The Poles Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw

4. What factors led Poles to America? Polish roots go back to the colonial times, where they helped to establish the timber industry. They also served as soldiers in the American Revolution. In the late 19th century, however, their reason for immigrating was starvation and the hope to earn money. They could not compete with the increasingly mechanized agriculture of western Europe and the US. They were enticed by propaganda and stories from family members who had already immigrated. The Prohibition "Experiment" Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment 5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently? The 18th Amendment was broken frequently because it was American tradition to drink and the government failed to enforce the amendment properly. The Volstead Act was supposed to implement the legislation, but it did not work. State and federal agencies were understaffed and those who did work for the agencies were easily bribed because they were underpaid. The Golden Age of Gangsterism Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law 6. What was Gangsterism? Gangsterism resulted from prohibition. Police were bribed, and rival gangs began to fight over control of bootlegging. Alcohol was not the only activity that gangsters participated in, however. Other illicit activities included prostitution, gambling, and narcotics. Honest merchants lost ground to organized thugs under threat of destruction of property. Racketeers went as far as to infiltrate local labor unions as organizers and promoters. Monkey Business in Tennessee Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. Education advanced greatly in the 1920s. Many states began to require that young people remained in school until a certain age or completion of high school. Progressive education was introduced under John Dewey, who put forth the principles of learning by doing. Progressive education soon came under fire from Fundamentalists, who saw the teaching of Darwinian evolution as a betrayal of the Bible and its teachings. This resulted in the Monkey Trial, in which a teacher was convicted of teaching evolution. The Mass-Consumption Economy Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey 8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. America became a mass-consumption economy in the 1920s. The aftermath of the war and the Treasury Secretarys policies favored the expansion of capital investment. Supplying electrical power on a large scale and the automobile proved to large industries. As a result, advertising emerged as a necessary feature of American economy. Sports also became big business, as they attracted large groups of people and brought in large sums of money. Putting America on Rubber Tires Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T 9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles? Mass production of automobiles became possible with the industrial system that implemented assembly-line methods and mass-production techniques. Frederick W. Taylor was especially important for his stopwatch efficiency techniques. Henry Ford, a mechanical genius, created an immense empire with mass production of his Model T, the first car that was somewhat reliable and cheap. The Advent of the Gasoline Age 10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?

The widespread adoption of the automobile had both pros and cons. It became a symbol of both freedom and equality while offering convenience to all American at a relatively low price. America became a nation of commuters and urban areas spread out even further. New industries brought on by production of automobiles replaced old industries. There were also many disadvantages. There was a terrible death toll for those who dared to drive cars. In addition, the virtue of Americans began to drop wildly. Humans Develop Wings Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh 11. What effects did the early airplane have on America? The early airplane caused a frenzy in the already enlightened American society. The world shrunk as airlines were used for mail and passenger transportation. Another new industry rose in the ashes of railroad industry. It was also seen that airplanes would be used often in times of war. The Radio Revolution 12. How did America change as the result of the radio? The radio contrasted from other technological achievements of the era in that it brought people closer to home rather than farther. The radio allowed entire families to get together and spend time. In addition, the radio had a beneficial effect on education, culture, and sports. Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer 13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures? Motion pictures were first introduced as early as the 1890s, although they were very crude as this time. The true realization of movies came during World War I, during which they were used as propaganda for people to support the war effort. In 1927, the first movie with talking was released, indicating the fall of silent films. At the same time, somewhat competent color films were being produced. Movies surpassed all other forms of amusement, and helped immigrants become integrated into American society. The Dynamic Decade Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey 14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. The economy was expanding rapidly, and Americans lifestyles and values began to change as well. Most Americans were living in urban areas and women were beginning to find work easily. Birth control movements began as well. Fundamentalists lost ground to Modernists in the religious battle. The most recognizable change in American society was the integration of what could be called a sex craze. Jazz music accompanied this sudden change. Cultural Liberation Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright 15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times? In the 1920s, the war had a great effect on almost all forms of art, including literature, poetry, and architecture. New writers replaced old and traditional, introducing a new sense of youth and the betrayal of old ideals. Poetry also portrayed this same resentment towards old society. Architecture reflected the new materialism and functionalism of the era as well with long-range city planning. Wall Street's Big Bull Market Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon 16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's? The government economic policy in the 1920s was somewhat successful but could have been more so. In the midst of an economic madness came the Bureau of the Budget, which helped prevent overly extravagant

appropriations. Mellon, the new Secretary of the Treasury, was aided by Congress in reducing taxes, leading to a decrease in the national debt. However, it was seen that he did not take enough action where he could have. Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon Andrew Mellon was the Treasury Secretary for multiple presidents and is considered one of the most talented economists. Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover became President and was highly liked at the beginning of his term, but became disliked over his inability to act during the Great Depression. Because of this, he was labeled as an extreme conservative. Albert B. Fall Albert B. Fall was a corrupted government official. He managed the nations natural resources but was against conservation, unfortunately. Robert LaFollette Robert LaFollette was the leader of the Progressives during the election and allowed the party to gain a substantial amount of votes. Alfred E. Smith Alfred E. Smith was the Democratic candidate for President. He hurt the Democratic Party because he was an alcoholic and Irish. He split the Democratic Partys votes. Ohio Gang The Ohio Gang was a group of politicians who looked for high office positions during Hardings presidency. They were led by Harry Daugherty, who already held a high position and made substantial sums of money. Washington Conference The Washington Conference was when WWI veterans known as the Bonus Army strikes at Washington for their bonuses at an earlier time than planned. Kellogg-Briand Pact The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a treaty that was signed by many countries to outlaw war. Obviously, this treaty did not hold and showed the naivety of the countries at this time. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was an unpopular tariff act that increased the tariff rate more than 10%. President Harding lost much of his popularity after its enactment. Teapot Dome Scandal The Teapot Dome Scandal was a scandal in which Falling sold a dome of oil to different oil companies. He was the sole person to earn money from this scandal. Dawes Plan The Dawes Plan was created by the economist Dawes. Its purpose was to make it seem like America was getting its debt paid off while stimulating the German economy with American money. Hawley-Smoot Tariff The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was a tariff that raised the rate on imports to 60%, intending to protect American businesses from foreign ones. As a result, America became even more isolationist and disliked by other countries such as Great Britain.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a finance group that intended to help pay for buildings and research centers that were funded by the government. It was disliked by Roosevelt. Bonus Army The Bonus Army was a group of WWI veterans who marched on Washington in order to receive their bonuses at an earlier time. Hoover-Stimson doctrine The Hoover-Stimson Doctrine stated that the US would not respect any new territories acquired by force and not through diplomatic means. Chapter #32 Identifications The Republican "Old Guard" Returns Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang 1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess? Warren Harding was the next Republic president and notable for his charisma and friendliness. However, he was very gullible and not very intelligent. He made up for his incompetence by appointing a skilled cabinet, but this decision was hindered by the fact that he trusted people he could actually not. This is exemplified by the rise of the Ohio Gang during his presidency. GOP Reaction at the Throttle 2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. Harding and his administration were notable for stopping or reversing Progressive progress that had been made. Harding appointed four new justices in the Supreme Court, including William Taft. America resumed its laissez-faire economy, meaning that the federal government would play less of a part in the control of corporations. Child labor laws and womens minimum wage were repealed. In addition, anti-trust laws were also repealed, allowing large corporations to take control again. The Aftermath of War Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act 3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy? During the war, the US rate of production was extremely high. After the war, there was no need for such high production and left many companies over producing without the government there to limit them. The War Industries Board was disbanded and control over railroads essentially disappeared. The Railroad Labor Board cut workers wages and caused them to go on strike. Unions lost power and members who were disillusioned over the lack of efficiency. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact 4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's? US saw the opportunity to become a world power by leading the League of Nations. However, the US never joined because Congress never passed the Treaty of Versailles. Instead, various pacts such as the Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, and Kellogg-Briand Pact attempted to prevent war between foreign nations. Hiking the Tariff Higher Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law 5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?

High American tariffs resulted from the return of American from WWI and the need to return businesses to their old efficiency. The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law raised the tariff in an effort to protect domestic businesses and shut out foreign products. As a result, European nations could no longer sell their products in America and therefore could not pay back their debt to the US. The Stench of Scandal Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty 6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain Harding was subjective to corruption during his presidency due to his naivety. He was aware of various scandals, yet did not want to recognize them and did nothing to stop them. There are many examples: the Teapot Scandal Dome and Daughertys sale of liquor licenses reflected the corruption of Grants presidency. Silent Cal Coolidge Know: Calvin Coolidge 7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency? Silent Cal and Cautious Cal accurately describe Coolidges presidency because he was unorthodox compared to many other politicians and presidents. However, those terms do not accurately describe the Coolidges views. He was extremely favored towards laissez-faire and considered a factory to be a temple at which workers were worshippers. This view showed how much like business. Frustrated Farmers Know: McNary-Haugen Bill 8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same? Before the war, farmers were able to make lots of money by selling products to remedy the shortage of food. After the war, however, production rates had skyrocketed and farmers could no longer compete in the economy. New inventions helped farmers regain their position, as the output began to increase steadily. The CapperVolstead Act made farmers exempt from anti-trust laws, and the McNary-Haugen Bill was intended to aid the government by allowing selling any surpluses to foreign countries. A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Know: Robert La Follette 9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election? Calvin Coolidge won the 1924 election easily because no other political party was strong enough to present any competition. The Socialists and Progressives were able to amass a substantial amount of votes behind the leadership of Robert La Follette, but not enough to win the election. The Democrats could not push for anything that the citizens of the US wanted, such as an isolationist policy. Foreign-Policy Flounderings 10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? America canceled the WWI debt of European countries because it was wise enough to find that a utopian world is not possible that at no time would all countries be free of that. Knowing that, the Dawes Plan was instantiated in order to make it look on paper as if all the debt had been paid off. France and Great Britain could not pay their debts due to high American tariffs, and Germany could not pay that debt either because of extremely high inflation. Unraveling the Debt Knot Know: Dawes Plan 11. What were the world-wide repercussions of Americas insistence on debt repayment? Americans insistence on debt repayment led to hostile feelings towards America from France and Great Britain. They felt that America was being excessively greedy by trying to have the debt paid, even if it was from a country such as Germany. As a result, America ended up with the Dawes Plan and no debt repaid.

The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928 Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin" 12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith? Hoover was more popular with voters compared to Al Smith because Hoover was more successful on the radio and was able to reach out to more citizens. He was also accomplished in commerce and was born in New York. Although the Democratic South disliked him because he was Catholic and Irish, his individualistic style made him popular with many others. President Hoover's First Moves Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff 13. Did Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain. Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce had positive results for farmers initially, but ended with sour results for the rest of America. The Agricultural Marketing Act set up the Federal Farm Board to aid farmers by lending money. Famers surpluses were gathered and sold to foreign countries, allowing prices for goods at home to stay high. Although these were all in good intent, the Hawley-Smoot Tariff essentially erased all progress by raising the tariff and stopping trade with foreign countries. The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" 14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash? The stock market crash led to many things: an extremely high increase in unemployment, bankruptcy and closing of many banks, emptying of businesses, and an increase in homeless citizens. By the end of 1929, Black Tuesday had caused a loss of about $40 billion for stockholders. Hooked on the Horn of Plenty Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles 15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression? Overproduction from WWI and overspeculation on stocks were two of the biggest causes to the Great Depression. American consumers began to buy products on credit and led to massive debts. Many businesses struggled after the war because they were used to production rates necessary for the war, and instead began to fire workers. Unemployment shot up, and purchasing power decreased steadily until there was no flow of money to control the economy with. Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian 16. How did President Hoovers beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression? President Hoovers overly individualistic beliefs were evident in the way that he handled issues in the country. He took little, if any, action at all and took long to carry out anything to help the citizens of the nation. He truly believed that the economy would fix itself if he did nothing, supporting his laissez-faire policy. This just led to more contempt from the people. Hoover Battles the Great Depression Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts 17. Is Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain. Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative is not deserved, as he was a conservative but not to an extreme point. He created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to lend money to finance government projects and passed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injuction Act to limit the power of labor unions. These were just two examples of two of his acts that were very conservative, but not overly conservative. Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur

18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why? The Bonus Army was a group of WWI veterans formally known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force. They marched upon Washington to demand their bonuses at an earlier time but were forced to retreat upon Hoovers calling of the US Army. Hoover criticized the Bonus Army as communist, although this shows his unwillingness to take significant action in times of dire need. Japanese Militarists Attack China Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine 19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? The League of Nations was designed to stop war from occurring in the world anymore; yet when Japan attacked a weaker country, it was unable to take proper action. The League of Nations was therefore seen as useless without the involvement of the US. Even when the US attempted to take action, the Japanese adjusted and continued their plans. Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy 20. What was President Hoovers policy toward Latin America? Hoovers policy toward Latin America was known as the Good Neighbor Policy and was intended to change the way that other countries saw how the US treated Latin American countries. The US took troops out of Haiti and Nicaragua, and while this was due to a lack of money during the depression, it looked as if the US was finally changing its ways.

Chapter #33: The Great Depression and the New Deal Chapter #33: Identifications Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt was FDRs wife and the first First Lady to be actively involved in the politics around her. She was recognized as First Lady of the World for his efforts and achievements,

Harry Hopkins Harry Hopkins was one of Roosevelts closest advisors and was the one who thought of the New Deal and the enactment of its policies.

Frances Perkins Frances Perkins was appointed by Roosevelt and was the first woman to be part of a presidential candidate.

Father Coughlin Coughlin was one of many people who opposed the New Deal. He pioneered his beliefs on the radio and utilized the slogan Social Justice.

Huey Long Long was recognized for his participation in the Share Our Wealth program during the Great Depression. It was crucial to influencing people to fight for change in the country.

Francis Townshend Francis Townshend highly influenced the Social Security system that was enacted as part of the New Deal to aid the unemployed and less fortunate.

Harold Ickes Harold Ickes was part of FDRs cabinet and took care of the specifics within the policies in the New Deal.

Alfred M. Landon Alfred M. Landon was the Republican candidate who ran against FDR in the election of 1936. He lost the election by a ridiculously large margin.

Brain Trust(s) Brain Trusts was a group of FDRs advisors that was the actual writer of presidents speeches.

The three R's The Three Rs of the New Deal were relief, reform, and recovery. All policies enacted as part of the New Deal were created with the Three Rs in mind as the ultimate goal.

National Labor Relation Board The National Labor Relation Board was an association that pioneered its ideas for labor reform to fix unfair labor practices during the Great Depression.

Congress of Industrial Organizations The Congress of Industrial Organizations was a group that pioneered the ideals of the New Deal and organized workers to strengthen the labor force.

Liberty League Liberty League was a group that opposed the New Deal program. Obviously, it did not last long and disappeared after his reelection.

Court-packing scheme The court-packing scheme was a method utilized by FDR to attack the Supreme Court because he feared the Supreme Court Justices would go against the ideals of the New Deal.

Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt 1 What kind of man was FDR? FDR was a charismatic and intelligent man who had a commanding presence yet showed tolerance and compassion. He showed concern for the forgotten man and believed that money could be sacrificed, whereas the person could not. He was disabled by polio that he was conflicted with at a young age, but it did not stop him from making a strong impression on the American people. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?

Roosevelts campaign message in the election of 1932 was the advancement of a New Deal that would help the forgotten man. His Brain Trust, a group that wrote Roosevelts speeches for him, further expanded this message. The New Deal promised a balanced budget, which appealed to the people because they were in a depression in which the economy had gone out of control. He was able to restore the American peoples faith in the government with his campaign message. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory? There were many immediate results to Roosevelts victory. One was Hoovers attempts to implement antiinflationary policy that would be active during Roosevelts presidency. However, Roosevelts large victory over Hoover overshadowed Hoovers incompetency. Roosevelt was forced to face the reality of the situation after his election, and found it difficult to please the people who had only liked the idea of change but was not ready for it. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's, 4. Describe the New Deal. The New Deal was a program instantiated by Roosevelt for the Three Rs: relief, recovery, reform. Roosevelt believed that the Three Rs would allow America to leave the Great Depression. The New Deal only worked because Congress backed Roosevelt, although it may not have been whole-hearted. Some of the biggest effects that the New Deal included banks closing and Progressive reforms. Roosevelt Manages the Money Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency 5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy? FDRs monetary policy was essentially allowing the president to regulate banking and foreign business; for example, he could decide which banks were safe enough to reopen. Gold became protected and debt began to plummet. An increase in money circulation within the country aided the return of the old economy. Creating Jobs for the Jobless Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA 6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. New Deal agencies wanted to employ those who were unemployed or desperate in government camps, where men did public service. Critics argued that this was, in a sense, the militarization of the youth. They did not approve of this conservative method, but the government continued to argue that it wanted to merely utilize the maximum amount of labor available. A Day for Every Demagogue Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA 7. List other historical demagogues. Father Charles Coughlin was one historical demagogue who disliked Roosevelts New Deal and spread his ideas through the radio. Huey Long was another who advocated a Share Our Wealth program that endorsed equal distribution of money for everyone. Dr. Francis E. Townsend favored the Share Our Wealth program but wanted more money for older people. The WPA was a group that wanted to employ people for practical works. New Visibility for Women Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck 8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame. Women took great steps in history during this century the first first ladies were Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, and Mary McLeod Bethune. Women had made substantial contributions to history with their movement in culture and personality while developing the study of cultures.

Helping Industry and Labor Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes 9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry? The NRA attempted to restore industry by instituting codes among industries that would ensure fair competition and reduced working hours. Workers would receive benefits such as being able to organize and deal. These attempts targeted most the unemployed and seeked to help start or restart businesses and increase employment to help the recovery of industry. Paying Farmers Not to Farm 10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers? The federal government attempted to help farmers by instituting the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. It paid farmers to eliminate any surpluses of products, leading to an increase in employment. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act emphasized conservation of soil. Parity payments aided farmers with low prices and overproduction. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act 11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains? Nature caused problems for some farmers on the plains because there were unpredictable predicaments. Nature led to the Dust Bowl, which was an area labeled so because the land was barren and weather was horrible. Many farmers were forced to leave their lands because of appalling conditions, including droughts and various winds. Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles 12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same? California was in almost no way in better condition than any other party of the US at the time. It was a place held in regard by those who had become desperate to escape the Dust Bowl as a haven, but it just as much a barren wasteland as the Dust Bowl was. Once a fertile and arid state, it had become a victim of the Great Depression just like every other state had. Available resources became scarce and land was continually being destroyed. Battling Bankers and Big Business Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC 13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. The New Deal and its supporters were determined to eliminate any unfair play in big business industries. The Truth in Securities Act was to do exactly that, while encouraging businesses to establish their own codes of integrity in the economy and business. The Security and Exchange Commission also reformed and began public truth in businesses. The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism 14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project? The TVA project was criticized by those who thought that the people were being forced into markets where they would have to pay more. Others said that the project did not cost a lot because there were no taxes and future. However, the TVA project could allow Roosevelt to develop a hydroelectric power source that would provide jobs and led to another monopoly on the market. Housing Reform and Social Security Know: FHA, Social Security 15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate? FHA and Social Security attempted to help some of the societys least fortunate by introducing small loans to householders. Social Security helped provide fallback in case of another economic depression. It provided

unemployment benefits and protected the elderly. FHA today continues to affect the real estate of many citizens, while many people, mostly unemployed, receive checks from Social Security. A New Deal for Labor Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike 16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? Labor responded to the improvement of conditions as an opportunity for great change. More labor unions began to be organized, and there was an immediate thirst of even more change. Labor, realizing their rights, used their power to the fullest extent. The Committee for Industrial Organization broke away from the American Federation of Labor in light of more action amongst labor unions. Landon Challenges "the Champ Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League 17. What was the significance of the 1936 election? The election of 1936 was significant because it showed how Roosevelt had wisely employed a New Deal program that had promised drastic change to a suffering America in order to gain a victory over the Republicans. Roosevelt, who had appealed to the people and recognized their struggles, was able to win by a large majority. Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench 18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court? Roosevelt asked Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court because Roosevelt was worried that one or many of the justices might go against one of his plans. He wanted to get rid of the ultraconservatives in order to ensure that his policies were safe. The Court Changes Course Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black 19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court? FDRs attempt to pack the Court led to an increase in opposition due to what looked like a selfish and undemocratic move. Roosevelts ideals took a hit in the eyes of the people after trying to pack the court and they thought that he had overused the presidents power. The judicial branch dropped much of its support after Roosevelts actions. The Twilight of the New Deal Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act 20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term. FDR, in his second term, the appeal that he and his New Deal carried in his first term became mostly lackluster. The New Deal lost its significance and efficiency, leading to a greater depression. FDR was forced to listen to Keyes economic policies that were referred to as Keynesianism. He proved unable to rid the US of many of the major problems that plagued it during the Great Depression. New Deal or Raw Deal? 21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair? Criticism of the New Deal that was directed towards the reckless spending of the federal government seems most fair to me because the policies that allowed such spending were detrimental to the economy, even in the Great Depression. However, the criticism that Roosevelt received for being unable to dig the US out of the Great Depression seemed least fair to me. He made an effort with the New Deal, which was better than any prior president, and the situation at hand was difficult no matter who was leading the country. Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition 22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)

William Leuechtenburgs term half-way revolution to describe the New Deal means that, like a revolution, it was somewhat necessary for the country in order for it to prosper. The Great Depression was a situation so dire that the New Deal was crucial in order to reform the US and the policies at the time. It was only half-way, however, because it was not completely successful and there could have been other methods to bring the US back to success.

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