Chng 1

He thap phan
V du 1.1: Cac hang so trong he 10:
102, 3098.34D, 198d
V du 1.2:
1986D = 1.103 + 9.102 + 8.10 1 + 6.100
234d = 2.102 + 3.10 1 + 4.100
0.163 = 1.10-1 + 6.10-2 + 3.10-3
He nh phan
V du 1.3: Cac hang so trong he 2:
1011B, 101010b, 1010101.101B
V du 1.4:
10101B = 1.24 + 0.23 + 1.22 + 0.21 + 1.20 = 21D
11.01B = 1.21 + 1.20 + 0.2-1 + 1.2-2 = 3.25D
Neu so nh phan co n bit th ta se co 2n trang thai so i t 0
ti 2n-1, cac trang thai o la
Trang thai
0 0 0

Thap phan
0

1 1 1
n bit

2n-1

He bat phan
V du1.5: Cac hang trong he bat phan:
734O, 123.56o, -34.23O
V du1.6:
705 O = 7.82 + 0.81 + 5.80 = 453 D
123.56 O = 1.82 + 2.81 + 380 + 5.8-1 + 6.8-2

Ky so
Tng
Tng
bat phan ng nh ng thap
phan
phan
0
000
0
1
001
1
2
010
2
3
011
3
4
100
4
5
101
5
6
110
6
7
111
7
Bang 1.1 S chuyen oi gia ky so trong he 8 va he 2
V du1.7: Chuyen so t he 8 qua he 2 va ngc lai
1 101 011 011 B = 1533 O
1 5 3 3
245 O = 010 100 101 B = 10100101 B

He thap luc phan

V du 1.8: Mot so hang trong he hex:
12A H, 234.907 H, B800 h
V du 1.9:
F0 H = 15.161 + 0.160 = 240 D
FF H = 15.161 + 15.160 = 255 D
FFFF H= 15.163 + 15.162 + 15.161 + 15.160 = 65535

Ky so
he hex
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C

Tng
Tng
ng nh ng thap
phan
phan
0000
0
0001
1
0010
2
0011
3
0100
4
0101
5
0110
6
0111
7
1000
8
1001
9
1010
10
1011
11
1100
12

D
1101
13
E
1110
14
F
1111
15
Bang 1.2 S chuyen oi gia ky so trong he 16 va he 2
V du1.10: Chuyen so t he 16 qua he 2 va ngc lai
11 0101 1011 B = 35B H
3 5
B
3B H = 0011 1011 B = 111011 B
3
B
S chuyen oi qua lai gia cac he thong so
V du 1.11: Chuyen so 27 trong he thap phan sang nh
phan
27

13
6
3
1
0

1
1
0
1
1

V du 1.12: Chuyen so 367 trong he thap phan sang he bat

phan

367

45
5
0

7
5
5

V du 1.13: Chuyen so 367 trong he thap phan sang he

thap luc phan
367

16

22
1
0

15
6
1

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Tin hoc
Tin hoc la nganh khoa hoc x ly thong tin t ong bang
may tnh ien t. ay co ba khai niem chnh la x ly,
thong tin va may tnh.
n v tin hoc
Bit
Byte
1KB = 210 byte = 1024 bytes
1 MB = 210 KB
1 GB = 210 MB
1 TB = 210 GB

May tnh
- Sieu may tnh (super computer)
- May tnh ln (main frame)
- May tnh trung (mini computer)
- May vi tnh (micro computer)
X ly d lieu
AU VAO

D lieu nhap

X LY

Tnh toan

AU RA

Ket qua

Bo ma ky t
Khai niem ma ky t
- Nhom ky t ieu khien
- Nhom ky t so va ch
- Nhom ky t ac biet
- Nhom ky t m rong o hoa
Bo ma EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
Bo ma ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Bo ma Unicode (Universal Code)

LCH S PHT TRIN CA MY TNH

Hnh 1.1 Ban tnh

Hnh 1.2 Khung Napier

Hnh 1.3 Thc keo

Hnh 1.4 May det

Hnh 1.5 May phan tch

Hnh 1.6 May Mark I

Hnh 1.7 May ENIAC

CAC THANH PHAN C BAN CUA MAY TNH
Address bus

CU
ALU

ROM

RAM

I/O

Input device

Output device

Data bus

Register

Control
bus

Hnh 1.8 S o khoi tong quat ben trong mot may tnh.

n v x ly trung tam (CPU- Central Processing Unit)

Bo nh chnh (ROM/RAM)
n v xuat nhap va thiet b ngoai vi

Bo nh em L2
BACKSIDE BUS

CPU

Bo
nh
em
L1

CU
ALU

Reg
FRONTSIDE BUS

Bo nh
chnh

Bus PCI
cho thiet
b ngoai
vi
Bo ieu khien
a cng

Bus AGP
tang toc
o hoa

Bus USB

Hnh 1.9 S o khoi cua he vi x ly co cache

Cac tuyen

PHAN MEM
nh ngha
Ngon ng cho may tnh
Chng trnh

Highlevel
Language

C/C++

High-level
Language

Medium
-leve

Language

Lowlevel language

Machine
language

Ngon ng
cap cao

Pascal, PL/1

Ngon ng
cap trung

Ngon ng
cap thap

Ngon ng may

Assembly language

Binary code

Hnh 1.10 Cac cap cua ngon ng lap trnh

Chng trnh
oi tng

Chng trnh
thc thi (exe,out)

(obj,)

Chng
trnh nguon
(Pas), (C) ,

Compiler

Linhker

Hnh 1.11 a. Bien dch chng trnh

D kien
nhap

Chng trnh
thc thi

Ket qua

Hnh 1.11 b Thc thi mot chng trnh a

c dch
Chng trnh nguon
( D kien nhap)

Interpreter

Hnh 1.11 c Thc thi mot chng trnh cua

Interpreter

Ket qua

CAC CAP CHUYEN OI

Van e (Problems)
--------------------------------------------------------------------Giai thuat (Algorithms)
--------------------------------------------------------------------Ngon ng (Language)
--------------------------------------------------------------------Kien truc (ISA) may (Machine Architecture)
--------------------------------------------------------------------Vi kien truc (Microarchitecture)
-------------------------------------------------------------------Mach (Circuits)
-------------------------------------------------------------------Thiet b (Devices)
Hnh 1.12 Cac cap chuyen oi

MEMORY
MAR

MDR

INPUT
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Disk

OUTPUT
PROCESSING UNIT
ALU

TEMP

CONTROL UNIT
PC

IR

1.13 Mo hnh may Von Neumann

Monitor
Printer
LED
Disk

Hnh 1.14 Mot v du ve mach luan ly: ng truyen d lieu

cua may LC-3