AI HOC QUOC GIA TP.

HO CH MINH
VIEN MOI TRNG VA TAI NGUYEN - IER

GS.TS. LAM MINH TRIET TS. LE THANH HAI






GIAO TRNH
QUAN LY
CHAT THAI NGUY HAI












NHA XUAT BAN XAY DNG HA NOI 2006
LI NOI AU
Bo Gao trnh nay c viet cho oi tng chnh la cac sinh vien H va hoc vien CH thuoc
cac nganh Khoa Hoc, Cong Nghe va Quan Ly Moi Trng cua H Quoc Gia TP. Ho Ch
Minh. Tuy nhien vi muc ch la cung cap mot lng kien thc toan dien ve quan ly lien
quan en cac loai chat thai nguy hai khac nhau, Bo giao trnh nay con la tai lieu tham khao
tot cho cac can bo quan ly, can bo KHKT va cac NCS ang nghien cu va lam viec xung
quanh chu e ke tren.
Noi dung cua giao trnh chia ra thanh 10 chng, c cau truc trong 4 phan chnh:
PHAN 1 (chng 1, 2 va 3): se gii thieu tong quan ve cac van e chnh lien quan en chat
thai nguy hai, nh: cac khai niem nen tang chung ve CTNH, gii thieu ve loai hnh CTNH
ien hnh la cac chat o nhiem hu c ben POPs, va khai quat ve cac ac tnh chung trong
qua trnh van chuyen cua CTNH va anh hng cua CTNH en moi trng.
PHAN 2 (chng 4, 5 va 6): gii thieu ve mot so thc te lien quan en quan ly CTNH nh:
khai quat ve hien trang va ac iem he thong quan ly CTNH Viet Nam va tren the gii,
cac chu e lien quan en cac khau trong qui trnh quan ly CTNH (t thu gom, van chuyen,
en la chon v tr x ly).
PHAN 3 (Chng 7, 8 va 9): cac van e ve kiem soat va x ly CTNH nh kiem toan chat
thai, ngan nga o nhiem CTNH va cac ky thuat c ban e x ly CTNH.
PHAN 4 (Chng 10): Se gii thieu mot so chu e ac biet lien quan en giai phap quan
ly CTNH cho mot so trng hp cu the ma se la moi quan tam cua nhieu oi tng khac
nhau, nh: van e ve quan ly CTNH trong gia nh, quan ly CTNH tai mot so nganh, oi
tng SX cong nghiep khac nhau
Sau moi chng eu co cau hoi (hoac bai tap) e ngi oc kiem tra va nam bat c cac
kien thc quan trong nhat cua chu e va oc.
ay la tai lieu au tien trong bo 03 giao trnh ma cac tac gia se xuat ban trong thi gian ti
(cac giao trnh con lai la Ky thuat x ly CTNH, va Hoa hoc moi trng cac CTNH). Do
xuat ban lan au nen tai lieu nay chac chan con nhieu sai sot, cac tac gia hy vong se nhan
c nhieu y kien ong gop qu bau cua cac ong nghiep va oc gia e co the cap nhat,
chnh sa hoan chnh hn cho lan tai ban sau. Chung toi tran thanh cam n H Quoc Gia
TPHCM, D an Viet Nam - Thu Sy (IER-EPFL) a ung ho ve tai chnh cho quyen sach
nay c ra i.
Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh, thang 12/2005
Cac Tac Ga.
1

6huong 1
6k6 khkI hIEM 6h0h VE 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI


1.1. [hh hhk 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Khai niem ve thuat ng chat thai nguy hai (Hazardous Waste) lan au tien xuat hien
vao thap nien 70 cua the ky trc tai cac nc Au My, sau o m rong ra nhieu quoc
gia khac. Sau mot thi gian nghien cu phat trien, tuy thuoc vao s phat trien khoa hoc
ky thuat va xa hoi cung nh quan iem cua moi nc ma hien nay tren the gii co nhieu
cach nh ngha khac nhau ve chat thai nguy hai trong luat va cac van ban di luat ve
moi trng. Chang han nh:

- Chat thai nguy hai la nhng chat co oc tnh, an mon, gay kch thch, hoat tnh, co the
chay, no ma gay nguy hiem cho con ngi, va ong vat (nh ngha cua Philipine).

- Chat thai nguy hai la nhng chat ma do ban chat va tnh chat cua chung co kha nang
gay nguy hai en sc khoe con ngi va/hoac moi trng, va nhng chat nay yeu cau
cac ky thuat x ly ac biet e loai bo hoac giam ac tnh nguy hai cua no (nh ngha
cua Canada).

- Ngoai chat thai phong xa va chat thai y te, chat thai nguy hai la chat thai (dang ran,
long, ban ran, va cac bnh cha kh) do hoat tnh hoa hoc, oc tnh, no, an mon hoac cac
ac tnh khac, gay nguy hai hay co kha nang gay nguy hai en sc khoe con ngi hoac
moi trng bi chnh ban than chung hay khi c cho tiep xuc vi chat thai khac (theo
UNEP, 1985).

- Trong ao luat RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976: ao luat ve
thu hoi va bao ton tai nguyen) cua My: chat thai ( cac dang ran, long, ban ran, va cac
bnh kh) co the c coi la chat thai nguy hai khi:

Nam trong danh muc chat thai chat thai nguy hai do Cuc Bao Ve Moi Trng
Hoa Ky (EPA) a ra (gom 4 danh sach).
Co mot trong 4 ac tnh (khi phan tch) do EPA a ra gom chay-no, an mon,
phan ng va oc tnh. Cac phan tch e th nghiem nay cung do EPA qui nh.
c chu nguon thai (hay nha san xuat) t cong bo la chat thai nguy hai.

Ben canh o, chat thai nguy hai con gom cac chat gay oc tnh oi vi con ngi lieu
lng nho. oi vi cac chat cha co cac chng minh cua nghien cu dch te tren con
ngi, cac th nghiem tren ong vat cung co the c dung e c oan tac dung oc
tnh cua chung len con ngi.

Tai Viet Nam, xuat phat t nguy c bung no viec phat sinh chat thai nguy hai t qua
trnh cong nghiep hoa cua at nc, ngay 16/07/1999, Thu Tng Chnh Phu a ky
2
quyet nh ban hanh Quy Che Quan Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai so 155/1999/Q-TTg
(thng c goi tat la qui che 155), trong o tai ieu 2, Muc 2 chat thai nguy hai c
nh ngha nh sau: Chat thai nguy hai la chat thai co cha cac chat hoac hp chat co
mot trong cac ac tnh gay nguy hai trc tiep (de chay, de no, lam ngo oc, de an mon,
de lay nhiem va cac ac tnh nguy hai khac), hoac tng tac chat vi chat khac gay nguy
hai en moi trng va sc khoe con ngi. Cac chat thai nguy hai c liet ke trong
danh muc (phu luc 1 cua quy che 155). Danh muc do c quan quan ly nha nc ve bao
ve moi trng cap Trung ng (Cuc Bao Ve Moi Trng Viet Nam - NEA) qui nh.

Qua cac nh ngha c neu tren cho thay hau het cac nh ngha eu e cap en ac
tnh (chay-no, an mon, hoat tnh va oc tnh) cua chat thai nguy hai. Co nh ngha e
cap en trang thai cua chat thai (ran, long, ban ran, kh), gay tac hai do ban than chung
hay khi tng tac vi cac chat khac, co nh ngha th khong e cap. Nhn chung, noi
dung cua cac nh ngha thng se phu thuoc rat nhieu vao tnh trang phat trien khoa
hoc xa hoi cua moi nc. Trong cac nh ngha neu tren co the thay rang nh ngha
ve chat thai nguy hai cua My la ro rang nhat va co noi dung rong nhat. Viec nay se giup
cho cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai c de dang hn.

So sanh nh ngha c neu trong quyet nh 155/1999/Q-TTg do Thu Tng Chnh
Phu ban hanh vi nh ngha cua cac nc khac cho thay nh ngha c ban hanh
trong quy che co nhieu iem tng ong vi nh ngha cua Lien Hp Quoc va cua My.
Tuy nhien, trong quy che ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai cua chung ta con cha ro rang
ve cac ac tnh cua chat thai, ben canh o cha neu len cac dang cua chat thai nguy hai
cung nh va qui nh cac chat co oc tnh vi ngi hay ong vat la chat thai nguy hai.
Trong giao trnh nay, vi muc ch tap trung chu yeu ve phan chat thai cong nghiep va
quan ly ky thuat chat thai nguy hai, ong thi e khong lech hng vi luat le a ban
hanh, qui che 155 se c chon la lam c s chnh, ben canh o cac nh ngha cua My
se c bo sung nham lam ro hn ve chat thai nguy hai.

1.Z. h00h 06 Vk Fhkh L0kI 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

1.Z.1. hguon phaI sInh rhaI IhaI nguy haI

Do tnh a dang cua cac loai hnh cong nghiep, cac hoat ong thng mai tieu dung, cac
hoat ong trong cuoc song hay cac hoat ong cong nghiep ma chat thai nguy hai co the
phat sinh t nhieu nguon khac nhau. Viec phat thai co the do ban chat cua cong nghe,
hay do trnh o dan tr dan en viec thai chat thai co the la vo tnh hay co y. Tuy theo
cach nhn nhan ma co the phan thanh cac nguon thai khac nhau, nhn chung co the chia
cac nguon phat sinh chat thai nguy hai thanh 4 nguon chnh nh sau:

- T cac hoat ong cong nghiep (v du khi san xuat thuoc khang sinh s dung dung
moi methyl chloride, xi ma s dung cyanide, san xuat thuoc tr sau s dung dung
moi la toluene hay xylene).
- T hoat ong nong nghiep (v du s dung cac loai thuoc bao ve thc vat oc hai).
- Thng mai (qua trnh nhap-xuat cac hang oc hai khong at yeu cau cho san xuat
hay hang qua han s dung).
3
- T viec tieu dung trong dan dung (v du viec s dung pin, hoat ong nghien cu
khoa hoc cac Phong th nghiem, s dung dau nht boi trn, acqui cac loai).

Trong cac nguon thai neu tren th hoat ong cong nghiep la nguon phat sinh chat thai
nguy hai ln nhat va phu thuoc rat nhieu vao loai nganh cong nghiep (bang 1.1). So vi
cac nguon phat thai khac, ay cung la nguon phat thai mang tnh thng xuyen va on
nh nhat. Cac nguon phat thai t dan dung hay t thng mai chu yeu khong nhieu,
lng chat thai tng oi nho, mang tnh s co hoac do trnh o nhan thc va dan tr cua
ngi dan. Cac nguon thai t cac hoat ong nong nghiep mang tnh chat phat tan dang
rong, ay la nguon rat kho kiem soat va thu gom, lng thai nay phu thuoc rat nhieu
vao kha nang nhan thc cung nh trnh o dan tr cua ngi dan trong khu vc.

Bang 1.1 - Mot so nganh cong nghiep va cac loai chat thai tng ng

Cong nghiep Loai chat thai
San xuat hoa
chat
Dung moi thai va can chng cat: white spirit, kerosene, benzene,
xylene, ethyl benzene, toluene, isopropanol, toluen disisocyanate,
ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran,
methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene
Chat thai de chay khong theo danh ngha (otherwise specified)
Chat thai cha acid/base manh: ammonium hydroxide,
hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, nitric
acid, sulfuric acid, chromic acid, phosphoric acid
Cac chat thai hoat tnh khac: sodium permanganate, organic
peroxides, sodium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium
permanganate, hypochloride, potassium sulfide, sodium sulfide.
Phat thai t x ly bui, bun
Xuc tac qua s dung

Xay dng Sn thai chay c: ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene, ethyl
benzene, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone,
chlorobenzene.
Cac chat thai de chay khong theo danh ngha (otherwise
specified)
Dung moi thai: methyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride,
trichlorotrifluoroethane, toluene, xylene, kerosene, mineral
spirits, acetone.
Chat thai acid/base manh: amonium hydroxide, hydrobromic acid,
hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric aic,
potssium hydroxide sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid.

San xuat gia
cong kim loai
Dung moi thai va can chng: tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, methylenechloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
carbontetrachloride, toluene, benzene, trichlorofluroethane,
chloroform, trichlorofluoromethane, acetone, dichlorobenzene,
xylene, kerosene, white sprits, butyl alcohol.
4
Chat thai acid/base manh: amonium hydroxide, hydrobromic
acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric
acid, nitrate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric
acid, perchloric acid, acetic acid.
Chat thai xi ma
Bun thai cha kim loai nang t he thong x ly nc thai
Chat thai cha cyanide
Chat thai chay c khong theo danh ngha (otherwise specified)
Chat thai hoat tnh khac: acetyl chloride, chromic acid, sulfide,
hypochlorites, organic peroxides, perchlorate, permanganates
Dau nht qua s dung
Cong nghiep
giay
Dung moi hu c cha clo: carbon tetrachloride, methylene
chloride, tetrachloroethulene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, cac hon hp dung moi thai cha clo.
Chat thai an mon: chat long an mon, chat ran an mon,
ammonium hydroxide, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid,
hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, potassium
hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid
Sn thai: chat long co the chay, chat long de chay, ethylene
dichloride, chlorobenzene, methyl ethyl ketone, sn thai co cha
kim loai nang
Dung moi: chng cat dau mo
Nguon: David H.F. Liu, Bela G. Liptak Environmental Engineers Handbook second edition, Lewis
Publishers, 1997.

Hien tai, Viet Nam, ac biet la khu vc TP. Ho Ch Minh, cha co ieu tra qui mo va
chi tiet nao lien quan en thc trang phat sinh chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai. Tuy
nhien xung quanh chu e nay cung a co nhieu c quan thc hien ieu tra s bo tren cac
pham vi va oi tng khac nhau, ien hnh tai khu vc TP. Ho Ch Minh co the ke en
cac ieu tra cua d an Qui hoach tong the he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai khu vc
TPHCM, ong Nai, Ba Ra Vung Tau va Bnh Dng (C quan bao ve moi trng Na
Uy NORAD va S Khoa Hoc Cong Nghe va Moi Trng (cu) thc hien nam 2002), cac
so lieu ieu tra cua Vien Moi trng va Tai nguyen IER ket hp cung S Cong nghiep
Thanh Pho thc hien trong khuon kho nghien cu tien kha thi d an x ly chat thai ran
cong nghiep TPHCM (2003 2004), va cac chng trnh giam sat ve sinh cong nghiep
do Phong Quan Ly Chat Thai Ran - S Tai nguyen Moi trng Thanh pho thc hien gan
ay (2004 2005). Cac so lieu ieu tra cho thay chung ta con ang gap phai qua nhieu
bat cap trong cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai tai cac c s san xuat cong nghiep tren
a ban thanh pho, va co the noi chung la th trng thu gom, tai che va tieu huy chat
thai nay van con kha troi noi. Qua cac tai lieu gan ay co the nhan xet rang trong cac
loai hnh chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai ang phat sinh tren a ban thanh pho th cac
chung loai sau ay c xem la ien hnh v co khoi lng ln nhat:

- Dau thai (khoang 25,000 tan/nam): la lng dau nht a qua s dung, c thai
ra t cac c s sa cha, san xuat va bao tr cac phng tien van chuyen, t
nganh cong nghiep san xuat va che bien dau kh, t nganh san xuat cac san
5
pham kim loai, nganh cong nghiep chuyen tai ien. Lng dau thai nay mot
phan c tai sinh tai cho, mot phan c cac n v thu gom (chu yeu la t
nhan) e tai sinh, mot phan c thu gom la nhien lieu ot, va van con mot phan
khac c o trc tiep xuong cong ranh thoat nc
- Chat thai cha (nhiem) dau (khoang 50,000 tan/nam): bao gom cac loai re lau
dnh dau nht, cac thung va bao b dnh dau nht, cac chat thai t cac nganh san
xuat khac nh san xuat day dep, da, nganh cong nghiep dau kh, nganh san xuat
cac san pham kim loai, Co the noi ay la lng chat thai nguy hai co khoi
lng ln nhat (v l do vi tnh nguyen tac la neu mot bao b co dnh chat thai
nguy hai th co the xem ca khoi lng bao b o cung la chat thai nguy hai). Cac
loai hnh chat thai nay nhn chung cung c thu gom va tai s dung sau khi a
x ly rat s sai (chu yeu la ra va s dung lai) va mot so t c em ot, so
khac th thai thang ra moi trng.
- Cac chat hu c tap (khoang 10,000 tan/nam): bao gom cac san pham thai la cac
chat hu c nguy hai nh cac loai thuoc bao ve thc vat (chiem so lng ln
nhat) va nhieu thanh phan hu c phc tap khac. Nguon goc phat sinh chu yeu t
nganh san xuat hoa chat bao ve thc vat, cac nganh day da, dau kh, kim loai
Hien trang lu tr va thai bo loai hnh chat thai nay giong nh chat thai nhiem
dau.
- Bun kim loai (khoang 5,000 tan/nam): chu yeu phat sinh t cac nganh cong
nghiep xi ma va san xuat cac san pham kim loai, t cac cong nghe san xuat va t
cac cong trnh x ly nc thai. Nhn chung cac loai bun nguy hai nay hau nh
khong c thai bo mot cach an toan ma thng chuyen tr ra khoi nha may va
o thang xuong cac bai chon lap cua thanh pho.
- Bun t cac he thong x ly nc thai: mac du chung ta mi co khoang 300 400
cong trnh x ly nc thai t cac x nghiep cong nghiep tren a ban thanh pho
va cung cha nam vng c tnh hnh hoat ong cu the cua cac tram x ly nay,
nhng ve mat nguyen tac th ay la nguon tao ra chat thai nguy hai kha ang ke
oi hoi phai co giai phap thai bo an toan nhat cho moi trng.
- Cuoi cung la nhom cac hp chat c xem la cac hoa chat vo c tap co chung
loai kha a dang nhng khoi lng khong ln lam (khoang 2 3000 tan/nam)
c phat sinh ra t cac nganh nh san xuat hoa chat c ban, thuoc bao ve thc
vat, xi ma kim loai, san xuat cac san pham kim loai, san xuat va tai che acqui
ch... Qui trnh quan ly cac chat thai nay tai cac doanh nghiep hien nay cung cha
ro rang.
- Ngoai ra, tuy khong c xem la chat thai nhng cac vung at b o nhiem, (nhat
la o nhiem do dau nht thai, o nhiem do chat hu c) cung la cac oi tng
quan trong cua cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai, nhat la cong tac phuc hoi o
nhiem moi trng.

Hien trang phat sinh cac loai hnh chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai tren a ban Thanh
Pho c khai s bo nh tren cho thay mot nhu cau bc xuc la tat ca cac loai hnh nay
eu oi hoi can co cac giai phap quan ly nguon phat sinh, thu gom, tai che tai s dung
va thai bo an toan nhat. Nhu cau nay the hien ro net nhat tai cac nha may trong cac khu
cong nghiep khu che xuat cua Thanh Pho v toc o gia tang so lng cac c s trong
nhng ni nay la kha cao trong nhng nam gan ay.
6

1.Z.Z. Fhan IoaI rhaI IhaI nguy haI

Co nhieu cach phan loai chat thai nguy hai, nhng nhn chung eu theo 2 cach nh sau:

- Theo ac tnh (da vao nh ngha tren c s 4 ac tnh c ban)
- Theo danh sach liet ke c ban hanh kem theo luat

Theo ac tnh

Tnh chay (Ignitability)

Mot chat thai c xem la chat thai nguy hai the hien tnh de chay neu mau ai dien
cua chat thai co nhng tnh chat nh sau:

1. La chat long hay dung dch cha lng alcohol < 24% (theo the tch) hay co iem
chp chay (plash point) nho hn 60
o
C (140
o
F).
2. La chat thai (long hoac khong phai chat long) co the chay qua viec ma sat, hap phu
o am, hay t bien oi hoa hoc, khi bat la, chay rat manh liet va lien tuc (dai dang)
tao ra hay co the tao ra chat nguy hai, trong cac ieu kien nhiet o va ap suat tieu
chuan.
3. La kh nen
4. La chat oxy hoa

Loai chat thai nay theo EPA la nhng chat thai thuoc nhom D001 hay phan D (theo
Luat RCRA-My). Mot so dau hieu oi vi cac chat thai nay nh sau:



Tnh an mon (Corrosivity)

pH la thong so thong dung dung e anh gia tnh an mon cua chat thai,
tuy nhien thong so ve tnh an mon cua chat thai con da vao toc o an
mon thep e xac nh chat thai co nguy hai hay khong. Nhn chung mot
chat thai c coi la chat thai nguy hai co tnh an mon khi mau ai
dien the hien mot trong cac tnh chat sau:

1. La chat long co pH nho hn hoac bang 2 hay ln hn hoac bang 12.5.
2. La chat long co toc o an mon thep ln hn 6,35 mm (0.25 inch) mot nam nhiet o
th nghiem la 55
o
C (130
o
F).

Loai chat thai nay theo EPA la nhng chat thai thuoc nhom D002.
7

Tnh phan ng (Reactivity)


Chat thai c coi la nguy hai va co tnh phan ng khi mau ai dien
chat thai nay the hien mot tnh chat bat ky trong cac tnh chat sau:



1. Thng khong on nh va de thay oi mot cach manh liet ma khong gay no
2. Phan ng manh liet vi nc
3. dang khi tron vi nc co kha nang no
4. Khi tron vi nc, chat thai sinh ra kh oc, bay hi, hoac khoi vi lng co the gay
nguy hai cho sc khoe con ngi hoac moi trng.
5. La chat thai cha cyanide hay sulfide ieu kien pH gia 2 va 11.5 co the tao ra kh
oc, hi, hoac khoi vi lng co the gay nguy hai cho sc khoe con ngi hoac moi
trng.
6. Chat thai co the no hoac phan ng gay no neu tiep xuc vi nguon kch no manh
hoac neu c gia nhiet trong thung kn.
7. Chat thai co the de dang no hoac phan huy (phan ly) no, hay phan ng nhiet o
va ap suat chuan.
8. La chat no b cam theo Luat nh.

Nhng chat thai nay theo EPA thuoc nhom D003.

ac tnh oc (Toxicity)

e xac nh ac tnh oc hai cua chat thai ngoai bien phap s dung bang
liet ke danh sach cac chat oc hai c ban hanh kem theo luat cua moi
nc, hien nay con pho bien viec s dung phng phap xac nh ac tnh
oc hai bang phng thc ro r (Toxicity Charateristic Leaching Procedure-
TCLP) e xac nh. Ket qua cua cac thanh phan trong th nghiem c so
sanh vi gia tr c cho trong Bang 1.2 (gom 25 chat hu c, 8 kim loai va 6 thuoc tr
sau), neu nong o ln hn gia tr trong bang th co the ket luan chat thai o la chat thai
nguy hai.

Bang 1.2 - Nong o toi a cua chat o nhiem oi vi ac tnh oc

Nhom
CTNH
theo EPA
Chat o nhiem



Nong o
toi a
(mg/l)
Nhom
CTNH
theo EPA
Chat o nhiem Nong o
toi a
(mg/l)
8
D004 Arsenic
a
5.0 D036 Hexachloro-1,3-
butadiene
0.5
D005 Barium
a
100.0 D037 Hexachloroethane 3.0
D019 Benzene 0.5 D008 Lead
a
5.0
D006 Cadmium
a
1.0 D013 Lidane
a
0.4
D022 Carbon tetrachloride 0.5 D009 Mercury
a
0.2
D023
Chlordane 0.03 D014 Methoxychlor
a
10.0
D024 Chlorobenzene 100.0 D040 Methyl ethyl ketone 200.0
D025 Chloroform 6.0 D041 Nitrobenzene 2.0
D007 Chlorium 5.0 D042 Pentachlorophenol 100.0
D026 o-Cresol 200.0 D044 Pyridine 5.0
D027 m-Cresol 200.0 D010 Selenium 1.0
D028 p-Cresol 200.0 D011 Silver
a
5.0
D016 2,4-D
a
10.0 D047 Tetrachloroethylene 0.7
D030 1,4 Dichlorobenzene 7.5 D015 Toxaphene
a
0.5
D031 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.5 D052 Trichloroethylene 0.5
D032 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.7 D053 2,4,5 trichlorophenol 400.0
D033 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 0.13 D054 2,4,6 trichlorophenol 2.0
D012 Endrin
a
0.02 D017 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
a
1.0
D034 Heptachlor (va
hydroxide cua no)
0.008 D055 Vinyl chloride 0.2
D035 Hexachlorobenzene 0.13
a
Thanh phan o nhiem oc tnh theo EP trc ay
Nguon: RCRA (My), ieu 40, phan 261.24

Mot cach phan loai Chat Thai Nguy Hai theo ac tnh khac c the hien nh sau da
tren quan iem nhng moi nguy hai tiem tang va cac tnh chat chung cua chung, chia ra
thanh 9 nhom:
a. Nhom 1: Chat gay no. Nhom nay bao gom:
Cac chat de gay no, ngoai tr nhng chat qua nguy hiem trong khi van
chuyen hay nhng chat co nhieu kha nang nguy hai th c xep vao loai
khac.
Chu y: cac chat ma t no khong de no nhng co the tao nen mot tang kh, hi
hay bui de no th khong thuoc nhom I nay).
Vat gay no, ngoai tr nhng dung cu cha chat gay no ma vi mot khoi
lng hay tnh chat nh the ma s vo y, s boc chay ngau nhien hay bat
au chay se khong gay nen bieu hien nao ben ngoai dung cu nh vang
manh, co ngon la, co khoi, nong len hay gay tieng no am .
Chat de no va vat gay no khong c e cap trong 2 muc tren, c san
xuat theo quan iem la tao ra hieu ng no hay san xuat phao hoa tuy theo
tng muc ch.

9

Hnh 1.1: Thuoc no TNT
Nhom I c chia thanh 6 phan nhom chnh t 1.1 en 1.6 da tren mc o
nguy hiem khi no. Phan nhom 1.1 la nhng chat co hiem hoa gay no cao va 1.6 th rat t
nhay no.
b. Nhom II: Cac chat kh nen, hoa long hay hoa tan co ap.
Nhom nay bao gom nhng loai kh nen, kh hoa long, kh trong dung dch, kh
hoa lanh do lanh, hon hp mot hay nhieu kh vi mot hay nhieu loai hi cua nhng chat
thuoc nhom khac, nhng vat cha cac chat kh nh Tellurium Hexaflouride va bnh phun
kh co dung tch ln hn 1 lt.

Hnh 1.2: Cac bnh kh nen
Nhom II nay bao gom nhng chat dang kh ma:
50
0
C co ap suat ln hn 300kPa.
Hoan toan la kh 20
0
C co ap suat chuan la 101,3kPa.
ieu kien van chuyen chat kh tuy thuoc vao trang thai vat ly cua no. V
du nh:
Kh nen: la kh (tr khi trong dung dch) ma khi ong vao bnh di mot
ap lc e van chuyen th cung van hoan toan la kh 20
0
C.
Kh hoa long: la kh ma khi ong vao bnh e van chuyen th co mot phan
la dang long 20
0
C.
10
Kh hoa long do lanh: la kh nen ma kh ong vao bnh van chuyen th co
mot phan long v nhiet o cua no thap.
Kh trong dung dch: la kh nen ma khi ong vao bnh van chuyen th co
the hoa tan trong dung dch khac.
Nhom II nay c chia thanh cac phan nhom nh sau:
Phan nhom 2.1: Cac loai kh de chay nh Etan, Butan
Phan nhom 2.2: Cac loai kh khong co kha nang gay chay, khong oc nh
Oxy, Nit
Phan nhom 2.3: Cac chat kh co tnh oc nh Clo,
c. Nhom III: Cac chat long de gay chay
Nhom nay bao gom nhng chat long co the bat la va chay, ngha la chat long
co iem chp chay nho hn hoac bang 61
0
C.

Hnh 1.3: Bon cha xang, dau
Nhng chat sau ay khong thuoc nhom III:
Nhng chat long co iem chp chay cao hn 23
0
C nhng thap hn 61
0
C, ma
co nhiet o chay cao hn 104
0
C hay soi trc khi at ti nhiet o chay.
Tieu chuan nay khong bao gom nhng chat long co the gay chay, hon hp
nc va nhieu san pham dau mo ma nhng chat nay khong thc s la ai
dien cho chat nguy hai co kha nang gay chay.
Nhng chat hoa tan dang long cha t hn 24% Etanol theo the tch.
Bia ru va nhng san pham tieu dung khac, khi ong goi th goi ben trong
co dung tch t hn 5 lt.
d. Nhom IV: Cac chat ran de chay, chat co kha nang t boc chay va nhng
chat khi gap nc se sinh ra kh de chay. Nhom nay c phan chia thanh 3
phan nhom nh sau:
11

Hnh 1.4: Sn cac loai
Phan Nhom 4.1 bao gom:
Chat ran co the chay;
Nhng chat t phan huy;
Chat t nhay no.
ac tnh cua nhng chat ran co the gay chay:
Nhng chat ran co the gay chay la nhng chat de bat la va co the gay chay
khi ma sat. Chat ran de bat la dang bot, hat hay kem nhao la nhng chat nguy hiem v
chung de dang boc chay ch qua tiep xuc rat ngan vi nguon la. V du: la t que diem,
va la se lan rong ra ngay tc khac.
Nhng moi hiem hoa khong ch do la ma con do nhng san pham chay oc
hai. Cac chat bot kim loai thng ac biet nguy hiem bi v kho tieu diet ngon la, khi
dung nhng tac nhan diet la thong thng nh Dioxit Cacbon (CO
2
) hay nc cang lam
cho ngon la tr nen nguy hiem hn.
ac tnh cua nhng chat t phan ng va chat lien quan:
Chat t phan ng la nhng chat co kha nang b phan huy toa nhiet manh (
ieu kien thng hay tang nhiet o). Nhng chat khong c xep vao loai chat t phan
ng trong phan nhom 4.1 nay nh sau:
Chat no theo tieu chuan phan loai nhom I.
Nhng chat b Oxy hoa theo trnh t phan chia phan nhom 5.1.
Nhng hp chat Peoxit hu c theo trnh t phan chia phan nhom
5.2.
Nhiet cua qua trnh phan huy thap hn 300J.
Nhiet o cua qua trnh phan huy t kch thch thap hn 75
0
C.
Lu y: nhiet cua qua trnh phan huy co the xac nh bang cach s
dung bat c phng phap nao theo quy chuan quoc te. V du: may
quet nhiet lng vi sai.
12
ac tnh cua nhng chat t nhay no :
Chat t nhay no la nhng chat a b am bi nc (hay ru) hay a b pha loang
vi nhng chat khac e lam giam tnh no cua no. V du nh theo He thong phan hang
quoc te oi vi chat nguy hai ta co:

1310 Ammonium Pierate, am.......................
1320 Dinitro Phenol, am ..............................
1357 Ure Nitrat, am .....................................

2555 Nitro Cellulose vi Nc .....................
2556 Nitro Cellulose vi Ru.....................
2557 Nitro Cellulose vi cac chat hoa deo
Phan Nhom 4.2: la nhng chat co kha nang t boc chay bao gom:
Nhng chat t boc chay.
Nhng chat t toa nhiet.
Tnh chat cua nhng chat t boc chay va t toa nhiet:
S t toa nhiet cua mot chat, dan en t boc chay do phan ng cua chat nay
vi Oxy trong khong kh va phan nhiet gia tang khong nhanh chong thoat i khoi moi
trng xung quanh.
Qua trnh t boc chay xay ra khi ma nhiet tang them vt qua mc nhiet tieu
hao, do o at en nhiet o t ong boc chay. Co hai loai chat lieu phan biet ro ve tnh
t chay nh sau:
Nhng chat, bao gom ca hon hp va dung dch (long hay ran), ma ngay ca vi
mot khoi lng nho cung boc chay trong vong 5 phut tiep xuc vi khong kh. Nhng
chat nay co kha nang t boc chay cao nhat va c goi la chat t boc chay.
Nhng chat khac, khi tiep xuc vi khong kh du khong c cung cap nang
lng cung co kha nang t toa nhiet. Nhng chat nay se chay ch khi nao vi mot khoi
lng ln (vai kg) va sau mot thi gian dai (vai gi hay vai ngay) va c goi la chat t
phat nhiet.
Phan Nhom 4.3: Nhng chat khi tiep xuc vi nc se tao nen nhng kh de
chay.
Nhng chat khi tiep xuc vi nc se giai phong nhng kh de chay co the tao
thanh hon hp no vi khong kh. Nhng hon hp nh the rat de bat la do bat c mot
nguon gay chay bnh thng nao, v du nh nguon anh sang mat tri, nhng dung cu
cam tay phat ra tia la hay nhng bong en sang khong boc bao ve. Chay no co the gay
nguy hiem cho con ngi va moi trng xung quanh, v du nh kh at en (Canxi
Cabit).
e. Nhom V: Nhng tac nhan oxy hoa va cac peoxit hu c.
Nhom V c chia thanh cac phan nhom nh sau:
Phan Nhom 5.1: Tac nhan Oxy hoa.
13
o la nhng chat, du khong chay cung co the de dang giai phong Oxy, hay do
qua trnh Oxy hoa co the tao nen ngon la oi vi bat ky chat lieu nao, hoac kch thch
qua trnh chay oi vi nhng vat lieu khac, do o lam tang them cng o chay.
Phan Nhom 5.2: Cac Peoxit hu c.
Hau het nhng chat trong muc nay la co the chay va tat ca eu cha cau truc
hoa tr 2 O-. Chung hoat ong nh la nhng tac nhan Oxi hoa va co the co kha nang
phan huy do no. dang long hoac dang ran, chung co the co phan ng manh oi vi
nhng chat khac. Hau het se chay nhanh va rat nhay khi b nen hay va cham.
Nhng chat thuoc 5.1 va 5.2 can phai c x ly khac nhau khi anh dau
nhng goi hang, kien hang va xe tai ang van chuyen, va van chuyen rieng biet.
f. Nhom VI: Chat gay oc va chat gay nhiem benh.
Nhom VI c chia thanh cac phan nhom sau:
Phan Nhom 6.1: Chat gay oc.
Nhng chat co the lam chet ngi hoac lam ton thng nghiem trong en sc
khoe cua con ngi neu nuot phai, ht th hay tiep xuc vi da.
Phan Nhom 6.2: Chat gay nhiem benh.
Gom nhng chat cha vi sinh vat co the phat trien va ton tai oc lap, bao gom
vi trung, ky sinh trung, nam hoac tac nhan tai lien ket, lai giong hay bien oi gen, ma
chung ta biet rang se gay benh ngi va ong vat.
g. Nhom VII: Nhng chat phong xa.
Bao gom nhng chat hay hon hp t phat ra tia phong xa. Tia phong xa co kha
nang am xuyen qua vat chat va gay hien tng ion hoa.
h. Nhom VIII: Nhng chat an mon.
Bao gom nhng chat tao phan ng hoa hoc pha huy khi tiep xuc vi cac mo
song, hoac trong trng hp ro r se pha huy hoac lam h hong nhng hang hoa khac
hoac ngay ca phng tien van chuyen.

Hnh 1.5: Cac hoa chat co tnh an mon
14
i. Nhom IX: Nhng chat nguy hai khac.
Bao gom nhng chat va vat lieu ma trong qua trnh van chuyen co bieu hien mot moi
nguy hiem khong c kiem soat theo tieu chuan cua cac chat lieu thuoc nhom khac.
Nhom nay bao gom mot so chat va vat lieu bieu hien s nguy hai cho chuyen cung nh
cho moi trng, khong at tieu chuan cua cac nhom khac.

Theo luat nh

Viet Nam, e xac nh chat thai co phai la chat thai nguy hai hay khong, co the tham
khao loai chat thai nh c quy nh trong quy che c ban hanh theo quyet nh
155/1999/Q-TTg cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu (xem them phan phu luc).

Ben canh cach phan loai a trnh bay tren, theo ao luat RCRA (My) ben canh cac
ac tnh cua chat thai, EPA con liet ke cac chat thai nguy hai ac trng theo phan nhom
khac nhau K, F, U, P va viec phan loai c thc hien theo mot quy trnh nh sau:
























Hnh 1.6. Phan loai chat thai theo danh muc luat nh cua EPA (My)

Theo qui trnh tren, khi o mot chat thai au tien se c xem xet ve kha nang nguy
hai, neu co kha nang nguy hai th au tien se c kiem tra trong cac danh muc chat
thai nguy hai F, K, U va P, neu thuoc trong cac danh muc nay, th chat thai o la chat
thai nguy hai. Neu khong thuoc cac danh muc nay, chat thai o se c mang i kiem
tra xem co thuoc mot trong bon ac tnh nguy hai khong. Neu chat thai co mot trong 4
Chat thai
Phan loai
Danh muc F
Danh muc K
Khong co trong danh muc
Chat thai nguy hai
Chat thai khong nguy hai
Cac ac tnh cua
CTNH
Danh muc P+ U
15
ac tnh nguy hai, chat thai o la chat thai nguy hai, con khong th thuoc vao chat thai
khong nguy hai.

1.8. M0T 80 Vkh E T0h LkY Mk0 Vk Fhkh T6h 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Viec xac nh mot chat thai co la nguy hai hay khong nam vai tro quan trong trong cong
tac quan ly chat thai, v rang trong rat nhieu trng hp, ke ca khi so sanh oi chieu vi
luat nh cung kho co the xac nh chnh xac ranh gii gia mot chat thai c xem la
nguy hai hay khong nguy hai. Trong nhng trng hp nh vay, ket qua phan tch nh
tnh chat thai se la c s d lieu lam can c e xac nh viec phan loai chung va chon
la phng phap kiem soat x ly thch hp. e so lieu phan tch co tnh chnh xac cao
van e lay mau, bao quan, van chuyen mau va phng phap phan tch co anh hng
ang ke. Ngoai ra cac cong tac quan ly va cac bien phap an toan cung nam mot vai tro
quan trong quyet nh ac trng cua so lieu. ay chnh la cac net ac trng trong cong
tac kiem soat va am bao chat lng (Quality Assurance and Quality Control QAQC)
trong phan tch cac chat thai nguy hai.

1.8.1. Lay mau rhaI IhaI nguy haI va rar van da IIan quan

Lay mau

Viec lay mau nam mot vai tro quan trong quyet nh en o chnh xac va o tin cay cua
ket qua sau nay. Muon ap ng c yeu cau tren mau lay c phai am bao la mang
tnh ai dien cho chat thai. Mot mau muon am bao la mau mang tnh ai dien can mot
so chu y sau:

- Neu chat thai dang long ng trong thung nen tron eu (neu viec tron nay an toan
va khong gay ra s co chay no) trc khi lay mau. oi vi cac thung cha cung mot
loai chat thai va biet chac ve loai chat thai cha trong thung th ch can lay mau
ngau nhien 20% so thung la u ac trng cho cho chat thai. Neu khong chac ve loai
chat thai cha trong thung th phai lay mau va phan tch tat ca cac thung.
- Neu nguon thai t san xuat hay chat thai ran t qua trnh x ly chat thai, nen lay
mau tong (composite) va phan tch. Trong trng hp nay mau c lay nh ky, sau
o tron lai va phan tch.
- Neu chat thai cha trong ho, ap, thung cha, hay cac thiet b tng t, nen lay mau
theo 3 chieu (dai, rong, sau). Thng th nhng mau nay c phan tch rieng re,
nhng oi khi c hon hp lai. Qua trnh nay vi muc ch ac trng hoa chat thai
ran va giup cho viec xac nh toan bo lng chat la co nguy hai hay khong.

Chu y: lng mau nen lay hi d cho phan tch, thng lng mau lay ln hn 1500 ml.
Va khi lay mau nen thc hien viec lay kem mot so mau sau e am bao o chnh xac
cua ket qua:

- Lay mau 2 lan (Duplicate sampling): mau nay c lay nham chng minh tnh lap
lai cua phng phap lay mau. Thong thng 10% cua mau nen c lay lam hai lan.
16
- Mau nen van chuyen (travel blank sample) la cac chai ng mau c chuan b nh
nhng chai cha mau khac. Cung c van chuyen t phong th nghiem en v tr
lay mau va t v tr lay mau ve phong th nghiem nham muc ch xac nh co hay
khong s nhiem ban trong viec chuan b chai (thiet b) ng mau va phng thc
chuyen ch.
- Mau trang (field blank sample) la chai lay mau nhng dung ng nc khong o
nhiem theo phng phap nh nhng phng phap dung e lay mau. Mau nay ch th
s nhiem ban lien quan en phng thc lay mau tai hien trng (field sampling
procedure).

Khi lay mau long ngoai mau chat thai can lay phai lam ca ba loai mau tren. Con khi lay
mau at, semi-soils, bun va chat thai ran, cung vi mau can lay, ch can lay them loai
mau th nhat (duplicate sampling).

Bao quan mau

Cong tac bao quan mau cung khong kem phan quan trong, v neu khong bao quan mau
hp ly do qua trnh bien oi hoa hoc va hoa ly cung nh bien oi sinh hoc se lam thay
oi thanh phan cung nh tnh chat cua chat tha i. Khoang thi gian gia lay mau va phan
tch khong nen ln hn 24h va mau nen tr nhiet o 4
o
C. Moi loai chat thai, tuy theo
thanh phan eu co mot cach bao quan mau rieng. V du oi vi mau cha kim loai th
acid nitric c them vao e hieu chnh cho pH nho hn 2 (vi cach bao quan nay mau
on nh trong 6 thang), hay oi vi mau cha cyanide th NaOH 6N c them vao e
hieu chnh pH ln hn 12 va tr lanh 4
o
C (cach nay mau se on nh en 14 ngay). V
vay nham am bao o chnh xac cua mau nen tham khao cac tai lieu ve phan tch
(APHA, ASTM,) e co mot che o bao quan mau thch hp.

Thiet b lay mau

Viec chon la vat lieu e lam thiet b lay mau va cha mau cung khong kem phan quan
trong. Yeu cau oi vi mot thiet b lay mau la khong lam gia tang hay that thoat chat o
nhiem. V vay vat lieu dung e che tao thiet b lay may va bnh cha mau thng c
lam bang nhng vat lieu tr va phai ra ky trc khi s dung. Mot so vat lieu thng
c s dung e che tao va dung phu tr vi thiet b lay mau va cha mau la:

Thuy tinh [thuy tinh mau (mau nau hay ho phach-amber), thuy tinh trong oi vi
kim loai, dau, cyanide, BOD, TOC, COD, bun, at, chat thai ran va nhng th
khac]
Teflon
Thep khong r
Thep carbon chuyen dung (cao cap hay chat lng cao-high grade)
Polypropylene
Polyethylene (oi vi cac ion thong thng chang han nh Fluoride, chloride, va
sulfate)

17
Tuy thuoc vao loai thung cha mau, v tr lay mau ma s dung cac thiet b khac nhau.
Co nhieu loai thiet b lay mau tng ng vi cac cach lay mau khac nhau.

Van e an toan khi lay mau

An toan la mot viec het sc quan trong trong cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai, ac
biet la trong viec lay mau va phan tch. Trong o an toan cho cong tac lay mau chiem
mot v tr kha quan trong, co anh hng ln en an toan cho ngi lay mau va tnh an
toan cho khu vc lu tr mau cung nh cong ong c dan quanh khu tr mau. e am
bao an toan, mot so van e can chu y trong cong tac lay mau la

Khi m cac thung cha chat thai nen s dung cac cong cu c che tao bang vat
lieu khong phat tia la (tranh chay no) v du dung c le co ong lot bang ong thau.
Trc khi m thung cha nen kiem tra xem thung co b phong mat hay khong, neu
co phai s dung cac thiet b m thung ma co the van hanh t xa vi khoang cach an toan
can thiet cho ngi van hanh.
Khi lay mau, ngi lay mau bat buoc phai co cac o bao ho lao ong can thiet (o
bao ho va cac trang thiet b khac). Viec giam bt cac trang thiet b bao ho ch c phep
thc hien khi a biet rat ro ban chat cua chat thai can lay mau.

Cac van e giam sat va quan ly mau

ay la cong viec can thiet e am bao o chnh xac, va o tin cay cua mot ket qua. Cac
cong viec chu yeu la phai giam sat c qua trnh t v tr lay mau en phong th
nghiem (hay noi cach khac la t cong tac lay mau cho en ket qua phan tch cuoi cung).
Ben canh o, qua trnh giam sat nay phai c ghi chu lai trong cac van ban va so sach
(nhat ky) cua nhom lay mau. Cac noi dung can ghi chu trong so cong tac bao gom:

Ngay thang va thi gian
Ten cua ngi giam sat va cua thanh vien nhom cong tac
Muc ch (y nh) cua viec lay mau
Mieu ta vung lay mau
V tr vung lay mau
Thiet b lay mau a s dung
o sai sot (deviation) so vi ly thuyet
Nguyen nhan sai sot
Vung quan sat (field observation)
Vung o ac (field measurements)
Ket qua cua bat ky o ac nao khac tai vung khao sat o ac lay mau
nh dang mau
Loai va so cua mau c lay
Lay mau, ong goi, dan nhan va thong tin ve di chuyen

Nhat ky (hay so cong tac) nen c lu nh mot van ban cua mot d an hay t lieu
nham phuc vu cho cac cong tac sau nay.

1.8.Z. Fhan Irh

18
Trong quan ly chat thai nguy hai, ngoai mot so nguon thai xac nh va biet ro ban chat,
th so ch tieu phan tch se c gii han. Tuy nhien, trong mot so trng hp khong the
xac nh c ban chat va thanh phan cua chat thai nguy hai. V vay viec gii han cac
ch tieu can phan tch va nen phan tch loai chat nao se gap rat nhieu kho khan. Theo
mot tai lieu, nen u tien phan tch 129 chat hu c va vo c sau (bang 1.4).

Bang 1.4 - Cac loai 129 chat o nhiem c u tien phan tch


Chat hu c bay hi
34
2-nitrophenol
69
1,2-diphenylhyrazine
103
PCB-1221
1
Acrolein
35
4-nitrophenol
70
Fluoranthene
104
PCB-1232
2
Acrylonitrile
36
Parachlorometacresol
71
Fluorene
105
PCB-1242
3
Benzene
37
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
72
Hexachlorobenzene
106
PCB-1248
4
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
38
Phenol
73
Hexachlorobutadiene
107
PCB-1254
5
Bromoform
39
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
74
Hexachlorocyclopenta
diene
108
PCB-1260
6
Carbon tetrachloride

Chat hu c baz va
trung tnh
75
Hexachloroethane
109
Toxaphene
7
Chlorobenzene
40
Acenaphthene
76
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)-
pyrene
110
Kim loai
8
Chlorodibromomethane
41
Acenaphtylene
77
Isophorone
111
Antimony
9
Pentachlorophenol
42
Anthracene
78
Naphthalene
112
Arsenic
10
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
43
Benzidine
79
Nitrobenzene
113
Beryllium
11
Chloroform
44
Benzo(a)anthracene
80
N-nitrosodi-n-
propylamine
114
Cadmium
12
Dichlorobromomethane
45
Benzo(a)pyrene
81
N-
nitrosodimethylamine
115
Chromium
13
1,2-dichloroethane
46
Benzo(ghi)perylene
82
N-
nitrosodiphenylamine
116
Copper
14
1,1-dichloroethane
47
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
83
Phenathrene
117
Lead
15
1,1-dichloroethylene
48
3,4-benzo- fluoranthene
84
Pyrene
118
Mercury
16
1,2-dichloropropane
49
bis(2-
chloroethoxy)methane
85
2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenso-p-
dioxin
119
Nickel
17
1,2-dichloropropylene
50
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether

Thuoc tr sau va
PCBs
120
Selenium
18
Ethylbenzene
51
Bis(2-
chloroisopropyl)ether
86
Aldrin
121
Silver
19
Methyl bromide
52
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
87
Alpha-BHC
122
Thallium
20
Methyl chloride
53
4-bromophenyl phenyl
ether
88
Beta-BHC
123
Zinc
21
Methylene chloride
54
Butyl benzyl phthalate
89
Gamma-BHC
124
Cyanides
22
1,1,1,3-tetrachloroethane
55
2-chloro-naphthalene
90
Delta-BHC
125
Asbestos
23
Tetrachloroethylene
56
4-chlorophenyl phenyl
ether
91
Chlordane


24
Toluene
57
Chrysene
92
4,4-DDD


25
1,2-trans-
dichloroethylene
58
di-n-butyl phthalate
93
4,4-DD chloroethane


26
1,1,1-trichloroethane
59
di-n-octyl phthalate
94
Dieldrin


27
1,1,2-trichloroethane
60
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
95
Alpha-endosulfan


28
Trichloroethylene
61
1,2-dichlorobenzene
96
Beta- endosulfan


29
Vinyl chloride
62
4,4-DDT

97
Endosulfan sulfate



Chat hu c axt c
trch ly
63
1,4-dichlorobenzene
98
Endrin


30
2-chlorophenol
64
Diethyl phthalate
99
Endrin aldehyde


31
2,4-dichlorophenol
65
Dimethyl phthalate
100
Heptachlor


32
2,4-dimethylphenol
66
2,4-dinitrotoluene
101
Heptachlor epoxide


33
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
67
2,6-dinitrotoluene
102
PCB-1016


19
Nguon: (EPA), 1980-1988, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, khoan 40 phan 122. (Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office.).

Do chi ph phan tch cho mot mau chat thai nguy hai thng rat cao. V vay e giam chi
ph phan tch nen chuan b nhieu mau va ban au ch nen phan tch mot so ch tieu sau
o da tren cac ch tieu nay loai dan cac ch tieu khong can thiet. Cac ch tieu thng
dung lam c s e loai tr cac ch tieu phan tch khong can thiet la: pH, o dan ien,
TOC (tong carbon hu c), phenol tong, organic scan-pho hu c (qua viec dung GC vi
flame ionization detector), halogenated (qua viec dung GC vi electron capture
detector);

Cac phng phap phan tch chat thai nguy hai co the tham khao trong nhieu tai lieu cua
nc ngoai nh EPA1979, EPA 1977, EPA 1985a, EPA 1979a, APHA 1980, APHA
1995.


CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Viet nh ngha chat thai nguy hai theo quy che 155/1999/Q-TTg? So sanh s khac
biet gia nh ngha cua Viet Nam vi cac to chc quoc te khac?
2. Co may nguon phat sinh chat thai nguy hai, cho v du?
3. Neu cac ac tnh cua chat thai nguy hai? Va tnh chat cua no?
4. e co c mau ai dien, can co nhng chu y g khi lay mau?
5. e am bao o chnh xac cua ket qua can lay cac loai mau nao khi lay mau chat
thai nguy hai?
6. Neu cac van e can chu y e lay mau chat thai nguy hai mot cach an toan?
7. Hay neu cac noi dung can ghi nhan khi lay mau?
240
6h00h 10

6k6 IkI FhkF 0kh LY 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI 6h0
M0T 80 T00h h0F 60 ThE


Chng nay se trnh bay mot so giai phap quan ly chat thai nguy hai cho cac trng hp
cu the Viet Nam. Cac trng hp se thao luan bao gom:
- Chat thai nguy hai co nguon goc sinh hoat.
- Chat thai nguy hai t nganh san xuat va s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat.
- Cat thai nguy hai la bun thai t he thong thoat nc va cac cong trnh x ly nc thai.
- Chat thai nguy hai la cac dau nht phe thai t cac hoat ong sinh hoat va cong
nghiep.
10.1. 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI T0h 6hkT ThkI 8Ihh h0kT
10.1.1. IoI IhIau rhung.
Cung vi s phat trien cua cong nghiep hoa va o th hoa, nhieu loai chat thai khac nhau
t cac hoat ong cua con ngi co xu hng tang len ve so lng, t nc cong, rac sinh
hoat, phan, chat thai cong nghiep en cac chat thai oc hai. Neu khong co phng phap
ung an e giai quyet lng chat thai nay th se gay o nhiem moi trng do vt qua
kha nang tiep nhan cua t nhien. Trong so cac chat thai nay, chat thai sinh hoat t cac
hoat ong cua con ngi, nhat la t cac khu vc o th ong dan c, la mot trong nhng
van e cap bach can c giai quyet e co the duy tr ieu kien song tot cho con ngi.
Trong nhng nam gan ay, a co nhieu tien bo ang chu y trong cong nghe x ly e oi
pho vi van e phan huy cac loai chat thai ran. Muc tieu chnh la giam the tch cua chat
thai trong ieu kien ve sinh, trong khi o can tai che e tan dung cac nguyen lieu co ch
hoac sinh ra nang lng. Theo quan iem bao ve moi trng, tai che hien nay la muc tieu
u tien hang au cua cong nghe quan ly va x ly chat thai. Do s khan hiem cac bai phan
huy chat thai, do viec gia tang dan so, khoi lng va chung loai chat thai, cung nh viec
cha phan loai va tai che trong cong tac quan ly, nen hien nay tai nc ta van chu yeu
ch dung phng phap ot va chon lap e xu ly loai chat thai nay. Gan ay, ngi ta con
oi hoi giam lng chat thai nhieu hn na. ong thi, khoi va tro t cac lo ot cung phai
c x ly trong ieu kien khong oc hai e loai bo cac chat thai oc hai nh dioxin, kim
loai nang,
Noi en chat thai nguy hai sinh hoat (domestic hazardous waste) la noi en nhng vie c
thai bo nhng th a qua s dung bi cac hoat ong sinh hoat nh co sa, tay trung, lam
vn, nuoi cac ong vat lam canh, sn quet, diet con trung, bao dng bon tam, xe co,
san nha, no co the bao gom mot so dc pham va mot so san pham phuc vu ca
nhan.Thuat ng nguy hai trong trng hp nay la noi en s co mat cua nhng thanh
phan co the co cac ac tnh nh an mon, de chay, de tac dung vi cac chat khac hoac oc
hai oi vi con ngi va moi trng.
241
Neu c quan ly thch hp th phan ln cac cac vat nay khong tao thanh chat thai nguy
hai. Yeu cau phai thai bo bang cach ac biet. Tuy nhien khi lng chat thai nguy hai
trong gia nh tang len th chung can phai c quan ly mot cach thch hp. Nhng san
pham gia nh thai ra cha ng nhng thanh phan an mon, oc, de bat la, hoac phan
ng c xem xet nh la "phe lieu oc hai t i song" hoac "chat thai nguy hai sinh hoat".
Nhng san pham, nh sn, nc tay ra, dau m, cac loai pin acqui a qua s dung, va
nhng hoa chat diet con trung (thuoc sat trung), cha ng nguy hiem tiem tang la nhng
thanh phan can co yeu cau ac biet khi chung ta t bo cua chung.
Mot thoi quen kha nguy hiem va lang ph ma chung ta thng lam la o nhng chat thai
nay ngay xuong ranh, tren nen nha, vao trong nhng bon ra cua nha ve sinh, hoac trong
vai trng hp chung ta con lu tr chung ngay tai mot v tr nao o trong nha mot thi
gian. Nhng s nguy hiem cua nhng thoi quen nh the co the khong thay hien nhien
ngay lap tc, tuy nhien ro rang la cach lam, cach giai quyet nh vay la khong thch hp
va co the lam o nhiem moi trng, cung nh la mot moi e doa ti sc khoe con ngi,
tc la cua chnh chung ta.

10.1.Z. hhung san pham nguy hIam Irong hha
Hau het ngi tieu dung khong co y thc ro ret ve nhng san pham co cha nhng oc to
nguy hiem ma ho ang s dung trong gia nh. Cung chnh v vay khi i mua hang ve s
dung, hau nh chung ta cha co c y thc ve tnh oc hai cua mon hang mnh can mua,
va cung co rat t ngi co y nh s dung nhng san pham thay the neu mon hang nh
mua co the mang lai mot so tnh oc to nao o cho ho va gia nh.
Trc tien, lam sao e biet c mon hang mnh can mua la nguy hiem? oc nhan hieu?.
Khi oc nhan cua san pham gan len bao b san pham chung ta co the nhan thay: s nguy
hiem, canh bao, hoac mot s nhac nh nao o khi s dung. Ve nguyen tac, nha san xuat
phai hng dan, ch bao rang o nguy hiem tc thi cua la mc nao, no co tnh nguy
hiem, tnh oc, tnh de chay hoac tnh an mon khong. Canh bao hoac nhac nh cung can
ch bao cho nhng san pham co tnh nguy hiem t hn. Nhng san pham khong liet ke
nhng t ng hay tn hieu thong thng la nhng san pham t nguy hiem nhat.
Nhn chung, mot san pham la nguy hiem khi no cha ng mot hoac hn nhng thuoc tnh
sau:
- De chay: Co the de dang chay trong la hoac c ot chay.
- De no / Phan ng: Co the no khi e ngoai anh sang, e nong len, cu soc thnh lnh
hoac sc ep.
- Chat an mon: Co the chay va pha huy song vai mong.
- oc: Co nang lc cua viec gay ra vet thng hoac gay chet xuyen qua s an vao
qua ng tieu hoa, ht th, hoac s hap thu qua da.
- Phong xa: Co the gay h hai va pha huy nhng te bao hay moi trng vat chat.
Mot so moi hiem nguy co the gap t viec s dung cac san pham trong nha:
- Nhng s pha tron cua vai san pham nguy hiem co the san sinh ra hi nc nguy
hiem, s no hoac bat la.
242
- Nhng san pham cha ng a-xt hoac hoa chat khac co the ot chay da, gay
thng tch mat hoac anh hng en he ho hap.
- Cac loai hoa chat diet con trung (thuoc sat trung, thuoc diet ruoi, muoi, gian),
cac loai sn va dung moi co the gay ra s choang vang, cau knh, benh nhc au,
s buon non, o mo hoi, s chan ong he than kinh...
- S tiep xuc nhieu lan (lau dai, lap i lap lai) vi mot so loai hoa chat thong
thng s dung hang ngay co the gay ra ung th hoac nhng khuyet tat khac.
- Cac vat lieu nguy hai at trong cac thung cha rac gia nh va cong cong co the
lam ton thng nghiem trong nhng cong nhan thu gom rac.
anh gia mc o nguy hai:
c s dung hp ly th phan ln cac chat thai nguy hai trong ho gia nh khong gay ra
moi e doa ang ke nao. Tuy nhien viec thai bo khong hp ly cac chat hoa hoc trong ho
gia nh co the gay ra van e oi vi cong ong. Chung co the gay ra moi e doa oi vi
vat nuoi, ca, thc vat va nguon nc ngam. Mc o nguy hai phu thuoc ca vao san pham
thai bo va cach thai bo chung.
Chat thai nguy hai trong ho gia nh la moi e doa oc hai tiem an cho chnh chung ta va
ca con chau chung ta neu chung khong c s dung, lu tr va thai bo mot cach can
than. Cac he thong cong va cac nha x ly nc thai sinh hoat khong c thiet ke e x
ly nhieu loai chat hoa hoc nguy hai trong ho gia nh. Do vay cac chat hoa hoc nay thai
qua he thong cong ma khong he c x ly, chung co the tham nhap vao nguon nc cua
khu vc va co the pha huy hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat trong qua trnh x ly nc thai.
Cac ho gia nh can phai quan ly chat thai hoa hoc cua mnh mot cach hp ly e tranh o
nhiem moi trng va cac tac hai en con ngi va cac vi sinh vat khac. Hang ngay hang
ngan ngi thai ra mot lng nho chat thai hoa hoc trong ho gia nh. Cong lai th chung
thanh mot lng chat thai nguy hai ang ke. Nhng g ma chung ta lam hom nay co the
anh hng ti sc khoe va moi trng cua chung ta hom nay cung nh trong tng lai.
Cac loai Pin a va ang s dung
nc ta cung nh cac nc tren the gii hang nam san xuat va tieu thu mot lng pin
kha ln dung cho nhu cau hoat ong sinh hoat cua con ngi. Moi mot chung loai pin co
cha cac hoa chat tieu bieu, trong so nay co nhng kim loai nang nguy hiem nh kem,
mangan, lithium, niken, cat-mi va thuy ngan. Ngoai ra, san xuat pin tieu thu mot lng
ln nang lng va san sinh s o nhiem ang ke.
Cac san pham Sn
Sn co the cha ng nhieu hon hp khac nhau. Tnh chat cua sn phuc vu nhu cau s
dung cung nh ban chat o nhiem moi trng cua chung thay oi phu thuoc vao viec lieu
co phai sn tren nen dau hoac tren nen nha mu. Co nhng chung loai sn cha ng
nhng thanh phan oc ma cai o co the lam o nhiem nc ngam, v du nh nhng hoa
chat t dau hoa, nhng dung moi alkyd, va acrylic hoac nhng nha vinyl. Mot so chung
loai sn cu hn co the cha ng thuy ngan, ma a b cau s dung t nhng nam 1960.
S o nhiem khong kh Trong nha
V chung ta tieu ph 80 ti 90 phan tram thi gian cua chung ta nha, nen s o nhiem
khong kh trong nha co the co nhng hieu ng quan trong tren sc khoe cua chung ta.
243
Nhieu san pham gia nh ma chung ta s dung co the ong gop phan lam cho khong kh
trong nha o nhiem hn nhieu lan. Do ac iem cua moi trng ben trong nha, nhieu chat
o nhiem se tr nen o nhiem hn ben ngoai khong kh gap boi.
10.1.8. uan Iy 6Thh Irong ho gIa dnh.
Moi chung ta eu co trach nhiem quan ly chat thai nguy hai trong gia nh mot cach
hp ly. Cach de nhat va tot nhat e lam viec nay la khong tao ra chat thai ni au
tien.
Mot so viec nen va khong nen lam trong viec s dung an toan cac san pham hoa chat
trong gia nh c liec ke bang di ay.
NEN LAM KHONG NEN LAM
e xa la va nc.
e nguyen trong vo ng nh khi
mua ve vi ay u nhan mac va
ngay mua.
Khoa tu ng lai neu co the.
e o thong thoang thch hp khi s
dung va lu tr san pham nguy hai.
Neu khong dung het th chia cho ban
be, hang xom gi nguyen trong vo
ng nh khi mua vi ay u nhan
mac.
Tai che va s dung bat c luc nao
neu co the.
oi vi san pham nguy hai khong
dung het phai thai bo mot cach an
toan (xem muc thai).
Lien he vi nha san xuat neu ban co
cau hoi ve cach s dung, lu gi va
thai bo san pham.
Dung het toan bo san pham trc khi
thai bo vo ng.
Vt thuoc qua han vao toalet.
o het chat trong bnh phun ra bang
cach thao nap en khi khong con
chut nao ra na.
Goi vo ng trong giay bao trc khi
bo vao cho vt i neu tren nhan co
canh bao tranh tiep xuc trc tiep da
tay vao vo bnh ng.
Khong nen thai bo chat hoa hoc bang
cach o xuong at hoac cong thoat
nc ma.
Khong chon vo ng van con chat
hoa hoc ben trong.
Khong ot nha, sn hoac cac chat
nguy hiem tiem an, cac chat nay ot
se tao thanh kh ot.
Khong chon chat thai ben le ng.
Khong e rac vao thung hoac be rac
khi ban cha chac chan rang no a an
toan.
Khong tai s dung cac vo ng chat
thai nguy hai e ng thc an.
VI MOI SAN PHAM, HAY T
HOI BAN THAN:
Toi a s dung no mot cach an toan
cha?
Toi a lu gi no mot cach an toan
cha?
Toi a biet thai bo no mot cach an
toan cha?

Khong mua san pham cha nhieu
kim loai nang, chat hu c ot hai,
Photpho hoac Nit.
Khong xe nhan mac cua san pham
i.
Khong ng vao o vat khac (khong
244
oc ky nhan mac cua san pham
trc khi mua xem co ung phai th
mnh can khong.
Ch mua th can thiet, khi co the th
nen han che chung loai san pham
mua (nhieu khi chat tay ra chung co
the s dung thay v s dung cac chat
tay ra cho muc ch dac biet).
Dung danh muc cac san pham nguy
hai cua gia nh e xac nh cac chat
nguy hai.
Mua va s dung cac chat thay the an
toan va t co hai hn.
Can nhac ca ve kha canh sc khoe
va moi trng khi quyet nh mua.
Xem xat en viec s dung cac cong
cu thay v s dung cac hoa chat trong
cong viec.
oc va lam theo hng dan mot cach
can than. Luon dung nong o a
hng dan.
eo gang, ung, khau trang theo
hng dan cu the tren nhan. Tranh
ht bui hoac hi san pham.
Phai biet nhng th nao oc hai va
lu gi ung quy nh.
Day tre em ve s nguy hiem cac chat
oc hai.
phai la vo ng nh khi mua ve) e
lu gi va s dung ve sau.
Khong pha tron cac chat vi nhau vi
rac thai.
Khong tron cac san pham co cha
Clo vi san pham co cha NH
4
hoac
acid.
Khong e cac chat hoa hoc trong gia
nh trong tam vi cua tre em.
Khong e canh tre em vi cac vat
nuoi lam canh trong gia nh.
Khong e cung tren gia ng thc
an.
Khong e chat nguy hai vao vo hop
giong hop ng thc an.
Khong e hoa chat nguy hai vao tu
thuoc.
Khong e cac chat k nhau cung mot
ni (chat de chay khong nen cung
chat an mon. Chat oc hai can phai
e rieng.)
Khong e trong cac hop b ro r. Cho
chung vao tui nilon roi ac vao hop
to hn co nap ay va co chat hut am
thch hp.

Thai bo la phng sach cuoi cung oi vi chat thai nguy hai trong gia nh. Nen
khuyen khch cac ho gia nh giam viec phat sinh cac chat thai nguy hai tiem an bang
viec thc hien 3 tieu ch trong quan ly chat thai nguy hai trong gia nh la giam thieu,
tai s dung va tai che.
Giam thieu chat thai nguy hai bang cach mua cac san phap thay the an toan vi
moi trng neu co the. Neu ban mua cac san pham nguy hai tiem an th phai mua
lng ma can. So con tha nen cho ngi khac dung en.
Tai s dung cac san pham nguy hai neu co the. V du nh s dung sn cu e lam
lp sn lot. Dau thong vo c co the tai s dung khi cac hat sn lang xuong ay.
Tai che moi th ma ban co the. Dau, dung moi, dau nhn a qua s dung cua xe
may, pin a s dung cua oto va mot so san pham khac tai che c.
245
Thai bo an toan
Phai luon luon than trong khi thai bo chat thai nguy hai trong gia nh. Xet cho cung
cac san pham nay c la ra e s dung trong gia nh va vn nha. Do vay noi chung
trong phan ln cac trng hp neu c s dung hp ly neu chung c s dung hp ly
chung se khong gay moi e doa ang ke.
Cac chat hoa hoc trong gia nh phai c s dung theo hng dan va c thai bo an
toan, thai bo an toan chat hoa hoc trong gia nh co ngha la chung phai c thai bo
bang cach sao cho:
o Khong gay hai ti moi trng.
o Khong gay hai ti con ngi.
Khong c thai bo chat thai nguy hai tch ong xuong han t hoai hoac xuong he
thong cong ranh. Khong c ot hoac chon chat thai nguy hai mot cach tuy tien.
Nhng nguyen tac c ban ve thai bo chat thai nguy hai trong gia nh
S dung va tai s dung cang nhieu cang tot
Cung cap nhng th ma ban khong dung na vi nhan hieu ro rang cho hang
xom hoac ban be cua ban neu ho co nhu cau dung
Lien he vi cac nha chc trach a phng e xin t van hoac thu gom. Phan ln
cac hoi ong thanh pho eu cung cap cho dan c khu vc mnh phng tien thu
gom.
Neu co cac phng tien thu gom, cac chat thai nguy hai nay phai c cac ho gia
nh lu gi an toan en khi chung c mang en iem thu gom.
Giam bt nhng san pham nguy hiem nha
Khi i mua hang, oc mot nhan san pham e can than tm hieu ky hng dan s dung
va nhng s nguy hiem cua san pham chung ta mua no. Neu nhan hieu c trnh bay
khong ro rang, hay hoi nha phan phoi hoac khong mua san pham o na. Thong thng
nhng san pham ma khong mang bat ky t tn hieu nguy hiem nao th thng c xem
xet nh cac mat hang t nguy hiem nhat.
Mot so thanh phan trong cac san pham tieu dung hang ngay co the gay ra nhng hieu ng
sc khoe dai han (kinh nien) hoac ngan han (tc thi). Nhng san pham ma tham nhap
vao c the qua ng ho hap hoac xuyen qua da co the gay ra cho sc khoe nhng hieu
ng kinh nien. Trong nhng trng hp o phai oc ky canh bao tren nhan san pham
hoac ban hng dan s dung, oi khi se phai mang gang tay hoac thiet b an toan. Nhn
chung nen tranh s dung nhng san pham nh vay.
Ch mua cai g ma chung ta thay thc s can
Neu chung ta phai mua nhng san pham nguy hiem, hay ch mua cai g chung ta co the s
dung het hoan toan (mua va u). Bang cach nay chung ta se khong phai lo lang tm cho
lu gia phan tha cua cac san pham nay trong nha. Neu s dung con tha, can co gang
tm thay ngi nao o co the s dung chung. Khong nen s dung nhng hoa chat diet con
trung (thuoc sat trung) cu, qua han hoac khong ro nguon goc. Nhng hoa chat diet con
trung (thuoc sat trung) cu co the cha ng hoa chat ma bay gi a b cam (v du nh
DDT, Kelthane).
246
Lam viec trong mot moi trng thong thoang tot
Nhieu nhan san pham co e s dung ni thong thoang thch hp". Nh vay se phai s
dung ni co s thong hi tot nhat, tc la ben ngoai nha. Khi s dung ben trong nha,
hay m nhieu ca so va nhng ca chnh neu co the, e co the thong gio tot hn. Mot so
san pham khac yeu cau s dung (nhat la khi m bao b) nhng ni kho rao, tranh tiep
xuc anh nang mat tri, hoac tranh xa nhng nguon nc (hoac khong c m trong
mol6i trng qua am t), va chung ta phai tuan thu tuyet oi nhng ch dan o. Nha bep
hoac buong tam co the khong c thong thoang tot nen phai co ca so, quat hut e ieu
tiet khong kh ra vao.
Cat gi nhng san pham an toan
Khi nhng san pham nguy hiem khong s dung, gi chung c cat gi ben trong mot
phong (buong, hop, kho) o nha, bao ve tranh tre em, vat nuoi va moi trng ben trong
nha. Gi nhng san pham trong nhng hoi kn cho en khi c s dung. Khong tron lan
tr phi phai lam nh vay. e phong cac san pham de chay, va phai lu tr chung ni
cach xa nguon nhiet, ien. Nhng san pham de chay cao nh dau, xang can phai c gi
trong mot nha phu rieng biet neu co the.
10.1.4. MoI so 6Thh Irong gIa dnh Ihuong duor Ihu gom hIan nay o VIaI ham.
San pham bao dng xe (dau xe a s dung, dau phanh, bo tai nhiet, bo tam nhiet, xi
sap)
San pham dung trong cong viec lam vn (hop dng, thuot phun diet con trung, chat
diet nam, co, cac loai thuoc tr sau)
San pham dung sn (dung moi, chat pha loang, nha thong, keo dnh, chat anh bong,
chat e lam bong sn cu). oi vi sn nc nen dung het neu co the, hoac tron vi
sn khac e tai s dung. Phan con lai e kho cho ran lai roi bo vao cho e thai loai.
Tai che sn cu neu co the.
San pham dung e bao dng nha san (choi cao sn, may hut bui, chat anh bong,)
San pham kho( dung cu g sat, chat tay,)
Dung moi( xang dau, diesen, dau hoa, dung moi pha nha thong, chat anh bong o
dung)
San pham dung co ra (chat tay ra nha ve sinh, tay ra lo say, thuot tay)
Cac chat tay trung
San pham bao dng be bi (clo nc, clo hat, acid)
San phap dung diet con trung (thuot diet chuot, bnh phun dan, moi)
Pin dung trong nha( pin sac va pin thng)
Cac hoa chat thai ra t cac cong viec s thch rieng (co the co dung moi) v du nh
lam anh (co the cha bac)
Cac san pham phuc vu ca nhan (viec cham soc toc, dung cu cac toc, dung cu cao sn
mong tay mong chan)
Thuoc thu y va thuoc cho ngi
Cac th linh tinh khac (thuy ngan t nhiet ke, chat thai lay nhiem va chat thai phong
xa trong gia nh ch khong phai trong cong nghiep)
Nhng th khong xac nh c (khong co nhan)
Bnh phun va bnh kh co ap
247

10.Z. 0kh LY 6Thh hkhh 8kh X0kT Th006 8k0 VE Th06 VkT

10.Z.1. hIan Trang 0 hhIam o 8an XuaI

Hien nay, co kha nhieu cac c s san xuat thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon ang hoat
ong tren a ban Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh. a phan cac c s san xuat nay eu xa trc
tiep vao kenh, mng, song, ho cha qua x ly dan en tnh trang o nhiem nghiem trong
moi trng nc. Nhieu ch tieu nh chat hu c, BOD
5
, COD, NH
4
, N, P cao hn tieu
chuan cho phep, nguy c nc sinh hoat va san xuat nhieu vung ngay cang tram trong.
5 lu vc kenh rach TPHCM lau nay a tr thanh nhng dong kenh en hoi thoi bi s
phan huy cac chat hu c. Vu khoang 20 tan ca chet Quan 7 TPHCM ma ket qua
mau nc t rach chay cac ao ca, sau khi phan tch cho thay co dung lng Thuoc Tr
Sau. Ngoai ra, cay trong, vat nuoi trong moi trng nc b huy hoai nang ne.

Nc bien ven b a bat au co dau hieu o nhiem nghiem trong. Ham lng chat hu c,
chat dinh dng, kim loai nang, vi sinh, hoa chat bao ve thc vat mot s ni vt tieu
chuan cho phep 2-5 lan. ac biet, cac c s san xuat nay kha gan cac khu vc dan c
xung quanh (ien la nha may hoa chat quan Tan Bnh TPHCM). Do o, hang ngay ngi
dan a phng phai thng xuyen tiep xuc vi mui hoa chat rat kho chu t cac nha may
nay gay ra, o la cha ke nhng ngi cong nhan lam viec trc tiep trong cac nha may.
Thiet ngh, o nhiem moi trng do hoa chat t cac c s san xuat nay gay ra la rat
nghiem trong, du a c canh bao rat nhieu nhng cuoi cung cung troi l i bi nhng
ap lc ve thu hut au t, phat trien san xuat va li nhuan. Nhn mot cach tong the t Bo
Cong nghiep la c quan quan ly nhieu nha may san xuat ong tren a ban TPHCM eu
cha co mot chien lc triet e va kien quyet e giai quyet o nhiem moi trng do nganh
san xuat nay gay ra. Nam 2000, TPHCM tng khi ong tr lai chng trnh di di doanh
nghiep gay o nhiem ra ngoai thanh nhng tien o qua cham chap. So doanh nghiep di di
c tai TPHCM mi em c tren au ngon tay.

Da theo ket qua phan tch cua cac nha khoa hoc va y te Viet Nam, cac vu ngo oc thc
pham nh rau muong, ca phao, ngo sen, bap cai, la do thuoc bao ve thc vat thuoc goc
organo- phosphat. Danh t thuoc bao ve thuc vat Viet Nam dung e ch cac loai hoa chat
dung lam thuoc sat trung, thuoc tr sau ray, thuoc diet co dai, va thuoc tr nam. Viec truy
tm nguyen nhan cho cac vu ngo oc tren cung tng oi gian d. Nguyen nhan dan en
tnh trang nay la do:
Ngi s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat khong co u thong tin trong khi dung cac loai
thuoc tren. Viet Nam hien co tren 200 loai thuoc va co tren 700 nhan hieu khac
nhau, cha ke co cac loai thuoc nhap lau khong co nhan hieu, va rat nhieu ten
thuoc nam trong danh sach b cam s dung.
Nong dan khong c hng dan ay u trc khi s dung
Te hai hn na, mot so can bo nam mat lam ng v quyen li ca nhan khi em ban
thuoc bao ve thc vat trai phep a b tch thu va b cam s dung.
248
Theo bao cao cua Bo Thng Mai oc c tren bao Ngi Lao ong ngay 20/4/2002 th
hang nam, mv tieu thu thuoc bao ve thc vat trong nc vao khaong 1,5 trieu tan, khong
ke mot so lng khong nho c nhap cang lau qua ng bien gii ma chnh quyen
khong the kiem soat c. Khi em con so nay ap dung vao tong dien tch trong trot
Viet Nam vao khoang 12 trieu hecta, d nhien gii lam khoa hoc co the thay ngay rang
ngi nong dan Viet Nam a x dung mot so lng cao rat nhieu lan hn so vi nong dan
cac quoc gia Tay Phng. C quan Lng Nong quoc te(FAO) a tng khuyen cao ch
so s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat Viet Nam rat cao, at mc trung bnh cho mot mua la
5,3; trong luc o ch so tren cua Trung Quoc

Trung tam Kiem nh Thuoc Bao Ve Thc Vat a bao cao ve tnh trang o nhiem thuoc
tr sau ray Viet Nam la: Sau khi ra sach nau chn d lng oc chat trong thuoc tr
sau Methamidophos (loai pesticide cha phosphat hu c) con lai trong rau ti van vt
qua mc cho phep va con co the gay ngo oc. D lng thuoc tren trong cai ngot la 315.3
mg/kg; sau khi ra sach va nau chn cai ngot; d lng con 0.183mg/kg; vt qua 46 lan
mc cho phep an c cua mot ngi nang 50kg. trong ket qua phan tch 256 mau rau tai
ch Mai Xuan Thng; ch Cau Muoi, Ba Chieu trong nam 1996 cho thay 57% so mau
co d lng Methamidophos vt qua mc cho phep t 50 lan tr len. (Thong tan xa
VN7/1998).

Mot chuyen gia thuoc cong ty cap thoat nc thanh pho Ho Ch Minh cho biet rau muong
c trong rai rac khap cac kenh rach trong thanh pho va c xt thuoc tr sau bang can
nht xe phe thai. Nht ti len cay rau muong co muc ch lam tang o xanh ti cua cay
va ngan chan s xam nhap cua sau bo. a so cac thuoc tr sau ang s dung TP. HCM
la cac hp chat hu c cha mot hay nhieu nhan to Clo hay Phosphat ket hp vi nhan
Benzen do o rat kho b tieu huy trong thien nhien du trong mot thi gian rat dai

10.Z.Z. IaI Fhap uan Ly kIan hgh}

Nhn chung trong cac khau san xuat th ta thay khau t dung moi cha trong bon c
bm qua bon khuay tron hay khau nguyen lieu tho dang bot c chuyen qua bon khuay
tron qua thiet b pheu ch th no se lam anh hng en moi trng khong kh trong nha
may rat ln qua s bay hi len vi nong o rat cao trong bon cha dung mo. Ngoai ra,
trong nha may con cho ra mot lng chat thai ran kha ln qua cac khau vo thung hay
cac loai bao b dng hoa chat hoac nguyen lieu dung e pha che thuoc.

Quan ly kh thai

a) Anh hng en moi trng khong kh: Cac nguon gay o nhiem chnh do moi
trng khong kh chu yeu t cac thiet b phoi lieu (khau nap nguyen lieu, khuay
tron) va day chuyen chiet chai, ong goi (nap san pham vao chai, bao b phoi giay
hoac tui plastic). Tac nhan gay ra o nhiem khong kh lai la bui nguyen lieu, ca c
chat dung moi va nguyen lieu long de bay hi.

b) Bien phap quan kh thai trong nha may:
249
Cac bon hay phuy cha dung moi hay nguyen lieu dang bot hay dang long
can co nap ay lai.
Trong khau khuay tron hay chiet chai can phai thc hien trong mot he
thong kn.
Cac thiet b bm nguyen lieu can c kiem tra thng xuyen e tranh s
ro r, that thoat kh ra ngoai.
Moi nha may can at mot he thong x ly kh thai.
Quan ly chat chat thai ran
a) Nguon phat sinh chat thai ran trong nha may: Chat thai ran c phat sinh t cac
nguon sau:
Chat thai sinh hoat cua cong nhan trong nha may.
Chat thai t cac vo chai lo hay cac bao b polime ng nguyen lieu hay
hoa chat trong qua trnh san xuat.
b) giai phap quan ly
Tai nha may can co mot he thong phan loai chat thai ran nh:
oi vi chat thai sinh hoat th giao cho cong ty moi trng o th thu gom.
Con oi vi cac bao b hay chai lo th tai s dung lai.
Quan ly nc thai.
a) nguon phat sinh:
Nc thai t qua trinh sinh hoat cua cong nhan trong nha may chiem a so.
Nc thai t s ro cua cac ong dan hoa chat, hay nguyen lieu.
b) bien phap x ly
oi vi nc thai sinh hoat th x ly tap trung vi nc thai o th.
Nc thai c thai ra t viec s dung nc trong hoat ong cac c s san xuat
c xem la co mc o o nhiem ln, do nong o va tnh chat cua cac dung mo i
va nguyen lieu cung nh san pham.
Do o phai am bao cac yeu cau khi san xuat thuoc BVTV e han che toi a o
nhiem:
My mc s dng c bo qun tt, c chng t bo qun khi sa cha, thay du,..
My mc s dng trong bo v thc vt (k c my bm tay) c kim tra hng nm
c chng t do ngi c trch nhim v trnh k.
Cc loi thit b, bao gm c thit b o lng, phi m bo chnh xc khi pha
trn cc loi thuc bo v thc vt m bo ng liu lng v quy trnh hng
dn trn bao b sn phm.

Nc thai cua cac x nghiep thuoc tr sau bao gom gan nh toan bo cac loai thuoc tr sau
c san xuat tai x nghiep. Cac loai san pham nay bao gom cac loai hp chat clor hu
c, phosphor hu c, carbamate, pyrethroid. Qua trnh x ly qua cac giai oan sau:
250
X ly bang hoa chat: loai bo bt mot phan cac chat thai
Keo tu: s dung cac che pham la cac polymer hu c hoac vo c e loai bo
cac hp chat hu c. Qua trnh nay rat quan trong. Phai la chon cac chat keo
tu e qua trnh keo tu xay ra nhanh, de lang.
Lang gan: sau khi keo tu cac hp chat hu c, nc thai phai qua be lang gan
trc khi i vao be loc
Loc hap phu: ay la bc quan trong bac nhat trong toan bo qua trnh x ly
nc thai. Cac chat hu c con lai sau cac qua trnh tren c hap phu tren cac
he chat hap phu sao cho nc thai sau khi qua qua trnh nay co the cho chay
vao he thong nc thai chung cua thanh pho.

Quan ly khau ong goi

Bao b ong goi

Khi ong goi cac loai thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon can bao am cac quy nh sau:

Thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon phai c ong goi bang bao b co chat lng
tot. Bao b phai c ong kn va ngan nga ro r khi van chuyen khong e chat
nguy hai dnh ben ngoai bao b.
Khng ti s dng cc bao b thuc bo v thc vt di bt c hnh thc no, tr khi
nh cung cp ti s dng bao b.
Bao b mi , bao b tai s dung hay bao b c tu sa eu phai thoa man cac yeu
cau th nghiem ve tnh nang va ve cac chi tiet ky thuat, moi bao b phai c
kiem tra chac chan, khong b mai mon, nhiem ban hay h hai g khac. Bao b nao
co bieu hien giam o ben th khong c s dung.
Bao b (ke ca cac phu tung i kem nh nap, voi, vat lieu bt kn) khong cha thanh
phan co the phan ng vi chat cha ben trong tao ra nhng san pham nguy hiem
hay san pham lam giam o ben cua bao b.
Than va phan bao quanh bao b phai co cau truc thch hp e co the chu c
rung ong. Nap chai hay cac bo phan ong kn giam ma sat phai c gi chat, an
toan va hieu qua bang phng tien chac chan.
Bao b ben trong phai c bao goi, gi chat hay lot em nham ngan nga s ro r.
Tat ca cac nhan tren thung hang cha chat nguy hai phai co hnh dang, mau sac,
k hieu va ch viet theo ung quy nh, moi nhan phai c in hay dan chac chan
tren bao b e de nahn biet, ro rang va khong b che khuat bi bat k phan nao
tren bao b hay b che bi nhan khac. Cac nhan khong c gap nep.
H thng tiu hu bao b thuc bo v thc vt phi c a im bo qun an ton, h
thng vn chuyn trc tiu hu v phng php tiu hu m bo khng gy nguy
him cho con ngi.
H thng tiu hu bao b thuc bo v thc vt m bo gim thiu nguy c nhim
c mi trng, ngun nc, h ng thc vt thng qua a im tp trung bao b v
251
h thng vn chuyn trc tiu hu an ton bng phng php c trch nhim vi
mi trng.
u c cc h thng thu gom v tiu hu bao b chnh thc, phi c c h s ghi r
s tham gia t cc nng trng v nhm nng trng.
C hng dn r rng bng vn bn v vic ra bao b thuc bo v thc vt ba ln
trc khi tiu hu hoc khi cn. C trang b thit b ra bnh, bao b bng p sut.
Thng qua vic s dng thit b vn chuyn bao b hoc cc bc hng dn bng
vn bn cho ngi s dng thit b, nc ra trng bao b lun c s dng khi pha
thuc.
Khng s dng bt c loi bao b thuc bo v thc vt no qua mt ln s dng,
lu gi, nh du v vn chuyn theo yu cu ca h thng thu gom v tiu hu bao
b chnh thc.
C ni lu gi an ton dnh cho bao b thuc bo v thc vt qua s dng trc
khi tiu hu. a im ny phi cch bit khi cc nguyn liu ng gi v cy trng,
nh du c nh v hn ch s ra vo ca ngi v ng vt.
Tun th cc quy nh, lut php nu c ca a phng v nc s ti trong vic tiu
hu bao b thuc bo v thc vt qua s dung
Quan ly khau Dan nhan

Hnh 10.1. Dan nhan chai lo thuoc BVTV tai cac c s san xuat
Tat ca cac nhan tren thung hang cha chat nguy hai phai co hnh dang, mau sac,
k hieu va ch viet theo ung quy nh, moi nhan phai c in hay dan chac chan
tren bao b e de nhan biet, ro rang va khong b che khuat bi bat k phan nao
tren bao b hay b che bi nhan khac. Cac nhan khong c gap nep.
Tt c cc ghi chp ch r ngy, thng, nm dng thuc bo v thc vt.
Ghi chp ch r nhn hiu v thnh phn chnh ca thuc cng nh thuc dng cho
loi cn trng no.
Ghi r tn ngi phun thuc trong mi t .
Ghi r tn chung ca loi su, bnh hay c cn dit.
Ghi r thng tin v cn b k thut xut s dng thuc bo v thc vt.
H s ghi r s lng thuc s dng hoc lng nc (hay cc cht pha ch khc), v
liu lng tnh bng g/l hay cc n v o lng khc c quc t cng nhn.
252
Ghi chp y v chi tit cc loi my mc s dng (nu nhiu loi, cn ghi ring
tng loi), v phng php s dng (eo trn vai, lng ln, U.L.V., qua h thng
thu li, rc, phun sng, phun t trc thng hay phng php khc.
Ghi r ngy u ca v thu hoch. Ghi y thi gian con ngi tip cn li vn
cy sau khi phun thuc.
C cc phng php ngi dn nhn bit khi vo li vn sau khi phun thuc.
Quan ly khau Nhap kho


Kho cha hoa chat tai c s san xuat B r set do khong bao quan trong kho

Cac loai thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon ch c lu tr tam thi trong nhng
v tr, khu vc a quy nh.
Bon cha chat nguy hai co the tai s dung vao cac muc ch khac.
Khi thu gom, chiet rot vao bon co the tch ln hn 0.5m
3
th phai tuan thu cac quy
nh ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai, toan bo he thong van ong m phai c lap
at va hoat ong theo ung nguyen tac an toan.
Cc phng tin bo qun thuc bo v thc vt phi tun th lut php v quy tc
ca nc s ti v ca a phng.
Kho bo qun thuc bo v thc vt phi c cu trc tt, c h thng kho an ton,
thong kh trnh hi c tch t trong trng hp con ngi phi vo kho) v phi
c d nh sng t nhin cng nh nhn to bo m cn b ph trch c th d
dng c nhn hiu khi vn nguyn sn phm trn gi.
Kho gi thuc bo v thc vt phi c xy bng nguyn liu chng chy (yu cu
ti thiu l chng c trong vng 30 pht.
Kho lu tr thuc bo v thc vt cch xa cc nguyn liu khc.
Kho thuc bo v thc vt c trang b h thng gi khng thm nc trnh
tnh trng xung cp do m nh: kim loi hoc nha cng.
Kho bo qun thuc bo v thc vt c cc thng cha chng r r hoc c ngn
(c h thng ngn r r) ph hp vi lng cht lng cn bo qun, c tng v sn
c sn lp chng ho cht m bo khng c bt c s r r, hay thm nhim ra
ngoi kho.
Khu vc pha ch v cn ong huc bo v thc vt c cc thit b tiu chun m
bo t l thnh phn chnh xc trong hn hp.
253
Kho v khu vc pha hn hp thuc bo v thc vt c thuc ra mt, nc sch
cch khng qu 10 mt, cc bc cu h r rng v s cu tt, cc bin hiu phi
c nh v r rng.
Kho bo qun thuc bo v thc vt v tt c cc ni pha trn v san thuc u
c trang b dng v sinh nh ct, chi qut v ht rc v ti lylon s dng
trong trng hp thuc bo v thc vt b chy ra ngoi. Cc dng v sinh phi
c v tr c nh, c bin ch dn.
Kho bo qun thuc bo v thc vt lun kho v ch cho php nhng ngi c
nhim v, qua o to v thuc bo v thc vt vo.
C h thng cu nn hon chnh, c nh v d thy, c y in thoi, radio, cc
bc s cu v tr d thy, d tip cn, cch kho khng qu 10 mt. C h s kim
k cp nht lin tc cc loi thuc bo qun trong
C danh sch kim k ghi r cc triu chng nhim c v thng tin v s cu cho
mi sn phm ti ni bo qun.
Tt c thuc bo v thc vt ang bo qun u c gi trong bao b gc, ch tr
trng hp do rch v, c th s dng bao b mi nhng phi c y thng tin ca
nhn hiu nguyn bn.
Tt c cc loi thuc bo v thc vt ang bo qun trong kho (v c xc nh cho
tng loi cy) phi c duyt v ng k s dng cho c ph v/ hoc cy trng
khc trong nng trng.
Tt c cc loi thuc bo v thc vt dng bt hay vin c trn gi cao pha
trn cc loi thuc dng lng trnh trng hp r r.
C bin hiu cnh bo nguy him r rng v c nh trn hoc gn ca ra vo kho bo
qun thuc bo v thc vt.

Quan ly viec lu tr tai cac ai ly

Khi cac san pham thuoc BVTV c van chuyen en cac ai ly tai cac a phng e
cung cap cho ngi s dung th viec thiet ke kho lu tr la can theit va tuan theo cac
nguyen tac sau:
Phan chia khu vc lu tr cac loai thuoc BVTV mot cach hp ly.
Tranh anh sang va nhiet o cao, neu lu tr di anh sang mat tri th phai co mai
che e tranh ma nang e am bao an toan.
Phai co thiet b khao sat mc o ro r hoa chat o tran di at
254
Phai co khoang cach an toan t khu lu tr en khu nha .
Khong c lu tr hoa chat cung vi thc pham.
Phai am bao cac tieu chuan ve phong chay no khi thiet ke kho lu tr: vat lieu
xay dng kho phai co tnh chu la, phai co cho thoat hiem. Khoang cach an toan
ngan cach chay, co he thong bao chay, phong cha chay. oi vi vat lieu bang
thep phai c cach la.
Ket cau kien truc cua kho lu tr phai co he thong thong go tot nh tren tran nha,
bc tng, di san nha.
San nha kho lu tr phai co ket cau chong tham thch hp, de lau chui, he thong
thoat nc thch hp.
ngi quan ly kho phai thuoc bang hng dan ve cong tac an toan, quy tac an toan
trong kho, phai thuoc quy tac an toan va ng cu khi co s co.
Co cong tac bao tr kho nh ky.
Cong viec nay se gop phan lam tang tnh an toan tai kho lu tr nham han che cac s co

Ngoai ra:
Thng xuyen m cac lp hng dan cach s dung thuoc cac ai ly, ac biet la
cac loai thuoc BVTV mi.
Phai thng xuyen thanh tra, kiem tra cac ai ly e ngan chan kp thi viec ban
cac loai thuoc cam s dung, thuoc qua han s dung, thuoc gia,


Thanh tra iem kinh doanh thuoc BVTV

Cac hnh thc x phat oi vi cac ai ly vi pham

Theo ngh nh 26/2003/N-CP ra ngay 19 3 - 2003 quy nh x phat vi pham
hanh chnh trong lnh vc bao ve va kiem nh bao ve thc vat, trong muc C ieu 14 co
e ra hnh thc x phat va mc phat oi vi hanh vi vi pham cac quy nh ve buon ban
thuoc va nguyen lieu lam thuoc BVTV: canh cao va x phat t 200 ngan en 500 ngan
oi vi mot trong cac hanh vi vi pham sau:
255
Buon ban thuoc khong co chng ch hanh nghe hoac chng ch hanh nghe a het
han.
Buon ban thuoc khong co ca hang va kho cha thuoc hoac co ca hang va kho
cha khong ung quy nh.
Buon ban thuoc va nguyen lieu lam thuoc chung vi thc an chan nuoi, lng
thc, thc pham, hang giai khat, thuoc y te, thuoc thu y va cac hang hoa vat t
tieu dung khac, tr phan bon, buon ban thuoc di dang ong tiem thuy tinh, buon
ban thuoc khong co ten trong danh muc thuoc BVTV c phep s dung va han
che s dung Viet Nam, thuoc BVTV het han s dung thuoc khong at tieu chan
chat lng, thuoc khong ro nguon goc xuat x co khoi lng en di 5 kg thuoc
thanh pham, buon ban thuoc cam s dung tai Viet Nam co khoi lng en di 1
kg (hoac 1 lt) thuoc thanh pham.

Quan ly viec s dung thuoc BVTV

- oi vi nha quan ly: Nhn chung a so oi tng s dung thuoc la ngi nong dan, do
o ho cung khong co hieu sau ve s nguy hiem cua thuoc bao ve thc vat oi vi sc
khoe va cay trong nh the nao. Do vay, ng tren phng dien ngi quan ly can phai
lam nhng cong viec sau:
Giao duc, tuyen truyen sau rong hn na cho nong dan ve cac loai thuoc tr
sau, u cung nh nhc iem cua chung. Tac hai cua viec khong dung ung
thuoc, phng phap an toan khi s dung thuoc va phun thuoc.
Khuyen khch s dung cac phng phap phong tr dch hai IPM e han che
viec s dung thuoc tr sau.
Viec buon ban thuoc phai thong qua kiem dch va do nhng n v hay ca
nhan co hieu biet ve thuoc e tranh viec s dung sai thuoc va nhiem oc sang
cac san pham khac.

Cac thuoc tr sau d tha phai c lu tr trong nhng thung kn va bao
quan nhng ni thoang mat, xa lasau o mang en ni x ly.

Thng xuyen kiem tra, giam sat viec s dung thuoc cua nong dan. Co ke
hoach va bien phap x ly oi vi nhng trng hp vi pham.

- oi vi ngi s dung: Khi s dung thuoc can co nhng bien phap nh sau:

Bien phap phong nga:

Mac quan ao, khan che kn da trong qua trnh phun thuoc, khi phun thuoc nen
ng tren chieu gio, sau khi lao ong can thay quan ao va tam ra ky bang
xa bong.
Tuet oi khong an uong, hut thuoc trong thi gian phun thuoc, ra tay sach
trc khi uong nc
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Khong lam viec vi hoa chat khi c the ang suy yeu nh cam cum, phu n
khi co kinh, mang thai va cho con bu.
Tuyet oi khong dung thuoc e boi ghe, diet tr ch khong an gia suc khi b
nhiem oc thuoc tr sau.

Bien phap s dung an toan, co hieu qua thuoc BVTV:

S dung thuoc phai biet phoi hp vi cac bien phap khac nh dung giong khang,
ieu chnh thi vu, bao ve cac loai thien ch co ch th mi nang cao hieu qua kinh te.
Biet dung ung thuoc theo qui tac 4 ung: dung ung thuoc, ung luc, ung lieu lng, va
ung cach.

- Dung ung thuoc: Can biet ro s dung thuoc e diet loai sau nao, tren cay trong nao.
Neu khong biet cach can nh cac bo ky thuat ieu tra tren ong ruong, vn e co cach
s dung mot cach chnh xac. Neu co nhieu loai thuoc eu co cong dung nh nhau th can
la chon loai co ac tnh sau:

t oc hai oi vi ngi phun thuoc
t nguy hai oi vi ngi tieu thu san pham
An toan oi vi cay trong
t oc hai oi vi cac loai gia suc co ch ( gia suc, tom, ca, cac loai thien
ch)
Khong ton d lau trong nguon thc an, trong at.

- Dung ung luc: Dung ung luc co ngha la neu phun thuoc khong kp thi vao luc o th
khi thu hoach nang suat va pham chat nong san se giam sut ang ke. Trong trng hp,
tuy co sau benh tren ong ruong nhng:

Hoac mat o cua chung con thap
Hoac do tren ong ruong co mat o thien ch cao, co kha nang khong che,
km ham s phat trien cua cua sau benh.

Khi o cha can phun thuoc v cay trong co kha nang chong chu c. Sau o cay
trong co the hoi phuc c khong giam nang suat, th cha phai la luc can phun thuoc.

Neu can phun thuoc, th phai phun khi sau tuoi nho, benh mi phat sinh. Khong
phun thuoc vao nhng luc tri nang gat, c the de b met moi, de b gay oc. Khong phun
thuoc vao luc tri sap ma, hoac gio to lam cho thuoc b ra troi hoac bam khong eu
lam giam hieu qua cua thuoc. Vi nhng nong san dung lam lng thc, thc pham cho
ngi va gia suc khong c phun thuoc khi gan thu hoach. Phai am bao ung thi gian
cach ly cua tng loai tren tng loai nong san.

- Dung ung lieu lng

257
oc ky ban hng dan thuoc, tnh toan that ung lng thuoc can pha cho moi
bnh phun va so bnh can cho mot dien tch xac nh.
Phai co dung cu ong thuoc, khong c lng bang mat, khong boc thuoc bot bang
tay.
Can phun het thuoc a tnh toan tren tha ruong cua mnh. Khong dung thuoc vi
lieu lng cao hn qui nh v no khong lam gia tang hieu qua cua thuoc ma gay
ra lang ph tien bac va tang nguy c nhiem oc cho ngi phun thuoc, ngi tieu
thu san pham, cac sinh vat co ch va moi trng.

- Dung ung cach pha thuoc

oi vi thuoc can hoa tan trong nc (nhu dau, thuoc sa) phai pha sao cho thuoc
hoa that eu trong nc. Do o, khi pha ban au o vao bnh bm 1/3 1/2 mc
can pha, tiep o o t t vao bnh lng thuoc a ong, va o, va khuay. Sau
cung o not nc con lai, khuay ky va em bnh i phun ngay.
oi vi nhng thuoc bot hoa tan trong nc, trc het phai cho lng thuoc a can
vao mot bnh ong nho, cho mot t nc vao khuay eu e tao thanh mot dung
dch thuoc nc am ac roi mi o vao bnh bm e hoa loang v nc, sau o
khuay ky roi em i phun ngay.
Phai phun sao cho thuoc bam eu vao cac bo phan cua cay b sau hai, do o phai
dung mot lng nc u e pha thuoc. Trung bnh 1.000 m
2
can dung 60-80 l
nuc.
e khac phuc tnh trang s dung sai thuoc can bo sung them can bo khoa hoc cho
a phng e hng dan nong dan trong s dung thuoc. Tang cng kien thc
bao ve moi trng va sc khoe cho nong dan, tuyet oi khong c lu hanh cac
loai thuoc tr sau a cam s dung.
X ly sau khi s dung
- oi vi cac c san xuat:
Ho phai co chnh sach thu mua cac chai lo hoac bao b ng hoa chat cua thuoc
bao ve thc vat vi gia cao.
Ho can phai co cac cong nghe tai che lai cac nguyen lieu o.
Ho can co nhng cong trnh nghien cu e tm nhng bao b ng thuoc bao ve
thc vat de phan huy .
- oi vi ngi nong dan:
Sau khi s dung xong phai tap trung lai thanh mot cho nhat nh.
Thng xuyen tham gia vao cong tac khuyen nong do xa hay huyen to chc nham
nang cao s hieu biet ve thuoc bao ve thc vat.
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Ho can co cho lu tr vo chai, bao b mot ly nh ni o phai tranh xa tre em, cac
ong vat nuoi trong nha, khong b am t

Quan ly ve viec van chuyen t cac cong oan san xuat cho en s dung

oi vi cac nha quan ly can phai thc hien cac van e sau:
Cac c s san xuat khong c giao cac loai thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon
cho n v van chuyen, lu tr va x ly neu khong co giay phep hp le.
Trc khi van chuyen hay giao nhan cac loai thuoc bao ve thc vat va phan bon
phai c ong goi va dan nhan theo ong quy nh.
Cac c s nay cung phai giao hang hao en n v tiep nhan trong thi gian nhat
nh va ngan nhat.
n v nao dung xe cua mnh e van chuyen cac san pham phai tuan thu nghiem
tuc nhng quy nh chung (ro r, o v va xay ra tai nan).
n v van chuyen co nhiem vu lam sach x ly cac chat ri vai tren ng.
oi vi moi loai phng tien van chuyen: bang ng bo, ng hang khong,
ng thuy phai co nhng nguyen tac ac thu rieng.

Giao duc, tuyen truyen sau rong hn na cho nong dan ve cac loai thuoc tr sau,
u cung nh nhc iem cua chung. Tac hai cua viec khong dung ung thuoc,
phng phap an toan khi s dung thuoc va phun thuoc.

Xay dng nhng khu vc thu gom cac phe pham thuoc tr sau e x ly
Khuyen khch s dung cac phng phap phong tr dch hai e han che viec s
dung thuoc tr sau.

Viec buon ban thuoc phai thong qua kiem dch va do nhng n v hay ca nhan co
hieu biet ve thuoc e tranh viec s dung sai thuoc va nhiem oc sang cac san
pham khac

Cac thuoc tr sau d tha phai c lu tr trong nhng thung kn va bao quan
nhng ni thoang mat, xa lasau o mang en ni x ly.
Thng xuyen kiem tra, giam sat viec s dung thuoc cua nong dan. Co ke hoach
va bien phap x ly oi vi nhng trng hp vi pham

Nha nc can nghiem khac hn ve van e s dung thuoc tr sau khong ung (lieu
lng, thi gian cach ly, chung loai) va nhng loai thuoc tr sau a cam tren th
trng e giam toi a nhng nguy c gay ngo oc cua thuoc tr sau.

Nang cao y thc s dung vao t bao ve mnh khi s dung thuoc tr sau cua ngi
dan nh: cach s dung cac trang thiet b bao ho, thi gian cach ly, thu gom cac
chai lo thai bo sau s dung e co bien phap x ly phu hp.

259
ay manh hn na cong tac quan ly thuoc tr sau oi vi he thong ai ly, ca
hang. Nghiem cam viec ban thuoc khong co trong danh muc, thuoc cam, thuoc
khong ro nguon goc xuat x,, va nhng loai phan bon khong co trong danh muc,
phan kem chat lng, phan giavv. Viec buon ban thuoc tr sau phai do nha
nc quan ly tranh e t nhan lam t do buon ban thuoc tr sau chung vi cac mat
hang nhu yeu pham. X phat nang nhng trng hp khong chap hanh ung theo
quy nh cua c quan quan ly.
Nghiem cam s dung cac loai thuoc lau, thuoc cam s dung
Khuyen khch va ay manh viec s dung nhng loai thuoc tr sau cho phep s
dung.
Bien soan tai lieu quang ba va hng dan viec s dung thuoc tr sau can oi hp
ly, co hieu qua oi vi tng loai cay trong, nhat la an toan oi vi moi trng (at,
nc, khong kh )
Trung Tam khuyen nong Tnh, Chi cuc BVTV, Tram khuyen nong va Tram
BVTV Huyen va cac S, Ban, Nganh co lien quan thng xuyen m cac lp tap
huan cho nong dan ve tac hai cua viec s dung thuoc tr sau oi vi moi trng
(at, nc, khong kh) va sc khoe cua con ngi cung nh oi vi cay trong.
ong thi hng dan cach s dung thuoc tr sau mot cach can oi hp ly e tang
nang suat, chat lng san pham cua cay trong, tranh gay o nhiem moi trng, bao
ve nguon nc va bao ve sc khoe cho con ngi.
ay manh va nhan rong bien phap BVTV theo quy trnh IPM (Integrated Pest
Management) nham tiet kiem c chi ph au t BVTV, hieu qua dung thuoc
BVTV cao, t ton cong lao ong va chac chan la bao ve c moi trng tot hn.
V vay, cac c quan chc nang trong nganh bao ve thc vat tao ieu kien toi a
cho viec khuyen khch nong dan canh tac theo quy trnh IPM.
Trong IPM i sau hn na huan luyen ve s dung an toan thuoc tr sau oi vi
moi trng. Nang cao hieu biet cua nong dan oi vi he sinh vat co ch song trong
at va nc, vai tro cua chung oi vi o mau cua at noi rieng va oi vi he sinh
thai noi chung, va tac ong cua thuoc tr sau dung lieu cao, cng o ln, hon
hp sai en he sinh vat nay.
Tap trung nghien cu cac loai thuoc co nguon goc thien nhien thao dc. Khuyen
khch trong rau sach theo mo hnh co san va nha nc cung nh chnh quyen a
phng phai co trach nhiem trong viec tieu thu san pham.

10.8. 0I Thh Vk 8IEh FhkF 0kh LY 6hkT ThkI k0 hh0T

Do chat thai dau nht la mot trong cac loai hnh CTNH ien hnh, phan nay se trnh bay
cac qui trnh va bien phap lien quan en loai hnh CTNH nay vi trng hp cu the ap
dung cho khu vc TP. Ho Ch Minh.
10.8.1. 6ar bIan phap quan Iy rhung
260
Theo mt kho st v tnh hnh s dng nht trn i bn thnh ph ca chi cc BVMT
Tp.HCM thc hin, ng i ca du nht nh sau:

(Ngun: Chi cc Bo v Mi trng)
Hnh 10.1. ng i ca du nhn
Cng c php l
Trnh t tin hnh phng cch php l qun l mi trng l: nh nc nh ra php lut
cc tiu chun, qui nh, giy php v bo v mi trng; cc c quan qun l mi trng
nh nc s dng quyn hn ca mnh tin hnh gim st, kim sot, thanh tra v x pht v
x pht cng ch tt c cc c s sn xut, cc tp th, c nhn v cc thnh vin trong
x hi thc thi ng cc iu khon trong lut php, tiu chun v qui nh v bo v mi
trng c ban hnh.
Hin nay, cc vn bn php l v cht thi nguy hi cha cht ch v y . Lut Mi
trng ban hnh vo nm 1993 c nhng qui nh cn bn v cht thi nguy hi nhng
Nh my sn
xut du nht
C s ra xe,
sa xe
Cng ty kinh
doanh xng du
Phng tin giao
thng vn ti
X nghip, nh my,
c s sn xut
Lng nht c
kim sot
Lng nht cha
c kim sot
Ti ch nht, sn
xut du bi trn
Thi ra mi trng
t nhin
Dng qut g
chng mi mt
261
phi n nm 1999, qui ch Qun l cht thi nguy hi mi ra i. y l vn bn php qui
c th ni l duy nht hin nay v vic qun l cht thi nguy hi.
Vic a ra nhng vn bn c th v vic qun l cho tng loi cht thi hin nay l mt iu
rt cn thit. y s l c s gip cho vic qun l cht thi nguy hi c d dng hn. Cc
c quan nh nc lin quan nn c nhng qui nh c th v vic phn loi, thu gom, lu gi,
vn chuyn , x l cht thi nguy hi. Nhng qui nh ny phi r rng, c th cho tng loi
hnh cht thi nguy hi rn, lng, kh
i vi du thi, cng nh cc loi cht thi nguy hi khc, hin nay vic thu gom, lu gi
v x l ang c th ni. Theo kho st thc t ca tc gi ti th a phn cc n v c
pht sinh nht thi (nh cc c s sn xut, cc im ra xe ) u t mnh lu gi ti c
s, sau bn li cho nhng ngi thu gom l theo nh k, ty tnh cht v qui m ca
nhng c s ny m vic thu gom c thc hin vo tng ngy, tng tun hay tng thng
Nhng ngi thu gom l li tip tc bn cho cc c s ti ch li, sn phm ca nhng c s
ny thng l du nhn km cht lng hn, c bn cho nhng phng tin nh xe my
i c, my mc nng nghip ngoi thnh, hay nhng c s lm gch lm nhin liu, hoc
cung cp cho cc c s c nhu cu t l hi, s cn li s bn cho cc ch thu xy dng
dng qut ng cng, c khun ng cng, qut g chng mi, mt.... Tuy nhin du
cn sau khi ch bin ca nhng c s ny c x l ra sao cng l mt vn ng quan
tm, c ni t cng vi nhng cht thi khc, c ni li thi ra mi trng.
V vy, cc c quan nh nc, cc B, Ban, Ngnh c lin quan nn nhanh chng ban hnh
nhng vn bn lin quan ti cht thi nguy hi, b sung cho qui ch 155:
Nghin cu ban hnh cc hng dn xy dng ph thu gom, x l, tiu hy ph hp
cho tng loi cht thi nguy hi,
C vn bn hng dn c th vic qun l cht thi nguy hi c ng b, thng
nht cc cp qun l,
Sa i, b sung cc mc x pht sao cho st vi tnh hnh thc t, th hin c tnh
nghim minh v c tc dng rn e i vi nhng c s vi phm v vn cht thi
nguy hi. Vic ch ti phi c thc hin mt cch cht ch,
Thc hin thanh tra, kim tra, quan trc ly mu nh k hoc khi c nhng n v vi
phm nghim trng, c th thc hin kim tra t xut,
Ban hnh quota cht thi nguy hi,
Lp b tiu chun ring cho cht thi nguy hi ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca Vit
Nam hin nay,
Lp danh sch en, danh sch xanh
Nghin cu vic thnh lp, xy dng v a vo vn hnh khu x l cht thi nguy
hi tp trung cho vng kinh t trng im pha Nam,
262
Cc ch tiu mi trng cho vic chn la a im, thit k vn hnh bi chn lp
cht thi nguy hi.
Ring i vi du thi: v cng l cht thi nguy hi nn cng tun theo nhng qui
nh, lut nh ca nh nc dnh cho cht thi nguy hi, bn cnh cn phi tun theo
nhng qui nh ring cho cht thi lng, d chy nh :
Qui nh v phng tin lu gi ti c s phi c mi che, g chng trn phng
kh nng gy nhim mi trng
Qui nh v phng tin vn chuyn phi kn, trnh r r trong qu trnh vn chuyn
cht thi,
Nhng qui nh v phng chng s c r r ra mi trng
c bit, nh nc nn sm ban hnh qui phm php lut v vn nht thi, trong
phi:
Qui nh r rng trch nhim, ngha v ca nh sn xut, nh phn phi v ngi tiu
dng.
V d: nh sn xut phi c trch nhim thu hi li nht thi x l, nu khng u
t xy dng khu x l th phi k hp ng vi nhng n v c chc nng x l nh
khu x l tp trung cht thi nguy hi
Qui nh tiu chun cho nhng c s ti ch nht thi v vic thu gom, vn chuyn v
x l nht thi thu gom c (v qui m cng ngh, cng sut ti ch, yu cu v an
ton v sinh nh xng trnh gy nhim mi trng xung quanh),
Lp cc qui phm php lut, cc qui nh v vic n b thit hi v mc n b cho
cc hot ng gy nhim mi trng do nht thi,
Qui nh v vic x l cn du sau ti ch,
Qui nh tiu chun nht ti sinh
Cc bin php kinh t
Mt vn c quan tm hng u trong vic qun l v x l cht thi l ngun vn. C
th huy ng vn t nhng ngun nh:
Ngn sch nh nc cng nh a phng,
Ngun kinh ph ng gp ca nhng n v c lng cht thi nguy hi ln,
Ku gi u t nc ngoi vo nhng khu lin hp x l cht thi nguy hi,
Ngun ti tr hay cho vay u i t nhng t chc phi chnh ph.
Nu xt theo vng i ca du nht, cc i tng c lin quan c th k n l: nh sn xut
du nhn, cc i l phn phi hay vn phng i din ca nhng tp on xng du, ca
hng bn l (thng l nhng c s ra xe, sa cha, bo dng xe), cc c s sn xut cng
263
nghip, ngi tiu dng. thc hin tt vic qun l du nht thi, mt s xut c
a ra l:
Thu
p dng cc loi thu cho c nhng i tng l ngi phn phi, sn xut v tiu dng da
trn nhng nguyn tc: ngi gy nhim phi tr tin hay ngi tiu th phi tr tin, s
tin thu c s c dng cho vic x l nht thi, khc phc nhim mi trng
K qu hon chi
Thc hin k qu hon chi i vi cc cng ty sn xut du nht da vo s lng tiu th
sn phm ca th trng, c quan qun l mi trng s hon li s tin k qu cho cc nh
sn xut hay phn phi du nht da vo s lng du h thu gom li c t ngi tiu
dng v hnh thc h x l s nht thu li c nh th no. V d: qui nh nhng n v
no thu hi li c 80% lng nht bn ra v c hnh thc x l thch hp s c hon li
100% s tin k qu, i vi nhng n v khng c cng ngh x l th s c hon li
50% s tin k qu, s cn li c dng h tr cho n v trong vic k hp ng x l
vi nhng c s c chc nng x l(phng thc thu qu v mc hon chi s c nghin
cu c th bi nhng c quan c trch nhim v quyn hn lnh vc ny, con s ti a
ra ch l cho v d, khng da trn c s khoa hc no c).
Ngoi ra, cng c th thc hin bin php k qu hon chi vi ngi tiu dng. Khi mua mt
bnh nht cho xe c hay mt lng nht cho my mc cng nghip, ngi mua phi tr thm
mt s tin cho sn phm ny, khi c nhu cu thay nht, nu lng nht ny c thu gom
tr li th ngi mua s c hon li s tin ny. Mt iu lu l khng bt buc ngi
mua u phi quay li ly tin m s c nhng a im han tin thch hp nh chnh
ti cc im ra xe, cc tim bo dng xe my, xe t
V d: ngi dn i xe my mua nht vi gi 30.000/bnh s phi tr 35.000/bnh (s
tin ny c nh sn xut cng vo lc phn phi, tin k qu xem nh nh sn xut gi
h), nu khi thay nht h em xe ra tim thay th lng nht ny s c thu gom ti im
ra xe v im ra xe ny chi cho h 5.000. Sau , n nh k nhn vin tim ra xe s
em s nht thi thu gom c ti im thu gom nhn li tin k qu, tin k qu c tr
da vo s bao b, bnh nht thu gom hoc lng nht thu gom c.
Bin php ny s rt tt nu oc thc hin cng vi qui nh nh sn xut phi thu gom li
nht thi x l
Qu bo v mi trng:
Thc hin thu qu mi trng i vi nhng n v l nh sn xut hay nh phn phi. Hnh
thc thu qu c th l da vo lng du nht m h bn c. Qu ny s c dng h
tr nhng c s x l nht u t cng ngh, my mc ph hp, trnh gy nhim ra mi
trng xung quanh v dng h tr cho nhng hot ng bo v mi trng khc. Ngoi
264
ra, ngun qu cng c th c cho vay vi li sut u i i vi nhng cng trnh hay
nhng nghin cu khoa hc phc v cho vic qun l hay x l du nht thi.
Tri phiu mi trng
Hin nay, thnh ph v cc tnh trong vng kinh t trong im pha Nam ang c k hoch
xy dng mt khu x l cht thi nguy hi tp trung. huy ng ngun vn, thnh ph c
th pht hnh tri phiu mi trng nhm huy ng vn t nhn dn ca thnh ph v cc
tnh ln cn trong khu vc kinh t trng im pha Nam.
Bo him trch nhim
i vi nhng c s thc hin sn xut, kinh doanh du nhn, nguy c r r, chy trn l c
th xy ra. V vy, vic ng ph bo him gip doanh nghip thc c mc nguy hi
ca vic lm nhim mi trng t nhng sn phm ca mnh. Khi c tn tht xy ra, ph
bo him s c dng chi tr cho nhng hot ng khc phc tn tht. Ph bo him s
c thu theo qui m tn tht c th xy ra. C quan qun l nh nc hay doanh nghip c
th chn n v bo him, sau mi mt t kim ton c lp thc hin kim ton qui trnh
sn xut, iu kin nh xng, ni lu gi sn phm nh gi mc chi tr, kt qu
kim ton cng tt th mc ph phi ng cng thp.
Vic thu ph bo him trch nhim lm gim i mt phn li nhun ca doanh nghip, v vy
s khuyn khch doanh nghip ch ng lm gim nguy c ri ro cho mi trng bng cch
u t cng ngh, trang thit b nh xng phc v cho sn xut, vn chuyn, lu gi va c
li cho sn xut kinh doanh va gim mc bo him trch nhim phi ng.
n b thit hi:
Vic n b thit hi do bn gy nhim (thng l nhng n v sn xut, kinh doanh du
nhn v nhng ni hot ng ti ch nht thi) v bn b nhim t tha thun trong khi
cha c qui nh ca nh nc, nu khng t tho lun a ra c kt qu n b tha
ng th s c gii quyt theo lut t tng hnh s. Mc n b s c nh gi da vo
nhng tn tht ca bn b nhim. i vi vic n b thit hi, cn s h tr t co ca
ngi dn trong nhng trng hp bn gy nhim lm nhim, chy trn trong khu vc
ca mnh, vic gy nhim ny khng gy hi trc tip ti ngi dn nhng s nh hng
ti ngun ti nguyn t, nc ca khu vc ln cn, t nh hng ti i sng cng nh
sc khe ca cng ng dn c quanh khu vc .
Cc khon tr cp:
Vic tr cp l do nh nc thc hin hay cc t chc phi chnh ph. Hnh thc tr cp c
th l cho khng, vin tr hay cho vay vi li sut u i, cho vay tr chm nhm khuyn
khch nhng n v c nhim v du nht c iu kin thun li gim cht thi. Tuy
nhin, vic tr cp phi c chnh sch r rng, c c quan thc hin gim st, trnh vic
ngun tr cp khng c s dng ng mc ch.
Cc gii php h tr khc
265
Cc gii php h tr khc xin c xut nh sau:
Tng cng cng tc o to chuyn mn nghip v cho cn b qun l mi trng
ti cc b ngnh, a phng v nhng n v c lin quan trong qu trnh qun l
cht thi nguy hi.
Nng cao nhn thc v vic bo v mi trng cho nhn dn thng qua cc phng
tin truyn thng: bo, i, tivi hay cc chng trnh gio dc v mi trng.
Thc hin gio dc, o to thc cho cng nhn vn hnh ti cc c s sn xut,
cc tim ra xe, sa xe v vic thu gom nht thi, khng c thi ba bi ra mi
trng.
o to tay ngh v thc cho cng nhn ti nhng n v ti ch nht thi.
Khuyn khch ngi dn tham gia gim st vic qun l nht thi trn a bn thnh
ph. Nu pht hin c s sn xut hay tim ra xe no b nht thi ra mi
trng bo ngay vi c quan chc nng.
10.8.Z. 6ar bIan phap ky IhuaI
Theo mt kt qun nghin cu ca khoa Mi trng HBK Tp.HCM kt hp vi Vin K
thut Nhit i v Bo v Mi trng cho thy: nu s dng nht thi lm nhin liu t
khng ng k thut s gy nhim mi trng khng kh (t mt cp hoc t th cng).
Nu tin hnh t hai cp trn l cng nghip th nng cht nhim gim i r rt v mi
gn nh khng cn, c bit, du nht thi ni chung c hm lng lu hunh rt thp nn
nng SO
2
trong kh thi rt thp so vi du FO hin nay. Bn cnh , trong nht thng
c hm lng xng du trn 15% nn l cht mi cho qu trnh chy rt tt. y l mt li
th khi s dng du thi lm nhin liu, tuy nhin phi t trong cc l t c tiu chun k
thut t tt.
Vi tnh hnh thc t hin nay Thnh ph H Ch Minh, c th ni ti sinh hoc lm nhin
liu t l hai phng php ti u cho vic x l nht thi. Tuy nhin, cng cn ban hnh
thm nhng qui nh v vic ti sinh nht hay s dng lm nhin liu t nh: qui nh mun
s dng nht lm nhin liu t th phi s dng l t 2 cp; c s ti sinh nht phi c
phng php x l cn du v kh thi do t nhin liu trong qu trnh chng ct, bn cha
phi m bo khng gy r r du ra mi trng
Ngoi ra, hin nay mt bin php k thut x l cht thi nguy hi cng ang c quan
tm l thiu t trong l nung xi mng. Mi y, nh my xi mng Holcim (Kin Giang)
tn dng nhit rt cao trong l nung xi mng thiu hy trit cc cht thi nguy hi nh
du thi, sn, thuc tr su...
Cc cht thi c th t trong l nung xi mng:
Dung mi hu c, du thi cha PCBs
Sn, keo dn, vecni
266
Plastic, PVC, lp xe thi...
Thuc tr su c ngun gc hu c
Bn xng in, du axit, cht lng kim
t nhim bn
Tro cng nghip, x
Bn cn sau x l nc thi.
Cng ngh ch p dng vi nhng l nung xi mng kiu quay hin i - loi c lp t h
thng thit b thiu t cht thi. Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: Cht thi nguy hi tp kt
n nh my c tin x l (v d lp cao su, nha... c bm nh), phi trn theo t l
thch hp vi nguyn liu xi mng, ri a vo bung t. Ti bc t (l nung chy), nhit
ln n 1.400 n 2.000
o
C, ph hy hon ton cu trc bn vng ca cht thi c
hi. L nung cng tn dng nhit nng t cc cht thi hu c thay th, tit kim mt phn
nhin liu. Cn b cn li ca cht thi sau khi thiu t l CaO, SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
... th tr
thnh nguyn liu cho xi mng.
Loi l ny c thi gian lu chy cn thit nn cc cht thi c hi s b phn hy trit
hn nhiu so vi trong cc l thiu bnh thng (ch c thi gian lu 2 giy). Kh thi c tnh
acit t l nung c c tun hon tr li bung nguyn liu. Do tnh kim ca cc nguyn
liu ti y, nn kh thi s c trung ha, lm sch phn ln. Cng do qu trnh tng tc
ny, nhit ca dng kh thi lnh i ng k, ngn chn ti a s to ra cc cht c hi
dioxins, furans...
Th nghim t 40 tn thuc bo v thc vt ti Cng ty xi mng Holcim, Kin Giang hi
thng 10/2003 cho hiu sut gn 100%, cht lng xi mng khng b nh hng. Nh vy,
y c th xem nh mt phng php x l cht thi nguy hi hiu qu, c th tn dng c
p dng cho ngun cht thi nguy hi Tp.HCM. Tuy nhin, do khong cch a l nn
ngun cht thi c em i tiu hy ti nh my xi mng Holcim phi thc s rt nguy hi,
khng c kh nng ti ch hoc x l mt cch trit ngay ti Tp.HCM, vic vn chuyn i
mt qung ng kh xa cng pah lu ti an ton trong khi vn chuyn cht thi, trnh ti
a nhng ri ro, nguy c gy nhim mi trng c th xy ra. Hin nay, du thi c
nh gi l CTNH nhng ti Tp.HCM, cc hot ng ti ch c th thc hin c, ch c
ngun thi du cha PCBs cn tn lu l cha c cch gii quyt trit . V vy, trong thi
gian ny c quan qun l mi trng phi nhanh chng xc nh khi lng, tnh cht ca
loi du thi ny c phng thc x l thch hp, c th tp kt ngun thi ny ti mt a
im c nh, sau thc hin vn chuyn em i x l ti nh my Holcim mt cch an
ton.
Trong thi gian ch i nhng tnh thnh trong khu vc kinh t trng im pha Nam tin
hnh xy dng khu x l cht thi nguy hi tp trung th y c th l mt trong nhng bin
267
php l tng cho vic x l cht thi nguy hi trong c du thi, c bit l ngun du
thi c cha PCBs t nhng bin p, t in c
Trn y l nhng bin php k thut cho vic x l du nht thu c t cc ngun nh xe
c, c s sn xut cn i vi ngun du thi t ngnh du kh, bin php xut l iu
ch thnh thanh nhin liu t.
xut qui trnh qun l v x l du nht t xe c v cc c s sn xut cng nghip
Quy trnh qun l v x l nht thi t phng tin giao thng ng b v t s s sn xut
cng nghip c xut nh hnh 10.2.
Thuyt minh qui trnh:
Du nht t nhng im ra xe hay cc c s sn xut cng nghip c thu gom v
lu gi ti ngun bng cc thng phuy hay cc bnh cha. Cng vic ny s c thc hin
bi cng nhn trong phn xng sn xut hay nhng ngi nhn vin tim ra xe. Du, nht
thu gom c trong khu vc ring bit, c g chng trn ngn tnh trng du thi trn,
r r ra mi trng, m bo trnh xa nhng thit b c kh nng pht sinh chy n. Nu
c lu gi ti khu vc ngoi tri th phi c mi che.
nh k nhng ngi thu mua s ti thu gom v vn chuyn v c s ti sinh ti ch.
Nu ngi thu gom l ngi thu mua l th sau khi thu mua, h s em ti nhng c s ti
sinh ti ch bn li. Vic vn chuyn s c qui nh v phng tin vn chuyn, m
bo an ton khng b r r, khng lm vng vi trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Nu vic thu
gom c thc hin bi xe bn (i vi nhng c s ln, c lng cht thi nhiu) th bn xe
phi c thit k an ton ph hp cho qu trnh vn chuyn.
Du nht thi sau khi em v c s s c a vo bn cha mt thi gian lng
ct, cn. Bn cha phi m bo c mi che, trnh b bc hi vo ma nng v chy trn vo
ma ma, khu vc t bn cha c g chng chy trn, r r ra mi trng. Khu vc t bn
cha phi trnh tip xc vi nhng ngun c kh nng gy ra tnh trng chy n.
Sau cc tp cht trong du thi s c loi b bng phng php keo t, thng
ha cht c s dng l acid sunfuric. Sau bc ny, cc tp cht loi b s c em i
thiu t cng vi nhng cht thi nguy hi khc.
Sau keo t, thc hin trung ha bng xt.
Lc ny du nht thi s c em i chng ct trong ni chng ct. Nhit c
tng n khong 120
0
C ton b lng nc ln trong hn hp bc hi. Sau bc ny
trong ni s cn li du v cn du.
Phn cn li s c lc cn qua bn lc. Sau qu trnh ny thu c nht thu hi v
cn du.
268
Hnh 10.2. Qui trnh qun l v x l nht thi t phng tin giao thng v c s sn
xut
Nht thu hi s c thm ph gia thnh nht ti sinh. Nht ti sinh s c s
dng cho cc nh my dng nng thn (nh my xay, my cy) hoc xung my, ghe, xe
my c
Du nht thi Lu gi tm thi ti ngun
Bn cha
Thu gom, vn chuyn
Cc loi tp cht
c hc
Nht thu hi
Trung ha
Keo t
Chng ct
Gn, lc
Acid
Xt
Ph gia
Nht ti sinh
Cn du
Thiu t
Ha rn
Lc
Nc
269
Cn du thu hi s c tiu hy trong l t cht thi nguy hi cng vi nhng cht
thi nguy hi khc. Tro t qu trnh t ny s c ng rn, ch em ti bi chn lp cht
thi nguy hi (hay khu x l tp trung cht thi nguy hi).
Trong nhng qu trnh c thc hin ti c s ti sinh, ti ch, ngi cng nhn ti
nhng n v ny phi tun th nhng qui nh v v sinh, an ton lao ng, mc o kn, eo
gng tay, khu trang, trnh tip xc trc tip vi du thi cng nh cc ha cht khc trong
nhng giai on keo t hay trung ha
xut qui trnh qun l v x l du nht cha PCBs
Qui trnh c xut nh sau:

Hnh 10.3. Qui trnh qun l v x l du thi cha PCBs
Thuyt minh qui trnh:
Khng c hi
Ha rn
t du thi cha PCBs
nh du v dn nhn
Thng k v kim tra
Bo qun
Vn chuyn
Ngun pht sinh
Ly mu, th
nghim, phn tch
c hi
Lu gi
Trn vi dung mi,
tng nhit
Lm ngui, trung ha
Tch du v sn phm ph
Loi b sn phm ph
khng cha PCBs
Ti ch
Du ti sinh
270
Du t ngun pht sinh s c em i th nghim, phn tch. Vic ly mu, phn tch
s c thc hin bi cc c quan c chc nng nh phng Qun l cht thi rn S Ti
nguyn Mi trng, Chi cc Bo v Mi trng, Ban Qun l cc Khu ch xut, khu cng
nghip Vic ly mu v phn tch phi tun theo nhng qui nh v ly mu v phn tch
cht thi nguy hi. Khi doanh nhip mi bt u ng k kinh doanh v ng k ch ngun
thi cht thi nguy hi, cc c quan qun l nh nc phi ln k hoch ly mu trong thi
gian sm nht khi n v ny i vo sn xut. Sau , nh k ly mu v phn tch xc
nh tnh cht, thnh phn v c tnh nguy hi ca du nht thi ra t n v .
Nu sau khi phn tch, du nht thi c xc nh l nguy hi th phi c nh du
v dn nhn i vi cc thit b c cha PCBs (cc bin p, cc t in). Bn cnh ,
nhng xe vn chuyn du thi c cha PCBs v khu vc lu tr du thi cng phi c
nh du m bo an ton. Vic nh du ny c th do cn b mi trng lm hoc do
cn b mi trng kt hp vi ngi ph trch thit b pht sinh du thi cha PCBs thc
hin.
Tt c cc thit b nhim PCBs v cc thit b in c PCBs s c thng k v ghi
vo bo co hng nm cho ph hp. Vic ghi bo co cng nh thng k, kim tra cc thit
b s do qun c phn xng hay chuyn vin ph trch mi trng ca cng ty thc hin.
D liu thng k s c lu vo h s lu gi v thng xuyn c cp nht cho ph hp
vi tnh hnh thc t. Nhng thit b c PCBs s c kim tra r r hng thng, nu c s r
r phi bo ngay cho trung tm iu hnh v phi c hnh ng ng cu kp thi.
Vic bo qun du thi c cha PCBs c thc hin ti mt v tr xc nh, c mi
che, c ro chn v g chng trn. i vi cc t in hay my bin p, tnh trng ca chng
phi c ghi trn nhn (nh cn mi hay qua s dng, cn tt hay h hng). Nu
c r r phi c bao bc li hay cha vo thng cha, trnh lan ra mi trng bn ngoi.
Cng nhn n v c trch nhim m bo v sinh, an ton cho khu vc lu cha cht thi,
nhn vin mi trng nh k thc hin kim tra an ton chy n, r r ti c s.
Sau , nh k n v c trch nhim thu gom s n thu gom v vn chuyn v ni
x l. Vic vn chuyn du thi cha PCBs phi tun theo nhng qui nh v vn chuyn
cht thi nguy hi: qui nh v thit b chuyn ch, an ton, m bo v sinh mi trng (qui
ch 155)
Du nht thi c cha PCBs v cc thit b in c lu gi ti mt ni c c quan
qun l nh nc v mi trng ph duyt, ph hp vi qui hoch ca thnh ph. Ni ny c
th l khu x l cht thi nguy hi tp trung ca thnh ph trong tng lai. Thit b lu gi
cng nh khu vc lu gi phi m bo an ton, v sinh, trnh ti a s c chy n, r r,
chy trn
Hin nay, phng php thiu t c a chung hn nhng phng php khc, v
vy, xut a ra ca ti l x l du cha PCBs bng phng php t. Nu t trong
l xi mng th tro sau khi t, cn b cn li ca cht thi sau khi thiu t l CaO, SiO
2
,
271
Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
... th tr thnh nguyn liu cho xi mng. Bng bin php ny c th x l trit
du thi cha PCBs cng nh nhiu loi cht thi nguy hi khc. Trong trng hp ch
thiu t trong l t thng thng nhit cao, cht thi cn li l tro, cn nhng cht
ny c ng rn ri em chn lp an ton.
Trong tnh hung nu nng PCBs sau khi ly mu em v phn tch khng c xc
nh l nguy hi th s c em i ti sinh, ti ch. Du thi cng c thng k, bo qun
v vn chuyn v ni lu gi. Sau s c trn vi dung mi, trung ha v tch du v
cc sn phm ph. Du ti sinh c cung cp cho nhng thit b s dng du cht lng
thp nh my nng nghip hay xe my i c
Mt tiu chun xc nh xem cht thi cha PCBs c nguy hi khng l iu cn
thit, di y l bng tiu chun tham kho ca Hoa K:
Bng 10.1. Tiu chun PCBs tham kho ca Hoa K
nh ngha V d Nng PCBs
Khng cn phi kim sot
nh loi cha PCBs
Cc my bin p khng
nhim PCBs
< 50 ppm
Nhim PCBs Cc my bin p nhim PCBs
> 50 ppm nhng
< 500 ppm
Cha PCBs
Cc my bin p cha
PCBs
> 500 ppm

5.2.3 xut qui trnh qun l du thi t nhng n v ngnh du kh
Qui trnh qun l c xut da vo nghin cu ca TS Nguyn Vn Phc v TS
Nguyn Quc Bnh v vic ti ch cn du thnh nguyn liu t. Phng n ch bin cn
du thnh nhin liu yu cu cng ngh n gin v c th trng rng ri. Cn du Vit
Nam c hm lng lu hunh thp nn vic s dng n lm nhin liu l thch hp. Nhin
liu lng c ch bin c th thay th du FO, nhin liu rn c so snh vi ci.
Phng n x l cht thi rn t qu trnh sc ra tu ch du hu nh gii quyt c trit
cht thi v ng thi cng ngh khp kn khng gy tc hi n mi trng.

Thuyt minh qui trnh:
Cn du c tp kt vo b cha. B ny c xy bng b tng ct st c lp chng
thm, chng r r loi tr trit kh nng thm du cn ra ngoi. B c b tr mt
khong cch an ton i vi cc ngun in, ni sinh hot ca cng nhn v c mi che trnh
ma nng nhm hn ch s bay hi cc phn nh.
272
T b cha, cn du c a ln my gia nhit. thit b gia nhit, cn du s c
un nng n 70-80
0
C. nhit ny, cn du ho lng, nht gim gip cho cc cng
on sau thc hin d dng hn.
Cn du lng t thit b truyn nhit chy theo th nng qua my lc chn khng. Mng
lc l mt li kim loi v c gi 70
0
C trnh cn du ng c.
Phn b tch ra t my lc chn khng ngm nhiu du, d chy, c cc l gch, l
gm tiu th dng t km vi ci.
Sau cn du c cho qua thit b tch nc. Do chnh lch t trng, nc tch khi
du v lng xung y s c thi ra ngoi.

Hnh 10.4. Qui trnh x l cn du thnh thanh t
Tip theo, du lng c tho vo thit b khuy trn. Du c trn vi ph gia
gim nht. Thit b trn c c cu tng t nh thit b gia nhit, khuy vi vn tc quay
ln to ra s ng nht cho hn hp nhin liu. Phn nc tch ra khi du a vo b n
nh v sau s c x l sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin.
Nc
B cha
Gia nhit
Lc qua li
kim loi
Sn phm
nhin liu lng
Tch nc
Khuy trn
B
Ph gia
Sn phm
nhin liu rn
Khun to hnh
Cn
Cn du
273
Phn cn lc ly ra thit b lc c cho vo khun to hnh lm nhin liu rn t
nhit 60 -70
0
C. Sau , lm ngui bng khng kh hoc nc lnh, ri tch khun, v bao
v nhp kho.
Nhit ca tt c cc qu trnh gia nhit, lng lc c khng ch nhit 70-
80
0
C nh b iu khin t ng.
10.8.8. Trarh nhIam rua rar doI Iuong IIan quan Irong ha Ihong quan Iy dau nhoI IhaI
Thc t, vic xut bin php v h thng qun l ch dnh ring cho du nht thi l iu
khng th thc hin v hin nay ang c nhng kh khn nht nh v nhn lc v vt lc
trong h thng qun l mi trng ca thnh ph. V vy, trong phm vi gii hn lun vn,
vic xut cc bin php qun l nht thi c lng ghp trong nhng bin php qun l
cht thi nguy hi chung ca thnh ph, trong c bit ch n nhng bin php kh thi
i vi loi hnh cht thi ny.
Cc yu t cn thit ca mt h thng qun l cht thi nguy hi bao gm: lut php, cng
ch, c s vt cht x l, c s h tng v cc dch v h tr. Tt c cc cu phn ny phi
c xy dng ng thi trn din rng nu mun kim sot cht thi nguy hi thnh cng.
Gia cc cu phn c s tng tc qua li. Php lut m khng c s tr gip ca cng ch
s tr thnh v ngha. Tuy nhin, cng ch thng l mt xch yu nht trong chui kim
sot. Cng ch m khng c c s thch hp s khng hiu qu. Vic vn hnh cc c s v
cng ch s ph thuc vo cc dch v h tr v o to v nng cao nng lc l mt vn
thit yu.
Trong h thng qun l cht thi, d l cht thi rn cng nghip thng thng hay CTNH th
con ngi cng ng vai tr quan trng nht nh. Con ngi l ch th trc tip hay gin
tip gy ra nhim cho mi trng, v vy trch nhim ca nhng i tng c lin quan
trong h thng qun l cht thi ni chung v du nht thi ni ring l rt quan trng.
i vi c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng ti Tp.HCM
S TN & MT c trch nhim chnh trong vic qun l mi trng ti Tp.HCM. C th ni,
S TN & MT c trch nhim chnh trong vic qun l du nht thi. V vy, cn b ca S
cn lin kt cht ch vi cc nh my v cc c s sn xut nm r tnh hnh pht thi v
x l du hay nht thi ti nhng ni ny.
Hin nay cha c b phn qun l cht thi nguy hi ring, v vy trch nhim qun l cht
thi nguy hi vn l ca phng qun l cht thi rn thuc S Ti nguyn & Mi trng. Tuy
nhin, nn tch Phng Qun l Cht thi rn thnh hai b phn khc nhau: B phn Qun l
Cht thi rn v B phn Qun l Cht thi nguy hi. B phn Qun l Cht thi rn s ph
trch v vic qun l cht thi rn thng thng cn B phn Qun l Cht thi nguy hi s
chuyn v qun l nhng cht thi nguy hi c dng lng nh du thi, nc nhim du;
dng rn nh bn thi t sn xut cng nghip hay dng kh nh hi dung mi
274
Vic khng tch hai b phn ny thnh hai phng khc nhau l mt iu hp l v hin nay
iu kin v nhn lc cha m bo cho vic tch ring hai b phn ny. Hn na, vi tnh
hnh thc t hin nay, cha c s phn bit r rng, c th gia cht thi rn thng thng v
cht thi nguy hi trong vic thu gom v x l nhng ni pht sinh. Mt s ni c hp
ng thu gom vi n v c chc nng thu gom v x l cht thi nguy hi, cn mt s
doanh nghip li thi b chung vi cht thi rn thng thng. V vy, vic qun l nh nc
v cht thi nguy hi ni chung v cht thi du ni ring vn thuc thm quyn ca phng
Qun l Cht thi rn S TN & MT. Hai b phn thuc phng QLCTR s lin tc trao i,
cp nht tnh hnh pht thi v hin trng qun l ca cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi
nguy hi. S TN & MT Tp.HCM l c quan nh nc c nhim v kim tra, gim st tt c
cc ngun pht sinh du thi. S TN & MT phi c qui trnh v lp trnh kim sot vic lu
gi, vn chuyn v x l cht thi ca cc c s sn xut, cc tim ra xe hay cc ni c s
dng v lu cha t in, bin p s dng du cha PCBs Cc qui trnh ny phi c
bin son trong cc qui nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi.

Hnh 10.5. Phn cp qun l trong h thng qun l mi trng v CTNH
Bn cnh phng qun l cht thi rn, vic gim st v kim tra tnh hnh thi du nht cng
c s h tr ca cn b mi trng thuc cc qun, huyn. Vic kim tra, gim st phi
c kt hp ng b v c s phi hp gia cn b phng qun l cht thi rn v cn b
mi trng cc qun, huyn trong thnh ph. Hin nay, ngun lc cn b v qun l mi
trng trong thnh ph cn cha p ng c nhu cu qun l do vic pht trin qu nhanh
chng ca nn cng nghip ko theo s nhim mi trng ngy cng gia tng m s lng
cn b qun l th c hn. V vy, vic kt hp cc ngun lc nhm tn dng ht kh nng l
B Ti nguyn Mi trng
Cc Mi trng
UBND Thnh ph H Ch Minh S Ti nguyn Mi trng TPHCM
Phng Qun l Cht thi rn UBND Qun, Huyn
Phng Mi trng BP QLCTR BP QLCTNH
275
mt iu rt quan trng. Nhng xt v lu di, vic b sung ngun lc qun l mi trng
cho Tp.HCM l mt iu rt cn thit, ph hp vi yu cu thc tin.
Cn b mi trng qun, huyn c trch nhim hp tc tt vi cn b ca S TN & MT
qun l tt ngun du nht thi. Thc hin bo co nh k y , tham gia nhng kha tp
hun ngn hn ca S TN & MT v qun l CTNH.
Khu vc kinh t trng im pha Nam c k hoch xy dng khu x l tp trung cht thi
nguy hi nhng cha th trin khai v nhiu l do. Trong tnh hnh pht trin ca ngnh cng
nghip hin nay, nu khng thc hin nhanh chng k hoch xy dng th lng cht thi
nguy hi tn ti s gy nh hng khng t ti mi trng. Do , ngoi cc bin php qun
l c trin khai th vic nhanh chng thc y k hoch xy dng khu x l tp trung l rt
quan trng.
i vi cc ngun pht sinh cht thi nh cc tim ra xe hay cc c s sn xut ngoi
khu cng nghip
Vic thc hin k khai lng du nht thi ra l rt cn thit. N gip cho cng vic qun l
mi trng c d dng hn. Vic thc hin gim st nhng c s ny nn giao cho cn b
mi trng qun, huyn. nh k nhng cn b ny s gi vn bn hay kt qu gim st v
cho phng qun l cht thi rn.
Ti nhng ni ny, a phn du thi c lu gi li. Tuy nhin, ng c lu gi khng phi
l h thc c v vn BVMT m do h thy y l ngun thi c th bn c. V vy,
c quan qun l nh nc nn thc hin tuyn truyn cho h bit c s nguy hi ca du
nht, gip h c ci nhn ng n hn trong vic lu gi cht thi cng nh c nhng iu
kin lu gi ph hp.
Nhng ngun pht sinh nht thi l cc tim ra xe, bo dng xe phi c thit b v ni lu
gi thch hp, khng ngoi tri, du nht thi phi c lu gi trong thng cha ni an
ton, trnh xa cc ngun in, cc thit b c th gy chy n, trnh xa ngun nc sinh hot.
Khu vc lu gi ca cc c s sn xut nn ngoi khu vc sn xut, c mi che, g chng
trn v nn trn ngn cch, trnh tip xc trc tip vi t, nc, trnh nh hng ti
sc khe con ngi .
5.3.3 i vi cc c s sn xut trong cc KCX, KCN
Vic gim st c giao cho cn b phng qun l mi trng ca KCN. Ti cc KCN, cng
ty u t v kinh doanh c s h tng s qun l cc loi cht thi c hi trong c du
thi v cht thi nhim du. Cc loi cht thi ny c th c x l ngay ti cc KCN, nu
c chuyn ch ra ngoi th phi c giy php ca S TN & MT. Nhng cho d l c x
l ti KCN hay c vn chuyn ra ngoi th vn phi bo co cho ban qun l cc KCX
KCN (HEPZA), sau c quan ny s bo co ln phng qun l cht thi rn theo nh k
qui nh ca S TN & MT.
276
Cc c s trong KCX, KCN phi c trch nhim bo co vi ban qun l KCN k khai
lng cht thi cng nh tnh trng qun l cht thi ca c s mnh. Nhng c s ny c th
k hp ng x l cht thi vi ban qun l KCN nu nhng n v u t c s h tng c
thc hin xy dng khu x l cht thi trong khun vin KCN hay c hp ng vi n v c
chc nng thu gom. Trong trng hp ban ch qun KCN khng c kh nng thu gom,
nhng c s sn xut trong KCN phi thc hin k hp ng vi nhng n v c chc nng
thu gom v bo li vi ban qun l ca KCN.
Cc doanh nghip phi thc hin k khai theo nh k tnh hnh s dng du nhn cng nh
tnh trng pht thi, lu gi ngun cht thi ny cng vi cc cht thi nguy hi khc gi
ln cho ban qun l ca KCN.
iu kin lu gi cng tng t nh cc c s ngoi KCN, cng phi thc hin m bo v
sinh, an ton cho sc khe con ngi v mi trng
i vi nhng ni lu cha hay s dng nhng loi thit b s dng du cha PCBs
i vi nhng ni lu cha hay s dng nhng loi thit b s dng du cha PCBs nh t
in hay bin p th vic gim st cng phi cht ch hn. Mi c s phi thc hin k khai
s lng, ngun gc, tnh trng ( mi, c, ang s dng hay c thi b) ca nhng
thit b ny v bo co ln S TN MT. Mi thit b nn c 1 h s ring, m bo qui trnh
qun l c lin tc, khi thit b c chuyn giao cho n v khc, h s s c cp nht
trong chng t ti c 2 c s, tuy nhin b h s gc theo thit b vn khng thay i m s
c cp nht li theo tnh trng hin ti ca thit b. H s ny s bao gm nhng thng tin
nh: n v sn xut, thnh phn, nng PCBs c trong thit b, lch s s dng (c mua
bi n v no, thi gian no, chuyn giao cho n v khc vo thi gian no) Vic qun
l c h thng nh vy s gip vic qun l nhng thit b cha PCBs c cht ch, m
bo khng b thi b ba bi ra mi trng xung quanh.
i vi cc cng ty v du kh
Vic sc ra tu du hay sc ra bn cha du l mt vic khng thng xuyn, thi gian
thc hin c th l cch 6 thng hay mt nm hoc lu hn. V vy, y l ngun thi khng
phi lc no cng xut hin. Nu vic x l l ti s dng lm thanh nhin liu th vic x l
s c thc hin ngay ti nh my, nu cch x l l thi b hay bn cho n v khc th
cht thi s c vn chuyn ra khi nh my. Nhng d l cch x l no th cng phi lp
chng t k khai lng cht thi, hnh thc x l, c quan thc hin x l np v cho S
TN&MT. Vic thc k khai c thc hin bi ch tu hoc ngi chu trch nhim v bo
dng tu, ngi gim st bn cha du ca nhng n v ny.
i vi nhng n v thu gom
Thc t hin nay vic thu gom rt hn lon, c c nhng ngi thu gom nht l ln nhng c
s ti sinh nht thc hin thu gom. Nu i tng l nhng ngi i thu mua nht l th vic
qun l l rt kh khn v y l nhng i tng phn tn, kh qun l. Thng th nhng
277
ngi thu gom l s bn li cho cc c s ti ch nht. V vy, c th thng qua nhng c s
ti sinh, ti ch qun l nhng i tng ny, ph bin nhng qui nh v an ton trong
qu trnh thu gom. C th thc hin tp trung nhng ngi thu gom trn cng mt khu vc
vo cng mt hi thc hin vic qun l mt cch d dng hn. Nhng ngi ny s phi
tun theo nhng qui nh an ton v thu gom nh thit b thu gom, phng tin vn chuyn.
c bit, vo ma ma, khi thc hin thu gom phi trnh nht theo nc ma r r ra mi
trng.
i vi nhng n v thu gom li ca nhng ngi thu mua l, phi lp bo co nh k cho
cn b mi trng qun, huyn v lng thu gom, lun chuyn. iu kin ni lu gi cng
phi c m bo an ton cho mi trng v sc khe con ngi.
i vi nhng c s ti ch hay x l cht thi nguy hi cng nh du thi
C quan qun l nh nc phi c qui nh c th v an ton nh xng, bo m v sinh
mi trng, c tiu chun v cng ngh x l v tiu chun ca sn phm ti sinh. Nu
khng t nhng yu cu ny c th cho ngng hot ng, b pht, a vo danh sch
en..., nu t c th c nhng bin php khuyn khch nh gim thu, c a vo danh
sch xanh
Nhng c s x l CTNH cng nh du thi phi c ng k vi c quan qun l. Trong tnh
hnh hin nay, nhng c s ti sinh, ti ch nh nm xen ln trong khu dn c c th ch thc
hin ng k hot ng vi qun, huyn v hng thng nh k bo co ln cho Phng Mi
trng qun, huyn. Sau , Phng Mi trng qun, huyn s thc hin thng k li, lp
bo co ln cho S TN & MT. i vi nhng c s ln th phi np bo co TM cho S
TN & MT, hng thng gi bo co nh k cho S TN & MT.
Trch nhim ca cng ng:
Cng ng c vai tr quan trng trong cng tc qun l v BVMT. Nh nc nn c nhng
chnh sch thch hp tuyn truyn, khuyn khch ngi dn tham gia vo cng tc BVMT
cng vi cc c quan qun l nh nc.
Ngi dn thnh ph phi nhn thc c rng cng vic qun l v BVMT khng phi ch
l cng vic ca c quan qun l nh nc m l cng vic chung ca tt c mi ngi.
trong cng ng, vic s dng du nhn ch yu l cho xe c, mi ngi nn ti cc tim ra
xe, sa xe thay nht cho phng tin i li. Nhng ngi dn sng gn khu vc c c s
ti sinh, ti ch du nht hay nhng n v sn xut, kinh doanh du nhn c trch nhim
gim st nhng n v ny. Khi pht hin nhng nhim do cc c s ny gy ra phi bo
co cho nhng n v c trch nhim.
i vi ngi dn, phi cho h thy c quyn li bn cnh trch nhim th h mi thc
hin tt nhim v gim st ca mnh. C th thc hin tuyn truyn cho nhn dn thy c
li ch ln nht ca h l c sng trong mi trng trong lnh, t nhim. Bn cnh ,
278
nn c hnh thc khuyn khch nh tuyn dng, khen thng cho nhng pht hin c tnh
cht quan trng.

10.4. 0I Thh 0kh LY 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI Lk 80h ThkI T0 6k6 hE Th0h
Th0kT h006 Vk 60h Thh X0 LY h006 ThkI
Da vao nhng c s khoa hoc a c e cap chng trc e xuat quy trnh quan ly
cac oi tng: bun thai t qua trnh nao vet cong ranh, kenh rach va bun thai t nha may
x ly nc thai tap trung cua cac khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat tren a ban TP.HCM.
au tien la e cap en cac giai phap phan cap quan ly, tiep en la cac giai phap cong
nghe toi u va cuoi cung la quy trnh quan ly tong hp. Cu the nh sau:
10.4.1. Fhan rap quan Iy Iu Ihanh pho dan rar quanlhuyan, doanh nghIap va rong
dong dan ru
oi vi bun thai t he thong thoat nc can nao vet ong bo cac cap cong thoat trong
mot he thong thoat nc. Hien nay, a co s phan cap quan ly nhng qua trnh nao vet
cha c phoi hp gia cac cap v the gay kho khan trong viec quan ly thai bo lng
bun thai trong thanh pho. Ngoai ra viec khong phoi hp nay con dan ti hieu qua nao vet
khong cao, lang ph chi ph cho viec nao vet cung nh viec van chuyen, x ly.
Chat lng cung bun thai cac he thong kenh rach co quan he mat thiet vi viec quan ly
he thong xa thai t cac khu cong nghiep, khu dan c. Neu qua trnh xa thai nay c
quan ly triet e am bao dong thai at tieu chuan xa thai th chat lng bun se c cai
thien. Khi o bun thai thai khong can x ly trc khi em i san lap mat bang, cai tao at
hoac lam phan bon Do o can kiem soat chat che chat lng nc t cac c s san xuat
thai bo nc thai vao kenh rach. Ket hp viec tuyen truyen giao duc cho nghng ngi
dan song hai ben b kenh khong thai bo rac thai xuong he thong kenh rach, cong ranh,
yeu cau moi nha eu xay dng be t hoai x ly nc thai trc khi thai vao he thong
thoat nc chung.
Uy ban nhan dan Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh (UBND TP.HCM) ket hp vi cac bo,
nganh lien quan (nh Bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe va Moi trng, Bo Xay dng, Bo Tai
chnh) e quan ly moi trng mot cach hieu qua. Can co nhng quy hoach mat
bang s dung at cu the cung nh cung cap kinh ph cho cac giai phap x ly bun thai
e cac c quan chc nang khac la chon nhng v tr cung nh co giai phap x ly
bun thai phu hp vi ieu kien hien tai va tng lai cua thanh pho theo ung quy
hoach Nha nc, ong thi am bao an toan cho moi trng.
Phong Quan ly Moi trng thuoc S Tai nguyen va Moi trng can quan trac,
kiem tra chat che cac noi dung c e cap trong bao cao anh gia tac ong moi
trng tai cac v tr d an x ly bun cua cac n v au t trc khi tham nh,
nghiem thu.
279
Phong Quan ly Chat thai ran thuoc S Tai nguyen va Moi trng quan ly lng
bun thai phat sinh va x ly da theo cac van ban phap luat c ban hanh t cac cap
lanh ao. ong thi cung can to chc mot nhom chu trach nhiem quan ly, giam sat
t qua trnh nao vet (oi vi bun thai t he thong thoat nc), thu gom, van chuyen
va x ly e kiem soat viec thc hien ung theo quy trnh nh san cua cac n v lien
quan, am bao an toan ve sinh moi trng. Can ket hp chat che vi Phong Quan ly
Tai nguyen va Moi trng cua tng quan huyen giam sat, cai thien moi trng tai
a phng. Thng xuyen kiem tra cac hoat ong thu gom, van chuyen, x ly bun
thai cua Cty Moi trng o th TP.HCM nham am bao cac yeu cau ve moi trng.
Cong ty Moi trng o th chu trach nhiem thu gom bun thai t cac KCN/KCX
phai am bao thu gom ung va u lng bun thai ang ky va van chuyen en ung
ni quy nh. ong thi can phai kiem tra, giam sat chat che cac hien tng ri vai,
ro r va co giai phap x ly kp thi khi s co xay ra, tranh phat tan vao moi trng,
gay o nhiem moi trng.
Cong ty Thoat nc o th TP.HCM kiem soat lng bun thai nao vet c, am
bao cho he thong thoat nc cua thanh pho hoat ong tot, tranh tnh trang ngap ung
gay o nhiem moi trng va anh hng en sc khoe cong ong. ong thi cung chu
trach nhiem giam sat qua trnh van chuyen, am bao van chuyen u va en ung ni
x ly. Viec phoi hp gia Cty Thoat nc o th vi cac Cty Dch vu cong ch cua
tng quan, huyen e tien hanh nao vet ong bo cung mang lai hieu qua cao cho qua
trnh nao vet va de dang hn trong viec quan ly lng bun thai phat sinh. Ngoai ra,
Cty nen tng bc c gii hoa qua trnh nao vet cong ranh, kenh rach nham tang
nang suat lao ong, giam thi gian lam viec, giam so ngi lao ong tren mot day
chuyen nao vet, t o co the giam cac nguy c ve benh nghe nghiep do giam thi
gian tiep xuc vi bun. Hn na viec c gii hoa con lam tang ve my quan, giam nan
ket xe, t gay o nhiem moi trng.
HEPZA co trach nhiem giam sat chat che lng bun thai phat sinh t ca c
KCN/KCX. Kiem soat viec thu gom, van chuyen lng bun thai sau qua trnh x ly
nc thai en ni x ly, thai bo cua Cty Dch vu Cong ch cua tng quan huyen. Can
co hp ong van chuyen, am bao thu gom va van chuyen u khoi lng thu gom
en ung ni x ly. Tranh tnh trang bun thai c em o bo khong ung ni quy
nh.
Phong Quan ly Tai nguyen va Moi trng cua tng quan huyen co trach nhiem
giam sat cac hoat ong xa thai cua cac doanh nghiep, cac ho dan c trong quan,
huyen. To chc cac buoi tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thc cho cac doanh nghiep va
ngi dan tren a ban quan ly. ong thi cung giam sat chat che cac hoat ong thu
gom van chuyen bun thai cua cac Cty Moi trng o th, Cty Dch vu Cong ch cua
280
quan, huyen, am bao thc hien ung theo quy trnh va am bao an toan moi trng.
Ngoai ra can thc hien chia nho viec quan ly moi trng a phng xuong tng
phng, xa, khu pho.
oi vi cac doanh nghiep: can co cac chuyen vien ve moi trng am bao chat
lng nc thai au ra at tieu chuan xa thai. Khuyen khch cac doanh nghiep oi
mi cong nghe, thc hien san xuat sach hn e giam thieu chat thai phat thai vao
moi trng.
oi vi cac ho dan: ai dien phng, xa, to trng to dan pho khuyen khch ngi
dan ky hp ong thu gom rac thai vi cac n v thu gom, am bao moi nha eu co
xay dng ham t hoai, tuyen truyen nang cao y thc cho ngi dan ve viec khong xa
rac ba bai, ac biet la cac ho dan c lu tru hai ben b kenh khong xa rac xuong
long kenh. a viec bao ve moi trng tr thanh mot trong nhng phong trao cua
khu dan c, to dan pho Dung lc lng thanh nien tnh nguyen, oan thanh nien,
Hoi phu n, Hoi Cu chien binh e tuyen truyen van ong ngi dan va giam sat
viec chap hanh cac quy nh ve viec thai bo bun thai.
10.4.Z. 6ar gIaI phap rong ngha IoI uu
Xet ve phng dien ve sinh cong cong, van e at ra la phai giai quyet mot cach hp ly,
tiet kiem va khong gay nen cac bat li khac. Nh vay viec x ly bun oi hoi phai quan
tam en cac kha canh:
- De dang trong viec s dung va thai bo
- Xac nh day chuyen x ly tiet kiem nhat
- Neu co ieu kien th khai thac s dung san pham nay phu hp vi hoan
canh cu the tng a phng.
Xem xet cac yeu cau ve kinh te, ky thuat cung nh nhu cau ap ng cua khu vc
TP.HCM th cac giai phap cong nghe toi u c e xuat la:
1) San xuat phan bon, phan tron, cai tao at: bun thai thu gom c, sau khi a
qua x ly s bo se c chuyen giao cho cac nha may san xuat phan bon cua
TP.HCM.
2) ot tai cac lo ot cong nghiep, cu the la tai lo nung xi mang cua cac cong ty
san xuat xi mang : tai ay, bun va cac chat thai nguy hai khac se c phoi
tron vi dau nht thai thu gom c tao thanh nguon nguyen lieu th cap cho
lo nung. Tro sau qua trnh thieu ot c em i chon lap an toan. ay la bien
phap lam giam ang ke lng bun thai, kha nang phat tan chat oc hai co
trong bun.
281
3) Quy hoach mot bai o bun e giai quyet lng bun thai thu c: Hien tai
khu vc TP.HCM, ch co cac khu vc ngoai thanh nh Huyen Bnh Chanh,
Hoc Mon, Nha Be, Can Gi, Cu Chi mi co nhng khu vc at trong, at b
thoai hoa, b nhiem phen, nhiem man cach xa khu dan c thch hp lam bai
o bun. Cu the nh bai at trong cua nong trng Pham Van Hai thuoc huyen
Bnh Chanh. Da vao quy hoach chi tiet muc ch s dung at trong tng lai
va cac yeu cau ve moi trng oi vi bai o e la chon v tr. Can khao sat,
anh gia tac ong moi trng e tm ra v tr thch hp cho bai o bun (a
c trnh bay chi tiet muc 3.1.2.1). Quy hoach mot bai o vi dien tch 2-3
ha, ao sau 5-10 m, tuy thuoc vao ieu kien a chat ni quy hoach th lng
bun c giai quyet vao khoang: 2ha * 10.000 m
2
* 10m = 200.000m
3
bun.
ong thi lng at ao t khu at lam bai o se c ban cho cac cong ty
xay dng e san lap mat bang tai cac cong trnh xay dng giup thu hoi mot
phan von au t. Bai o se hoat ong trong khoang thi gian 1-2 nam, sau o
tien hanh trong trot e 8-10 nam sau bai o bun tr thanh cong vien cay xanh
cua khu vc.
Tuy nhien trong qua trnh van hanh, cung can xay dng mot tram x ly nc thai sinh ra
t bai o va can ap dung mot so giai phap x ly bun tai bai o. Mot so bien phap x ly
bun tai bai o a c s dung tng oi hieu qua trong nhng nam qua:
Phng phap ngoai x ly
- Phng phap sinh hoc hieu kh:
Trc tien can cho them voi vao trong bun e co nh cac chat oc hai;
Loai bo cac tap chat tho bang phng phap san loc (loai bo a, soi, nilon, go),
ay la cac thanh phan c ban cua rac trong bun;
Tron bun vi cac chat co kha nang lam tot hn cau truc cua bun (nh tang o
rong, cac chat dinh dng,), thng tron vi phan u;
Ti nc e at o am can thiet;
Dung cac ong thong kh hoac dung may tron bun e cung cap oxy cho qua trnh
x ly sinh hoc hieu kh.
- Phng phap dung thc vat e x ly o nhiem:
Phng phap x ly bang thc vat la mot phng phap re tien tuy thi gian keo dai hn so
vi nhng phng phap khac. Co nhieu bien phap s dung thc vat nh on nh bun bang
thc vat, s dung cac thc vat t nhay cam vi chat oc. Muc ch cua qua trnh nay la
han che qua trnh xoi mon va co nh cac chat oc hai trong cac lp tren khong cho phat
282
tan. Do o nen la chon loai thc vat co kha nang trch ly chat oc cao va muc ch s
dung la lay go, la nh bach an, tram
Bien phap noi x ly
- Theo quy trnh Raymond: Tren bai o bun co cam cac ong e suc kh. Tren thanh
cac ong nay co the khoan lo hay tien khe e khong kh co the thoat ra. Khong kh
c bm vao cac ong nay cung vi chat dinh dng (neu can thiet). Ngoai ra,
tren bai o bun co the cam cac ong noi vi cac bm hut e hut nc len, nc hut
len c a qua he thong x ly nc thai e x ly.
S dung qua trnh oxy hoa vi s tham gia cua cac vi sinh vat e khoang
hoa cac chat oc hai co trong bun hoac co nh chung lai trong sinh khoi cua vi
sinh vat.

Hnh 10.6. S o x ly theo quy trnh Raymond
Quy trnh nay co the x ly cac chat o nhiem hu c dang hoa tan trong nc, chat hu
c cao phan t, dau m
Qua trnh nay phu thuoc rat nhieu vao cac yeu to t nhien nh nhiet o, o pH, o hoat
hoa, ham lng cac chat dinh dng Mat khac, cac chat hu c phai ton tai di dang
de b phan huy bi vi sinh vat.
- X ly bang phng phap bay hi va thong kh
X ly bang phng phap bay hi va thong kh c s dung e x ly cac chat o nhiem
dang de bay hi va kho phan huy sinh hoc.
Quy trnh x ly phu thuoc vao ham lng set trong bun phai thap e am bao qua trnh
thong kh c de dang, ngoai ra con phu thuoc vao o ong nhat cua c hat, ham lng
nc trong bun
283

Hnh 10.7. Quy trnh x ly bay hi va thong kh
Cac yeu cau ve ky thuat oi vi bai o bun:
Ngan nga kha nang o v b bao, ro r va chay tran t bai o ra ben ngoai
b bao: Tien hanh quy hoach va thiet ke chi tiet ky thuat bai o bun trc
khi bat au cong viec nao vet; Giam sat chat che viec thi cong b bao theo
ung thiet ke a duyet; Xay dng vong rao cach ly khu vc bai o bun va
kh vc dan c xung quanh; Kiem soat viec o bun qua mc quy nh tai bai
o; Can thng xuyen theo doi, giam sat viec ro r nc ra ben ngoai b bao
cung nh cac hien tng ran nt hoac bien dang b bao e co giai phap
khac phuc kp thi
Quan trac moi trng: Quan trac chat lng nc mat, nc ngam; cha t
lng khong kh xung quanh bai o; giam sat kha nang ro r nc, bun t
ben trong bai o ra ngoai b bao
10.4.8. uy Irnh va gIaI phap Ihur hIan da ung dung rho TF. ho 6h MInh
Quy trnh quan ly bun thai t he thong cong ranh, kenh rach
Cac bc tien hanh:

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Hnh 10.8. S o quy trnh quan ly bun t qua trnh nao vet he thong thoat nc
Bc 1: Lay va phan tch mau bun thai tai cac v tr thu gom e xac nh chat lng
bun thai. T o co giai phap phu hp oi vi bun thai cua tng khu vc.
Can lay mau bun thai trc khi tien hanh nao vet. Lay mau theo tieu chuan Viet Nam
TCVN 6663-2000: Hng dan lay mau bun t cac cong trnh x ly nc thai, cong trnh
x ly nc cap va bun t cac qua trnh cong nghiep (Xem Phu luc 2). V tr lay mau tuy
thuoc vao viec phan chia khu vc nao vet cung nh cau tao he thong thoat nc cua khu
vc.
bc nay yeu cau can co mot oi ngu chuyen vien chuyen thc hien cong tac lay mau
va phan tch mau bun. Cac ch tieu cua bun thai can phan tch: ham lng cac kim loai
nang (As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Hg), ham lng thuoc bao ve thc vat, ham lng dau
Bc 2: Qua trnh nao vet, thu gom bun thai
Trong qua trnh nao vet, can co nhan vien giam sat qua trnh nao vet am bao thc hien
ung theo quy trnh cong nghe a quy nh, am bao van e an toan lao ong. Qua trnh
thu gom cung can c giam sat t cac dung cu thu gom en cac thao tac thc hien e
han che ro r bun, nc. Nen c gii hoa qua trnh.
Trong qua trnh van chuyen, cung can co nhan vien kiem tra viec van chuyen khong e
ri vai, am bao chuyen ch en ung ni quy nh.
Bc 3: X ly s bo bun thai
Lay mau
Phan tch mau
Nao vet
Tram trung chuyen
X ly s bo
San xuat
phan bon
em san lap
Bai o bun
Thieu ot
Chon lap an toan
285
oi vi bun t qua trnh nao vet kenh rach: ch nen thc hien nao vet vao mua kho.Van
chuyen bun thai nao vet c en mot tram trung chuyen ma tai ay co thiet ke san phi
bun, tram x ly nc thai t bun am bao cho van e ve an toan moi trng ong thi
lam kho bun trc khi van chuyen en ni x ly.
Bc 4: Qua trnh x ly bun thai
Da tren ket qua phan tch mau bun, quyet nh giai phap cong nghe cho lng bun thai
thu gom:
Neu mau bun thai thu c co cha nhieu chat hu c va khong cha cac yeu to oc
hai th sau khi thu gom, lng bun thai nay se c chuyen giao cho cac nha may
san xuat phan bon. Tai ay, bun se c san loc, loai bo cac tap chat khong thch
hp cho san xuat phan bon. Sau o bun se c phoi tron them mot so chat dinh
dng can thiet e tao thanh phan bon cung cap cho san xuat nong nghiep hoac
dung e cai tao at. Phan tap chat trong bun se c thai bo chung vi cac loai rac
thai san xuat khac va c chon lap hp ve sinh tai bai rac .
oi vi bun thai tai khu vc co cha ham lng chat hu c thap, khong at tieu
chuan cho san xuat phan bon, cha chat oc hai nam trong ngng cho phep thai th
lng bun thai nay se c thu gom va van chuyen en cac ni can san lap, bai o
bun. Hien nay, giai phap van chuyen bun ti cac bai o la giai phap n gian de
thc hien va kinh te nhat. Tuy nhien, gii han c lng bun thai em ra bai o
cang t cang tot v ly do at ai han hep, ngay mot khan hiem, ma tong lng bun
thai lai qua ln. Ngoai ra trong qua trnh o bun can quan tam en an toan lao ong,
sc khoe cua nhan vien d an va cong ong dan c xung quanh. Can co mot oi ngu
thc hien giam sat viec o bun va van hanh bai o bun trong suot thi gian hoat
ong cua bai o bun. Can quan trac chat lng moi trng trng xung quanh bai o
trong thi gian van hanh cung nh sau khi ket thuc d an 4-5 nam. Giam sat he
thong x ly nc r thu gom t bai o bun.
oi vi bun thai cha ham lng ln chat oc hai (kim loai nang, dung moi hu c)
can thu gom rieng biet sau o chuyen giao cho cac nha may san xuat xi mang. Tai
ay, bun se c phoi tron vi cac chat thai t dau tao thanh nguyen lieu ot th
cap cho lo nung xi mang. Tro t qua trnh ot nay c van chuyen en bai chon lap
chat thai nguy hai va c chon lap an toan.
286
Quy trnh quan ly bun thai t khu x ly nc thai tai mot khu cong nghiep:


Hnh 10.9. S o quy trnh quan ly bun t qua trnh x ly nc cua KCN
KCN, KCX la ni tap trung rat a dang cac nganh nghe, trong o co nhng nganh nghe
ma bun thai thu c t sau qua trnh x ly nc thai cha rat nhieu cac yeu to oc hai
(nh c s xi ma, det nhuom), ong thi cung co nhng nganh khac bun thai sinh ra
khong cha cac chat oc hai ma cha nhieu cac hp chat hu c thch hp san xuat phan
bon (nh nganh san xuat lng thc, thc pham). Do tnh phc tap ve nganh nghe nen
can nghien cu sau hn ve tnh chat cung nh ham lng bun thu c tng c s san
xuat ac trng e co the e xuat giai phap thu gom hp ly t o co bien phap x ly thch
KHU CONG NGHIEP
Bun thai t nha may x ly nc thai
tap trung cua KCN/KCX

Bun thai t sau qua trnh x ly nc
thai cua cac doanh nghiep (DN)
thuoc KCN/KCX
X ly s bo tai tng DN
Thu gom rieng bun thai cua cac
c s xi ma, det nhuom
Co nh, ong ran Thieu ot
Tro
Chon lap an toan
X ly nh mot chat
thai nguy hai
X ly s bo
Thu gom
Lay mau
Phan tch mau
Cha chat
oc hai
Khong cha
chat oc hai
San lap
Bai o bun
San xuat
phan bon
287
hp. e tai nay ch quan tam en viec thu gom va x ly bun thai tai nha may x ly nc
thai tap trung cua KCN, KCX.
Quy trnh quan ly bun t nha may x ly nc thai tap trung cua KCN/KCX:
Bc 1: Phan loai bun thai
Can co he thong thu gom bun thai rieng biet vi cac chat thai ran cong nghiep khac, ong
thi cung tach rieng bun thai t qua trnh x ly nc thai cua cac doanh nghiep thuoc
KCN/KCX va bun thai cua nha may x ly nc thai tap trung. V bun thai cua cac doanh
nghiep thuoc KCN/KCX co cha nhieu chat oc hai ac trng cua tng nganh san xuat.
Con nha may x ly nc thai tap trung ch x ly nc thai a qua x ly s bo loai bo hau
het cac yeu to nguy hai, do o bun thai nay hau nh khong nguy hai.
Bc 2: X ly s bo
Ap dung phng phap on nh hieu kh theo tng me e on nh bun. Sau o o ra san
phi bun e lam kho bun. giai oan nay can kiem tra tnh trang ro r nc thai, mui hoi
t san phi bun, phat hien kp thi e co giai phap ngan nga phat tan o nhiem moi
trng xung quanh, ac biet la trong giai oan mua ma.
Bc 3: Lay mau bun thai va phan tch mau
Khong can lay mau moi me bun ma ch can lay mau nh ky 3-4 thang mot lan v chat
lng nc thai au vao cua nha may x ly nc thai tap trung tng oi on nh, do o
chat lng bun thai ra t he thong cung on nh.
Phan tch mau bun e phan loai, la chon giai phap x ly phu hp.
Bc 4: Thu gom, van chuyen
Da tren ket qua phan tch mau bun, quyet nh qua trnh thu gom.
o Neu trong bun thai cha ham lng cac chat oc hai vt tieu chuan gii
han, chuyen giao lng bun nay sang nhom bun can x ly nh chat thai
nguy hai.
o Neu bun thai co ham lng chat oc hai nam trong ngng cho phep se
c van chuyen rieng en ni x ly phu hp
Bc 5: X ly bun thai
Tuy thuoc vao ham lng cac chat co trong bun ma quyet nh em i san xuat phan bon
hay em o bai o bun hay can thieu ot va chon lap an toan (tng t nh bc 4 cua
quy trnh quan ly bun thai t qua trnh nao vet cong ranh, kenh rach a c trnh bay
tren).
288
Cung nh oi vi bun thai t he thong thoat nc, bun thai t he thong x ly nc thai
cua KCN can c quan ly chat che t luc phat sinh cho en khau x ly cuoi cung.



20
6huong Z

T0h 0kh VE 6k6 h0F 6hkT 0 hhIEM h00 60 8Eh
(F0Fs) kh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI IEh hhh

Cac loai hnh chat thai nguy hai, nhat la chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai a c trnh
bay tom tat chng 1. Do oi tng cac chung loai chat thai nguy hai kha a dang
nen khong the e cap het trong noi dung mot cuon sach, hn na, nhieu loai hnh chat
thai c xem la nguy hai, nhat la cac chat thai dang long (nc thai) va kh (kh thai),
a c e cap trong nhieu tai lieu tham khao hay giao trnh khac, v vay noi dung cua
chng nay se ch e cap en mot chung loai chat thai nguy hai o nhiem ien hnh bac
nhat, o la cac hp chat o nhiem hu c ben (Persistant Organic Pollutants POPs), la
oi tng a va ang thu hut s quan tam cua xa hoi, va cung la mot oi tng c e
cap hang au trong cac chien lc quan ly chat thai nguy hai nc ta, nhat la t sau
khi Viet Nam tham gia ky ket cong c Stockhom.

Z.1. khkI hIEM 6h0h VE 6k6 h0F 6hkT 0 hhIEM h00 60 8Eh F0Fs

Chat o nhiem hu c ben (Persistant Organic Pollutions - POPs) la nhng hp chat hoa
hoc co nguon goc t Cacbon, san sinh ra do cac hoat ong cong nghiep cua con ngi.
POPs ben vng trong moi trng, co kha nang tch tu sinh hoc qua chuoi thc an, lu
tr trong thi gian dai, co kha nang phat tan xa t cac nguon phat thai va tac ong xau
en sc khoe con ngi va he sinh thai.

Theo cong c Stockholm, POPs gom 12 hoa chat co tnh oc hai, ton tai ben vng
trong moi trng, phat tan rong va tch luy trong he sinh thai, gay hai cho sc khoe con
ngi. Mi hai loai hoa chat xep vao nhom POPs cu the la:

1. PCBs (Polychlorinated Bi-phenyls): la mot loai hoa chat cong nghiep s dung trong
nhng dong chat long trao oi nhiet, chat phu gia cho nganh san xuat sn,giay khong
cha cacbon, nha va nhieu ng dung cong nghiep khac. No c xem la mot san
pham phu sinh ra trong qua trnh san xuat cong nghiep. No a b cam san xuat va rat
han che trong mc o s dung.

2. Cac hp chat cua Dioxin: la san pham phu trong cac hoat ong san xuat cua cac
nganh cong nghiep, b han che khi s dung.

3. Cac hp chat cua Furan: la san pham phu cua cac nganh cong nghiep, s dung rat
han che.

21

4. DDT: la mot trong nhng loai thuoc tr sau dung e diet con trung, bao ve mua
mang trong nong nghiep, a b cam s dung nhng en nay no van ton lu.

5. Toxaphene: la mot loai thuoc tr sau, dung e diet con trung tren cay bong vai, cay
lua, cay an trai, cac loai au va rau qua, tham ch co the diet bo chet, con trung cac
chuong trai. No a b cam s dung rong rai.

6. Aldrin (Aldrex, Aldrite...): la mot loai thuoc tr sau, c dung e diet con trung
trong at bao ve mua mang, b cam s dung rong rai.

7. Dieldrin (Dieldrex, Dieldrite, Octalox): la mot loai thuoc tr sau, dung e kiem
soat con trung va cac tac nhan gay benh. Rat han han che s dung.

8. Eldrin (Hexadrin):la loai thuoc tr sau, s dung trong cac vu mua va kiem soat loai
ong vat gam nham, b cam s dung rong rai.

9. Heptachlor (Drimex, Heptamul, Heptox): la mot trong nhng loai thuoc tr sau
dung e diet con trung va iet moi, b cam s dung rong rai.

10. Mirex: la mot trong nhng loai thuoc tr sau cam s dung rong rai.

11. Hexachlorobenzen (HCB): thuoc nhom thuoc tr sau va cac san pham phu phat
thai trong cong nghiep khi san xuat nha,b cam s dung rong rai.

12. Chlordane (Chlorotox, Octachlor, Pentichlor...): nam trong danh sach thuoc tr sau
b cam s dung. No c s dung nh mot loai hoa chat e diet con trung va moi.

Tat ca nhng hp chat hu c nay eu ben vng, ton tai lau dai trong moi trng (hay
con goi la cac hp chat hu c ben, goi tat la POPs), co kha nang tch luy sinh hoc
trong nong san, thc pham va nguon nc gay ra hang loat benh nguy hiem oi vi con
ngi, va can chu y en nhieu nhat la benh ung th. ac biet, trong 12 loai hoa chat ke
tren, co 4 loai hoa chat gom PCBs, DDT, Dioxin va Furans la nhng loai hoa chat c
ac biet chu y va nghien cu sau v mc o oc tnh cao, tac hai oi vi con ngi va
moi trng nghiem trong.
Hien tai co nhieu cach phan loai POPs. Da tren con ng POPs i vao moi trng la
mot trong nhng cach phan loai POPs, tuy nhien cach phan loai nay khong phai la duy
nhat. Tren c s can c vao con ng POPs i vao moi trng, co the phan chia POPs
thanh ba loai nh sau:


22
Nhom 1- Cac hoa chat bao ve thc vat

Hoa chat bao ve thc vat co the hieu mot cach n gian la nhng hoa chat dung e diet
tr nhng loai co hai va cung v the chung i vao moi trng, co anh hng en moi
trng, en nhng oi tng tiep xuc trc hoac gian tiep. Thuoc bao ve thc vat
(TBVTV) la loai hoa chat bao ve cay trong hoac nhng san pham bao ve mua mang, la
nhng chat c tao ra e chong lai va tieu diet loai gay hai hoac cac vat mang mam
benh virut hoac vi khuan. Chung cung gom cac chat e au tranh vi cac loai song
canh tranh vi cay trong cung nh nam benh cay. Thuat ng hoa chat bao ve thc vat
thng co ngha la cac chat tong hp gom nhieu loai va c ap dung cho nhng muc
ch cu the trong nong nghiep.
Bang 2.1: Phan loai TBVTV theo nhom tong hp

Stt Nhom chnh Nhom phu V du
01 Thuoc tr sau
- Cac chat hu c
- Cac chat vo c
- Hidrocacbon, Clo hu
c, Photpho hu c.

DDT, Aldrin, BHC
(Benzen hexa chlorit), Hg,
As, Pb
02 Cac chat diet sau benh
khac
- Chat sat khuan
- Thuoc tr rep
Aphplate, metepa, tepa-
Ethyl hexenediol
03 Thuoc ac hieu diet ky sinh vat
- Diet nam
- Khong diet nam
- Clo hu c
- Hp chat dinitro
Tetradifon, Cyhexatin,
Binapacryl,
04 Thuoc iet nam
- X ly bang hoa chat,
khang sinh
Cyclohexamide
05 Cac chat xong hi
- Kh trung at
- Diet giun tron
- Halogen
- Cacbonat
Methylbrom,Formadehit,
Cacbofuran,
06 Diet co - Vo c
- Hu c
Sodium chiorate, Nitrofen,
Bromofenoxim
07 Cac chat lam rung la,
chet cay
Cacbodylic axit,
benzonitrit
08 Thuoc iet oc sen - Loai thuoc t thc vat
- Cacbamat
Sunfat ong, metadehit,
mexacabat, methiocard
(Nguon: Le Huy Ba Lam Minh Triet, Sinh thai moi trng ng dung)
Tuy vay xet ve quan iem cua khai niem Cac hp chat o nhiem hu c ben POPs
theo cong c Stockhom th nhom nay ch bao gom 9 hoa chat nh danh sach trnh bay
tren (ngoai tr 3 chat au la PCB, Dioxin va Furan).

23

Nhom 2 Cac hoa chat s dung trong cong nghiep

POPs phat tan vao moi trng pho bien va c chu y nhieu nhat trong nhom 2 la cac
hoa chat trong dau nht vacac loai hoa chat s dung cho cac qua trnh san xuat cong
nghiep hoac nhng san pham cua cac hoat ong san xuat cong nghiep, ien hnh la
PCBs. PCBs c s dung trong cac nganh san xuat cong nghiep tren 50 nam nay do co
tnh cach nhiet cao va khong chay va ng dung chu yeu trong cac nganh cong nghiep
ien (may bien the, acquy, bong en huynh quang, dau chu nhiet, dau bien the) chat
lam mat trong truyen nhiet, trong cac dung moi che tao mc in, nganh cong nghiep san
xuat snac biet hn, PCBs c hnh thanh trong qua trnh san xuat cua nhieu nganh
cong nghiep, oi luc no la san pham phu khong mong muon cua nhieu nganh cong
nghiep va cac qua trnh thieu ot, nguon nay cung la mot trong nhng nguon san sinh
ra Dioxin.

Khi phan loai PCB theo pham vi ng dung, no c phan thanh ba loai sau:

- Cac ng dung cua PCB trong cac dung cu kn.
- Cac ng dung cua PCB trong cac dung cu kn tng phan.
- Cac ng dung cua PCB trong cac dung cu h.

PCBs trong cac dung cu kn: Cac ng dung cua PCBs trong cac dung cu ien kn nh
cac loai may bien the, cac loai acquy, tu dien cua bong en huynh quang. Trong cac
thiet b ien nay, dau cha PCB c han kn, khong cho chay hoac ro r trong qua
trnh san xuat, van chuyen, bao quan va s dung, tham ch trong cac s co nh hoan
hoan, va cham c hoc. Dau PCB khong ro r v the kha an toan trong thi gian s dung.

PCBs trong cac dung cu na kn (kn tng phan): Cac loai dau cha PCBs c s
dung nh cac chat long truyen tai nhiet, dau khoang s dung trong cac thiet b thuy lc
va trong cac loai bm. Trong tat cac cac thiet b ke tren do s dung nh chat long
chuyen ong trong cac thiet b vi cac loai nht nen rat de ro r trong qua trnh san
xuat, s dung va bao quan.

PCBs trong cac dung cu h: Cac loai dau khoang cha PCBs c s dung nh cac
chat boi trn, cac loai sn phu, cac loai mc in. Trong cac loai vat lieu nay, PCBs c
phan tan vi so lng nho va cc ky mn va v the het sc kho khan trong viec x ly.
Cho en nay, khong co cong nghe va thiet b x ly nao x ly cac loai vat lieu cha
PCBs nay. Bien phap duy nhat la ngi san xuat phai au t nghien cu va phat trien
cac loai vat lieu mi khong cha PCBs.


24
Ngoai ra mot so tac gia cung xep HCB (Hecxaclobenzen) vao nhom nay do HCB cung
la mot loai hoa chat c s dung trong san xuat cong nghiep.

Bang 2.2. Phan loai cac thiet b nhiem PCBs

nh ngha V du Nong o PCBs
- Cac thiet b khong cha PCBs,
khong can kiem soat lng PCBs
Cac may bien ap khong
nhiem PCBs
< 50ppm

- Nhiem PCBs
Cac may bien ap nhiem
PCBs
>50ppm,<500ppm

- Cha PCBs
Cac may bien ap cha
PCBs
> 500ppm

Nhom 3 Cac san pham phu khong mong muon (unwanted by-products) phat sinh
ra t qua trnh ot chay

Cach phan loai trong nhom 3 la nhng san pham phu cua nhieu qua trnh san xuat khac
nhau hoac qua trnh ot chay. Nguon phat sinh Dioxin chu yeu t cac nha may san xuat
hoa chat, qua trnh ot cac san pham chay co cha clo, qua trnh tay trang bot giay, cac
chat o nhiem tch tu trong chuoi thc an, trong cac phong th nghiem nghien cu ve
chat thai nguy hai va trong cac lo ot chat thai, cu the nh Hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Dioxins va Furans. Trong mot pham vi
gii han, nhng hon hp nay co the c hnh thanh do qua trnh t nhien nhng theo
thi gian chung se mat dan i tnh ben vng trong moi trng. S nguy hiem cua nhom
POPs nay la sau khi a giai phong vao moi trng chung tch tu lai va sau o khuyech
ai trong chuoi thc pham, trong mo m. Mac du Dioxin khong lam pha v AND nhng
chung se hoat hoa AND a b suy thoai bi nhng chat khac nen gay nhieu benh hiem
ngheo cho con ngi, co the thay nhieu nhat la benh ung th, honh chc nang he than
kinh phoi thai va quai thai.

Z.Z. Thh 6hkT 60k 6k6 h0F 6hkT F0Fs

Z.Z.1. 6ong Ihur hoa hor va dor Inh rua F0Fs

Nhom thuoc bao ve thc vat

1. Diclodiphenyltricloetan (C
14
H
9
Cl
5
- DDT)

- Ten goi: 1,1,1-triclo-2,2-di-4 clophenyl-etan; Cytox; Neoxit; Zeda; Gesarol;
Polazotox.
- Dang che pham thng gap: 30ND, 75BHN, 10BR, 5H

25
- oc tnh: LD
50
= 113mg/ kg (chuot). Thuoc co kha nang tch luy trong c the ngi
va ong vat, nhat la cac mo sa, mo m, en khi u lng gay oc th thuoc se gay cac
benh hiem ngheo nh ung th, quai thai. DDT oc manh vi ca va ong mat. DDT an
toan vi cay trong, tr cay ho b. Thuoc tr c rat nhieu sau hai khong an nau, nhat la
cac loai gam nham, sau an la tren cay trong. Thuoc co tac dung rong khi tac dung va
tiep xuc cho nen khoang thi gian cach ly an toan luc dung thuoc la 30ngay.
- Cong thc hoa hoc
2. Dieldrin

- Ten goi: Dieldrin; 1,2,3,4,10,10 hexaclo - 6,7 enpoxi - 1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a
octahydro exo -1,4endo -5,8 dimetylen naptalin.
- oc tnh: thuoc co tac dung tiep xuc va v oc. oc tnh cua thuoc cao hn Aldrin ,
chuot len en 25 30mg/ kg. Khi phun len cay hieu lc cua thuoc co the keo dai en
2 tuan. Thuoc Dieldrin 18,5ND c dung nong o 0.1 0.5% e tr sau an la ho nha
cay va rat oc hai oi vi con ngi.
- Cong thc hoa hoc
3. Heptachlor

- Ten goi: Heptachlor; 1,4,5,7,8,8 Heptaclo 3a, 4, 7, 7a tetrahydro- 4, 7
metyleninden.
- oc tnh: oc tnh cua thuoc chuot vao khoang 90mg/ kg. No c dung e tr
cac loai sau song trong at hai ngo, khoai, bong va cac loai cay hoa mau khac, no c
coi la co hieu lc hn Hexachlorbenzen (HCB). Lng thuoc dung e bon cho cay
trong tnh theo dien tch at la 2 3kg/ ha.
- Cong thc hoa hoc
Cl CH
3
CCL
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

26
4. Aldrin (C
12
H
8
Cl
6
)
- Ten goi: Aldrin; 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachlo-1,4,4a,5,8-hexahydro exo-1,4 endo 5,8
dimetylen naptalin.
- oc tnh: oc tnh cua thuoc chuot LD
50
= 40- 70mg/ kg. Thuoc co kha nang tch
luy trong c the ong vat, rat oc oi vi ca. Co tac dung tr cac loai con trung trong
at nh sau xam, de nhui, bo hung, doi duc vi lieu lng 2 4kg/ ha.
- Cong thc hoa hoc

5. Hexachlorbenzen (C
6
H
6
Cl
6
HCB)

- Ten goi: Hexachlorbenzen
- oc tnh: oc tnh cua thuoc chuot LD
50
= 125mg/ kg. Thuoc kha nang tch luy
trong c the ngi va ong vat, a b cam s dung. Neu thuoc co nhieu tap chat se anh
hng en hng v cua thuoc la, khoai tay, cac cay ho au va mot so loai rau. Thuoc
co pho tac dung rong, co the s dung trong nhieu lnh vc khac nhau nh x ly at, x
ly hat, phun len cay, kh trung kho cha, x ly go va diet con trung thuoc ho co canh
(ray xanh, ray bong, moi).
- Cong thc hoa hoc
6. Toxaphene

- Ten goi: Toxaphen
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

27
- oc tnh: Toxaphene la loai thuoc v oc va tiep xuc. Tac ong en sau hai cham
nhng hieu lc keo dai hn DDT. Thuoc ch phat huy tac dung khi nhiet o moi trng
ln hn 20
o
C. Thuoc co o oc cap tnh cao hn ngi, gia suc, ca nhng ac biet t oc
oi vi ong mat. An toan oi vi cay trong, tr mot so loai man cam nh da chuot, da
vang. Ngoai ra thuoc con co tac dung khi dung e diet chuot. No a b cam s dung.
- Cong thc hoa hoc
7. Chlordane

- Ten goi: Chlordane
- Cong thc hoa hoc
8. Mirex

- Ten goi: Mirex
- Cong thc hoa hoc
9. Endrin

- Ten goi: Endrin
- oc tnh: oc tnh cua Endrin kha cao, LD
50
= 7 - 35mg/ kg tien hanh th nghiem
tren chuot. Thuoc c dung e tr sau hai cay bong, ma, thuoc la, ngo vi dang che
pham nong o 0.2 0.5%.
- Cong thc hoa hoc
C
l
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
n
CH
Cl
3
CH
2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

28
Nhom cac san pham cong nghiep
1. Polyclobiphenyl (C
12
H
9
Cl - PCBs ): co 209 ong phan

- Ten goi: Polyclobiphenyl
- Cong thc hoa hoc
Nhom cac san pham chay
1. Polyclorinated Dibenzo - p - Dioxin

- Ten goi: Polyclorinated Dibenzo - p - Dioxin (PCDD)
- Cong thc hoa hoc
2. Polychlorinateddibenzofurans
- Ten goi: Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF)
- Cong thc hoa hoc

Z.Z.Z. Tnh rhaI VaI Iy rua F0Fs
Tnh chat vat ly chung cua POPs: cac chat o nhiem hu c ben co bon tnh chat vat ly
chung nh sau:
- Trong thanh phan co cha nhom Halogen.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

29
- Tan nhieu trong m, t tan trong nc.
- Ben vi nhiet, anh sang va cac qua trnh phan huy hoa hoc, sinh hoc.
- De bay hi, kha nang phat tan xa.
Tnh chat Vat ly cua nhom 1 - Cac thuoc bao ve thc vat
Nhom thuoc bao ve thc vat cua POPs trang thai tinh khiet la dang bot trang, khong
mui, oi luc co mau trang nga, hoac mau xam nhat, khong tan trong nc, tan nhieu
trong cac dung moi hu c. Di dang bot kh hoac dung moi cac hp chat nay co the
hap thu qua ng mieng va ng ho hap. dang dung dch cac loai hoa chat trong
nhom mot co the hap thu qua da.
Trong nhom, mot hoa chat xet en nhieu nhat la DDT. DDT ky nghe la mot hon hp
nhieu ong phan, trong o ong phan para co o oc cao nhat oi vi con trung. San
pham cong nghiep cua no the ran, mau trang nga va co mui hoi.
Tnh chat Vat ly cua nhom 2 Cac hoa chat cong nghiep
Ve mat vat ly PCB la chat long mau vang nhat trong suot en ac quanh, tnh ac tang
len theo mc o clo hoa. o soi t 325
o
C 366,11
o
C. Ty trong t 1,3 1,9. Hon hp
PCBs thng pham co cha nhieu tap chat trong o co ca dibenzofuran va naphtalen.
Ben vi nhiet o, anh sang va cac qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc, hoa hoc. De bay hi,
kha nang phat tan xa. Pha v cac tuyen noi tiet trong c the sinh vat. Anh hng en
kha nang sinh san va he mien dch. Gay roi loan he than kinh va la tac nhan gay ung
th.Khi cho PCb vao nguon nc do tnh khong tan, ty trong ln va k nc no se tch
tu trong bun lang cua song va anh hng en chat lng nguon nc.

Tnh chat Vat ly cua nhom 3 Cac san pham chay

ai ien cho nhom nay la cac san pham chay sinh ra trong qua trnh ot cac loai chat
thai nguy hai va mot phan khac la cac loai hoa chat oc hai c san xuat do nhieu
nguyen nhan khac nhau. oi vi TCCD co ap suat hi rat thap, 25
o
C ch khoang
1.7x10
-6
mmHg. iem nong chay cua no cao, khoang 305
o
C., o hoa tan trong nc thai
la 0.2g/ l. No ben nhiet en 700
o
C, co o ben hoa hoc rat cao va rat t phan huy sinh
hoc, oc hai oi vi mot so ong vat.

PCDD/ PCDFs rat t tan trong nc nhng tan vo han trong chat beo, o tan cua
2,3,7,8 TCDD 20
o
C la 19.3ppt. o tan cua 2,3,7,8TCDF la 419 ppt. o tan cua
1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDF la 1.35ppt. o tan cua PCDFs se giam khi so nguyen t Clo
trong phan t tang len. Tat ca cac chat PCDD/ PCDFs eu rat kho bay hi ieu kien
nhiet o bnh thng, ap suat bay hi the hien trong bang sau:

Bang 2.3. Ap suat bay hi cua Dioxin


30
Stt Ten goi Ap suat bay hi
01 TCDD 1.5x10
-9
4.8x10
-8
02 PeCDD 4.4x10
-10
6.6x10
-10

03 HxCDD 3.6x10
-11
5.1x10
-11

04 HpCDD 5.6x10
-12

05 OCDD 8.2x10
-13

06 TCDF 1.5x10
-9
4x10
-8

07 PeCDF 1.5x10
-9
4.3x10
-9

08 HxCDF 1.8x10
-10
5.7x10
-10

09 HpCDF 3.53x10
-11
5.8x10
-11


Z.Z.8. Tnh rhaI hoa hor

Tnh chat hoa hoc chung cua POPs

POPs la nhng hp chat hu c ben, trong cong thc phan t co cha halogen,la nhng
hp chat hydrocacbon thm co nhieu ong phan (oi luc len en 209 ong phan) va la
nhom hp chat hu c oc nhat trong hoa chat hu c oc hai ma con ngi biet en.
Chung rat ben ieu kien nhiet o thng, ben vi tac ong cua anh sang va co kha
nang b phan huy trong moi trng axit, kiem.
Tnh chat hoa hoc chung cua nhom thuoc bao ve thc vat
Tnh chat hoa hoc nhom cua POPs thuoc nhom thuoc bao ve thc vat la cac hp chat
hydrocacbon trong phan t co mot so nguyen t hidro a b thay the bang nguyen t
clo. Hieu ng gay oc cua POPs nhom 1 rat nghiem trong v no c s dung rong rai
va ton lu trong moi trng. Chung rat ben vng nhiet o bnh thng nhng de b
kiem thuy phan thanh DDE. Chung khong b phan huy sinh hoc, tch tu nhieu trong cac
mo m va khuyech ai sinh hoc trong chuoi thc an sinh hoc t phieu sinh vat en cac
loai chim nong o tang len 10trieu lan. Chung c s dung bang cach phun di dang
sng mu hay bui nen trc tiep i vao at, t at chung i vao kh quyen va nc roi
ton lu.
Tnh chat hoa hoc cua nhom san pham phu

Do cong thc phan t cua PCBs co the thay the 1 en 10 nguyen t Hidro bang nguyen
t Clo trong cau truc vong thm cua Biphenyl ben trai va chnh s thay the lam cho
PCBs co en 209 ong phan va hau nh tat ca cac ong phan nay eu khong tan trong
nc. Cac hp chat cua PCB la nguon gay o nhiem nghiem trong trong he sinh thai v
chung on nh, tch tu trong chuoi dinh dng, trong moi trng, ac biet la cac loai
ong vat co xng song tren can.

Tnh chat hoa hoc nhom cac san pham chay

31

POPs thuoc nhom san pham chay sinh ra t qua trnh ot cac san pham co cha clo,
chat thai co cha clo, qua trnh tay trang bot giay, trong cac quy trnh san xuat thuoc
diet co, nha PVC hoac t nhieu hydrocacbua co cha clo. Dioxin va Furan la nhng
hp chat cua hidrocacbon ma trong o mot so nguyen t Hydro b the bi Clo. Dioxin
co 210 ong phan khac nhau, thng gap nhat la TCDD va TCDF, chung rat nguy hiem
ngay ca nong o rat thap (ppb). Can c vao so nguyen t clo lien ket ma Dioxin va
Furan chia thanh 8 nhom ong phan khac nhau, cu the trong bang sau:
Bang 2.4. Cac ong phan cua Dioxin

PCDD PCDFs Stt
ong phan cua Dioxin So hp
chat
ong phan cua Furan So hp
chat
01 Monochlorine - Cl
1
- PCDD 2 Monochlorine - Cl
1
- PCDF 4
02 Dichlorine - Cl
2
- PCDD 10 Dichlorine - Cl
2
- PCDF 16
03 Trichlorine Cl
3
- PCDD 14 Trichlorine Cl
3
- PCDF 28
04 Tetrachlorine Cl
4
- PCDD 22 Tetrachlorine Cl
4
- PCDF 38
05 Pentachlorine Cl
5
- PCDD 14 Pentachlorine Cl
5
- PCDF 28
06 Hexachlorine Cl
6
- PCDD 10 Hexachlorine Cl
6
- PCDF 16
07 Heptachlorine Cl
7
- PCDD 2 Heptachlorine Cl
7
- PCDF 4
08 Octachlorine Cl
8
- PCDD 1 Octachlorine Cl
8
- PCDF 1

Mot so tnh chat hoa hoc khac cua mot so hp chat POPs c trnh bay trong bang
sau (bang 2.5).
Bang 2.5: Tnh chat hoa cua cac chat o nhiem hu c ben

Chat o
nhiem
Cong thc phan t Ty trong
(g/ cm
3
)
o hoa tan
(g/ l H
2
O)
Ap suat bay
hi (Pa)
DDT C
14
H
9
Cl
5
0.98 0.99 1.25 5.5 2.1x10
-5

Aldrin C
12
H
8
Cl
6
1.6 1.7 - 180 0.01
HCB C
6
H
6
Cl
6
2.044 40 1.5x10
-3
Dioxin C
12
O
2
H
7
Cl

, C
12
O
2
Cl
8
(210 ong phan)
417
7x10
-5

10
-3

73
PCBs C
12
H
9
Cl

, C
12
Cl
10
(209 ong phan)

5.5 - 0

2.5 - 0

Z.8. Thh hhh hhIEh 600 VE F0Fs T0h Vk h0kI h006 Th0I Ikh kh kY


32
Z.8.1. Tnh hnh nhgIan ruu F0Fs o nuor ngoaI

Hoa Ky
DDT c biet en vao cuoi thap nien 1930 la DDT. No la chat diet con trung no co
tac dung manh me oi vi cac loai con trung gay hai. Nhng cung nh nhng loai hoa
chat khac, DDT co nhng anh hng khong the d oan trc. Nhng tac ong o bat
nguon t s ben vng cua no. Khoi lng DDT a s dung trc nam 1959 thong ke
c khoang 80trieu pounds va sau o giam dan, en nam 1972 th dng han. Tong
khoi lng DDT a s dung trong nong nghiep va trong sinh hoat Hoa Ky trong suot
30nam la 1350trieu pound, ngoai viec s dung trong nc no con c xuat khau i
nhieu ni tren the gii. Cung trong thi gian nay cac nha khoa hoc nghien cu ve DDT
a hieu ro chieu hng van ong, tnh khuyech ai sinh hoc, s ben vng va anh hng
oc hai cua no oi vi con ngi va moi trng, v the DDT a b cam s dung.
Pham vi nghien cu au tien ve DDT chnh la viec s dung DDT vi nong o u e
diet con trung an choi cay van sam, nghien cu nay tap trung vao cac anh hng
nghiem trong cua DDT oi vi cac chim, ca, con trung va ong vat khong xng song
b chet. Ch so LD
50
ong vat co vu trong phong th nghiem t 60 800mg/ kg
chuot, chim co LD
50
la 400 1200ppm. Cung vao khoang gia thap nien 1950, DDT
c s dung trc tiep nh la mot loai thuoc diet con trung ho Clear, California e
diet muoi. Vi nong o ban au la 0.02ppm trong nc, sau mot thi gian sinh ra mot
lng d DDD vi nong o 10ppm khi kiem tra phieu sinh. en luc cac loai ca an
phieu sinh a co 900ppm trong m, cuoi cung trong loai chim lan an ca an tht co
2134ppm. Ngoai ra, con co them kham pha rang trong gan ca map co cha DDT va
chuyen hoa cua no. Cuoi cung cac nha khoa hoc ket luan DDT a thai vao ai dng
va viec gan ca map b nhiem DDT mang tnh cuc bo ieu nay chng to kha nang di
chuyen tren phng dien rong cua DDT cung nh qua trnh khuyech ai sinh hoc cua
d lng DDT va chung tang dan en mc khong the tin c.
Hoa Ky la nc san xuat ra nhieu DDT hn bat ky ni nao tren the gii va sau khi lenh
cam s dung c ap dung tren pham vi ca nc mot lng chat thai ang ke va cac
san pham hoa chat co lien quan khac c o vap khu vc Thai Bnh Dng va mot so
nc khac. Theo ket qua thong ke, moi nam co khoang 67.000 ngi My b nhiem oc
thuoc tr sau, a so eu la cong nhan lam viec tai cac nong trai hoac lam nghe co thi
gian tiep xuc vi cac loai thuoc tr sau nhieu, ac biet la DDT.
Bang 2.6. Ket qua phan tch mot so loai thuoc tr sau trong nhom POPs trong c
the ong vat song pha Bac khu vc Bac My

Stt Loai thuoc tr
sau
oi tng Mc o nhiem
(ppb)
Chim ng 100 - 2500

33
Ca 3 - 220
Gau Bac cc 1810 - 7090
M cua loai an co 2 7.4
Ca voi 620 - 2380


01


Chlordane
Phieu sinh vat 10
Chim ng 1650 - 63000
Ca 0 - 29000
Gau Bac cc 5 - 1190
M cua loai an co 5 - 55
Ca voi 670 - 6830



02



DDT
Phieu sinh vat 0
Chim ng 80 - 3450
Ca 0 - 750

03

Dieldrin
Loai an co 0.07 2.2
(Nguon: http://www.google.org)

Ve PCBs, Hoa Ky, vao nam 1979 co hien tng PCBs ro r ra trong mot may bien
the, PCB nhiem vao thc an cua tht va nguon thc pham nay c chuyen en 17 bang
khac nhau trong o co mot tnh cua Canada. Cac nha khoa hoc giai thch ve hien tng
nay la v POPs co c che chuyen ong rat rong trong moi trng cho nen iem phat
thai cua POPs khong noi len tac ong cua no ma nhn chung POPs c tm thay moi
ni tren the gii t cac ho nc, ai dng (ac biet la nhng loai cac anh bat c ),
trong cac nguon nc ma, trong c the con ngiMot so th nghiem gan ay cho thay
ham lng POPs ngay cang tang cao trong mot so loai ca song nc ngot (trong cac
ho nc ngot). Cho nen mot so nc phat trien ngi ta a ngan cam viec anh bat ca
trong cac ho cha nc ngot trong khu vc o th, con ngi co the giai tr qua viec cau
ca the thao ch khong c dung no lam nguon thc pham. Trong thi gian gan ay,
tren the gii mot so loai thc pham a co dau hieu b nhiem PCBs va mot so nghien
cu minh chng ve tai nan sc khoe do s dung thc pham d lng PCB. a co hien
tng nh vay xay ra cho nen nhng nam gan ay chnh phu Hoa Ky va Canada a
cam s dung PCBs trong cac thao tac van hanh nam cham ien thang may. Va v the
nam 1980, quoc hoi Hoa Ky a thong qua bo luat Superfund e tr giup tai chnh cho
cong tac lam sach tai cac v tr, khu vc co POPs.

Chau Au

34

Trong nhng nam 80, POPs a b cam san xuat cac nc trong khu vc Chau Au. en
nam 1996, lien minh Chau Au a ra ch th en nam 2010 POPs phai b xoa so hoan
toan. S nhiem POP strong thc pham lam cho xa hoi quan tam nhieu hn ve POPs.
a co phat hien cho rang trong m ong vat nh ca (ca Hoi), tht, san pham sa, trng
va mot so thc pham khac b nhiem POPs do nhieu ly do khach quan va chu quan. No
co the do s hien dien san co trong thien nhien, sau khi ri vai xuong at, ngam vao
cay co va tch tu qua chuoi thc an. Qua ket qua phan tch cac mau cua 3 loai san pham
gom b, ca hoi va bap cai xanh bon nc gom B, Tay Ban Nha, Bo ao Nha va Y
ket luan rang lng PCB co trong cac loai thc pham va neu va ac biet hn Y cac
loai thc pham cha PCBs co kha nang gay ra ngo oc. Cac ket qua nghien cu cho
thay rang, cho du cac loai thuoc tr sau noi rieng va cac hoa chat trong nhom cac hp
chat hu c co cau truc ben vng a cam vao nam 1972 nhng no van con troi noi va
s dung tren th trng. Bang tong ket sau cho chung ta thay ieu o:

Bang 2.7. Mc o phat thai PCDD/ PCDFs vao moi trng Chau Au

Nguon phat thai
(kg/nam)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Nang lng 35 35 32 27 25 24 22 18 18 16
Nang lng trong lo
ot chat thai ran
101 102 125 173 242 199 98 12 4 3
Nha may t nhan 74 75 73 74 71 67 68 66 66 67
Nung sat, thep 50 49 48 48 48 48 48 49 47 45
Nung kim loai
khong cha sat
25 22 23 24 23 22 23 22 21 21
San xuat thuy tinh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cac nganh cong
nghiep khac
68 70 72 69 68 64 61 58 56 59
San xuat sat, thep 31 26 28 29 29 30 28 30 26 17
Bai chon lap chat
thai ran
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Lo ot chat thai 581 579 556 508 357 285 160 49 53 54
ot chay ong c 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7
Qua trnh ot 29 26 23 20 18 16 14 11 8 5

35
Nong nghiep 57 49 36 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trong t nhien 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Tong cong 1142 1123 1098 1049 953 819 589 384 361 346
(Nguon: Martin Acosta, http://www.greenpeace. Org)

Hien nay, Chau Au van con mot so tap oan san xuat POPs, ac biet la PCBs, cu the
nh tap oan Caffaro Italy, Cong ty Protolec Phap, Cong ty Bayer c. Tong
lng PCBs san xuat tren toan cau c tnh khoang 1.5trieu tan, trong o gan mot na
do cong ty Monsanto san xuat ( Nhat Ban),cong ty san xuat ln th hai la Bayer
chiem khoang 10% san lng, con lai la cac cong ty khac. Va hien nay co t nhat 1/3
san lng PCBs a i vao moi trng.

Malaysia

Malaysia la mot trong nhng nc nam trong khu vc ong Nam A, lang gieng cua
Viet Nam nhng t nam 1972 a bat au co nghien cu ve anh hng cua cac chat o
nhiem hu c ben oi vi con ngi va moi trng, ien hnh la qua viec nghien cu
quan the Chim cat b suy giam va vo trng cua loai chim nay b mong i. Va thi gian
sau o, cac nha khoa hoc a cho rang d lng thuoc tr sau la nguyen nhan quan trong
trong viec suy giam qua trnh sinh san chim. Mot vai nam sau, mot nha sinh vat hoc
chuyen nghien cu ve sinh vat bien a neu ra nhng tac hai cua viec s dung thuoc tr
sau khong kiem soat oi vi sinh vat song trong moi trng t nhien.

en nam 1974, cac loai thuoc tr sau b cam s dung. Nguyen nhan c ban cua la do
nhng tac ong ve mat sinh thai va tac hai oi vi sc khoe con ngi. Ngay ca en
ngay nay, bang chng ve tac hai cua thuoc tr sau oi vi sc khoe con ngi van cha
mang tnh thuyet phuc, nhng tac hai cua no oi vi he sinh thai la rat nhieu va co
thuyet phuc. Cung nh the, quyet nh cam s dung thuoc tr sau noi rieng va cac chat
trong nhom POPs noi chung ch la gii han s dung e kiem soat s di chuyen cua no
khi no phong thch vao moi trng.

Bang 2.8. Mc o phat thai PAHs vao moi trng Malaysia

Nguon phat thai
(tan/ nam)
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Nha may loc dau 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
S dung dung moi 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103

36
Qua trnh ot 267 262 253 232 214 193 175 156 135 114
SX cong nghiep 106 98 90 84 86 86 86 85 85 80
Nang lng 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2
Nong nghiep 933 800 582 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chat thai 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Trong t nhien 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95
Nha may t nhan 797 818 760 739 591 464 485 471 486 540
Nung sat, thep 24 24 23 23 22 22 23 23 23 22
Cac nganh cong
nghiep khac
367 418 497 415 396 326 251 22 143 166
San xuat kim loai
khong cha sat
3490 3354 3219 3083 2947 2307 735 432 394 277
Qua trnh chuyen
oi khac
9 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 5 4
Tong cong 6243 6030 5667 4829 4492 3629 1985 1617 1485 1414
(Nguon: http://rachel.org)
Canada

Canada, a co mot so minh chng cho tai nan sc khoe do s dung thc pham d
lng PCB va s dung mot so thiet b co cha PCBs. Hien tng thay ro nhat la lng
PCB trong cac thang may cha nam cham ien b ro r, dnh vao cac bang chuyen tai
trong thang may va khi thai bo chung chnh phu a phai mat mot khoang tien ln cho
viec x ly. Do co hien tng nh vay xay ra cho nen trong nhng nam gan ay chnh
phu Hoa Ky va Canada a cam s dung PCB trong cac thao tac van hanh cua nam
cham ien. Vao nam 1979, co hien tng PCB ro r ra trong mot may bien the, nhiem
vao thc an (tht). Nguon thc pham nay lai chuyen en 17bang khac nhau trong o co
mot tnh cua Canada va nh the so ngi b anh hng tang len rat nhieu. Bi v PCBs
co c che chuyen ong rat ln trong moi trng do o khi xem xet ve no khi ch dng
lai iem phat thai PCB ma nhn vao tac ong cua no trong moi trng. PCBs c tm
thay moi ni tren the gii t cac ho nc, ai dng (ac biet la nhng loai ca anh
bat c), nc ma, c the con ngiMot so th nghiem gan ay cho thay ham lng
PCB ngay cang tang cao trong mot so loai ca song nc ngot (trong cac ho nc
ngot) cho nen mot so nc phat trien a cam anh bat ca trong cac ho nc ngot trong
khu vc o th, con ngi co the giai tr qua viec cau ca ch khong c dung no lam
nguon thc pham.

37
Z.8.Z. Tnh hnh ngIan ruu F0Fs o VIaI ham va khu vur TF. ho 6h MInh

Viet Nam, theo thong ke cua Bo Tai Nguyen Moi trng en nay cac tnh thanh
trong ca nc eu ton lu mot khoi lng ln cac loai POPs, trong o co DDT, Dioxin,
dau bien the cha PCBs va cac chat tng t nh PCBs. Ch rieng 31 tnh thanh a
thong ke t 1, a co en khoang 8.000tan dau cac loai co cha PCB va cac hp cha
tng t nh PCB. Tren c s o co the noi rang tnh hnh ang rat ang bao ong ve
viec thai bo, ton lu va nguy c gay o nhiem moi trng tiem tang do cac hp chat cua
PCBs. Do tnh chat vo cung oc hai cua cac hp chat POPs nen a t lau Lien hiep
quoc a cam san xuat va s dung cac hp chat t PCBs trong moi lnh vc, ong thi
khuyen khch nghien cu cac nguon vat lieu thay the. Tuy nhien, do lng POPs ton tr
tat ca cac quoc gia la qua ln cho nen POPs a, ang va se la mot trong nhng nguon
gay o nhiem moi trng nghiem trong va chu yeu tren pham vi toan the gii trong mot
thi gian dai.

Viet Nam noi chung va tai Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh noi rieng, a co mot so nghien
cu ve POPs a c thc hien chu yeu d goc o phan tch tm kiem s hien dien
cua chung trong cac oi tng moi trng khac nhau. Tuy nhien, chung ta cha co mot
nghien cu ay u v tnh he thong POPs c e cap trong Cong c Stockholm cung
nh cha xac nh ay u cac nguon phat thai, mc o phat thai cua POPs va anh
hng cua no len con ngi, cac he sinh thai . ong thi cung cha co he thong quan
trac POPs trong moi trng nham anh gia kha nang tch luy sinh hoc cua POPs trong
chuoi thc an ma oi tng chu anh hng nhieu nhat la con ngi. Do o can thiet
phai co mot nghien cu ay u, co he thong nguon POP c ghi nhan trong cac phu
luc cua Cong c Stockholm nham gop phan vao viec xay dng mot ke hoach hanh
ong quoc gia trong qua trnh tham gia, thc hien va hieu lc hoa Cong c Stockholm.
Cong c Stockholm se chi khoang 500trieu USD cho qua trnh tieu huy cac hoa chat
oc hai va nghien cu chat thay the POPs.
T ngay 17/05/2004, cong c Stockholm ve POPs chnh thc co hieu lc, vi t cach
la thanh vien cong c Viet Nam a khi ong d an xay dng ke hoach hanh ong
quoc gia nham giam thieu va loai tr cac chat nay, trong o co nhom cc ky oc hai la
PCB, DDT, Dioxin va Furan. Cuc Bao ve Moi trng, c quan ieu hanh d an cho biet
t nay en thang 03/2005, ben canh viec xay dng D an ke hoach hanh ong quoc gia
d an se thong ke tren toan quoc ve cac hoa chat nam trong nhom POPs, ong thi e
xuat cac hoat ong tiep theo nham giam thieu hoan toan POPs. Trc mat, d an se
hng vao x ly nhng hoa chat trong nhom POPs co tnh nguy hiem cao, ac biet la
PCB. Theo UNEP, n v tai tr d an, tai Viet Nam t nam 1991, tat ca cac hoa chat
thuoc nhom POPs nam trong danh muc cua cong c Stockholm eu khong c phep
san xuat hay s dung, tuy nhien, do lch s e lai nhieu chat trong so nay van con ton
tai trong cac kho cha thuoc tr sau cu gay oc hai cho moi trng.

38
Va trong nhng nam gan ay, a co e xuat cho rang dung lo nung ximang e ot
nhng loai hoa chat trong nhom POPs nh vay se khong ton kem chi ph cho viec chon
lap chat thai ma con co the tiet kiem c 2025% nhien lieu, 5 10% nguyen lieu va
han che nhng anh hng en moi trng. Them na, nha may ximang co the thu ph
ot t nhng c s co rac thai can thieu ot. Hien tai, Cuc Bao ve moi trng ket hp
vi D an moi trng Viet Nam Canada (VCEP) ang phoi hp thc hien d an th
iem tai cong ty Holcim va Cuc ang xem xet ap dung cong nghe nay cho mot so nha
may ximang khac la Nghi Sn (Thanh Hoa) va Chinfon (Hai Phong). Cac chat thai co
the ot trong lo nung ximang gom: dung moi hu c, dau thai cha PCB, sn, PVC,
plastic, at nhiem chat oc hai, thuoc tr sau, cong nghe ch ap dung vi nhng lo
nung ximang kieu hien ai, loai co lap he thong thieu ot chat thai. Tai lo nung, nhiet
o len en 1.400 2.000
o
C u e pha v cau truc ben vng cua chat thai oc hai, ong
thi lo nung tan dung nhiet nang t cac chat o nhiem hu c e thay the, tiet kiem mot
phan nhien lieu.

Z.4. 6k6 h00h FhkT 8Ihh, 80 0h Vk T0h T0 F0Fs Vk0 M0I T00h

Z.4.1. Thao nhom nganh

Cach phan loai cac nhom nganh, qui trnh san xuat hay san pham s dung lien quan en
s phat thai cac chat POPs tai viet Nam co the c phan thanh 5 nhom chnh nh sau:

Nhom 1 Nhom nganh cong nghiep san xuat va che tao

Nganh nay bao gom cong nghiep san xuat va che tao cac loai hoa chat, cac san pham
co s dung nguon nguyen lieu au vao cha POPs, ien hnh nh cong nghiep det
nhuom. Nguon POPs phat thai t cac loai hnh cong nghiep nay chu yeu la di dang
chat thai ran hoac qua viec thai bo bun lang, nc thai. Bang di ay tom tat mot so
qua trnh san xuat va dang POPs phat thai tng ng.

Bang 2.9. Nguon thai POP phat sinh do nhom nganh CN san xuat va che tao
Qua trnh san xuat hay
san pham s dung
Ch th Loai POP phat thai
San xuat cac hoa chat
cha clo hu c
Cac chat thm cha clo (phenols,
benzene), dung moi cha
chlorine,oxychlorinators
PCDD/ PCDF, PCB,
HCB
San xuat Cl
2
s dung
ien cc graphite
Cac chat thm cha clo, dung moi
cha chlorine
PCDD/ PCDF, HCB
Cong nghiep loc dau va
san xuat chat xuc tac
Cac chat thm cha clo PCDD/PCDF, PCB,
HCB
San xuat giay, bot giay Tay trang bang clo PCDD/PCDF


39
Nhom nay co mc o phat thai POPs c xep vao loai trung bnh. oi vi 2 nganh au
(san xuat cac hoa chat cha clo hu c va san xuat clo s dung ien cc graphite) c
xem nh thuoc nganh cong nghiep hoa chat. Nhieu nam trc no la oi tng san xuat
quan trong trong cac doanh nghiep thuoc Cong ty Hoa chat C Ban Mien Nam (cac
doanh nghiep nh nha nay hoa chat Tan Bnh, nha may hoa chat Bien Hoa), va clo san
xuat ra chu yeu la phuc vu viec cung cap cho cac nganh san xuat cac chat kh trung,
cong nghiep san xuat giay (tay trang) va qui trnh san xuat cac hoa chat cong nghiep
khac. Tuy nhien cac doanh nghiep nay a ngng san xuat cac dung moi hu c cha clo
t nam 1990 en nay, con viec san xuat clo tuy van con duy tr nhng trong qua trnh
san xuat khong con s dung ien cc graphite. Noi tom lai mc phat thai ra cac dioxin
va furan cua hai nganh nay neu con cung la rat nho.

Rieng oi vi hai nganh con lai la cong nghiep san xuat va che bien cac san pham dau
kh (loc dau va chat xuc tac) va cong nghiep san xuat giay th van con duy tr va phat
trien kha manh trong nhng nam gan ay. Co the khang nh la ay van la nguon phat
thai POPs (dioxin va furan) quan trong vao moi trng thanh pho. Tuy vay hau het cac
kh oc POP nay eu phat sinh ra di dang hi t cac cong oan san xuat co gia nhiet
( nhiet o cao clo ket hp vi cac dung moi hu c tao thanh cac chat ke tren), la qui
trnh pho bien co mat trong ca hai nganh nay. Theo cac tai lieu nghien cu cua nc
ngoai th lng POP hnh thanh nay chiem mot con so rat nho, va hn na rat kho kiem
soat. Xet en thi iem hien tai, trong nc cung cha co mot nghien cu phan tch nao
xac nh ng lng ton tai cua POPs trong dong phat thai nay. Co the noi, oi vi
nganh cong nghiep san xuat giay vi mc o ty le s dung clo cho cong oan tay trang
van con kha nhieu va pho bien, ac biet la tai cac c s che bien giay tai che tieu thu
cong nghiep (con so nay ch tnh tren a ban TPHCM a len en con so gan 100 doanh
nghiep). ay se con la mot chu e nghien cu can c quan tam trong thi gian ti.

Nhom 2 - S dung va ng dung san pham

Nhom nay bao gom cac hang hoa tieu thu, cac qua trnh hay san pham trong san xuat
cong nghiep, hay s ton lu (lu gi cua cac hoa chat). Mot so v du cua nhom nay c
trnh bay trong bang sau:

Bang 2.10. Nguon thai POP phat sinh do nhom s dung va ng dung san pham

Qua trnh san xuat hay san
pham s dung

Ch th

Loai POPs phat thai
S dung thuoc tr sau, thuoc
diet co
2,4,5-T, Pentachlorophenol
(PCP)
- PCDD/PCDF
- HCB
Cong nghiep det nhuom vai
si len (co khau hoan tat)
S dung chloranil, trch ly
alkaline
- PCDD/PCDF
Qua trnh tay trang cong nghiep S dung chlorine - PCDD/PCDF
S dung cac may bien the va
cac thiet b ien
Dau cha PCB - PCB

40
S s dung cac dung moi Tay dau nht, say kho ra
sach
- PCDD/PCDF
- PCB, HCB
S dung cac loai sn co cha
PCB hay PCP
Chu yeu t viec lu gi - PCB

Co the khang nh ay la mot nhom nganh quan trong ong gop vao viec phat sinh
POPs tren a ban thanh pho hien nay. Cac dau cha PCB trong cac tu ien va may bien
the la nguon quan trong nhat. Cac nganh con lai trong nhom nganh nay th POP hau het
ton tai dang con ton lu v Nha nc a cam nhap khau cung nh s dung cac loai hoa
chat nam trong danh muc POP t lau. oi vi cac nguon khac th bc tranh phat thai
POP la kha phc tap va that s kho kiem soat. Trong cong nghiep det nhuom, mot
nganh tng oi phat trien khu vc TPHCM ( ca qui mo va va nho va qui mo trung
bnh ln) viec nhap khau va s dung cac loai thuoc nhuom va rat kho kiem soat do
chung loai cac mat hang det nhuom (co cong oan hoan tat) ang troi noi tren th trng
la kha a dang.

Cac loai thuoc nhuom a so co cha cac nhom chc hu c kha ben vng va khi cac
cong nghe det nhuom co kem cong oan tay trang luc hoan tat co lien quan en viec s
dung cac hp chat cha clo, va cac hp chat POP co goc dioxin va cac hp chat hu c
ben vng va de bay hi khac (trong o chu yeu la cac hp chat thm co vong benzen)
se c hnh thanh di dang ban au la cac hp chat hoa tan, sau o cong vi qua trnh
gia nhiet (tay va nhuom trong be mat kim loai kn vi nhiet o 100 en 140
o
C) va cac
kh oc nay se phat tan vao khong kh di dang hi. Mac du theo cac nghien cu
nc ngoai cho thay nong o POP trong cac dong hi phat tan nay khong cao nhng vi
so lng c s det nhuom tren a ban nghien cu la kha ln, theo c tnh len en con
so gan 200 c s x nghiep, th ay la mot nguon phat thai ang ke.

Cho en nay cung van cha co mot nghien cu nao c thc hien trong nc e xac
nh nong o ham lng cac hp chat POP khac nhau co mat trong cac dong thai nay.
Viec s dung cac dung moi va cac loai sn trong cac nganh cong nghiep khac nhau (bao
gom ca nganh cong nghiep san xuat ra cac san pham sn nay) cung kha a dang. Tuy
nhien theo y kien cua cac chuyen gia trong nc th khong co mot hp chat POP nao
trong danh muc 12 loai POP a e cap co mat trong cac san pham cua nganh. Xet theo
quan iem nh ngha ve khai niem POP nh giao trnh a e cap th nhieu hp chat hu
c kha ben va co the gay nguy hiem cho moi trng phat sinh t nganh nay,ay cung
c xem la mot nguon phat sinh ang ke cua POP vao moi trng tren a ban nghie n
cu.

Nhom 3 - Cac qua trnh tai che

Bang di ay trnh bay mot so v du ve mot so qua trnh tai che ma co the dan e n
viec phat thai ra cac POPs (ngoai tr qua trnh nhiet se c trnh bay bang mot muc
rieng sau muc nay).


41
Bang 2.11. Nguon thai POP phat sinh ra nhom nganh co cac qua trnh tai che
Qua trnh san xuat hay san
pham s dung
Ch th Loai POP phat thai
Tai che kim loai Cac san pham phu, san pham
tha (manh kim loai vun, dau
thai, phe lieu t dung cu
ien)
- PCDD/PCDF
- PCB
- HCB
Tai che giay Bun lang co cha hoa chat
kh mc in
- PCDD/PCDF
Bun lang kenh rach, bun t
he thong thoat nc s dung
lai (lam lot nen, lam phan
bon)
Nong nghiep, phan compost - PCDD/PCDF
- PCB
S thu hoi dung moi Bun d - HCB
S thu hoi dau thai - PCB
Tai che nha Dong thai ra - PCDD/PCDF
Tai che x kim loai Dong thai ra - PCDD/PCDF

Nhom nganh nay co the xem nh mot nhom nganh phat sinh POP kha quan trong tren
a ban, va ieu ac biet nguy hiem la chung c phat thai theo mot phng cach kho
kiem soat so vi cac nhom nganh khac trong cac phan tch phan nay. au tien co the
ke en nganh cong nghiep tai che chat thai cac loai, nhat la tai che giay va tai che kim
loai, la nhng nganh a ton tai nhieu thap nien qua tai Tp. HCM. Cac c s tai che nay
(co so lng gan 300 doanh nghiep, ma tren 90% trong so nay la cac c s tai che phe
lieu qui mo nho) la nguon gay ra o nhiem moi trng ang ke ca hai phng dien kh
thai va nc thai. Kh thai phat sinh ra chu yeu t nhng qua trnh gia nhiet, trong o
ac biet nguy hiem la qua trnh nau kim loai phe lieu (nh cac lo nau gang, ong,
nhom,) va cac lo nau thuy tinh. cac lo nau nay nguon phat sinh PCDD la khong the
tranh khoi v hau het ay la cac lo nau thu cong t che tao, nhiet o khong u ln se tao
ra cac qua trnh chay khong hoan toan va hau qua la lam phat sinh kha nhieu cac san
pham phu va ac biet la cac kh dioxin.

ieu ac biet nguy hiem la hau het cac c s nay a va ang san xuat trong nhng nam
qua eu nam xen lan vao cac khu dan c nen viec cam hoat ong, thay oi cong nghe
mi, di di v tr cung nh lap at cac he thong nham x ly triet e cac nguon thai gay o
nhiem tai cac c s gay o nhiem nay la mot chu trng ung an cua thanh pho trong
thi gian gan ay. Van e quan trong khac cung can ban oi vi nhom nganh nay la cac
bun lang tch tu tren cac kenh rach a qua o nhiem cua thanh pho, gan ay a co kha
nhieu nghien cu ve s hien dien cua cac dioxin cung cac chat thai nguy hai trong bun
lang kenh rach TP. HCM, ien hnh la cac nghien cu cua Vien Moi Trng va Tai
Nguyen (HQG TPHCM), cua Trung tam Dch vu Phan tch th nghiem TPHCM (Chu
Pham Ngoc Sn va cong s), cho thay ay thc s la mot moi hiem nguy thng trc

42
cho ngi dan thanh pho, nhat la cac c dan song xung quanh cac kenh rach cua thanh
pho.

Nhom 4 - Qua trnh nhiet

Trong thc te v lien quan en viec s dung nguon nhiet o kha cao nen cac qua trnh
ot co the c xem nh mot nguon phat thai quan trong cua cac chat POP. Cac ac thu
cua qua trnh ot nh: loai nhien lieu s dung, hieu xuat cua qua trnh ot, c che kiem
soat o nhiem la nhng ch tieu quan trong quyet nh lng POPs phat thai ra. Bang
di ay trnh bay mot so qua trnh ot gia nhiet quan trong va cac loai hnh POPs
tng ng co the thai ra. Qua trnh nay c chia ra thanh 2 nhom, goi la: qua trnh ot
co kiem soat va ot khong kiem soat.

Bang 2.12. Nguon thai POP phat sinh do nhom nganh co qua trnh nhiet

Qua trnh san xuat hay san
pham s dung
Ch th Loai POP
phat thai
Nung quang sat trong lo nung cao Tro bui phat tan quay vong PCDD/PCDF
Luyen nau chay s cap ong kim
loai
PCDD/PCDF
San xuat kim loai phe lieu (thep,
nhom, thiec, kem, ong)
ot day, thu hoi kim loai t bui
tro
- PCDD/PCDF
- PCB
San xuat than coc
S dung than non/than nau
- PCB, HCB
- PCDD/PCDF
Lo nung ximang S dung CTNH cha halogien
nh la nguon nhien lieu ot
- PCDD/PCDF
- PCB, HCB
San xuat khoang chat (voi, gom
s, thuy tinh, gach)
Qui mo nho, khong kiem soat PCDD/PCDF
ot chat thai o th (cong nghe) Cu, kiem soat o nhiem khong kh
khong trang b
PCDD/PCDF
ot chat thai cong nghiep Cu, kiem soat o nhiem khong kh
khong trang b
PCDD/PCDF
ot go thai Go a x ly PCDD/PCDF
ot chat thai nguy hai Lo ot cu, khong kiem soat o
nhiem khong kh
PCDD/PCDF
ot bun (cong nghe) Cu, kiem soat o nhiem khong kh
khong trang b, lo ot thu cong
PCDD/PCDF
ot chat thai benh vien Cu, kiem soat o nhiem khong kh
khong trang b, lo ot thu cong
PCDD/PCDF
Lo hoa tang (ngi) va lo ot xac
xuc vat
Cu, kiem soat o nhiem khong
kh khong trang b
PCDD/PCDF
ot go va ot sinh khoi Khoi lng ln, cha muoi PCDD/PCDF
Kh thai bai rac / ot kh sinh hoc kiem soat o nhiem khong kh PCDD/PCDF

43
(biogas) khong trang b
ot than (cong nghe) Than nau /non, cu, nho PCB
ong c ot trong (VD: xe may
va mo t tnh)

Kh ot co cha Ch
- PCDD/PCDF
- PCB
ot sinh khoi (co y, khong kiem
soat c)
Phan con lai cua rng, bui cay,
nong nghiep (nh rm)
- PCB
- PCDD/PCDF
Chay t cac tai nan ngau nhien
(khong co y, khong kiem soat)
Cac khu CN, cac kho hang, ca
hang, nha dan
- PCDD/PCDF
- PCB
La chay t bai rac Qua trnh chay hoan toan khong
kiem soat
- PCDD/PCDF
- PCB
ot nha plastic (thung, tui) Nha cha Halogen PCDD/PCDF
Cac chat thai khac (cao su, trang
sc phu n, day cap, bang ien

PCB
Lu y: Nam loai cuoi cung bang tren thng khong c trang b he thong kiem soat o
nhiem khong kh nen hau qua la lng POP phat thai se kha cao.

ay co the coi la nhom nganh phat thai Dioxin, Furan va PCB ro rang nhat va quan
trong nhat tren hien nay. Tat ca cac nguon va nguyen nhan gay ra o nhiem eu tap
trung xung quanh cac lo ot, lo nung v van e ve cau truc cua lo ot, nhiet o cac
buong ot va nguon nguyen lieu ot s dung, cu the:

- Cac lo nung, nau chay s dung trong tai che kim loai va san xuat tai che kim loai
phe lieu a e phan tch va e cap trong nhom nganh trc.
- Cac lo ot chat thai cac loai khac (chat thai cong nghiep, chat thai o th, chat
thai y te, chat thai nguy hai) tuy so lng hien nay cha that nhieu neu so sanh
vi cac nc phat trien khac, nhng do cau truc thiet ke cua cac lo nh a e
cap, lng chat thai a vao ot kha a dang va khong phan loai trc hay kiem
soat (ien hnh nh chat thai y te co rat nhieu nha plastic), cong nghe kiem soat
o nhiem khong triet e la cac nguyen nhan chnh dan en s phat thai ien hnh
cua cac chat POP. Tnh trang tng t xay ra oi vi cac lo nung gom s va mot
so cac lo nung nho trong nganh san xuat vat lieu xay dng.
- Nguon kho kiem soat nhat trong nhom nganh nay chnh la cac qua trnh ot
khac ang kha troi noi trong thanh pho nh: ot bat hp phap cac chat thai kha
pho bien (nhat la tai cac c s TTCN thuoc cac nganh nha, cao su, giay,), ot
rac tai cac bai cha rac hay tram tap ket rac lo thien, ng nhien cac qua trnh
ot nay hoan toan khong co kiem soat va x ly kh thai, thanh phan cac chat co
the chay c rat a dang va s phat sinh POPs trong khoi t nhng ni nay la
ieu tat yeu. Ngoai ra van e o nhiem moi trng do cac kh thai t bai cha va
chon lap rac cung a c nhieu tac gia e cap en trong thi gian gan ay.
- Cuoi cung co the ke en la nguon phat thai t cac qua trnh chay do tai nan va
t cac phng tien van chuyen co s dung cac ong c a cu ky va xuong cap.
ay ro rang la cac nguon gay o nhiem kha quan trong nhng co the phong tranh
c, phu thuoc rat nhieu vao cac giai phap quan ly thch hp.


44
Nhom 5 - Lu gi va thai bo chat thai

Bang sau ay tom tat cac nguon tiem tang phat thai POPs t cac qua trnh thai bo chat
thai (khong gia nhiet) va t viec lu gi hien nay cua chung.

Bang 2.13. Nguon POPs phat sinh do nhom nganh lu gi va thai bo chat thai

Qua trnh san xuat hay s
dung san pham
Ch th Loai hnh POPs
phat thai
Cac bai chon lap va cac chat
(nc, kh) ro r t chung
Bun, tro bui bay, tro kim loai - PCB
- HCB
Chon lap chat thai bien Chat thai cac loai (ran, long,kh) PCDD/PCDF
S s dung va ton lu cua may
bien the
Dau co cha PCB PCB
PCP trong go a che bien Thanh ta vet tren ng xe la,
tru ien thoai bang go
PCB

T cach phan loai theo nhom nganh co the noi rang ac trng cua nhom nganh nay la
cac POP hau het ton tai trang thai ang c lu gi trong cac kho cha (nh may
bien the, tu ien h cu), cac thiet b ang c s dung va troi noi tren th trng (nh
may bien the, tu ien cha PCB van ang c s dung), hay a xam nhap va tch tu
vao moi trng tai mot a iem nao o (nh chat oc tch tu trong at tai cac bai chon
lap rac thai), hoac vat dung khac (nh thanh ta vet chang han). Cac phan tch a c
e cap giong nh cho cac nhom nganh khac.

Z.4.Z. Thao rar IoaI hnh F0Fs quan Irong nhaI

PCBs

Theo thong ke cha ay u cua Cuc moi trng (thuoc Bo Tai Nguyen va Moi Trng)
cho en nay hau nh cac tnh thanh trong ca nc eu ton lu mot khoi lng ln cac
loai POPs, ac biet la dau bien the cha PCB. Thong ke tren 31 tnh cua ca nc, khoi
lng dau bien the thai co cha PCB a len en 8.000 tan va con so nay a chng minh
hien trang ang bao ong ve tnh hnh ton tr va nguy c o nhiem tiem tang cua cac hp
chat PCB. Ngay 5/10/2002, ngay 21/03/2003 Van phong chnh phu a lien tiep co cong
van gi Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trng yeu cau phai x ly thch hp en so lng dau
bien the thai va trnh bay, tuy nhien cho en nay no van cha c x ly.

Trc nam 1990, tat ca cac loai may bien the cua Viet Nam eu nhap t Trung quoc,
An o va Lien xo cu, la loai may s dung dau PCB. Sau nam 1990, Viet Nam a ngng
nhap loai may tren nhng cac kho cha dau cu van con va en nay van cha co phng
phap chuan e x ly. Tai nhieu kho cha, do thieu hieu biet cac can bo quan ly a cho
dan s dung va khi b ot chay loai dau nay phat tan chat o nhiem ra moi trng.


45
Sau 1990, PCB c xem nh vat lieu nguy hiem va b cam s dung nhieu nc va
chung ta cung a khong con tien hanh viec nhap khau cac loai dau chc PCB na. Tuy
nhien lng ton d van con kha ln (chu yeu trong cac thiet b ien nh a trnh bay).
Van e con lai la mac du cac thiet b a cu nhng con c s dung kha pho bien va
trung bnh vi mot may bien ap cong nghiep th c sau 3 - 4 nam lai phai thay dau mot
lan, va lng dau xa ra nay c quan ly va x ly nh the nao van con la mot cau hoi
ang at ra. T cac ieu tra ban au thc hien sau khi phan tch cac nguon tai lieu gan
ay cho thay tren a ban thanh pho HCM van con ton lu mot lng PCB khoang
3000tan t cac nguon khac nhau nh a phan tch ma chu yeu la nganh chuyen tai ien.

Ke t nam 1995 ca the gii a ngng san xuat PCB the nhng no van con dung nhieu
trong cac thiet b s dung trong san xuat (v du nh bien ap, tu ien) va trong cuoc song
(giay khong co Cacbon). PCB la mot loai thng pham co tap chat va co thanh phan chu
yeu la PCDF. Viec phat tan PCB vao moi trng co the xay ra qua cac loai phe phat
thai b nhiem ban, che bien phe phat thai hoac t cac v tr ro r ni thu gom. Hang nam,
neu chung ta khong co ke hoach quan ly va x ly triet e PCB th se co mot lng PCB
phat thai vao moi trng, ien hnh qua hai thiet b thng thay trong moi trng san
xuat cong nghiep nh:
Bang 2.14. So lieu ro r cua cac thiet b co cha PCB

Thiet b Tan so ro r (%
so n nguyen
lap at)
Lng ro r trung
bnh/ n nguyen/
nam
That thoat trung
bnh do ro r chat
long/nam
Bien the 2% 30kg 0.06%
Tu ien 3% 8kg 1.6%

Tren bang ket qua tren cho thay rang hang nam cac thiet b trong nganh ien phat thai
vao moi trng mot lng PCB ang ke theo ty le% tan so ro r khi cac n nguyen
Hnh 2.1: May bien the co cha PCBs Hnh 2.2: Tu ien co cha PCBs

46
c lap at. ong thi can c tren ket qua ieu tra thc a, co the thay rang khu vc
Tp. HCM hien nay khong co kho hang lu tr PCB nhng PCB lai co cha trong cac
thiet b s dung Viet Nam (v du nh dung dau thai co PCB nh la mot nhien lieu)
hoac mot so thiet b co cha dau PCB tai cac cong ty, n v, x nghiep san xuat cac
thiet b trong nganh ien. ien hnh nh tai mot so Cong ty ien lc, ban than cac cong
ty nay khong co chc nang san xuat tu ien va bien the nhng tai cac Cong ty lai co rat
nhieu tu ien va bien the cu, chung khong con kha nang s dung c va dau PCB chay
ri vai trong khu vc kho cha chung. Nguon phat thai PCB chu yeu la t nganh cong
nghiep ien (tu ien, may bien the), ngoai ra con co mot lng dau PCB c nhap vao
Viet Nam t Trung Quoc qua cac thiet b cua nganh ien khac. Cac nguon phat sinh
PCBs Viet Nam va khu vc Tp. HCM co the ke en nh:
- Cac loai may bien the ien.
- Cac loai acquy.
- Cac loai dau bien the.
- Cac loai dau phe thai.
- Cac thiet b truyen nhiet.
- Giay khong cha cacbon, giay khong dnh.
- Chat boi trn cho knh hien vi.
- Chat phoi tron trong ma kim loai.
- Cac dung moi thuy lc.

Co the khang nh rang PCB cha bao gi c san xuat tai Viet Nam. Tuy nhien PCB
a c s dung tai Viet Nam t nhieu nam nay di hnh thc cac hp chat long trong
cong nghiep nh trong cac dong thuy lc, trong kh tuoc bin, dau boi trn, va trong cac
chat tham gia vao qua trnh san xuat nha (plasticizers). San pham c ng dung chnh
la cac dung dch ien moi trong cac may bien the va trong cac tu ien. Khong co so lieu
nao c ghi nhan la khi nao PCB lan au tien c nhap khau vao Viet Nam, tuy nhien
co le chung bat au xuat hien nc ta t au nhng thap nien 40 va 50. Mot ieu kha
ro la trong nhng nam qua s phat trien cua nen kinh te nc nha a ty le thuan vi s
gia tang trong nhu cau s dung cau s dung cac nguon nang lng ien, va co le rang
trong nhng nam gan ay th viec nhap khau cac thiet b ien hau heat la t cac nc
phat trien eu la cac thiet b khong cha PCB (v cac quoc gia nay PCB a b cam t
lau). Tuy nhien mot trong cac nguon nhap khau quan trong van la t Trung Quoc (do
van e gia thanh re hn), th hau het cac thiet b van con co s co mat cua PCB t nhat
cho en thi iem ma Trung Quoc cung bat au cam san xuat va s dung PCB. Hn
na, vi a phat trien kinh te kha nhanh th ap lc cua viec duy tr s co mat cua cac
thiet b cu co cha PCB van con la mot van e khong can phai ban cai, va ay chnh la
van e at ra ma chung ta ang can phai oi mat.

Theo Bo Cong Nghiep, van con rat nhieu may bien the co cha PCB ang c s dung
tai Viet Nam, nhng chung ta lai van cha co mot ieu tra nao e biet chnh xac la bao
nhieu. Dau cha PCB c cho phep nhap khau vao Viet Nam e s dung trong cac
thiet b hau het co nguon goc t Trung Quoc. Trong qua kh, nhat la tai cac tnh pha

47
Bac, nguon cung cap dau cha PCB chu yeu la t 3 nc Lien Xo cu, Trung Quoc va
Rumani. Mot nguon thong tin t Bo cong Nghiep cung cho thay tong cong a co khoang
27,000-30,000 tan dau cha PCB a c nhap khau t 3 nc ke tren. Tuy nhien con so
that ve lng nhap khau t tat ca cac nguon khac nhau th khong ai biet ro, nhng chac
chan la cao hn con so tren nhieu. ieu nguy hiem hn na la ngoai san pham chnh s
dung PCB la may bien the va tu ien, chung ta cung cha co bat c ieu tra hay thong
ke nao ve cac loai san pham khac co the s dung PCB ang lu hanh tai Viet Nam.

ieu rat nguy hiem la cac doanh nghiep ang quan ly va s dung cac thie b ien co
cha PCB (hau het la cac doanh nghiep nha nc thuoc nganh ien lc) eu khong co
cac am hieu can thiet ve cac moi hiem nguy tiem tang ma POP em lai cho moi trng
va sc khoe con ngi. Cac may bien the co cha PCB c lu gi ngoai tri. Ho
khong co mot kien thc nao ve phng cach ung can phai bao quan cac thiet b cha
PCB nh the nao. Hn na Nha nc cung cha may bien the (ma theo thong thng th
cac may nay c vai 3 nam lai phai thay dau mot lan bang dau mi).

Mot so ieu tra a thc hien gan ay tai mot so Cong ty Truyen Tai ien cho thay dau
PCB t cac may bien the sau khi c thay ra tham ch con c ban cho t nhan tai s
dung lam nhien lieu ot trong cac lo gach ! Chnh t nhng hien tng nay thi gian gan
ay Chnh Phu a t choi phe chuan mot d an cua Bo Cong Nghiep ve viec nhap khau
va thu gom cac dau may cha PCB e lam nhien lieu ot. Mot ieu tra khac c thc
hien cua Bo Cong Nghiep cung cho thay van con nhieu doanh nghiep tai cac a phng
(cac tnh) van con duy tr viec san xuat cac may bien the ma Nha Nc khong kiem
soat c la ho co s dung cac dau co cha PCB hay khong.

Hau het cac thiet b ien c nhap khau vao trong thi gian gan ay, ac biet la khu
vc TPHCM, la c san xuat t cac hang ln va noi tieng t cac nc phat trien
phng Tay nh ABB, General Motors va Siemens. Cac cong ty nay nh chung ta a
biet a ngng san xuat dau cha PCB t lau. Mot ieu can canh bao na la dng nh
viec nhap khau dau cha PCB nhieu khi ch can s cho phep cua chnh quyen a
phng cap tnhy (UBND Tnh, thanh pho) nen cac so lieu co le se kho thong ke chung
cho ca nc tren van e nay.

Cho en nay cung cha co nhieu so lieu cua cac nghien cu ve cac v tr b nhiem PCB,
nhng con so nay chac cung se khong nho. Theo cac nghien cu gan ay cua mot so
nha khoa hoc Nhat Ban (ket hp vi cac nha khoa hoc cua Vien Khoa Hoc va Cong
Nghe Viet Nam) thc hien nam 1992 th ham lng PCB trong mot so mau at tai Viet
Nam la kha cao (320 ppb). Mot so so lieu lien quan khac c ghi nhan nh sau: Theo
Vien Hoa Hoc Cong Nghiep (Bo Cong Nghiep) thc hien nam 1998 th so lieu ve ham
lng PCB trong mau at tai mot so v tr la: tai cac tram bien the 340 - 400 ppb; tai
cac bai chon lap rac - 1,426 ppb; tai nha may ien - 18,810 ppb; va tai bai chon lap chat
thai nguy hai -73,285 ppb.



48

Hnh 2.3. May bien the c lu gi ngoai tri tai mot chi nhanh ien lc


Hnh 2.4. Tu ien c lu gi ngoai tri tai mot chi nhanh ien lc

Dioxin va Furan


49
Tong ket lai 4 nguon phat thai va lu gi Dioxin va Furan nh a trnh bay va phan tch
cu the phan trc nh sau:

- Qua trnh thieu ot: Cac hp chat cua Dioxin co the tao thanh va phat tan vao moi
trng t hang loat cac qua trnh ot chay khi co s hien dien cua cac hp chat cha
Clo. Nguon nay hnh thanh t qua trnh thieu huy chat thai ran o th, chat thai ran y te
va chat thai nguy hai, ngoai ra no con tao thanh do mot so qua trnh khac nh san xuat
dau mo, go, nung, ot than a, nganh cong nghiep ien.

- Cac nganh cong nghiep san xuat hoa chat: Cac hp chat cua Dioxin hnh thanh nh la
san pham phu trong qua trnh san xuat Clo va cac hp chat co cha clo nh Clo phenol
(dung trong nganh cong nghiep go), PCBs (trong nganh ien), thuoc tr sau, thuoc diet
co, cac hp chat cha Clo, cac chat xuc tac cha clo. Mac du viec san xuat cac chat
trung gian nh PCB, Clophenol,a cam s dung t rat lau nhng en nay viec san xuat
va s dung no van ang tiep dien.

- Cac qua trnh cong nghiep trong o th: Hien nay, cac hoat ong cong nghiep ngay
cang phat trien cho nen cac chat o nhiem i vao moi trng ngay cang nhieu hn, trong
o co cac chat hu c ben. ien hnh nh trong nganh cong nghiep san xuat giay, qua
trnh tay trang bot giay bang clo, qua trnh cho PCBs vao trong cong oan san xuat se
san sinh ra PCDD, PCDFs va mot so loai chat thai nguy hai khac, tham ch nc thai
au ra oi khi cung co cha cac hp chat hu c ben. khu vc Tp. HCM, hien nay
theo ket qua khao sat mot so v tr trong thanh pho van con nhiem Dioxin, tham ch ca
thc pham.

- Cac nguon lu tr: Do ac tnh tr va tnh ai m cua cac hp chat hu c ben khien
cho chung co kha nang tch tu trong at, nc va trong cac bai rac. Cac loai POPs t cac
nguon tang tr phat tan vao moi trng co the khong mc o toan cau ma la mc o
vung va nh the that kho khan e thong ke c chnh xac so lng cua chung la bao
nhieu va chung se ton tr en bao lau.

Bang so lieu sau ay cho thay ham lng TCDD co trong mau at tai khu vc TP. Ho
Ch Minh. Cac so lieu cho thay ham lng nay hoan toan co the so sanh vi ham lng
tng t trong cac mau at tai mot so khu cong nghiep Chau Au.

Bang 2.15. Ham lng 2,3,7,8- TCDD trong mau at tai Tp. HCM

STT Quan/ huyen Nam lay
mau
So lng
mau phan
tch
o sau lay
mau (cm)
Ham lng
2,3,7,8-TCDD
(ppt)
01 Rach Th Nghe 1985 06 Bun ay 231
02 Tam Hiep, Can
Gi
1986 04 0 - 60 5.4 45
03 Rng Sat, Can Gi 1987 02 0 - 5 6.0 22.7

50
04 Tp. HCM 1991 09 3 59
05 Can Gi 2002 02 20 30 1.74 3.18
06 Bnh Chanh 2002 02 20 30 0.27 0.42
07 Cu Chi 2003 03 20 30 0.16 2.05
(Nguon: Chu Pham Ngoc Sn, 2001).

Nguon phat sinh va d lng ton tai cua DDT

Trc nam 1985, Viet Nam s dung lng thuoc tr sau qua viec nhap khau t Lien Xo.
Hang nam so lng nhap khau thuoc tr sau theo c tnh nam 1961 la 315tan/nam,
nam 1974 la 22tan/nam, en 1981 la 1000tan/nam va en nam 1992 b cam s dung
nhng tren thc te no van con s dung en nam 1995. Va en thi iem hien nay (theo
bao cao cua Nguyen th Hong Tu lam viec Phong thuoc phong benh - Bo Y Te) mot
lng DDT van con ang c lu hanh va s dung Viet Nam.

T nam 1991 1998, Nha nc co lenh cam s dung va nhap khau mot so loai thuoc tr
sau, DDT va cac hoa chat khac trong nhom 1 cua POPs la mot trong so o. DDT cam
c nhap khau t nam 1993 nhng nhng kho hang cha DDT cho phep gia han cam
nhap en trc nam 1995. Tren thc te, theo ket qua ieu tra cua Bo Y Te van con 1tan
DDT c lu tr Viet Nam va nguon nay la do nhap bat hp phap DDT vao nam
1998 t Trung Quoc, Rumani va An o.

Hien nay, theo c oan co toi thieu 26 a phng trong ca nc con lu tr mot so
lng ln POPs va cac loai thuoc tr sau qua han s dung trong cac kho lu cha hang.
Tuy nhien, hau nh nhng loai hang ton kho o la nhng loai thuoc tr sau hon hp va
nh vay rat kho khan cho viec xac nh chnh xac lng POPs thc s. Bo Nong nghiep
va phat trien nong thon ang thc hien mot d an quan ly dch hai tong hp (IPM) cho
vu mua nham muc ch giam thieu viec s dung thuoc tr sau trong lnh vc nong
nghiep.

Tren bnh dien ca nc, 70% dan so Viet Nam hoat ong trong lnh vc san xuat nong
nghiep va cung cap 40% trong ty trong GDP cua ca nc. Thuoc tr sau a s dung
Viet Nam t nam 1940. Mot so so lieu a ghi nhan c cho thay trong nam 1957 lng
thuoc tr sau s dung la 100 tan/nam. en nam 1980 lng thuoc tr sau s dung a len
en con so 10,000 tan/nam, va en 1990 la 21,600 tan/nam; con en 1995 th con so
nay a len en 33,000 tan. Theo ghi nhan tai hoi ngh ve POP tai Ha Noi nam 1999,
thuoc BVTV s dung tai Viet Nam c nhap khau di dang nguyen lieu tho ong thi
cung c san xuat trong nc (phoi tron, them phu gia, ong goi), va 80-85% trong cac
loai thuoc tr sau la thuoc dien con trung (insecticides).

Trong nam 1991, 20,000 tan thuoc tr sau (vi 80% la thuoc diet con trung) a c s
dung. Trc 1993, ch co 4 cong ty hoat ong trong lnh vc san xuat va ong goi thuoc
tr sau, trong o ln nhat la Cong ty thuoc tr sau Viet Nam VIPESCO (thuoc Bo

51
Cong Nghiep). VIPESCO co 9 nha may (bao gom ca 1 nha may lien doanh vi Han
Quoc). Hien nay theo ieu tra ghi nhan co khoang hn 20 - 60 cong ty SX thuoc tr sau
ang hoat ong tai Viet Nam.

Viec lu tr thuoc tr sau cac loai, theo c tnh gia thanh cua cac thuoc tr sau ang
lu gi tr gia khoang 2 trieu USD. Tuy nhien ieu quan trong la khong co ai co the biet
c la trong so thuoc tr sau con lu gi nay co mat cac loai nam trong danh muc 12
POP b cam hay khong! Thuoc tr sau thng con c cac ngi nong dan lu gi tai
gia nh (nha) cua ho, ma hau het trong ho khong co cac kien thc can thiet e hieu ro
s nguy hiem tiem tang cua chung, hay cac bien phap phong chong ngo oc.,. va cung
chnh v vay a co kha nhieu cac ghi nhan ve nhng s co ang tiec xay ra cho nhng
ngi dan nay. Thc te cho thay trong nhng nam qua th nhu cau s dung phan bon va
thuoc tr sau ang ngay cang tang len kha nhanh do ngi dan ngay cang mong muon
gia tang san lng san xuat nong nghiep cua mnh en mc cao nhat.

oi vi viec lu gi thuoc tr sau, cac ieu tra cho thay con kha nhieu thuoc tr sau cac
loai hien ang c lu gi trong cac nha nay san xuat. Da theo mot so nguon tin cua
cac c quan chc nang c phong van, hien co t nhat 26 v tr van con ang lu gi cac
loai thuoc tr sau a b cam. Tuy nhien, phan ln trong so nay la cac loai thuoc tr sau
hon hp, va v vay rat kho e xac nh chnh xac thanh phan POP trong cac v tr nay.
Bo Y Te van cho rang hien con co khoang 1 tan DDT ang con c lu gi. Mac du
DDT a b cam Viet Nam t lau nhng theo bao cao cua Greenpeace th a co bang
chng cho thay DDT van con c nhan khau vao Viet Nam vao nam 1998 t Trung
Quoc va An o. Ve cac nghien cu lien quan en cac a iem moi trng b nhiem
thuoc tr sau do san xuat va lu gi th van con rat t, hau het cac nghien cu nh vay
c thc hien Viet Nam cac nam qua eu tren oi tng la Dioxin.

Z.6. hh0h kh0 khkh T0h VIE6 kIEM 80kT F0Fs

Giai quyet hien trang ton tr, s dung va co ke hoach quan ly viec thai bo vao moi
trng POP la van e mang tnh cap bach toan cau. Chng trnh moi trng cua Lien
hiep quoc (UNEP) a co hang loat cac bien phap tng bc trao oi thong tin ve POPs,
giup cac quoc gia thong ke xac nh cac nguon POPs nh Dioxin, PCB, DDTtuy
nhien, cho en nay viec thong ke chnh xac nhng nguon thai bo POPs ch ang thc
hien bc s khai. Theo so lieu cua Bo Tai Nguyen va Moi Trng, hien nay moi nam
cac nganh kinh te nc ta thai ra khoang 113.000 tan chat thai nguy hai, trong o co cac
chat hu c ben nhng cha co n v nao x ly tap trung. Nhng c s san xuat n le
thng khong u kinh ph e au t cho he thong x ly nen c ton kho so lng hang o
hoac oi luc mang i chon lap. Ca hai phng phap x ly cua cac n v eu khong an
toan va gay o nhiem nang ne cho con ngi va moi trng can thiet c x ly theo
phng phap khac. Ro rang viec nghien cu va phat trien cong nghe thch hp e x ly
cac loai vat lieu co nguon goc t POPs la rat can thiet va cap bach trong tnh hnh cua
nc ta hien nay.

52

T nhng phan tch hien trang phat thai cung nh d lng ton tai cua cac loai POP a
phan tch muc tren cho thay nhng kho khan trong viec xac nh chnh xac lng ton
tai cua POP tren pham vi khu vc toan quoc la kha nhieu. Co the tong ket cac nguyen
nhan chnh sau:

- Cha co qui che va khung e quan ly cac hp chat POP. Chung ta cung biet rang
ngay ca oi vi van e chung la qui che cho viec quan ly chat thai nguy hai cung cho
c phat trien mot cach chi tiet, va viec ng dung qui che nay cung ang gap phai
nhieu kho khan (tham chi nhieu ieu trong qui che 155 cua TTCP cung ang kien ngh
can phai sa oi cho phu hp hn.

- Chung ta cung mi chnh thc tham gia cong c Stockhom c hn 1 nam qua, va
hien nay mi ang tien hanh thc hien viec xay dng chng trnh hanh ong Quoc Gia
(National Implementation Plan NIP) theo hng dan cua GEF oi vi cac chat POP
nh mot so Quoc Gia a thc hien.

- Khai niem ve s phan biet gia POP hay chat thai nguy hai (hazardous waste) va
chat thai oc hai (toxic, poisonous waste) van cha ro rang. Hau het oi vi cong ong
th khai niem POP van con kha mi me, ma thc s cho en nay th nh ngha POP la g
van cha c xac nh ro rang nh Luan van a e cap (ngoai tr danh sach 12 POPs
b cam s dung theo cong c Stockhom).

- Thieu thiet b, phong th nghiem at tieu chuan va mang li quan trac. ay la
nguyen nhan chu quan t hien trang kho khan chung cua ca nc. Mot so mau phan tch
tham ch con phai gi i nc ngoai. Thc te cho thay tat ca cac chng trnh co lien
quan en cac hoat ong ieu tra phan tch POP eu la cac chng trnh d an co von tai
tr hay hp tac vi nc ngoai (cac to chc quoc te).

- Khong co thong tin chi tiet ve nguon thai va bang thong ke so lng nguon thai. ay
co le la nguyen nhan chnh ma giao trnh a e cap en nhieu. Cac nguon phat thai cua
POP cac loai luon phan tan, khong tap trung, nhat la oi vi cac nguon phi cong nghiep
(nam ngoai nha may), khong the kiem soat c, va cung cha co phan tch nao a thc
hien oi vi cac nguon nay. Con oi vi mot so nguon khac t nhieu cung a xac nh
c v tr th cung gap phai rat nhieu kho khan khi ieu tra nh d lng ton tai trong
tng thiet b, cac doanh nghiep hoac nganh cong nghiep eu khong quan tam nhieu tren
cac van e POP nen ho khong biet chnh xac ho ang ton d bao nhieu, cac thiet b
kiem soat o nhiem khong kh thng de dang co ket luan hoac khang nh la x ly
c triet e cac kh o nhiem nen hay b bo qua cac kha canh la ham lng POP
(dioxin, furan, PCB) la bao nhieu.

- Thieu ky thuat va bo phan nhan s quan ly chuyen nghiep. Hau nh co the noi cung
cha trien khai c bat c khoa ao tao nao cho cho cac can bo quan ly, nhng ngi
trc tiep lam viec trong moi trng lao ong lien quan en cac chu e ve POP. Viec

53
nay chan chan phai trien khai trong nhng nam ti khi chung ta co c chng trnh
hanh ong Quoc Gia NIP ve POP.

- Thieu nguon ho tr tai chnh e chng trnh/ ke hoach c xuc tien. Ro rang ay
cung la yeu to quan trong oi hoi nha nc phai co mot khoan ngan sach cho viec quan
ly toan bo cac chat POP nay trong NIP ve POP (giong nh chng trnh nghien cu ve
Dioxin ma chung ta ang thc hien.


CAU HOI ON TAP

1. POPs la g? Trnh bay cach thc phan loai POPs?
2. Cac nguon phat sinh POPs la au? anh gia nh the nao ve hien trang cac nguon
phat sinh o tai Viet Nam va khu vc TPHCM?.
3. Tai a phng cua ban co nguon phat sinh, lu gi hay s dung hp chat POPs nao
khong?
4. Trnh bay cac kho khan trong viec kiem soat POPs tai Viet Nam.
5. Hay thiet lap mot ke hoach e quan ly POPs phu hp cho a phng (tnh, thanh
pho) cua ban.
54
6huong 8

80 Vkh 6h0YEh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI Vk khh
h00h 60k 6h0h T0h M0I T00h


Nghien cu e hieu ro ban chat cua s van chuyen chat thai nguy hai va anh hng cua
chung oi vi moi trng khong ch la nhiem vu cua cac can bo khoa hoc ma con la
nhiem vu cua cac can bo quan ly va cua tat ca nhng ai ang lam nhng cong viec lien
quan en chat thai nguy hai (quan ly, x ly, kiem soat,). Viec hieu ro ban chat cua
nhng qua trnh nay ngoai viec a ra cac giai phap quan ly va kiem soat thch hp oi
vi tng loai chat thai, con co the giup cho chung ta ne tranh c s nhng hau qua
ang tiec khi lam viec vi cac chat thai nguy hai. Viec thai ra nhng chat gay o nhiem t
nhng nguon cha chat thai nguy hai co the xay ra 1 hoac hn trong 3 pha long, ran va
kh. S phat thai trang thai long bao gom nhng hien tng nh s thoat nc thai nguy
hai va s thai cac loai nc thai nay trc tiep vao cac nguon nc mat, nc va hoa chat
ro r vao at va tham vao cac nguon nc ngam, s phat tan cua cac kh thai oc hai vao
trong khong kh,

S thai bo cac chat thai nguy hai gay o nhiem vao moi trng co the kiem soat c va
co the khong c kiem soat. Qua trnh thai bo cac chat thai nguy hai co kiem soat la
mot phan ban chat cua thc tien quan ly chat thai nguy hai hien nay ma chung ta quan
tam, la noi dung chnh cua cac qua trnh san xuat cong nghiep va x ly chat thai nguy
hai. Quan iem chung ve viec thai bo chat thai co kiem soat la viec thai ra cac chat gay
o nhiem c quan ly bang cach giam thieu s nguy hai cua chung en moi trng, hoac
chuyen hoa chung thanh nhng chat thai khong hoac t nguy hai hn. Mot v du cho
phng phap nay la s pha loang chat o nhiem va s hoa tan cua chung trong moi trng.

Nhng hien tng phat thai chat thai nguy hai vao moi trng mot cach ba bai, khong
c kiem soat, la nhng v du cua s yeu kem trong he thong quan ly chat thai noi
chung. V du ve s phat thai khong c kiem soat co the la: hi khoi t lo ot rac khong
co he thong x ly kh thai, viec nt gay cac ng ong dan chat long nh dau va hoa
chat, hay s ro r t mot thung cha hoa chat vao long at. V du khac nh t nhng nha
kho cha hoa chat lau ngay khong hoat ong, am t, ngot ngat do thong gio kem, nhn
chung la khong co nhng bien phap quan ly moi trng thch hp. Nhng v du nh vay
cho thay viec thai ra chat o nhiem co the dan en nhng s co moi trng ln, oi khi rat
kho hoac khong the cu van cac hau qua, thiet hai nghiem trong ma chung gay ra cho
con ngi va moi trng.

55
Khi co mat trong moi trng, chat thai nguy hai se di chuyen va ket hp hoac phan ng
vi mot so yeu to nhan tao hoac t nhien khac trong moi trng. Chung co the lan
truyen, xam nhap mot cach nhanh hay cham, mot cach trc tiep hay gian tiep. S di
chuyen nay co the xay ra ca ba moi trng ran, long va kh.

S thai chat thai nguy hai dang ran xuat hien trong khong kh va trong nc (cac hat
ran l lng). Nhng s thai bo nay co ac trng la chat gay o nhiem c hut bam vao
chat ran hoac phan huy trong chat nen (khong kh, nc).


Hnh 3.1 - S van chuyen chat thai nguy hai trong moi trng

Chat thai nguy hai c con ngi thai vao moi trng se nhanh chong phat tan vao kh
quyen, thuy quyen va a quyen. Mot phan chat thai nguy hai cung nh cac oc chat cua
chung se c gi lai kh quyen, thuy quyen hoac a quyen, mot phan khac se quay
tr lai sinh quyen qua cac qua trnh tch luy sinh hoc cung nh tch tu sinh hoa.

Khong nhng the chat thai nguy hai con co the di chuyen t kh quyen sang a quyen,
thuy quyen va ngc lai bang cac qua trnh nh: S lang tu, boc hi, s dan nc, xoi
mon va dong chay mat,
56

Nhn vao s o tren hnh 3.1 ta co the mo ta s van chuyen cua mot chat thai nguy hai
nao o trong moi trng.

V du: Chat thai nguy hai A dang kh c thai vao kh quyen. Tai ay chat A se
chu anh hng cua moi trng kh quyen cung nh tnh chat cua chnh mnh ma chat thai
nguy hai A co the ton tai dang sng khoi hay dang bui. Mot phan chat thai nguy hai A
anh hng en sinh quyen bi cac c che tch tu sinh hoa, mot phan se van chuyen vao
moi trng at va nc bi s lang tu (ma). Trong at, chat thai nguy hai A hay san
pham cua no se gay oc cho moi trng at va anh hng en sinh quyen thong qua s
tch luy sinh hoc va mang li chuoi thc an. Khong ch the chat thai nguy hai A hay san
pham cua no co the van chuyen xuong nc trong at, vao tang nc ngam hoac chay
tran tren be mat at (do ma) en thuy quyen va gay oc cho he sinh thai nc. Va lai
tiep tuc quay tr lai kh quyen bi s boc hi (neu con u lieu lng). Ben canh o sau
khi co mat trong moi trng nc do s lang tu chat thai nguy hai A hay san pham cua no
co the se gay oc cho sinh quyen cung nh co the van chuyen vao a quyen bi s dan
nc. Va cung co the se tr lai kh quyen bi s boc hi.

e hieu ro hn ve s van chuyen chat thai nguy hai trong moi trng ta phai tm hieu
them ve s van chuyen cua no trong cac moi trng thanh phan nh at, nc, khong kh
cung nh nhng c che anh hng en s van chuyen o.

8.1. 80 Vkh 6h0YEh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI T0h kT.

Hnh 3.2. S van chuyen chat thai nguy hai trong moi trng at

57
at c xem la mot ni tiep nhan chu yeu nhng san pham va hoa chat thai c s
dung trong xa hoi hien ai cua chung ta. Khi cac chat nay c a vao trong at, qua
trnh van chuyen va chuyen hoa cua chung tr thanh mot chu trnh anh hng en tat ca
cac hnh thc cua i song trong moi trng at. e hieu ro s van chuyen cua chung
trong moi trng at, chung ta can co nhng khai niem tong quat ve nhng chat o nhiem,
nhng phan ng cua chung trong at, va nhng phng cach hu hieu e tieu huy, hoac
lam on nh co nh chung trong moi trng at.

S xam nhap cua oc chat vao moi trng at c thc hien thong qua hoat tnh cua
keo at va nc trong at.

8.1.1. kao daI

3.1.1.1. Cau tao:

La hat vat chat mang ien c cau tao bi 4 lp tnh t trong ra ngoai la:

Trong cung la nhan, thng la hp chat vo c hay hu c. Co the la axt silic
hoac oxit sat, oxit nhom, hoac KBr.
Ke en la lp mang ien, thng la ien am (se la keo am) goi la lp ion quyet
nh the hieu cua keo. Neu lp nay mang ien dng se la keo dng.
Lp th 3 la lp ion mang ien trai dau vi lp th hai. ac tnh cua lp ion nay
la co nh va c mang ten la ion khong di chuyen.
Lp cuoi cung la lp ion trao oi co ien cung dau, cung ien vi lp th 3 nhng
no co kha nang trao oi vi moi trng ben ngoai bi v lc lien ket oi vi no
kem ben vng so vi lp th 3.



Hnh 3.3. Cau tao cua keo at
Nguon: Sinh thai Moi Trng at (Le Huy Ba, 2001)
58

Ngi ta thng goi lp th nhat la nhan keo, lp 2, 3, 4 c goi chung la lp ien kep,
lp 3 va 4 th c goi chung la lp ien phu.

Vi cau truc nay, keo at co kha nang hap thu trao oi ion gia be mat cua keo at vi
dung dch at bao quanh no.

3.1.1.2. Kha nang hap phu chat thai nguy hai cua keo at.

i. hi |. o |o

Xay ra khi loc nc co cha chat thai nguy hai. Khe h mao quan va phi mao quan gi
lai cac hat tap chat trong nc co ng knh ln hn ng knh khe h, lam nc sach
hn mot phan. ay la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan lam nc ngam sach.

|. hi |. |ii |:

Xuat hien tren be mat hat keo khi gia chung va moi trng trong at co tren lech nong
o phan t. Nguyen nhan la do nang lng be mat. Vat chat nao lam giam sc can be
mat ngoai dung dch at, th se b hap phu vao be mat hat keo. Ngc lai, vat chat nao
lam tang sc can mat ngoai dung dch at se b ay ra khoi hat keo. Cac phan t nho cua
moi trng at co the hut phan t at cung co the hut cac phan t kh, hi nc va cac
phan t chat long. Cac phan t at cung co the hap thu nhng phan t khong phan ly
thanh cac ion cua cac vat chat ran di dang phan t.

V du: Khi dung dch dau tham qua at th cac phan t trong dau b hap phu, hoac
mot dung dch mc mau tham qua moi trng at b gi lai mot so lp phan t mang mau
nen mc b nhat mau. o la kha nang hap phu cua at vi moi trng nc. Con oi vi
moi trng kh, at cung co kha nang o. Ve kha nang nay co the xep theo th t yeu
dan:
Hi nc > NH
3
> CO
2
> N
2


. hi |. |.io ao| (oi _o| |i |i |. |oi)

La kieu hap phu thong qua s trao oi ion gia be mat cua keo at (lp ien trao oi) vi
dung dch at cha chat thai nguy hai bao quanh no. Nh a biet hat keo co the la am
hay dng nen co the xay ra s hap phu trao oi ion dng hay hap phu trao oi ion am.

Hap phu trao oi Cation.
Nguyen ly: Dang hap phu nay ch xay ra tren be mat tiep xuc cua keo am (lp ion
trao oi la dng). V du xung quanh keo at co Ca
2+
se c trao oi vi mot cation
trong dung dch at tren be mat tiep xuc. Chang han nh vi H
+
cua HCl mi xam nhap
59
vao dung dch at. S trao oi nay la hoat tnh rat ac trng cua keo at va moi trng
sinh thai at, khong mot moi trng nao co.

S hap thu anion cua keo at.
S hap thu nay xay ra keo dng (v lp ion trao oi tren be mat hat keo la am
con lp quyet nh the la dng). S hap thu nay la khong nhieu v a so keo at la keo
dng con keo am qua t. Tuy vay tnh hap phu nay co may ac trng sau:

Ve kha nang hap thu co the theo trnh t sau: H
2
PO
4
-
> HCO
3
-
> SCN
-
>
SO
4
2-
> Cl
-
> NO
3
-
.
Co the chia lam 3 nhom theo kha nang hap phu:

- Nhom 1: Hap phu manh: PO
4
3-
, HPO
4
2-
, H
2
PO
4
-
. Do kha nang tao ket tua manh khi
ket hp Al
3+
, Fe
3+
, Ca
3+
hoac trao oi OH
-
tren be mat keo cao.
- Nhom 2: Khong b hap phu: V du: Cl
-
, NO
3
-
va NO
2
-
v chung la nhng muoi de
tan (khong ket tua) v vay chung de b ra troi. Tuy nhien cac nha khoa hoc cho
rang neu moi trng at qua chua th mot lng nho anion se b hap phu vao at.
V du khi pH = 3,3, lng Cl
-
hap phu se la 1,1meq/100.
- Nhom 3: La nhom trung gian gia nhom 1 va 2, gom co SO
4
2-
, SO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
, CO
3
2-

va SiO
3
2-
. Trong trng hp co canxi th SO
4
2-
se hap phu nhieu hn e tao thanh
CaSO
4
hoac CaSO
4
.2H
2
O (thach cao).

Kha nang hap thu anion phu thuoc vao pH moi trng at. at chua hap phu nhieu anion.

a. hi |. |oi |o .i ao| |.:oi_ ai|.

La s hnh thanh cac ket tua cua hp chat hoa hoc t cac chat de tan trong dung dch at.

V du: CaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
--------> CaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
Fe
3+
+ PO
4
3-
--------> FePO
4

3Ca
3+
+ 2PO
4
3-
--------> Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

V vay cac hp chat mi tao thanh c hap phu trong moi trng at (khong b ra troi).

Trong cac kieu hap phu ke tren th hap phu trao oi la ac trng nhat cho hoat tnh moi
trng sinh thai at. No cung la mot trong nhng hoat tnh quan trong cua s van chuyen
chat thai nguy hai trong moi trng at.

8.1.Z. huor Irong daI.

Nc ong vai tro quan trong trong at. Th nhat, mot lng ln cua nc phai c cung
cap e lam thoa man s oi hoi cho thc vat sinh trng, bi v nc b mat lien tuc do
boc thoat hi t mat la va t mat at, mat nc. Th hai, nc la mot dung moi ket hp
60
vi nhng dng chat hoa tan thanh dung dch at ma t o thc vat co the hap thu
nhng nguyen to thiet yeu. Ben canh o chnh hai vai tro tren ma nc ong vai tro quan
trong trong viec di chuyen chat thai nguy hai trong at.

Nc trong at thng hien dien nhng te khong, nhng ni khong b chiem hu bi
khong kh. Tuy nhien, mot vai ni chung ta co the quan sat thay nc va khong kh
cung hien dien chung trong mot te khong. Xung quanh cau t at c bao boc thanh mot
mang nc vi lc hap phu rat manh, ben ngoai la nc ma ngng tu co kha nang cung
cap cho thc vat s dung de dang. Nhng ai te khong se cha ay nc khi ma ln va
sau o mat i do chay tran hoac do tham xuong tang di. Neu trong nc co chat thai
nguy hai se theo c che nay ma di chuyen sau xuong long at.


Hnh 3.4. Nhng cau t at vi cac te khong bao boc xung quanh.

Phan ln cac te khong eu c chiem hu do nc, bao boc xung quanh cau t at la
mot mang nc mong; vai ni khong kh van con hien dien gia nc va cac cau t at.

Khi at b kho th lng nc trong te khong khong nhieu, va phan ln cac te khong b
chiem bi khong kh. Anh hng en s van chuyen chat thai nguy hai trong at thong
qua nc. Tuy nhien lng nc trong at con le thuoc vao nhieu yeu to khac nh: sa
cau, o sau cua tang at, ieu kien thi tiet va ieu kien canh tac cung nh mc nc
thuy cap.

Khi lng am o at toi hao cho s sinh trng thc vat, nc trong nhng te khong co
the cha chat thai nguy hai se di chuyen trong at va thc vat se s dung chung. S di
chuyen cua nc trong at co the theo bat c hng nao: di chuyen xuong do anh hng
cua trong lc, di chuyen len ben tren hoac ngang theo hien tng mao dan.
61

3.1.2.1. Hien tng mao dan

Hien tng mao dan la kha pho bien. Mot v du ien hnh la s di chuyen cua nc len
tren khi nhung mot au day bac en cay vao nc.

Lc mao dan ton tai trong tat ca cac loai at. Tuy nhien toc o di chuyen va dang len cao
cua mao quan th le thuoc vao c s cua nhng te khong cha trong at. Hn na vai te
khong co cha ay khong kh th se lam cham va chong lai s di chuyen cua nc bang
mao dan. Vo hnh chung lam chong lai s di chuyen cua nc co cha chat thai nguy hai.

Thong thng chieu cao dan nc len t mao dan ln nhat khi at co sa cau mn, neu co
u thi gian va te khong khong qua nho. ieu nay c giai thch tren c ban cua kch
thc mao quan va tnh lien tuc cua te khong. Vi at cat, no xay ra nhanh chong, nhng
qua nhieu te khong khong co mao quan nen chieu cao cua nc mao dan se khong ln.

S di chuyen nc trong at thc hien theo nhieu hng khac nhau khi ma s hap dan
gia nhng te khong at va nc c thc hien theo ca hng ngang va ca hng doc.
Y ngha cua mao dan trong viec kiem soat s di chuyen nc trong nhng te khong se tr
nen hien nhien khi nghien cu s di chuyen cua chat thai nguy hai trong at.

3.1.2.2. Nc di chuyen xuong do ap lc trong lc

Tac ong cua trong lc oi vi nc cung giong nh oi vi bat c vat the khac, hap dan
theo chieu hng vao trung tam trai at. Ap lc cua nc trong at co the c bieu dien
bang phng trnh sau:

0
= g * h
g: la gia toc trong trng.
h: la chieu cao cua nc trong at mot o cao a hnh nao o.

Trong lc ong vai tro quan trong trong viec van chuyen nc tha (chat thai nguy hai)
t vung re ben tren do bi ma ln hoac do cung cap nc. La mot trong nhng yeu to
quan trong a nc xuong tan nc ngam.

Ngoai cac yeu to tren s di chuyen chat thai nguy hai trong at con phu thuoc vao rat
nhieu yeu to nh: nhiet o, o pH, he so hut am, Ngoai ra con phu thuoc nhieu vao tnh
chat hoa ly cua moi loai chat thai. e de dang thay c s di chuyen cua chat thai nguy
hai trong at ta can xem xet nhng v du cu the.

8.1.8. uong dI rua Ihuor saI Irung Irong daI.

62
Du thuoc sat trung c phun tren la thc vat, tren be mat at, hay c a vao trong
at, mot phan kha ln nhng hoa chat cuoi cung cung di chuyen vao trong at. Nhng
hoa chat nay roi se di chuyen qua mot hoac nhieu hn trong so 6 hng chnh nh sau:

Chung se boc hi vao trong kh quyen ma khong co s thay oi ve hoa hoc.
Chung co the c hap thu bi phan t mun va set.
Chung co the di chuyen xuong ben di xuyen qua at dang chat long hoac
dang dung dch va mat i do bi trc di.
Chung co the trai qua nhng phan ng hoa hoc ben trong hoac tren mat at.
Chung co the b phan huy bi nhng vi sinh vat.
Chung co the c hap thu bi thc vat va c giai oc ben trong thc vat.

So bien oi rieng biet cua nhng hoa chat nguy hai nay se c quyet nh t nhat mot
phan do cau truc hoa hoc cua chung.


Hnh 3.5. Tien trnh anh hng tieu huy chat hu c la thuoc sat trung trong at.


i. |i| |i| |o |o|.

63
Tnh chat boc hi cua thuoc sat trung thay oi rat ln va tiep theo o la s nhay cua
chung e co the tan vao bau kh quyen. Vai loai thuoc xong at e x ly moi trng at,
nh methyl bromide, c chon bi v ap suat boc hi cua no kha cao cho phep chung
xam nhap vao trong cac te khong at tiep xuc vi nhng sinh vat ma chung ta muon tieu
diet. Do co ac tnh nh the nen chung cung de dang b boc hi, tan bien nhanh chong
vao kh quyen sau khi c x ly trong moi trng at, ngoai tr at b che phu hoac b
bt kn tren be mat at. Vai loai thuoc diet co (th du nh trifluranlin) va thuoc diet nam
th cung de bay hi va nh vay, s boc hi la cach thc chu yeu cua viec chung bien mat
t at.

Nhng nghien cu trc ay cho rang s bien mat cua cac thuoc sat trung t trong at la
bang chng cua s phan huy chung, nhng ngay nay ngi ta biet c nhieu hn ve
chung th co the at cau hoi. Th du, ngay nay ngi ta biet rang mot vai hoa chat a b
bien mat vao kh quyen se quay tr lai at hoac ri vao nc mat khi ma.

|. : |i |..

S hap phu cua thuoc trung vao at phan ln c quyet nh bi nhng tnh chat cua
thuoc sat trung va at ni ma thuoc sat trung c a vao. S hien dien cua nhng
nhom chc nao o, nh OH, -NH
2
, -NHR, -COOR, va NR
3
, trong cau truc cua thuoc
sat trung se tao ieu kien thuan li cho s hap phu, ac biet mun at. Lien ket hydro
va s them proton (nh them H
+
vao mot nhom nh NH
2
) thuc ay s hap phu. Xet mot
cach tong quat th kch thc phan t cua thuoc sat trung cang ln, moi th khac eu
bang nhau, th s hap phu cua no cang ln.

Vai loai thuoc sat trung vi nhng nhom mang ien dng, cung c hap phu bi set
silicat. Vai loai thuoc sat trung c hap phu do set co khuynh hng phu thuoc vao o
pH, s hap phu toi a xuat hien pH thap, tai ay co s them proton xay ra. S them ion
H
+
vao

trong nhom chc (nh -N) mang lai mot s tch ien dng tren thuoc diet co, dan
en mot s hap dan bi nhng at mang ien am.

. : |.: a|.

Khuynh hng cua thuoc sat trung e trc di t at th tng quan gan vi tnh hoa tan va
kha nang hap thu cua chung. Nhng phan t hap phu manh dng nh khong co kha
nang nhieu e di chuyen xuong ben di. Tng t, nhng ieu kien thuan li cho s hap
phu lai khong thuan li oi vi s trc di. S trc di de thc hien bi s di chuyen cua
nc, do o at cac co lng set va chat hu c thap th co s di chuyen nc de dang, va
nh vay no san sang cho s trc di tot. Nhn chung thuoc diet co di ong nhieu hn thuoc
diet nam hoac diet con trung va s s dung qua mc thuoc diet co co the gay ra o nhiem
nghiem trong nguon nc ngam. Thuoc diet co hap phu yeu th de di chuyen trong at
hn nhng loai hap phu chat.

64
a. !|:i_ |ii :i_ |oi |o.

Vai loai thuoc sat trung trai qua nhng s bien oi hoa hoc oc lap oi vi nhng sinh
vat trong at. Cho th du, DDT, diaquat, va triazines de b quang phan
(photodecomposition) hoat ong bi bc xa mat tri. Thuoc diet co triazines va thuoc diet
tr con trung cha phosphor hu c de b thuy phan va phan huy sau o trong at. Trong
khi tnh phc tap t cac cau truc phan t cua thuoc sat trung tao ra nhng c che phan
huy khac nhau, th ieu quan trong can thay ro la s phan huy oc lap bi nhng sinh vat
at thc te la khong xay ra.

Bang 3.1 - o hap phu cua vai loai thuoc diet co

Ten thong thng Ten thng mai Tnh hap bam tren keo set
Dalapon Dowpon Khong
Chloramben Amiben yeu
Bentazon basagran Yeu
2,4-D Several Trung bnh
Propachlor Ramrod Trung bnh
Atrazine Aatrex Manh
Alachor Lasso Manh
EPTC Eptam Manh
Diuron Karmex Manh
Paraquat Paraquat Rat manh
Trifluralin Treflan Rat manh
DCPA Dacthal Rat manh
Nguon: Giao trnh Moi Trng at (Le Phat Qui, 2000)

. : |.yi |oi |o| i v| -|i| vi| |.oi_ ai|

S phan huy sinh hoa bang cac vi sinh vat at la phng phap quan trong nhat ma nh o
cac thuoc sat trung c di chuyen khoi at. Cac nhom chc nao o nh OH, -COOR,
va NH
2
tren nhng phan t thuoc sat trung cung cap nhng v tr cho vi sinh vat tan
cong.

DDT va nhng thuoc sat trung cha clo nh aldrin, diedrin, va heptachlor b phan huy rat
cham trong at. Ngc lai, thuoc tr sau cha phosphor hu c nh parathion b phan huy
hoan toan nhanh chong bi nhng loai vi sinh vat trong at. Tng t, thuoc diet co c
s dung rong rai nhat, nh 2,4-D, phenylureas, aliphatic acid, va carbonates th san sang
b tan cong bi nhieu vi sinh vat trong at. Ngoai tr triazines (nh atrazine) b phan huy
cham, chu yeu la phan huy hoa hoc, hau het nhng thuoc diet nam cung de dang b phan
huy bi vi sinh vat, mac du toc o phan huy co cham hn, va no cung gay ra nhng van
e ve cac d lng thuoc con lai trong at.
65

|. : |i ||. .i ||: vi|.

Thuoc sat trung thng c hap thu bi cac thc vat bac cao, mot tien trnh can thiet noi
len s hieu qua cua hau het thuoc diet co va vai thuoc diet con trung. Hoa chat b hap
thu co the van ton tai ma khong b bien oi ben trong thc vat hoac chung co the b phan
huy. Vai san pham phan huy la hoan toan vo hai oi vi con ngi va nhng sinh vat
khac, nhng mot so san pham khac th lai oc hai, vai trng hp th no con oc hn
thuoc sat trung ban au. Nhng tan d cua thuoc sat trung, ac biet la trong phan an c
cua thc vat (trai cay, hat,), la nguy hiem en con ngi khi chung ta an nhng phan
nay. S hien dien cua thuoc bao ve thc vat trong thc vat an c can phai c kiem
soat nghiem ngat e bao am an toan cho con ngi khi s dung.

Kha nang lu ton cua thuoc sat trung trong at

S lu ton cua thuoc sat trung trong at la mot s tong hp cua tat ca cac phan ng, s di
chuyen, va s phan huy anh hng len nhng hoa chat nay. Nhng khac nhau ro rang ve
s ton lu la mot nguyen tac cho cac loai thuoc bao ve thc vat khac nhau. V du, thuoc
diet con trung cha phosphor hu c co the keo dai ch vai ngay trong at, thuoc diet co
c s dung pho bien nhat la 2,4-D lu ton t 3 15 nam hoac dai hn (Bang 3.2), thi
gian lu ton cua nhng thuoc diet co khac, thuoc diet nam, va thuoc diet con trung th
thong thng nam khoang trung gian. Phan ln cac thuoc sat trung phan huy nhanh
chong u e chong lai s tch luy trong at. Nhng thuoc sat trung nao khang c lai s
phan huy thng co kha nang lam thiet hai en moi trng cao hn.

Bang 3.2 - Kha nang lu ton trong at cua mot so loai thuoc sat trung

Thuoc sat trung Kha nang lu ton
Arsenic Khong xac nh
Thuoc diet con trung Chlorinalted hydrocarborn(Td. DDT,
chlordane, dieldrin )
2-5 nam
Thuoc diet co Triazine (Td. Amiben, simazine) 1-2 nam
Thuoc diet co Benzoic (Td. Amiben, dicamba) 2-12 thang
Thuoc diet co Urea (Td. Monuron, diuron) 2-10 thang
Thuoc diet co Phenoxy (2,4-D,2,4,5-T) 1-5 thang
Thuoc diet con trung Organophosphate (Td. Malathion,
diazinon)
1-12 tuan
Thuoc diet con trung Carbamate 1-8 tuan
Thuoc diet co Carbamate (Td. Barban, CIPC) 2-8 tuan
66
Nguon: Giao trnh Moi Trng at (Le Phat Qui, 2000)

8.1.4. huor va kh ro r Iu rar baI rar

Nc ro r

Nc ro r co the c nh ngha la chat long tham qua chat thai ran nguy hai va cha
nhieu chat hoa tan va l lng t chat thai ran o. Trong hau het cac bai rac an toan mot
phan nc ro r la do chat long sinh ra t s phan huy chat thai va phan con lai la do chat
long i t ngoai vao bai rac nh: he thong thoat nc be mat, nc ma, nc ngam va
nc phun len t di at.





















Hnh 3.6. S o cua dong chay t oan

Khi nc ro r tham xuyen qua chat thai ran ang b phan huy ben di bai rac se mang
theo cac phan t hoa hoc va cac chat sinh hoc. Cac so lieu nghien cu ve thanh phan hoa
hoc cua nc ro r cho thay gia tr nong o cua nhieu thanh phan thay oi trong pham vi
rat rong. Nc ro r cha rat nhieu chat hoa tan va co the co ca vi khuan gay benh di
chuyen tham nhap vao nguon nc ngam, ket qua la nguon nc ngam b o nhiem nang.
S o nhiem cung co the xay ra tng t oi vi nguon nc mat.

e tranh o nhiem nguon nc, cac c quan quan ly co tham quyen nen e ra nhng bien
phap nghiem ngat e kiem soat nc ro r t bai chon lap rac va phai co s giam sat tot.
67
Bien phap ky thuat e kiem soat nc ro r t bai rac hp ve sinh la thiet ke va lap at
cac lp lot ay bai rac e ngan chan s tham va sau o can phai thu gom nc ro r.
Ben canh viec bo tr cac lp lot ay bai rac can thiet phai co he thong x ly nc ro r
t rac e lam sach nc ro r thu c trc khi thai no vao moi trng.


Hnh 3.7 - Lot lp chong tham cho bai chon lap

O nhiem khong kh t cac bai rac

Cac kh sinh ra t cac bai rac bao gom amonia NH
3
, oxyt carbon CO, hydro H
2
, sulfua lu
huynh H
2
S, nit N
2
, cacbonic CO
2
, metan CH
4
la cac kh sinh ra do qua trnh phan huy
k kh rac thai.

Trong hau het cac trng hp, tren 90% the tch kh sinh ra t s phan huy chat thai ran
la cacbonic CO
2
va metan CH
4
. Khi metan co mat trong kh vi nong o 5 15% no se
gay no. Tuy nhien trong bai rac khong co oxy va khi nong o metan at en gia tr noi
tren no van khong gay no. Mac du hau het kh metan thoat vao trong kh quyen, nhng
van co the tm thay cacbonic va metan

len en nong o 40% khoang cach 120m ben
canh bai rac. oi vi bai rac khong co s thong kh, pham vi cua s duy chuyen ngang
nay thay oi phu thuoc vao thuoc tnh vat lieu bao phu va cau tao at a xung quanh.
Neu khong kiem soat s thong kh xung quanh bai rac vao bau kh quyen th no co the
tap trung ben di cac cong trnh xay dng, cac khoang trong xung quanh bai rac ve sinh.

68

Hnh 3.8. Tac nhan sinh hoc phat sinh kh thai t bai chon lap

Neu co s thong kh thch hp th metan khong con la van e ang quan tam. Nhng ve
phng dien khac, cacbonic co the gay ra mot so van e xau do ty trong cua chung. Nh
a biet kh cacbonic nang gap 1,5 lan khong kh va nang gap 2,8 lan metan, v vay no co
khuynh hng di chuyen xuong di ay cua bai rac. Ket qua la nong o cacbonic trong
cac tang thap hn cua bai rac co the cao trong nhieu nam.

Mat khac do ty trong cua no, cacbonic se di chuyen xuyen qua cac lp at a di ay
bai rac cho ti khi no tiep xuc vi nc ngam. Cacbonic lap tc hoa tan vao nc cho pH
cua nc ngam thap hn, s hoa tan nay co the tang o cng va ham lng muoi khoang.

V vay, bat c qua trnh nao lam tang cacbonic t do san sang hoa tan vao nc ngam se
lam tang carbonate calium hoa tan. S gia tang o cng anh hng chu yeu bi s co mat
cua carbon dioxyde trong nc ngam.

Hien nay e bao ve moi trng khong kh tai cac bai rac, co the s dung cac thiet b thu
gom kh va thiet b kh kh. Sau khi x ly se c tan dung lai lam kh ot hay ot bo
trc tiep.

8.Z. 80 Vkh 6h0YEh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI T0h h006.

Nc la mot moi trng thuan tien cho viec van chuyen cac chat gay o nhiem vao moi
trng. Nhng chat gay o nhiem c phat thai vao nc nh the nao? Nhng s phat
thai co kiem soat chat che vao cac nguon nc mat (nh nhng dong kenh, suoi, con
song va cac ao ho) la ieu kien bat buoc e bao ve nguon nc. Co kha nhieu loai cac
dong thai khac nhau c thai trc tiep vao nguon nc mat. V du nh dong chay ra t
cac cong trnh x ly nc thai, thiet b loc nc thai ra t cac lo ot rac, nc r c x
ly t cac bai rac, nc ra c x ly t cac phng tien tai che va tai s dung

69
Hau nh moi c s san xuat cong nghiep va thng mai eu sinh ra mot lng nc thai
nao o. Do kha nang lam sach nc thai cua chung ta hien nay va sau nay kho co the at
c 100%, nen ca viec thai nc thai co kiem soat vao nc mat cung se luon la mot
nguon gay o nhiem vao moi trng bo xung.

S quan trac phat thai nhng chat thai nguy hiem vao nc ngam thong thng t khi
c thc hien. That vay, hau het cac s phat thai chat gay o nhiem co kiem soat eu
lien quan en cac chat khac hn la chat thai nguy hiem, va xuat hien tren mat at tren ca
nc ngam. Viec ap dung thuoc tr sau trc tiep vao at la mot v du nh the. Mot v du
khac la viec s dung cac thung cha t huy tai cho va nhng canh ong co ng mng
chay ngang qua cac can nha nong thon.

Hnh 3.9 - Qui trnh chuyen oi va s phan huy ben di be mat va trong kh quyen

Nhng s phat thai khong kiem soat xay ra ca trong nc mat lan nc ngam. S r nc
va cac chat o nhiem chay ra t nhng bai rac la mot v du ien hnh cho nhng s phat
thai khong kiem soat vao nguon nc mat va nc ngam. Nhng s phat thai o la ket
qua cua nhng c che t nhien, o la s tac ong cua lng ma dan en dong chay mat
hoac s phat sinh nc ro r. Cac s phat thai khong kiem soat khac do hoat ong cua con
ngi nh nhng s chay tran cung xuat hien.

8.Z.1. ua Irnh Iram Irh, bay hoI, phan Ian rua 6Thh Irong moI Iruong nuor.

Trong moi trng nc, nong o, s di chuyen, bien oi va oc tnh cua chat thai nguy
hai trc het b kiem soat bi: cac ac tnh ly hoc, hoa hoc cua cac chat thai nguy hai;
cac ac tnh ly, hoa, sinh hoc cua he sinh thai, va nguon va t le cua hoa chat trong moi
trng.

Cac ac tnh ly hoa hoc la rat quan trong, bao gom cau truc phan t, tnh tan trong nc,
ap suat bay hi. Tnh on nh cua s thuy phan, quang phan, phan huy sinh hoc, boc hi,
hap thu, thong kh, s t lam sach cua cac vi sinh vat va co s tham gia cua cac cap moi
70
trng (khong kh nc; tram tch bun - nc) cung cung cap nhng thong tin quan
trong.

Mot so yeu to cua moi trng nc co the anh hng en tnh oc cua chat thai nguy hai,
chang han the tch nguon nc va dien tch be mat, nhiet o, o man, pH, dong chay, o
sau, ham lng chat l lng, kch c hat tram tch va ham lng carbon trong tram tch
bun.

Ty le trung bnh cua cac hp chat trong nguon chat thai vao moi trng nc la rat quan
trong trong viec d oan nong o hoa chat trong moi trng tiep nhan. Tuy nhien, ty le
trung bnh cua nguon vao va toc o thai ra cao trong thi gian ngan do san xuat th rat
kho e c tnh nen co the tnh khong chnh xac se cao. Thong tin ve nong o c ban cua
hoa chat va cac san pham bien oi trung gian cung rat quan trong trong viec tnh toan
nong o cua chung trong moi trng nc.

Cac loai thong tin tren khong ch c s dung e tnh nong o hoa chat trong moi trng
ma con dung e xac nh: ong hoc cua chat thai nguy hai va cac phan cua moi trng
nc trong o no co the b phan tan; cac loai hoa chat va cac loai phan ng sinh hoc co
the xay ra trong qua trnh di chuyen va sau khi lang tu; dang san pham sau cung va tnh
ben vng cua chat thai.

Kien thc ve ac tnh ly hoa hoc cua cac loai chat thai nguy hai cho phep d oan ve cac
bien oi cua cac hoa chat o trong moi trng nc. Chang han, cac hoa chat nguy hai co
ap suat bay hi cao va tnh tan trong nc thap co khuynh hng khuech tan t nc vao
trong khong kh (bay hi). Cac chat thai nguy hai co ap suat bay hi thap va tnh tan trong
nc thap thng lang xuong ay, cac hoa chat co tnh tan cao thng ton tai trong nc.
Cac hoa chat tan trong nc co o phan tan rong va ong nhat hn cac hoa chat t tan
trong nc.

Trong nc, mot so loai chat thai nguy hai co the ton tai ca ba dang khac nhau va eu
co the anh hng en sinh vat, o la: hoa tan; b hap thu bi cac thanh phan vo sinh hoac
hu sinh hoac l lng trong nguon nc, hoac lang tu xuong ay va tch tu trong c the
sinh vat. Cac chat hoa tan trong nguon nc de b sinh vat hap thu. Cac hoa chat k nc
co the lang xuong bun ay, dang keo, kho co the b sinh vat hap thu. Tuy nhien, cung
co mot so sinh vat ay co the s dung chung qua ng tieu hoa hay ho hap. Cac hoa
chat tr thanh tram tch ay co the tai hoat ong khi lp tram tch b xao tron. Hoa chat
co the tch tu trong c the sinh vat tai cac mo khac nhau, qua qua trnh trao oi chat va
thai tr lai moi trng nc qua con ng bai tiet.

Chat thai nguy hai tan trong nc co the ton tai ben vng va duy tr c cac ac tnh ly
hoa cua chung trong khi di chuyen va phan bo trong moi trng nc. Hoa chat ben vng
co the tch tu trong moi trng nc en mc co the gay oc. anh gia tnh ben vng cua
71
hoa chat, ngi ta a ra ai lng thi gian ban huy cua chung. Hoa chat cung co the
bien oi thanh dang khac do cac bien oi vo c va hu c. Cac phan ng, bien oi vo c
chiem u the trong moi trng nc la thuy phan, oxy hoa, quang phan. Cac phan ng vo
c co the cho ra mot hoa chat, hoa chat nay co the hoac khong the tham gia vao qua trnh
bien oi sinh hoc. Ca, vi sinh vat va thc vat bien oi hoa chat qua nhieu qua trnh bien
oi sinh hoc khac nhau hoac b chung hap thu. Cac qua trnh bien oi sinh hoc nay khac
hoan toan vi cac phan ng quang hoa va bien oi vo c trong moi trng nc. Cac van
chuyen sinh hoc qua trung gian la cac thc vat va ong vat anh hng en nong o cua
hoa chat trong moi trng. Tuy nhien, oi vi hau het cac hp chat hu c trong moi
trng nc, cac tac ong cua chung rat ang ke khi so vi cac san pham cua qua trnh
bien oi vi sinh. Noi chung, van chuyen sinh hoc co khuynh hng lam thoai hoa cac hoa
chat thanh dang t oc hn, co cc hn va tan trong nc. Tuy nhien, thc te khong phai
luon nh vay, oi khi san pham bien oi co tnh oc hn.





















Hnh 3.10 Mot so qui trnh chuyen oi va s phan huy trong moi trng nc

Mot so qua trnh lien quan en s di chuyen, tch tu chat thai nguy hai trong moi trng
nc nh: Qua trnh vat ly, pha loang cua dong chay, phan tan be mat, boc hi; qua trnh
chuyen hoa phan huy chat hu c; qua trnh tram tch; s hap thu sinh hoc cac chat ban
cua thc ong vat vi sinh vat thuy sinh; s tac ong cua anh sang mat tri.

S pha loang:
72
Nhng chat thai nguy hai khi c thai vao nc, chung se nhanh chong b phan
tan hay b pha loang trong nc. Ket qua cua s tac ong o lam giam nong o cua mot
so chat thai nguy hai trong nc. Qua trnh nay c thuc ay bi s tham gia cua chnh
nc song, suoi tren be mat va di ay dong song.

S tram tch:
S di chuyen chat thai nguy hai con co s giup cua s tach ri va tram lang
dang ran cua chat thai nguy hai trong nc dang can bun. Co the neu ra 4 dang chat
ran xuat hien trong nc thai nguy hai la: Dang l lng, dang b phan huy, dang tao keo
va dang lang xuong. ay hau nh la nhng dang on nh va de tach.
oi vi nguon nc b nhiem phen, s tng tac gia cac hat keo set (keo am) trong phu
sa l lng trong nc gap cac cation Al
3+
, Fe
2+
chung se tao ra phc dang cang cua va
lang tu xuong. Vo tnh qua trnh nay keo chat o nhiem xuong bun ay va lam cho nguon
nc sach hn.

S oxi hoa:
Ngay khi cac chat hu c vao trong nc, no bat au oxi hoa nh s phat trien cua
cac vi sinh oxi hoa trong nc. Qua trnh nay xay ra oi vi mot so chat thai nguy hai
dang hu c. Cac chat hu c se b oxi hoa het hay mot phan va tuy theo cau truc tng
loai ma cho ra cac dang khac nhau, nhng a phan san pham cua chung la vo hai. ay la
mot trong nhng qua trnh anh hng en s ton lu chat thai nguy hai trong nc.

S thuy phan:
Cac sinh vat yem kh se hoa long va chia nho thanh phan cua cac chat thai hu c
va phan tan chung trong nc.

3.2.2. ua Irnh hap phu, Ihuy phan.

Qua trnh hap phu

Ve ban chat cua viec phat tan cac chat thai nguy hai trong lp nc mat, hap phu la s
tch tu quan trong cua cac chat hoa hoc tren be mat lp at. ac biet hn na no la s
phan bo cac chat thai hu c hoa tan t nc ngam hoac nc mat vao cac khoang chat
cua lp nc mat. Mot v du quan trong la s ket dnh cua cac phan t hu c thanh dang
bong dan en s tao nguon keo tu trong nc.

Viec phan chia cac chat tan gia cac giai oan da tren moi quan he ai lc cua chat tan
cho cac chat hap phu va cac chat dung moi. Ai lc la mot hien tng phan t quan trong
va la mot tac dung hoa hoc, vat ly va lc hut tnh ien. Hai v du khac la s di chuyen
phan lng va s trao oi vi cac ion kim loai.

73
Mo hnh hai giai oan hap phu nhan ra moi quan he khong tuyen tnh, qua trnh co ac
nhanh chong, giai oan song ngan, gay ra bi giai oan tiep nhan can bang cham hn,
lau hn.

Ty le hap phu co the cham i, em en ng i cua viec khuech tan quanh co t khoi
chat tan cha nc tao thanh cac bot nc va sau o thong qua cac bot kh tu lai ngang
qua lp hon hp nc e hap phu cac thanh phan hu c hoac cac khoang chat.

That s nhieu loai phat thai lien quan co thi gian hap phu la hang ngay, hang tuan, hang
nam, nh PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenils)


Hnh 3.11 - S phan chia cua dung moi - chat hap phu (hnh trai) va hai giai oan hut
tham be mat (hnh phai)

Qua trnh thuy phan:

Nhng chat hoa hoc co the phan ng vi cac phan t nc, phan ng hoa hoc nay c
goi la qua trnh thuy phan. Phan ng phat nhiet cua vai loai phan ng cua chat thai nguy
hai la mot v du. Qua trnh thuy phan thng c mo ta la s trao oi gia OH
-
va anion
nhom X cua hp chat hoa hoc, ket qua la s phan ly cua hp chat nh sau:

RX + HOH ---> ROH + HX

oi vi hau het cac chat hoa hoc qua trnh thuy phan co anh hng khong quan trong so
vi cac tien trnh khac ve s bien oi cac hp chat hu c. Tuy nhien oi vi cac chat
hu c nhom Cl, ac trng cua chung c bien oi mot cach cha hoan toan bi s phan
giai sinh hoc, qua trnh thuy phan co the quan trong tuy thuoc vao cac tac nhan khac.
Qua trnh thuy phan cua cac hp chat hu c nhom Cl oi hoi s trao oi cua nhom
hydroxyl vi anion X tren mach carbon. Phan ng ac trng cua alcohol hoac anken c
bieu dien nh sau:

74


Thc s phan ng cua hydroxyl co the c dien ra bi cac phan t nc hoac cac ion
hydroxyl khac. Phan ng co the c xuc tac bi axit hoac cac chat hoa hoc thuoc nhom
gia trong bang tuan hoan. Toc o cua qua trnh thuy phan da vao o pH va nhiet o
cua H
2
O, cac hp chat hoa hoc. S o nay cung co the c minh hoa bi s phu thuoc
manh me cua toc o phan ng thuy phan tren cau truc hp chat.

Ta co the tom lc, nhng khong phai la phng phap chnh xac tuyet oi, phan ng thuy
phan c xem nh la phan ng loai 1 vi hang so pH va nhiet o:
dC
---- = - KC
dt
Vi: C = nong o (khoi lng tren the tch)
t = thi gian phan ng.
K = toc oc phan ng loai th nhat tai thi iem nhiet o va pH luc o.

Gia tr K co the c xac nh tai phong th nghiem. Tuy nhien no rat kho tr thanh d
lieu ang tin cay bi v moi phan ng se co nhng anh hng rieng biet cua phan ng
thuy phan.

3.2.3. Fhuong Irnh rhon dong rhay.

Trong phan nay, chung ta se xem xet cac phng trnh quan ly dong chay nc ngam va
s van chuyen cac chat thai nguy hai theo chung.

Mo hnh sau giai thch can ke hai chieu kiem soat dung lng. Theo Darcy, ta co cac
thanh phan trong dung lng la x, y va van toc v
x
, v
y



75
Phng cua cac yeu to la dx, dy. Viec i vao ma khong lam thay oi dung lng ta co
phng trnh nh sau:

Q
in
= Q
out

Vi: Q
in
= lu lng vao
Q
out
= lu lng ra

Lu lng dong chay c tnh theo Darcy nh sau:

Q
in
= V
in
* A

Vi: Q
in
= lu lng dong chay vao (cm
3
/s)
V
in
= van toc dong chay theo Darcy (cm/s)
A = mat cat dong chay (cm
2
)

Ta lai co:
Q
in
= v
x
* dy + v
y
* dx

Va lu lng ra khoi the tch o c tnh la:

v
x
v
y

Q
out
= (v
x
+ ---- d
x
) d
y
+ (v
y
+ --- d
y
) d
x


x

y


Vi: v
x
/ x = ty le so thay oi trong dong chay theo Darcy tai x
v
y
/ y = ty le so thay oi trong dong chay theo Darcy tai y

Cho the tch khong thay oi, lu lng vao va ra la bang nhau cho ket qua nh
sau:

0 = (v
x
/ x) dx dy + (v
y
/ y) dx dy

Bnh phng n v vi chieu n v dx = dy = 1 phng trnh cho ta
0 = v
x
/ x + v
y
/ y

Cong thc Darcy co the c viet cho viec chay tai phng x va y nh sau:
v
x
= k
x
h/x

3.2.4. ha Ihong dong rhay IhaI.

Dong chay thc te c ai dien cua v tr oan au thuy lc, la o th hai chieu tai lp
di be mat. Dong chay thc la nhng ng ang the c sap xep va nhng dong
76
chay. Dong chay thc la mot dung dch co trang thai chay hai chieu eu an di nhng
v tr ranh gii ac biet. Tai sao phai ve he thong dong chay thc trong thi ai cua giai
phap may vi tnh? Neu thieu kinh nghiem, cau truc cua he thong dong chay thc se hnh
thanh viec anh gia ung nc ngam chay trong t nhien va neu co kinh nghiem, he
thong dong chay thc te cung cap nhng ket qua chuan mc oc lap at c t nhng
he thong tinh vi hn.

Nhng he thong dong chay thc te rieng biet mot cach c ban c tom tat nh sau:
Viec au tien khac biet gia hai ng ang the gan ke nao o la giong
nhau vi hai ng khac.
Nhng dong chay se giao nhau vi nhng ng ang the tai goc ben phai
S o c bao lai bi hai ng ang the gan ke va nhng dong chay
bang bnh phng tren thc te.
V tr cua nhng ng ang the la so hang cua ty le thc ngc lai cho
cac o doc thuy lc.
Moi kenh dong chay truyen i eu giong nhau ve so lng ro r.

Lng ro r di mc ong nhat, cac v tr ang hng co the c bieu dien nh sau:
q = k * h * n
f
/ n
d

Vi: q = lu lng tren mot n v dai [cm
3
/ (s * cm)]
k = he so lan truyen thuy lc (cm/s)
h = o cao thuy lc (cm)
n
f
= so dong chay kenh
n
d
= so ang hng ri

o doc thuy lc gia hai ng ang hng c viet nh sau:

i = (h / n
d
) / l

Vi: i = o doc thuy lc
h = o cao thuy lc (m)
n
d
= so ang hng ri
l = khoang cach doc theo ng chay gia hai ng ang hng
(m).

Tom lai, he thong chay co the cung cap moi quan he tac ong nhanh ngha la xem xet
mot cach chnh xac o cao thuy lc va viec chay tai lp di be mat. He thong li chay
co the c dng cho viec chay hai chieu thong qua mot n v hoac cho viec xem xet
mot ke hoach.

Hnh ve sau se bieu dien cau truc he thong li chay that oi vi tang ngam nc trao
oi vi mot dong song. Tnh toan dong chay lp di be mat tren mot met cua dong
77
song s dung cho toan bo he thong dong chay that c bieu dien nh sau vi k = 1 * 10
-2

cm/s.


Hnh 3.12. He thong dong chay thc oi vi mot tang ngam nc


3.2.5. 6ar vung khar nhau rua su nhIam ban Irong moI dong rhay.


ng cong o
hut oxi hoa tan
(DO)



Vung o nhiem Vung phan ra Vung phan
huy
Vung thu hoi Vung nc
sach
Ch th vat ly Can ba lang
xuong ay.
Thay oi chat
ran.
Can lang
xuong ay.
uc do kh oc
hai.
uc.
Can lang
xuong ay.
Sach.
Can khong co
di ay.
S ton tai cua
sinh vat.
Ton hai en
sinh vat.
Hau nh
khong ton tai.
Ton hai en
sinh vat
Khong anh
hng

Bon vung bien oi cua nc o nhiem

Mot dong song b nhiem ban thong thng se trai qua bon vung chuyen bien vi mc o
nhiem ban khac nhau: Vung phan ra; vung phan huy; vung phuc hoi; vung nc sach.
78

Vung phan ra:
Vung nay thng xay ra ni thap hn cua nguon thai, khi lng nc thai chay vao
song. Tieu bieu cho vung nay la nc tr nen am va uc vi s hnh thanh can bun
lang. Ham lng oxi hoa tan giam xuong ti < 4 mg/l, ham lng CO
2
tang len, xay ra s
thong kh tr lai nhng van cham hn kh oxit. Tnh trang o khong thuan li cho viec
phat trien i song cac sinh vat di nc.

Vung phan huy:
Vung nay ac trng bi s o nhiem qua mc. ieu o c mieu ta nh s thieu oxi hoa
tan, dong nc b xam va en hn cung vi s tac ong bo sung s phan huy yem kh
chat hu c va s tang kh CH
4
. H
2
S, CO
2
va N
2
. Phan ln nc thai co bot noi len be
mat tao mau en. i song sinh vat nhat la ca hau nh khong co.

Vung phuc hoi (sau khi a t lam sach).
Trong vung nay nc song co gang phuc hoi lai nhng dien mao trc ay cua chung.
Hau nh cac chat hu c c on nh nh bun, lng BOD va ham lng DO tang nhieu
hn. Cuoc song cua vi sinh vat di nc bat au xuat hien, nc tr nen sach hn, nam
va tao xuat hien tr lai.

Vung nc sach:
Trong vung nay tnh trang t nhien cua nc song c phuc hoi, ch so DO cao hn.
Lng oxi can bang vi ham lng DO. ay s thu hoi c cho la hoan toan.

Chung ta co the xem xet cac v du cu the e hieu ro them ve s van chuyen, bien oi va
ton lu cua chat thai nguy hai trong nc:

1. O nhiem do cac chat hu c nguy hai:

Nhieu chat thai cong nghiep, chang han cac chat thai t cac nganh cong nghiep san xuat
hoa hoc hu c eu co cha nhng hp chat hu c co tnh oc nh cac phenol, cac
cyanua, DDT Nhng hp chat nay khi c thai vao cac ao, ho, dong chay khong ch
lam chet cac vi khuan, tiet trung the nc, lam cho nc o khong con co kha nang trai
qua qua trnh t lam sach ma con gay chet ca va nhng thuy san khac ngay khi nong o
thap. Mot so hp chat hu c quan trong, gay oc oi vi ca, va co mat trong nc thai
cong nghiep, thng c thai ra song, ho la cac phenol, Naphtalen, Formalehyt,
cyanua, Hydrocacbon clo hoa, mercaptan Mot trong nhng dau hieu nhanh nhay cho
biet nc a b o nhiem bi nhng chat oc la hien tng ca chet.

Cac hp chat hu c, (tr mot vai chat ac biet ben) eu co the b phan giai bi cac vi
sinh vat song trong nc. Trong qua trnh xay ra cac phan ng phan giai nay, mot lng
oxy hoa tan trong nc b tieu hao. Ngay ca nhng chat co tnh oc nh phenol, cyanua
cung uc phan giai bang cach o vi ieu kien la nong o cua chung trong nc thap.
79

Neu lng nap chat hu c gay o nhiem (tc lng chat hu c gay o nhiem cho vao mot
the nc trong mot n v thi gian) nho, o pha loang bang nc bao hoa oxy cao th
ham lng oxy hoa tan trong nc co the u e cho nhng vi khuan hieu kh (nhng vi
khuan can oxy t do) phan giai cac hp chat hu c mot cach hoan toan thanh nhng san
pham cuoi cung khong oc va khong co mui. Trong trng hp nay, nhng anh hng
xau cua hien tng o nhiem nc c tr kh mot cach t nhien va nc c coi la trai
qua qua trnh t lam sach.

Ngc lai, neu hien tng o nhiem chat hu c qua nang ne, tc lng nap hu c qua
ln th lng oxy hoa tan trong nc b dung het. V vay, lng chat hu c con lai se b
phan giai bi loai vi khuan yem kh. Luc nay san pham cua s phan huy cac chat hu c
la hoan toan khac, cac san pham nay thng oc va co mui hoi kho chu nh metan
(CH
4
), amoniac ( NH
3
), sunfuahydro (H
2
S), photphin (PH
3
)

Trong cac the nc tiep nhan o nap chat hu c ln. Thng do hien tng phan giai
chat hu c ma nong o oxy b giam xuong di mc o gii han oi vi ca, trong trng
hp o ca b chet ngat.

2. O nhiem do cac chat vo c nguy hai:

Nhng hp chat vo c oc hai co mat trong mot so cac loai nc thai cua mot so nganh
cong nghiep, nhng chat pho bien nhat trong so o la clo t do, amoniac, sunfua hydro va
nhng sunfua hoa tan, cac muoi cua nhieu kim loai nang (kem, ong, ch, niken,).
Nhng hp chat nay co the gay can tr hay lam ngng han qua trnh t lam sach cua
nc v chung lam chet vi khuan va cac vi sinh vat khac co trong nc nen s phan huy
cac chat gay o nhiem hu c b ngng lai. Nhng chat nay con lam chet ca cung cac
ong vat va thc vat song trong nc. Nhieu loai tao b pha huy bi ong sunfat ngay
nhng nong o rat nho.

Kem la nguyen to kim loai nang rat oc oi vi ca. Nhieu nganh cong nghiep co nc
thai cha kem vi ham lng ang ke, chang han cong nghiep san xuat cac hp chat cua
kem, cong nghiep san xuat cao su Hien tng o nhiem kim loai nang cac nguon nc,
ac biet o nhiem ch va Asen gay nguy hiem ve mat y te neu nc a b o nhiem lai c
s dung thng xuyen lam nguon nc an. Hien nay ngi ta a tha nhan cac florua (F)
la nhng chat oc. Do viec san xuat va s dung ngay cang tang cac hoa chat, cac chat
deo va nhng chat khac co cha flo nen nhieu loai nc thai cong nghiep co cha cac
florua. Nhng dong song co cha nc thai mang theo florua se nguy hai cho dan c
nhng vung dung nc cac song o. D nhien nc uong can co nong o florua khoang 1
phan trieu e khong xay ra hien tng hong rang, nhng neu nong o cac florua ln hn
th se gay ngo oc flo va gay hong rang.

80
Nhieu chat kh vo c rat oc oi vi ca, nh hydro sunfua (H
2
S), Clo (Cl
2
), photphin (PH
3
)
thng c sinh ra trong nc b o nhiem.
8.8. 80 Vkh 6h0YEh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI T0h kh 0YEh

Cac hnh dang chat o nhiem ma chung ta thng gap trong khong kh:

Bui: 1 200m, c tao thanh do s phan ra t nhien cua a va at hoac t
cac qui trnh c hoc nh nghien va phun, co toc o lang ln va co the tach ra
khoi kh quyen nh trong lc va cac lc quan tnh. Bui mn ong vai tro trung
tam xuc tac cho cac phan ng hoa hoc xay ra trong kh quyen.
Khoi: gom cac hat mn co kch thc t 0.01 en 1m, co the dang ran hoac
long, c tao ra t qua trnh ot hay cac qua trnh hoa hoc khac.
Khoi muoi: cac hat ran co kch thc t 0.1 en 1m, c thai ra t cac qua
trnh hoa hoc hay luyen kim.
Sng: tao thanh t cac giot chat long co kch thc nho hn 10 m, c tao
thanh do s ngng tu trong kh quyen hay t cac hoat ong cong nghiep.
Mu: la cac hat sng c tao thanh nc vi o am ac co the can tr tam
nhn.
Sol kh: loai nay bao gom tat ca cac chat ran hay long l lng trong khong kh,
chung co kch thc thng nho hn 1 m.

S phat thai chat thai nguy hai vao moi trng thong thng co the c phan loai nh
sau: s phat tan trang thai kh hay s phat tan cac chat hat. S phat tan trang thai kh
chu yeu bao gom cac hp chat hu c ma o c che thai chu yeu la s bay hi. S phat
tan kh cung co the c tao ra t qua trnh san xuat hoac x ly chat thai. Viec phat tan
cac chat dang hat phan ln phat sinh t nhng s ot chay, s xoi mon do gio va cac qui
trnh c hoc, viec thai ra cac mau hat nguyen chat ma trong o co the co vo so nhng
chat gay o nhiem. Cac chat o nhiem bao gom khong ch la cac chat hu c ma gom co ca
cac kim loai nang, va vai loai chat thong thng khac, trong o co ca PCB va dioxin.
Cac qua trnh chay co the thai ra nhng loai kh (va la san pham cua s ot chay va la
san pham cua s ot chay khong hoan toan) va chat hat dang tro bay hi khong c
ot chay.

Thong thng nhng qua trnh va yeu to tac ong en s phat thai chat thai nguy hai
trong khong kh bao gom:

- S boc hi: La s chuyen oi cua mot loai hoa chat t mot the long sang mot the
kh. S bay hi la nguon phat tan chu yeu trong khong kh hau het nhng ni
cha chat thai nguy hai. Cac nguon tren mat at bao gom cac thung cha hoa
chat, nha kho, cac thiet b ong dan con cac nguon mat at nh nc r t mot
ni chon phe thai, o nhng chat hu c co the boc hi t nc r va di chuyen
en be mat at. Toc o boc hi phu thuoc mot phan vao nhiet o, ap suat hi
nc cua chat o, va s khac biet trong moi quan he gia chat long va chat kh.
81
Nhng chat o nhiem boc hi co the i thang vao kh quyen, hay chung co the i
qua con ng quanh co chang han nh nhng chat gay o nhiem ben di be
mat at. Nhng s chuyen hoa cua nhng chat nay phu thuoc vao s khuyech tan
anh sang xuyen qua cau truc moi trng xop cua at. Nhng chat gay o nhiem,
xam nhap vao bau kh quyen do s boc hi, co the c o lng trc tiep tai cho
bang nhieu cach khac nhau, v du nh viec s dung cac may phan tch hi hu c.
Tuy nhien nhng dung cu nay thong thng khong co kha nang phan loai ra gia
cac hp chat hu c khac nhau.

- Nhiet ong hoc cua qua trnh chuyen ong thang ng cua khong kh oi vi khong
kh kho: Trong kh quyen ngi ta cho rang moi qua trnh gian n hoac nen ep eu
xay ra theo tnh chat oan nhiet (adiabatic) bi v s trao oi nhiet vi moi trng
xung quanh dien ra vi cng o khong u ln e dan en s can bang nhiet o,
noi cach khac la s trao oi nhiet vi moi trng xung quanh co the bo qua. Khi
mot khoi lng kh thai nguy hai bo xung boc len cao trong kh quyen theo
phng thang ng, no se chu tac ong cua mot ap suat moi luc mot giam nho,
no se gian n va nhiet o cua no se ha thap. Ngc lai, khi khoi kh o ha dan o
cao th no b nen ep, ap suat tang va kheo theo la nhiet o cung tang cao. Ngi
ta goi gradian nhiet o oan nhiet kho la o ha hoac tang nhiet o cua mot khoi
kh bo sung trong qua trnh boc len cao hoac ha xuong thap trong kh quyen
kho.Trong trng hp khoi kh thai nguy hai c van chuyen theo phng thang
ng trong kh quyen, hieu qua cua qua trnh thay oi ap suat va nhiet o la
chiem u the, con qua trnh truyen nhiet vi moi trng xung quanh bang dan
nhiet va bc xa la th yeu co the bo qua. ieu o co ngha la khoi kh thai ngy
hai khong c nung nong hoac lam nguoi t cac nguon nhiet ben ngoai (ma ch
do noi tai cua qua trnh gian n), tc dQ = 0. Moi qua trnh xay ra vi dQ = 0 c
goi la qua trnh oan nhiet (adiabatic, Q la lng nhiet).
- Nhiet ong hoc cua qua trnh chuyen ong thang ng cua khong kh oi vi kh
am. Thong so vat ly quan trong cua kh am la dung am w. o la lng hi nc
tnh bang kilogram cha trong khoi kh am co phan kho la 1 kg.

e
w = 0,622 ---------
p e

Vi: p la ap suat chung cua khoi khong kh am.
e la ap suat rieng (sc trng) cua hi nc trong khoi khong kh am.

Theo nh ngha tren cua dung am th kh am luon luon co the c phan thanh nhng
phan nh nhau ma trong moi phan eu co ty le hoa tron: 1 kg kh kho hoa tron vi w kg
hi nc cung nhiet o T va co ap suat rieng tng ng la p e va e.

82
- Nhiet ong hoc cua qua trnh chuyen ong thang ng cua khong kh oi vi kh
bao hoa hi nc: Trong qua trnh gian n oan nhiet cua khoi kh bao hoa ta can
xem xet en hieu qua cua nhiet an ngng tu. Khi khoi kh bao hoa boc len cao th
ap suat va nhiet o cua no giam va dan en s ngng tu hi nc. Neu goi w
s
la
dung am cua kh ng vi trang thai bao hoa cua no th qua trnh ngng tu se lam
cho w
s
giam

i mot ai lng - dw
s
tnh cho moi mot kilogram khong kh kho va
kem theo o mot lng nhiet thoat ra la rdw
s
trong o r la nhiet an ngng tu
(hoac hoa hi). nhiet o 0
0
C r = 2500 kJ/kg.
- Hnh dang luong khuyech tan kh thai nguy hai: o roi cua kh quyen c phan
biet thanh hai danh khac nhau: o roi oi lu do nhiet gay ra va o roi c hoc. o
roi c hoc xay ra t chuyen ong cua khong kh tren mat at va no phu thuoc vao
nhng yeu to khong thuoc ve nhiet nh nha ca, vat can oi vi chuyen ong cua
khong kh. o roi c hoc cang tang va mat at co nhieu cho go ghe loi lom. Roi
oi lu do nhiet va roi c hoc thng tac ong mot cach ong thi vi ty le khac
nhau en qua trnh khuech tan chat thai nguy hai. Roi oi lu c hnh thanh
phan ln la do lech nhiet o gia luong kh thai nguy hai va khong kh xung
quanh. S phan bo nhiet o theo chieu cao cua kh quyen co lien quan chat che
en chenh lech nhiet o noi tren va la yeu to quan trong cua hien tng roi oi
lu. Tuy thuoc vao s phan bo nhiet o theo chieu cao ta co ba cap on nh cua
kh quyen: khong on nh, trung tnh va on nh. Kh quyen trung tnh lam lo ro
qua trnh roi c hoc khi au, trong khi o kh quyen khong on nh lam tang roi
oi lu, con kh quyen on nh th lam triet tieu roi c hoc. Hnh dang va s phan
bo nong o cua kh thai nguy hai phu thuoc vao cac ac tnh cua roi.

Khi kh quyen khong on nh tc la khi phan bo nhiet o theo chieu cao co
dang sieu oan nhiet, kh thai nguy hai se co dang uon ln bi v cac phan t
kh khi b mot tac ong xao tron ngau nhien theo hng len cao no se tiep tuc
bay len cao va ngc lai - hng xuong thap no se tiep tuc bay xuong thap.
o la dang luong kh thai ien hnh thng co vao ban ngay khi mat tri ot
nong mat at vi cng o bc xa ln va gay ra cac ieu kien khong on nh
nhiet. Bc tranh tng t cung co the xay ra khi co roi c hoc tren mot quy mo
rong do oi nui pha au gio gay ra.
Luong kh dang hnh con thng hnh thanh trong ieu kien kh quyen trung
tnh hoac gan trung tnh khi tri co may che phu lam cho bc xa mat tri
hng vao mat at vao ban ngay va bc xa hong ngoai t mat at hng vao
khong trung vao ban em eu b giam. Goc m cua luong kh hnh con vao
khoang 20
0
.
Luong kh hnh quat thng xay ra trong ieu kien kh quyen on nh vi phan
bo nhiet o theo chieu cao theo dang nghch nhiet ket hp vi gio nhe. Trong
ieu kien nay tnh chat roi c hoc b triet tieu theo chieu ng va no ch phat
trien c theo chieu ngang lam cho luong khoi co dang mong va xoe rong
tren mat bang nh hnh cai quat. Vao ban em khi mat at c lam nguoi do
bc xa hong ngoai ra ngoai ta thng bat gap luong kh hnh quat.
83
Khi kh quyen co s phan tang, pha di sat mat at trong pham vi o cao
ong khoi co nghch nhiet con pha tren van co phan bo nhiet o bnh thng
(oan nhiet, sieu oan nhiet hoac di oan nhiet) th chat thai nguy hai se
tch tu gan mep tren cua lp nghch nhiet va tao thanh mat di kha bang
phang cua luong kh, chat thai nguy hai khuech tan c thuan li hn mat
tren. Trong ieu kien nay rat co li ve mat moi trng v nong o chat thai
nguy hai tren mat at b han che mc thap. Luong kh khuech tan manh
pha bien tren thng xuat hien vao chieu toi khi mat tri lan va tri trong,
khong may.
Cung tng t nh trng hp tren nhng s phan tang ngc lai: lp nghch
nhiet ben tren lp sieu oan nhiet - ta co bc tranh gan nh oi xng vi
hnh dang luong khoi trng hp tren: luong kh khuech tan manh mat di -
xong kh mat at. ay la trng hp bat li v nong o chat thai nguy hai
tren mat at se tang cao. Xong kh mat at thng xay ra vao buoi sang khi
mat tri ham nong mat at va cac lp khong kh mong tuan t t di len tren
nhng cha u e loai bo hoan toan lp nghch nhiet a hnh thanh t hom
trc.
Khi ca ben tren va di ong khoi eu co lp nghch nhiet luong kh se b gii
han hai lp nghch nhiet va chat thai nguy hai rat kho khuech tan len tren
lan xuong di - co the xem nh cai bay khoi.
- Chuyen ong ngang cua kh quyen: Chuyen ong ngang cua kh quyen (thanh
phan ngang cua gio) c hnh thanh chu yeu la do be mat Trai at c ot
nong khong eu, cong vao o la anh hng cua Trai at quay va anh hng cua
luc a, ai dng. Lng nhiet do Mat Tri chieu vao Trai at vung xch ao
ln gap nhieu lan so vi hai cc, do o khong kh vung xch ao quanh nam
nong bc con hai cc luon luon bang gia. Theo qui luat, he au nong hn th
khong kh nong o se boc len cao va chuyen ong ve pha co khong kh lanh,
con khong kh vung lanh se chay ve vung nong e thay the cho, tao thanh mot
vong chuyen ong tuan hoan ma ngi ta goi o la vong tuan hoan nhiet (thermal
circulation) giong nh chuyen ong cua khong kh trong mo gian phong co at lo
si ve mua ong. Gio thoi t vung ap suat cao en vung ap suat thap luc au co
hng song song vi ng kinh tuyen, nhng do Trai at quay t tay sang ong
nen no b lech ve hng tay. Do o bac ban cau co gio chu ao theo hng
ong bac va tay nam con nam ban cau theo hng ong nam va tay bac. Nh
vay phan ln hng gio chu ao hp vi ng xch ao mot goc 45
0
. Can lu y
rang hng gio tren tan cao co the khong trung vi hng gio tren mat at. S
thay o hng gio nh vay phu thuoc rat nhieu vao a hnh cu the cua thanh pho
hoac khu vc. Do o cac thong so co lien quan en s lan truyen chat thai nguy
hai trong kh quyen la van toc va hng gio can c khao sat o ac tai cho se
am bao chnh xac hn la can c vao so lieu quan trac kh hau du tien hanh trong
thi gian dai nhieu nam cac tram kh tng lan can. oi vi qua trnh khuech
tan chat thai nguy hai trong kh quyen th lang gio va gio cap 1 co kha nang gay
nguy hiem ve moi trng cho ban than cac nha may, khu cong nghiep ngay tai ni
84
phat thai chat thai nguy hai. Gio cap 2; 3 co the gay nguy hai cho khu vc dan c
nam tiep giap vi nha may hoac khu cong nghiep neu khong co dai cach ly. Cac
cap gio cao hn co tac dung khuech tan nhanh chong chat thai nguy hai ra pham
vi rong va xa, lam cho nong o chat thai nguy hai tren mat at giam i rat nhanh.
- Chuyen ong ngang cua khong kh sat mat at: a hnh, go ghe cua mat at va
cong trnh nha ca co anh hng rat ln en chuyen ong ngang cua khong kh
tren mat at. Khi gio thoi qua cong trnh, cac g sac canh cua cong trnh se hat
luong gio len cao tao ra o roi co cng o va kch thc ln hn nhieu so vi o
roi t nhien cua ban than luong gio, lam cho luong gio co kha nang b thay oi ca
van toc lan chieu hng chuyen ong.
- S thay oi cua van toc gio theo chieu cao: Bat ky mot chat long nao chuyen ong
trong ng ong, mng dan cung eu chu tac ong cua lc ma sat do thanh ong,
thanh mng dan gay ra oi vi dong chay. Chuyen ong cua khong kh tren mat
at cung chu tac ong tng t nh vay cua mat at: o nham, o go ghe cua mat
at lam cho van toc gio sat mat at co the xem la bang khong va cang len cao
van toc gio cang ln dan, luc au tang nhanh ve sau cham dan.

8.4. khh h00h Vk Tk6 0h 60k 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI.

8.4.1. 6o rha Iar dong rua rhaI IhaI nguy haI.

Chat thai nguy hai noi chung khi tiep xuc vi c the song se gay tac ong en cac c
quan nhay cam cua con ngi hoac sinh vat nong o u cao va thi gian u lau. S ton
thng cua sinh vat phu thuoc vao tnh chat ly hoa cua chat thai va tnh trang sc khoe
cung nh s phat trien cua c the sinh vat.

Anh hng cua chat thai nguy hai oi vi c the song thng thong qua mot so qua trnh
ong hoc: nh hap thu, phan bo, trao oi chat, tch luy, va bai tiet. Nhng tac nhan oc
hai thng khong the hien tnh oc hai tren be mat cua c the song. Thay vao o chung
se tiep dien thong qua mot chuoi cac tuyen tiep xuc va con ng trao oi chat. Bang
nhng con ng nay chat thai nguy hai va cac san pham chuyen hoa cua chung se i
en cac phan t tiep nhan hay cac c quan muc tieu va tch tu vi nong o u cao.

Khi mot sinh vat tiep xuc vi chat thai nguy hai no se hap thu vao c the sinh vat o
bang 3 con ng: mieng, da, va ho hap. V du: uong nc b nhiem dau, ht th khong
kh co kh CO, hay mat o co dnh thuoc tr sau. Khi vao ben trong c the chat thai nguy
hai se c hap thu vao mau va phan bo khap c the.

Trong mot so trng hp chat oc se c phan giai bang cac c che sinh hoa bao gom:
oxy hoa bi trung gian cac enzyme, kh alkyl (dealkylation) va cac phan ng thuy phan.
Ket qua cua cac phan ng nay la hnh thanh nhieu hp chat hoa tan trong nc, cac hp
chat nay co the se c bai tiet nhanh hn ra khoi c the thong qua he bai tiet.

85
Tuy nhien cac phan ng trao oi chat cung co the chuyen hoa cac hp chat cua chat thai
nguy hai thanh cac san pham oc hai hn. Phu thuoc vao ac iem va tnh chat cua chat
thai ma no hoac san pham cua no se lien ket vi cac phan t tiep nhan: protein, lipid tren
be mat mang te bao, acid nucleic, hoac la nhng phan t sinh hoc khac. S tng tac qua
lai cua cac phan t tiep nhan se tao ra cac c che oc hai. V du: Khi con ngi ht th
khong kh co cha carbon monoxide no se lien ket vi phan t tiep nhan hemoglobin va
gay oc hai cho c the con ngi v khi hemoglobin ket hp vi CO se mat kha nang van
chuyen oxy.

a. Tuyen tiep xuc:

Cac tuyen tiep xuc chnh vi chat thai nguy hai gom: da, ho hap, tieu hoa. Da tren ket
qua nghien cu tren c the song (chu yeu la ong vat), cac hp chat doc hai cua chat thai
nguy hai se c hap thu vao cac c quan khac nhau phu thuoc vao ai lc cua chung.
Anh hng cua s hap thu phu thuoc vao tuyen tiep xuc. C che hap thu thng c
ieu kien bi s khuech tan va mot phan phu thuoc vao he thong van chuyen.

Thong thng khi tiep xuc vi mot chat oc hai nong o a biet trong khoang thi gian
xac nh th ket qua tiep xuc qua tuyen ho hap se oc hai nhat, sau o en tiep xuc qua
an uong va cuoi cung la tiep xuc qua da.

Hap thu qua ng ho hap: Kh va hi oc de dang c ht vao trong c
the. Chat o nhiem dang hat co the i sau vao ng ho hap phu thuoc vao khch
thc cua chung. Bui vi ng knh t 0,5 en 0,7 um (pham vi co the ht c
vao c the) co the i vao cuong phoi va en tui phoi. Hat bui co ng knh ong
hoc hieu qua t 1 en 2 um co thi gian lu lai trong phoi lau nhat. Hat co ng
knh nho hn 1 um co kha nang b th ra ngoai lai nen chung t ton tai trong tui
phoi.

Hap thu qua ng an uong: Cac chat oc hai t chat thai nguy hai co
the c hap thu vao c the qua ng an uong, cac chat nay co the la cac hat
trong khong kh khi th qua mieng, co the la chat long hay ran. Cac chat nay co
the tch tu lai trong c the neu lng hap thu vt qua kha nang bai tiet cua c
the.

b. Tch tr.

Cac tac nhan oc hai t chat thai nguy hai co the di chuyen khap c the do s lu thong
cua mau. Ket qua la mot vai chat co the tch tr lai tai cac v tr khac vi c quan muc
tieu do ai lc cua no. Mot so v tr co kha nang tch tr chat oc hai trong c the la:

- Mo m lu tr cac hp chat khong phan cc (Cac chat thu hut m). V du: PCBs,
thuoc tr sau cha cac hp chat clo hu c.
86
- Huyet tng lu tr cac hp chat lien ket vi protein cua mau. V du: ion thuy
ngan.
- Xng lu tr ch, radium va fluor.
- Than lu tr cadmium.

oi khi s tch tr hoat ong nh mot c che bao ve v no lam cho cac hp chat oc hai
i en cac c quan muc tieu cham hn.

c. S chuyen hoa: Gom co chuyen hoa sinh hoc, s bai tiet.

Chuyen hoa sinh hoc:
Cac c quan giau enzyme chuyen hoa chat oc trong chat thai nguy hai thanh cac
phan t khac goi la chat chuyen hoa. Cac anh hng sau ay co the xay ra sau khi tiep
xuc vi cac hp chat hoa hoc:

Anh hng cong them: khi tiep xuc ong thi vi hai hoac nhieu hoa chat ket qua
la anh hng tong hp se bang tong cua cac anh hng oc lap khi tiep xuc rieng le vi
tng hoa chat. V du: khi tiep xuc vi cac thuoc tr sau phot phat hu c, anh hng se la
anh hng tong cong.
Anh hng khuech ai hay con goi la anh hng nhan: khi mot c quan hay he
thong nao o tiep xuc ong thi vi hai hoa chat, ket qua la anh hng tong hp se ln
hn nhieu lantong cua hai anh hng oc lap khi tiep xuc rieng le vi tng hoa chat. V
du nh tiep xuc vi si asbestos va khoi thuoc la.

Anh hng tiem tang: Mot hoa chat khong gay anh hng len mot c quan hay he
thong nao tiep xuc no, nhng s co mat cua no se lam tang hoat tnh cua mot hoa chat
khac. Ket qua la anh hng tong hp se ln hn nhieu lan tong cua hai anh hng oc
lap khi tiep xuc rieng le vi tng hoa chat. V du: nc ma cong vi SO
2
se tao thanh
ma axit.

Anh hng oi khang: Xay ra khi mot chat can tr hoat tnh oc hai cua chat
khac. Ket qua la anh hng tong hp se nho hn nhieu lan tong cua hai anh hng oc
lap khi tiep xuc rieng le vi tng hoa chat. V du: Chat thai axit cong chat thai baz
thanh dung dch trung hoa.

S bai tiet:
Cac chat hoa hoc va cac san pham chuyen hoa co the c bai tiet ra khoi c the
bang nhieu hoat ong khac nhau. Mot vai tac nhan oc hai, ac biet la cac hp chat phan
cc co the i ra khoi c the qua ng nc tieu, mat, phan, mo hoi. Cac hp chat khong
phan cc va khong bay hi thng kho bai tiet ra khoi c the, chung ch c a ra khoi
c the sau khi a chuyen hoa sinh hoc.

d. Thi gian hap thu:
87
Mc o oc hai khi tiep xuc vi chat thai nguy hai a biet thng ty le thuan vi
nong o tiep xuc, thi gian tiep xuc, tuoi va ieu kien sc khoe cua ngi hay sinh vat
tiep xuc. oi vi ngi cac tieu chuan sau ay c s dung e mo ta thi gian hap phu:

Cap tnh: t hn mot ngay.
Can cap tnh: T mot en bay ngay.
Can man tnh: T bay ngay en bay nam.
Man tnh: T bay nam en suot i.

S tiep xuc co the lien tuc hoac lap i lap lai theo nhng khoang thi gian nhat nh
trong giai oan nao o. Trong nhieu trng hp viec tiep xuc lien tuc vi chat oc hai
trong chat thai nguy hai se co ket qua tram trong hn tiep xuc gian oan vi cung mot
nong o a biet. Bi v khi tiep xuc gian oan se co thi gian e phuc hoi hay bai tiet
chat oc.

Khi lieu lng oc cap tnh c chia nho ra nhieu phan va ap dung len mot giai oan
trong mot thi gian dai th anh hng oc hai se giam. Tuy nhien viec tiep xuc lap lai
hay gian oan vi mot lng nho chat oc hai se van dan en hau qua nghiem trong khi
chat nay co xu hng tch tr trong c the.

Gia s s bai tiet tuan theo ong hoc phan ng bac nhat, sc tai trung bnh cua c the
trang thai on nh (X) sau mot thi gian tiep xuc lap i lap lai co the tnh theo cong
thc sau:

X = 1.44 * t
1/2
* * D/
T


Trong o:
t
1/2
: Chu ky ban ra cua chat oc hai ang xet (ngay).
: Ty le hap thu.
D : Lieu lng ap dung trong suot moi khoang thi gian hap thu (ml/kg trong
lng c the)
T
: Khoang thi gian hap thu (ngay).

8.4.Z. ua Irnh Irh Iuy va phong daI sInh hor rua rar dor rhaI Irong rhaI IhaI nguy
haI.

Cac thc vat bac thap, thc vat bac cao, ong vat bac thap, ong vat bac cao, ke ca con
ngi, khi tiep xuc vi chat thai nguy hai eu co the b nhiem oc. Phan ln cac chat oc
c sinh vat ao thai ra ngoai, mot phan chat oc co kha nang ton lu trong c the sinh
vat. Theo mang li thc an va quy luat vat chu ma cac chat oc co the c chuyen t
sinh vat nay sang sinh vat khac, va c tch luy bang nhng ham lng oc to cao hn
theo bac dinh dng va thi gian sinh song. Qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh tch luy
phong ai sinh hoc cua oc chat trong c the sinh vat.
88

Day chuyen thc pham la con ng van chuyen nang lng t c the sinh vat nay sang
sinh vat khac. Neu trong c the cua mot sinh vat la mat xch trong mot day chuyen thc
pham nao o co cha chat oc th chat oc nay se c truyen sang sinh vat khac co bac
dinh dng cao hn, ke no trong day chuyen.

V du trong he sinh thai nc b o nhiem chat thai nguy hai A nao o, va mot
day chuyen thc pham c bat au bang sinh vat san xuat bac nhat la phytoplankton.
ay la cac loai thc vat s dung nang lng anh sang mat tri va chat dinh dng trong
nc e tong hp cac chat vo c thanh to chc song. Qua trnh nay a vo tnh tch luy oc
chat A vao te bao c the chung. Sinh vat san xuat la nguon nang lng va dinh dng
cho sinh vat tieu thu bac nhat (cac loai phieu sinh ong vat). Cac loai sinh vat tieu thu
bac nhat cung lai tch luy chat oc A o vao c the cua chung. Ma chung lai la nguon
thc an cho sinh vat tieu thu bac hai nh ca, tom. Sinh vat tieu thu bac hai sau khi a tch
luy chat oc A, lai lam thc an cho sinh vat tieu thu bac ba nh con ngi hay cac loai
ong vat khac Ham lng oc chat (so vi sinh khoi) bac dinh dng sau luon cao hn
bac trc nhieu lan.


Hnh 3.13. - Day chuyen thc pham tong quat
Nguon: oc hoc moi trng (Le Huy Ba, 2001)

Qua o ta thay rang con ngi la sinh vat bac cao nhat trong cac bac dinh dng. ieu o
co ngha la con ngi co kha nang tch luy nhieu oc chat va nhiem oc cao nhat trong
the gii sinh vat trong day chuyen thc pham.
89

Hnh 3.14. - Nong o tch luy va phong ai sinh hoc cua DDT trong mang li
thc an. n v la ppm

8.4.8. MoI so anh huong ro haI rua rhaI IhaI nguy haI.

Anh hng co hai cua chat thai tao ra do chat oc hap thu vao cac te bao cua c quan
muc tieu. Trong c quan muc tieu, hoa chat oc hai se hnh thanh hp chat phc hp tiep
nhan hoa hoc. C che cua s hnh thanh hp chat phc hp nay chu yeu c ieu khien
bi ai lc c hoc.

ieu nay la do c the con ngi co nhieu enzyme e hap thu cac hoa chat khac nhau. S
hap thu b chi phoi bi ba cau truc kch thc phan t tiep nhan trong enzyme va kieu
phan t chat nen. Hien tng nay c ong nhat va mo ta bang mo hnh o khoa va
cha khoa. Nh ta biet th moi o khoa co mot cha khoa rieng, tng t moi phan t
90
enzyme se co kieu phan t chat nen a nh trc. Khi c quan muc tieu phat hien ra mot
hoa chat oc hai co cau truc ung vi kieu phan t chat nen, no co the gan phan t oc
hai vi enzyme va hnh thanh hp chat phc hp tiep nhan hoa hoc.

Phan loai cac tac ong va anh hng cua chat thai nguy hai

Phan loai theo iem ti han: Cac tac ong oc hai cua chat thai nguy hai co the
phan lam hai loai:
- Chat co tnh gay ung th: Anh hng vi iem ti han la s kch thch khoi u.
- Chat khong co tnh gay ung th: Bao gom tat ca cac anh hng khac ngoai s kch
thch tao khoi u.

Phan loai theo c quan muc tieu: Cac c quan hay te bao muc tieu rieng biet co
the c phan biet va s dung e phan loai. V du: Cadmium oc tnh vi than, xng b
phan huy oi vi oc tnh cua benzene, methyl thuy ngan oc tnh oi vi nao,
tertrachloride carbon gay oc gan, phoi thng b nhiem oc bi thuoc diet co manh,
mat b anh hng bi thuoc chong sot ret.

Phan loai theo thi gian anh hng: Anh hng oc hai co the xay ra tc thi hay
sau mot thi gian nao o. Anh hng tc thi hay cap tnh xay ra do s tiep xuc rieng le,
ngc lai anh hng tre hay man tnh giong nh ung th xay ra sau khoang thi gian la
20 nam hoac nhieu hn na trc khi khoi u c thay tren c the con ngi.

Phan loai theo anh hng thuan nghch va anh hng khong thuan nghch: Mot
trong nhng kha canh oc to cua chat thai nguy hai la xem xet chung co thuan nghch
hay khong. V du oi vi gan, no co kha nang tai sinh te bao mi ln nen nhieu anh
hng co hai co the triet tieu c hoan toan. Con oi vi he than kinh trung ng th
kha nang tai sinh te bao mi rat han che, do o hau het cac anh hng co hai kho co the
triet tieu goi la anh hng khong thuan nghch.

Phan loai theo anh hng he thong hay anh hng cuc bo:

Anh hng cuc bo xay ra tai bo phan c the sinh vat tiep xuc vi chat oc hai:
- S an mon luon luon anh hng cuc bo.
- S khch thch thng xuyen la anh hng cuc bo.

Nhng chat co hoat tnh phan ng kem se hap thu va phan bo xung quanh c quan
muc tieu gay ra s ton thng he thong oi vi cac c quan va te bao khac.

Mot so chat gay ra ca anh hng cuc bo lan anh hng he thong. V du: Tetraetyl
ch khi tiep xuc vi da se pha hoai vung da tiep xuc, sau o no c hap thu vao he than
kinh trung ng va gay ra s pha hoai he thong cac te bao va c quan khac.

91
8.4.4. Tar dong rua moI vaI rhaI IhaI nguy haI dan moI Iruong

Kh SO
2


SO
2
la chat kh khong mau, co mui hang va cay khi nong o trong kh quyen la 1 ppm.
Sunfur la mot trong nhng nguon o nhiem chnh trong kh quyen va gay anh hng ti
sc khoe con ngi, o ben vat lieu va la nhan to chnh gay nen ma axit theo c cau
sau:

SO
2
+ H
2
O ------> H
2
SO
3

H
2
SO
3
------> H
+
+ HSO
3
-
------> 2H
+
+ SO
3
-2

SO
3
-2
+ H
2
O ------> H
2
SO
4


Hi axit gap lanh se ngng tu thanh mu axit, chung ton tai l lng trong khong kh hoac
hap thu them hi nc tao thanh nhng giot axit loang H
2
O-H
2
SO
4
va o la nguyen nhan
gay nen nhng cn ma axit.

SO
2
tng oi nang nen thng gan mat at, ngang vi tam sinh hoat cua con ngi.
Sunfur co kha nang hoa tan trong nc cao hn cac kh gay o nhiem khac nen de phan
ng vi cac c quan ho hap cua ngi va ong vat. Khi ham lng thap SO
2
lam sng
viem mac, khi ham lng cao (>0,5 mg/m
3
) SO
2
gay tc th, ho, viem loet ng ho hap.
Khi co mat ong thi SO
2
va SO
3
, ch can nong o thap chung cung se co tac ong hp
lc, phan ng sinh ly phat sinh manh hn so vi phan ng cua tng chat rieng biet, tham
ch gay co that phe quan manh va nong o cao co the dan en nguy hiem chet ngi.

SO
2
lam thiet hai en mua mang, lam nhiem oc cay trong. Ma axit lam at va nc b
o nhiem bi SO
2
, SO
3
trong kh quyen. Khong kh b o nhiem do SO
2
, SO
3
co the lam bac
mau cac tac pham nghe thuat, an mon kim loai va lam giam o ben cua cac vat lieu vo
c, hu c. Ngoai ra o nhiem SO
2
con lam giam tam nhn trong kh quyen. SO
2
va SO
3

ket hp vi cac hat bui l lng trong kh quyen tao nen nhng hat bui co o o nhiem
nang hn. V du, vi cong trnh xay dng bang a cam thach, viec o nhiem kh quyen bi
SO
2
se gay hai nghiem trong cho cong trnh v s thay the a voi bang hp chat sunfat
theo phan ng:

CaCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
------> CaSO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O

Canxi sunfat sinh ra tren be mat cong trnh la chat tan trong nc. De troi theo nc ma,
tao vet lam soi mon be mat cong trnh. Mat khac, SO
2
cung lam h hong va giam tuoi tho
cac san pham vai nilon, t nhan tao, o dung da, giay


Kh sunfuahyro (H
2
S)

92
H
2
S la mot chat kh oc hai, khong mau sac nhng co mui trng thui rat kho chu. Hang
nam co khoang 3 trieu tan H
2
S c sinh ra t cac hoat ong cong nghiep.

nong o thap (~ 5 ppm) H
2
S gay nhc au, kho chu. nong o cao (> 150 ppm) co
the gay ton thng mang nhay cua c quan ho hap. nong o cao hn (~ 500 ppm) H
2
S
gay tieu chay, viem phoi va khi at en nong o 700 900 ppm H
2
S se xuyen mang tui
phoi va tham nhap vao mach mau, gay t vong.

oi vi thc vat, H
2
S lam ton thng la cay, lam rung la va giam sinh trng.

Cac hp chat cha Halogen

Khi ht phai Cl, no se i vao phe quan, phe nang. Clo se tiep xuc vi cac chat nhay t
mo song cua c the, tao ra HclO vt qua mang te bao va pha huy cac te bao, Cl tao nen
dan suat nit clo hoa.

Cac hp chat kh cha Halogen ch can nong o rat nho cung a gay oc, nhiem oc
nang va co kha nang gay o nhiem tren pham vi rong ln.

HF gay benh sun xng, viem phe quan, ton thng rang. HF han che o sinh trng cua
cay, lam rung qua, lep qua. HCl lam giam o bong m cua la, gay thng ton cho cay
trong, ton thng vat nuoi va lam giam lng sa.

Cac hp chat hu c

Cac hp chat cua hyro va cacbon, cung nh cac hp chat hu c chiem kha nhieu trong
so cac chat gay o nhiem kh quyen. Ngi ta a phat hien ti hang nghn cac hp chat
hu c khac nhau co the gay o nhiem khong kh.

Cac hp chat hu c thng rat oc vi c the ngi va vat. Mot so hp chat hu x nh
Bezen va PAH (hp chat cacbuahyro thm a nhan) co the la nguyen nhan gay benh
ung th. Mot so chat hu c halogen la xuc tac cho qua trnh phan huy ozon tan bnh
lu. Mot so chat hu c hoat tnh khac lai xuc tien cho qua trnh phan hoa vat chat va ac
biet mot so chat hu c gay o nhiem do mui nh cac mecaptan va alehyt. Mui nay gay
cam giac kho chu va oi khi con kem theo ca nhiem oc va la nguyen nhan gay benh
cho ngi.

Polyclorin ibenzoioxin (PCDD) va ibenzofuran la hai hp chat hu c oc hai a
c biet en t gan 30 nam trc. o la nhng lien ket cua ete thm (vong phenyl) vi
mot hoac hai nguyen t oxi va lien ket vi clo mc o khac nhau. So lng va v tr cua
nguyen t clo anh hng nhieu en tnh chat hoa hoc va mc o oc hai cua nhng hp
chat nay. Sau ay la mot vai cau truc oc hai cua cac hp chat o.
93





Dioxin va furan la nhng chat rat oc. ham lng thap cung gay cac benh ve da, phu
n co thai khi tiep xuc vi vi cac chat nay se sinh con thieu thang hoac quai thai. Nhiem
oc nang se gay nen cac benh ve gan, mau, ke ca ung th va dan en t vong. ong vat
b nhiem Dioxin va Furan se giam trong lng ti 50% va se chet trong vong 2 3 tuan.


CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Ve s o tong quat ve s dch chuyen tch luy va phan ng cua chat thai trong t
nhien?
2. Neu c che lan truyen cua chat o nhiem trong at va cac dang phat tan cua chat o
nhiem?
3. Neu cac con ng tiep xuc vi oc chat? Ve s o hap thu, tch luy, phan chuyen,
chuyen oi va bai tiet chat oc cua c the ngi?
4. Liet ke cac c che tac ong cua chat thai nguy hai?
5. Hay neu cac tac ong cua mot so chat thai nguy hai ien hnh?
94

6h00h 4

hE Th0h 0kh LY 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI


4.1. T0h 0kh VE hE Th0h 0kh LY 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

4.1.1. L}rh 8u hnh Thanh Va FhaI TrIan 6ua uan Ly 6haI ThaI hguy haI

Tren the gii viec quan ly chat thai nguy hai a hnh thanh va co nhng thay oi manh
me trong thap nien 60 va a tr thanh mot van e moi trng c quan tam hang au
trong thap nien 80 cua the ky 20. ieu nay co the thay ay la he qua cua cuoc cach
mang khoa hoc ky thuat va s phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua cac quoc gia tren toan cau.

S phat trien cua cac loai hnh cong nghiep, s gia tang nhu cau tieu dung, hng thu
vat chat a dan en mot lng ln chat thai c thai ra moi trng trong o co cac
chat thai nguy hai va oc hai. Ngoai ra ben canh o cac cuoc chien tranh nham giai
quyet cac mau thuan khu vc hay cac cuoc noi chien cung gop phan a mot lng ln
chat oc hai vao moi trng. T cac nguyen nhan lam phat sinh s gia tang cua cac loai
hnh chat thai nguy hai co the ke en nh: s phat trien cua khoa hoc ky thuat (khoa hoc
phan tch, y hoc, oc chat hoc), nhan thc cua chu thai va cong ong, hanh vi co tnh,
s yeu kem cua bo may quan ly a dan en cac hau qua bi tham do chat thai nguy hai
gay ra. V du:

- Do thuy ngan: dang muoi vo c, thuy ngan gay nen cac roi loan than kinh cho cong
nhan lam non (mu) trong nganh cong nghiep lam mu cua Ha Lan va tr nen noi tieng
vi cum t mad as a hatter. dang muoi hu c, methyl mercury c thai ra t nha
may hoa chat ben canh vnh Minamata-Nhat, thong qua con ng thc pham (tch luy
trong tom, cua, so, oc) a gay cac trieu chng roi loan than kinh va c biet en nh
la benh Minamata. Ngoai ra con rat nhieu cac trng hp s dung thuoc bao ve thc
vat co cha thuy ngan Irac va cac nc khac.
- Do PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) va PBB (polybrominated biphenyl): ay la nhng
chat c dung lam chat lam mat trong cac bien the ien, chat hoa deo, va giay than.
Sau khi s dung cac chat nay c thai ba bai vao moi trng va a gay ra mot so s
co nghiem trong. Hai s kien nhiem oc c ghi nhan a xay ra Chau A tai Nhat
va ai Loan lien quan en viec s dung dau an co cha ham lng PCB cao. Tai My-
bang Michigan viec nhiem oc PCB c ghi nhan lien quan en viec s dung sa va
cac san pham t sa cung nh trng va cac san pham t trng trong khu vc o nhiem
PCB. Tuy viec san xuat cac chat nay a b ngng lai, nhng hien nay van con ton tai
mot khoi lng tng oi ln chat thai cha PCBs ac biet la tai cac nc ang phat
trien va ngheo oi do viec thay the cac thiet b bien the qua cu het han s dung.
- Ben canh o con co cac trng hp nhiem oc khac nh nhiem oc Cd qua con ng
thc pham tai Nhat gay ra benh c biet nh la benh Itai-Itai. Nhiem oc DDT (gay
95
ung th) do viec s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat, nhiem oc trichlororoethylene (TCE)
va tetrachloroethylene (PCE) do s dung nc gieng b nhiem cac chat tren tai thanh
pho Woburn bang Massachusetts (My).. Hay cac trng hp s co ve ro r hoa chat
oc hai (hoa chat MIC tai nha may san xuat thuoc tr sau Carbide tai Bhopal An o),
chay no cac nha may hoa chat (vu chay cong ty hoa chat Sandoz- c)... a gay ra cac
vu nhiem oc cua ngi dan trong khu vc va o nhiem moi trng nghiem trong.
T nhng thc te nh vay, tren the gii cac quoc gia ac biet la cac nc tien tien nh
chau Au, My, Nhat, Uc, ngay cang hoan thien bo Luat bao ve moi trng cua mnh, va
trong o cac qui che quan ly cac chat thai nguy hai la cac thanh phan khong the thieu
c cua bo Luat. Mac du van con nhieu khac biet trong noi dung cac ieu khoan cua
cac bo Luat gia nhng quoc gia khac nhau (v du nh nh ngha chat thai nguy hai,
tam quan trong va s can thiet phai quan ly tng loai, trach nhiem cua tng chu the
tham gia vao viec quan ly chat thai,), nhng nhn chung cac bo Luat eu a ch ro
c moi quan tam cua cac Nha Nc oi vi cong tac quan ly chat thai nguy hai. Vt
ra ngoai bien gii quoc gia, nhng cong c quoc te co lien quan en viec quan ly chat
thai nguy hai cung a lan lt ra i, noi len c s canh bao cung cac moi quan tam
sau sac cua toan nhan loai oi vi cac chat thai nguy hiem ang ton tai va e doa cuoc
song xung quanh chung ta, va can phai co s phoi hp hanh ong cua nhieu quoc gia
trong viec quan ly cac chat thai nguy hiem nay.
Tai Viet Nam, theo cac con so c tnh ve lng chat thai ran nguy hai cho thay ca nc
mot nam thai vao moi trng khoang gan 150,000 tan, rieng thanh pho Ho Ch Minh -
mot trung tam cong nghiep ln cua ca nc, so lng chat thai ra chiem tren 40% tren
tong so. Do la mot trung tam cong nghiep quan trong trong ca nc lng chat thai nguy
hai cua thanh pho ngay mot gia tang va theo nh so lieu thong ke cua d an Quy
Hoach Tong The Ve Chat Thai Nguy Hai, so lng chat thai nguy hai (bao gom ca chat
thai nguy hai trong rac sinh hoat) theo c tnh cho nam 2002 rieng thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh a la 79.500 tan/nam, tang 1,72 lan so vi nam 1999, va theo c tnh en nam
2012 lng chat thai nguy hai thai ra mot nam len en 321.000 tan/nam. iem qua so
lieu cho thay nc ta a, ang va se phai oi au vi mot nguy c rat ln ve chat thai
nguy hai. S gia tang vt bac nay nhn chung la he qua tat yeu khi phat trien cong
nghiep, kem theo o la cac van e ve nhan thc cua nha san xuat, ngi dan cong vi
mot khung phap ly-luat va cac tieu chuan lien quan en chat thai nguy hai cha hoan
chnh dan en con nhieu van e can quan tam va giai quyet.
Ben canh o, hien nay nc ta cung ang phai oi mat vi cac van e lien quan en
nhiem oc chat oc hai do di tch cua chien tranh, va tnh hnh buon lau cac hang hoa
vat pham lien quan en chat oc hai. Cac vu nhiem oc theo quy mo ln hien nay cha
c thong ke ay u, tuy nhien co the thay mot so vu a c ghi nhan trong bao An
Ninh The Gii so 58(292), 59 (293) ngay 15 va 22 thang 8/2002 ve nhiem oc DDT, 666
va nhiem oc CO
2
, vu ngo oc hoa chat do quan oi My s dung (O-
chlorobenzylidenemalononitrite- C
10
H
5
N
2
Cl) tai ac Lac (theo Bao Sai Gon Gai Phong
-2000), hay cac vu ngo oc thc pham do s dung mau thc pham, thuoc bao quan hay
thuoc bao ve thc vat

96
Nam bat c van e, Bo Khoa Hoc Cong Nghe Moi Trng (cu) a co nhng bc
chuan b nh thong ke lng chat thai nguy hai tren toan quoc trong nam 1997-1998 va
a ra quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai vao nam 1999 va cac tieu chuan ve phan loai
dau hieu canh bao vao nam 2000. Vi chien lc va chnh sach quan ly co noi dung
c tom tat nh trnh bay phan di ay.
Van e quan ly chat thai noi chung va quan ly chat thai nguy hai noi rieng hien tai
Viet Nam la van e rat nhay cam. Bi v chat thai sinh ra ngay cang nhieu, trong o
lng chat thai nguy hai la ang ke. Cac hoa chat oc hai ton lu trong chien tranh, cac
loai thuoc bao be thc vat khong con gia tr s dung hien con ton ong kha nhieu bat
buoc chung ta phai x ly, trong khi o nang lc quan ly chat thai nguy hai noi chung va
x ly chat thai nguy hai noi rieng cua chung ta con qua yeu. Cu the, ve chat thai ran
cong nghiep, theo so lieu thong ke gan ay cua Cuc moi trng, hang nam ca nc phat
sinh 152.000 tan, tap trung chu yeu cac khu vc kinh te trong iem va phan ln ang
c lu gi tam thi e ch xay dng cac c s x ly. Ve chat thai nguy hai y te, theo
Bo y te nam 2001 ca nc phat sinh khoang 12.500 tan t tren 800 benh vien, trong khi
o ca nc mi ch co 61 lo ot chat thai y te c nho lap rieng cho tng benh vien, tr 2
lo lap tai Ha Noi va TP. Ho Ch Minh co cong suat ln hn e x ly tap trung cho mot
so benh vien ln tai a ban. Phan ln trong so 61 lo ot chat thai y te nay cha ap ng
cac yeu cau at ra ve moi trng.
Ngoai ra, chung ta con thieu nhng van ban can thiet ve mat phap luat va chnh sach.
Chung ta can co them nhieu nhng van ban cu the hn na cho tng khau trong quan ly
chat thai nguy hai, t viec phan loai tai nguon, thu gom, lu tr, van chuyen, tai s
dung, tai che cho en khau x ly cuoi cung. Mat khac chung ta cha co tieu chuan cu
the e xac nh the nao la chat thai ran nguy hai, van e nay rat quan trong bi v chi
ph cho c ly chat thai nguy hai ton kem hn nhieu so vi x ly chat thai thong thng,
cho nen phai xac nh mot cach chnh xac chat thai nguy hai e x ly. Trong tieu chuan
ve chat thai nguy hai, nong o chat nguy hai gi vai tro then chot, neu qui nh nong o
qua thap th co khi gay thiet hai ln ve kinh te, ngc lai, neu qui nh nong o qua cao
th se bo lot nhieu loai chat thai nguy hai khong c x ly theo yeu cau va se la nguy
c gay o nhiem moi trng nghiem trong. Ve mat c che, chnh sach, chung ta hoan
toan cha co g cu the e khuyen khch cac thanh phan kinh te au t, tham gia vao viec
x ly chat thai nguy hai.
Hien nay, chon lap la cong nghe c ap dung pho bien nhieu nc, trong o co Viet
Nam, bi v c coi la re tien nhat. Thong thng trc khi em chon lap, chat thai
nguy hai phai trai qua cac khau x ly trung gian, nh ong thanh banh e giam the tch
va co lap cac thanh phan nguy hai khong cho phat tan mot cach de dang ra xung quanh,
hoac thieu ot trc khi em chon lap, hoac kh trung, kh oc trc khi chon lap, cung
co khi ket hp hai hoac tat ca cac khau nay. Tuy nhien, chon lap van con tiem an nhieu
nguy c gay o nhiem moi trng ve sau, mat khac, khi quy at tr nen hiem th se
khong con kinh te na. Con ve thieu ot, hien tai tren the gii co 2 loai chnh : thieu ot
bang lo chuyen dung (lo ch e ot chat thai) va thieu ot bang lo xi mang. Thieu ot
bang lo xi mang c xem la u viet hn v tan dung c nguon nguyen lieu va x ly
moi trng lai triet e hn. Nhng khong phai lo xi mang nao cung thch hp. Lo phu
97
hp la lo va am bao x ky triet e ve moi trng ac biet la x ly kh thai, va am
bao khong anh hng en chat lng xi mang. Hien tai, Viet Nam co mot so nha may
xi mang co the c la chon phu hp, nh nha may xi mang Holcim Kien Giang, nha
may xi mang Nghi Sn Thanh Hoa. Tuy nhien, chon lap hay thieu ot moi loai eu co
nhng u iem va nhc iem ang lu y. Bi vay, tuy tng ni, tng luc ma la chon
ap dung cho phu hp tren c s can nhac cac yeu to ve cong nghe, ky thuat, kinh te, xa
hoi va cac yeu cau at ra ve bao ve moi trng tng a phng.
Cac noi dung chnh cua chnh sach quan ly chat thai nguy hai cua Viet Nam giai oan
2001-2010:

- Xay dng va ban hanh cac tieu chuan, quy pham ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai, tao c
s phap ly e kiem soat chung.
- Tien hanh kiem ke va ang k chat thai nguy hai oi vi moi nganh san xuat co phat
sinh chat thai nguy hai.
- Chnh sach cng che ket hp vi khuyen khch e giam thieu chat thai nguy hai t
nguon phat sinh.
- Chnh sach u tien au t trang thiet b thu gom, van chuyen, x ly va thai bo chat thai
nguy hai.
- Thc hien Cong c Basel cam nhap khau va xuat khau hoac van chuyen chat thai
nguy hai qua bien gii theo ung cac ieu khoan cua Cong c.
- Tang cng nhan lc va thiet b quan trac, phan tch chat thai nguy hai oi vi cac c
quan quan ly, cac trung tam hay vien nghien cu khoa hoc lam nhiem vu kiem soat
chat thai nguy hai.
- Tang cng cong tac truyen thong va pho cap thong tin oi vi tat ca cac can bo quan
ly moi trng, oi vi tat ca cac nha san xuat cung nh oi vi quang ai nhan dan ve
hoa chat oc hai va chat thai nguy hai, phng phap phong tranh tac hai cua chat thai
nguy hai. Nang cao nhan thc cho moi ngi e thc hien tot phap luat, cac tieu chuan
va cac quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai.

Cac noi dung chnh cua chien lc quoc gia ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai 2001-2010:

Chien lc c xay dng da tren quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai nam 1999, bao
gom viec quy hoach cac bai chon lap ung quy cach thay the bai chon lap truyen thong,
cac hng dan quan ly chat thai nguy hai. Chien lc cung se xac nh moi quan he ve
the che va cac yeu cau quan ly, tai chnh e giai quyet van e chat thai nguy hai. Cac
hanh ong cu the trong lnh vc quan ly chat thai nguy hai c d kien trong chien
lc bao gom:

- Xay dng cac bai chon lap chat thai ran hp ve sinh.
- Lap at cac he thong thu gom, tam cha va x ly chat thai nguy hai tai Ha Noi, a
Nang, ong Nai va thanh pho Ho Ch Minh.
- Tang cng s tham gia cua khu vc t nhan: khuyen khch s tham gia cua cac n v
t nhan trong viec thu gom, van chuyen va x ly chat thai ran va chat thai nguy hai.
Phan au en nam 2005 co t nhat 10 thanh pho se co he thong cua t nhan chuyen thu
gom va x ly chat thai. Trong cac nam 2002-2003 se tien hanh nghien cu e xac nh
viec hoan tra chi ph lien quan ti thu gom va x ly chat thai ran.
98
- Cai thien cong tac x ly chat thai benh vien: lap at lo ot rac thai tai 20 benh vien
trc 2005. Tien hanh nghien cu ve x ly nc thai vao nam 2002. a cac he thong
x ly nc thai ung quy cach vao hoat ong tai 40 benh vien ln trc 2005.
- To chc cac chng trnh huan luyen cho cac can bo lam cong tac quan ly chat thai
nguy hai trong cac nganh: moi trng, y te, giao thong cong chanh va cac nha san
xuat. ong thi, to chc cac chng trnh tuyen truyen nang cao nhan thc cong ong
ve quan ly chat thai ran va chat thai nguy hai ti nam 2005.

4.1.Z 6ar Thanh phan rua ha Thong uan Ly 6haI ThaI hguy haI

Mot he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai thanh cong phai bao gom 4 thanh phan c ban
nh trnh bay trong hnh 4.1.












Hnh 4.1. Cac thanh phan c ban va s tng quan cua cac thanh phan trong mot he
thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai

Luat phap (phap ly): ay la thanh phan c ban quan trong, la nen tang quan trong chi
phoi cac thanh phan con lai;

Trien khai va cng che: neu ch co bo khung phap ly cho viec quan ly chat thai nguy
hai khong th cha u ma con can phai co cac quy che, hng dan va quy nh thc hien
ban hanh kem. Trong khi trien khai can phai co cac giai phap cng che thi hanh luat
trc khi co cac bien phap kiem soat cu the nao o;

Thiet b (phng tien): la cac phng tien, thiet b can thiet, phu hp e co the quan ly
thch hp chat thai nguy hai;

Dch vu tr giup: muon kiem soat chat thai nguy hai hieu qua can phai co mot c s ha
tang ve mat ky thuat tot. Can phai co mot nang lc nhat nh ve phong th nghiem, cac
thong tin ky thuat va t van, cac ke hoach ao tao e cung cap,...

Qua s o tren va y ngha cua cac thanh phan mot cach tong quat co the thay rang he
thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai la s to hp cua cac nhan to vi nhau va hnh thanh
nen mot he thong bao gom hai phan chnh: he thong quan ly hanh chnh phap luat va
mot he thong ky thuat bo tr. Nhn chung tng t nh quan ly chat thai ran, co the phan
chia he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai thanh mot he thong quan ly hanh chnh va mot
Thiet b
Dchvu tr giup
Luat phap
Cng che
99
he thong quan ly ky thuat. Hai he thong nay luon bo sung va ho tr nhau trong viec
quan ly chat thai nguy hai. Tuy thuoc vao khoa hoc ky thuat, kinh te va xa hoi ma he
thong quan ly hanh chnh la tien e cho s phat trien cua he thong quan ly ky thuat hay
ngc lai. Nhn chung moi quan he cua hai he thong nay la quan he ho tng va lien ket
chat che vi nhau.

He thong quan ly hanh chnh chat thai nguy hai

He thong quan ly hanh chnh chat thai nguy hai bao gom cac cong tac ve hoach nh
chnh sach, ke hoach chien lc trong cong tac quan ly, hoach nh cac chng trnh
giao duc, giam thieu chat thai nguy hai, quan ly cac van ban giay t lien quan en loai
hnh thai, chu thai, van chuyen, lu tr va x ly Tom lai mot yeu cau quan trong oi
vi he thong nay la quan ly chat che c lng chat thai nguy hai t ni phat sinh en
cong oan x ly sau cung va phai am bao phu hp vi c che quan ly chung cua nha
nc va cac van ban quy che phap luat.

Ngoai ra trong mot pham vi nho (ap dung cho chu thai), th viec quan ly cung bao gom
cac cong tac trien khai nhng chng trnh giam thieu, ke khai cac van ban giay t lien
quan en chat thai nguy hai theo qui nh, phan loai, dan nhan chat thai nh qui nh va
xay dng cac chng trnh ng cu khi co s co xay ra.

He thong quan ly ky thuat chat thai nguy hai

Trong mot he thong quan ly ky thuat chat thai nguy hai, nhat la he thong can ap dung
cho Viet Nam, cung phai bao gom cac khau lien quan t nguon phat sinh en cac ky
thuat x ly sau cung. Ve c ban co the chia he thong quan ly thanh 5 giai oan (G) nh
c bieu dien trong hnh 4.2, trong o:

- G1: la giai oan phat sinh chat thai t cac nguon, trong phan nay e giam lng
thai doanh nghiep co the ap dung cac bien phap giam thieu tai nguon khac nhau.
- G2: la giai oan bao gom cac cong tac thu gom va van chuyen trong noi vi
cong ty va van chuyen ra ngoai.
- G3: la giai oan gom cac cong tac x ly thu hoi.
- G4: la giai oan van chuyen can, tro sau x ly.
- G5: la giai oan chon lap chat thai

Trong s o neu tren moi cong oan co mot chc nang, nhiem vu va cac van e lien
quan khac nhau nhn chung co cac khau chnh can quan tam la: giam thieu tai nguon, lu
tr, van chuyen va x ly thu hoi.

+ Giam thieu tai nguon: ay la khau het sc quan trong no anh hng en lng chat
thai va nong o chat o nhiem sinh ra cung nh quyet nh en hieu qua kinh te cua mot
qui trnh san xuat. Cac ky thuat va bien phap giam thieu se c trnh bay chi tiet trong
chng 8.

100
+ Phan loai, thu gom va lu tr tai nguon: ay la khau co y ngha rat ln anh hng en
cong nghe x ly sau nay, cung nh an toan trong van chuyen va lu tr. Viec phan loai,
ghi chu thong tin ve chat thai va dan nhan hp ly chat thai la het sc can thiet cho khau
thu gom va lu tr. Viec thu gom va lu tr nen am bao viec tach loai chat thai tranh
trng hp cac chat thai co the tng thch vi nhau gay chay no, phan ng va sinh kh
oc hai. Thiet b lu tr chat thai cung nen chon la cac vat lieu e tranh s ro r cua
chat thai nguy hai vao moi trng. Mot van e cung can quan tam trong thu gom va lu
tr la thi gian lu tr do s thay oi cua chat thai va cac van e an toan.



































Hnh 4.2 S o he thong quan ly va x ly chat thai nguy hai


Khu x ly nhiet
Khu x ly
hoa/ly/-sinh
Bai chon lap
CTNH
Can ran
nguy hai
Thai bo
chat thai
khong
nguy hai
Can tro va
x nguy hai
CTNH phu hp
cho x ly
hoa-ly/sinh hoc
CTNH phu hp cho
chon lap trc tiep
CTNH phu hp cho x
ly nhiet
Nguon
phat sinh
CTNH A
Nguon
phat sinh
CTNH B
Nguon
phat sinh
CTNH C
Nguon
phat sinh
CTNH D
Nguon
phat sinh
CTNH E
Tram trung chuyen
CTNH (kho lu gi)
Tap ket CTNH t nguon
Khu x ly hoa ly
/sinh hoc
Thai bo
chat thai
khong
nguy hai
G 1
G 2
G 3
G 4
G 5
101
+ Van chuyen: e am bao van e an toan va tranh nhng s co co the xay ra trong qua
trnh chuyen ch, cac cong tac trong cong oan nay cung can het sc chu y. Cac cong
tac trong giai oan nay chu yeu bao gom nh sau: kiem tra cac ghi chu ve chat thai tren
nhan va dan nhan hp ly cho chat thai, s dung ung loai thung e chuyen ch, ien
vao cac bien ban quan ly chat tai nguy hai,.v.v. Ngoai ra, con phai xay dng va thc
hien cac chng trnh ng cu khi co s co xay ra. Trong o cac cong tac dan nhan chat
thai va kiem tra cac thong tin can thiet tren nhan la cong tac het sc quan trong. Cong
tac nay gop phan cho viec truy cu va la chon phng an ng cu thch hp khi co s
co xay ra, cung nh cung cap thong tin can thiet cho viec la chon phng an x ly thch
hp.

+ X ly: cong oan x ly co the bao gom tat ca cac ky thuat hoa hoc, hoa ly, sinh hoc,
chon lap. Cong oan nay co anh hng gian tiep en tnh kinh te ky thuat cua nha may
phat sinh chat thai nguy hai, cung nh co the gay ra cac tac ong xau en sc khoe cong
ong, cung nh moi trng neu bien phap x ly la chon la khong hp ly.
4.1.8. uy Irnh quan Iy kIam soaI rhaI IhaI nguy haI
Theo T.T. Thanh va N.K. Kinh, 2005, th viec kiem soat co hieu qua qua trnh phat sinh,
lu gi, x ly, tai che va tai s dung, chuyen ch, thu hoi va chon lap cac chat thai nguy
hai co y ngha cc ky quan trong, nham bao ve va sc khoe moi trng chuan mc, cung
nh quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien va phat trien ben vng. Do chat thai nguy hai co the
ton lu nhng oc tnh trong mot thi gian dai, co khi hang the ky, nen can sm giam
thieu lng chat thai nguy hai c thai bo. Viec giam thieu lng chat thai nguy hai co
the c thc hien thong qua cac bien phap giam lng chat thai phat sinh tai nguon, x
ly, tai che hoac tai s dung chat thai. Can phai x ly chat thai trc khi thai bo nham
han che ti mc thap nhat nhng anh hng cua chung ti moi trng. Viec x ly nay co
the thc hien hteo cac phng phap: x ly c hoc: phan huy nhiet hoac phng phap
hoa/ ly / sinh hoc. Chat thai nguy hai sau x ly se c thai bo. Bc nay se c thc
hien bang phng phap chon lap an toan. Cung theo 2 tac gia tren th he thong kiem
soat hoa chat va chat thai nguy hai c neu tong quan trong hnh 4.3.












102

1.




































Hnh 4.3 - S o quy trnh kiem soat chat thai nguy hai.
(Theo T.T.Thanh, N.K.Kinh, 2005)

4.Z. M0T 80 60 80 FhkF LY LIEh 0kh Eh 0kh LY 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

4.Z.1. 6ar van ban phap Iy IIan quan dan quan Iy rhaI IhaI nguy haI o VIaI ham.

- Van ban cua ban chap hanh Trung ng ang Cong San Viet Nam (BCHTW):
Ch th so 36-CT/TW ngay 25-06-1998 cua Bo Chnh Tr BCHTW ang ve
tang cng cong tac bao ve moi trng trong qua trnh cong nghiep hoa hien
ai hoa at nc. Gan ay hn la ch th so 41..
1. nh ngha
2. ang ky
nguon thai
3. Trach nhiem
4. ang ky van
chuyen
5. Kiem soat
van hanh van
tai chat
6. Kiem soat
van hanh van
chuyen xuyen

8. Cap giay
phep c s x
ly
7. ang ky c
s c ang
HE THONG QUAN LY CTNH
Chu nguon thai
Van chuyen chat thai
(thu gom, van chuyen)
Xuat nhap
chat thai
C s x ly (lu gi, van
chuyen, x ly, chon lap)
He thong ho s chat
thai
Cac ke hoach bat
buoc
Lam sach v tr
tran dau
Bao hiem bat buoc
Giam thieu theo luat
Chat thai va
vat lieu tai
sinh
103
- Van ban cua Quoc hoi: Luat bao ve moi trng c Quoc hoi nc Cong Hoa
Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam thong qua ngay 27-12-1993. Hien nay Luat nay
ang trong tien trnh sa oi va d nh se cong bo hoan chnh vao au nam
2006.
- Mot so van ban cua Chnh phu co lien quan
Ch th so 406/TTg ngay 19-04-1994 cua Thu Tng Chnh phu ve viec cam
san xuat, buon ban va ot phao.
Ngh nh so 175-CP ngay 18/10/1994 cua Chnh Phu hng dan thi hanh
Luat bao ve moi trng.
Ngh nh so 02-CP ngay 5/1/1995 cua Chnh Phu quy nh ve hang hoa, dch
vu cam kinh doanh, thng mai va hang hoa dch vu kinh doanh, thng mai co ieu
kien th trng trong nc.
Ngh nh so 27/CP ngay 20/04/1995 cua Chnh phu quy nh ve quan ly, san
xuat cung ng va s dung vat lieu no cong nghiep.
Phap lenh an toan va kiem soat phat xa, ngay 25/06/1996.
Ch th so 199/TTg ngay 3/04/1997 cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu ve cac bien
phap cap bach trong quan ly chat thai ran cac o th va khu cong nghiep.
Ch th 01/TTg ngay 02/01/1998 cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu ve viec nghiem
cam s dung chat no, xung ien, chat oc e khai thac thuy san.
Ngh nh so 50/CP ngay 16/07/1998 cua Chinh Phu hng dan thi hanh phap
lenh an toan va kiem soat phat xa.
Ch th so 29/TTg ngay 25/08/1998 cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu ve viec tang
cng quan ly viec s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat va cac chat hu c o nhiem kho phan
huy trong moi trng.
Quyet nh so 163/TTg ngay 07/12/1998 cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu quy nh
ve viec khai thac cac nguon dau kh.
Quyet nh 155/TTg ngay 16/7/1999 cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu quy nh ve
quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai.
Quyet nh so 152/TTg ngay 10/07/1999 cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu quy nh
ve phe chuan chien lc quan ly chat thai ran o th va khu cong nghiep Viet Nam en
2010.

Ben canh o con co kha nhieu van ban cap Chnh Phu lien quan en cong tac quan ly
thuoc bao ve thc vat: Phap lenh bao ve va kiem dch thc vat (1993), ngh nh so
92/CP nam 1993, quyet nh 28/TTg nam 1997,.

Ngoai ra con co rat nhieu cac van ban phap ly cua cac cap Bo nganh va a phng lien
quan en quan ly cac hoa chat va cac chat thai nguy hai, nhat la cac van ban t cac Bo
Khoa Hoc Cong Nghe va Moi Trng (nay la Bo Moi trng va Tai nguyen), Bo Nong
nghiep va phat trien nong thon va Bo Y te. oc gia co the su tam tm oc them ve tat
ca cac loai van ban nay cung nhng van ban phap ly cap nhat mi nhat tren website cua
Cuc Bao Ve Moi Trng Viet Nam: www.nea.gov.vn

4.Z.Z. IoI IhIau uI rha quan Iy rhaI IhaI nguy haI IaI VIaI ham

104
Qui che Quan Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai Viet Nam c ban hanh kem theo Quyet nh
so 155/1999/Q-TTg ngay 16 thang 7 nam 1999 cua Thu Tng Chnh phu, do vay
thng c goi tat la qui che 155.

Tom tat noi dung qui che:

- Chng I Nhng quy nh chung: t ieu 1 en ieu 8. Noi dung cua chng
trnh nay lien quan en cac khai niem, thuat ng trong quan ly chat thai nguy
hai, cac oi tng ap dung quy che, cac loai thu tuc ang ky.
- Chng II Trach nhiem cua chu nguon thai CTNH: t ieu 9 en ieu 10. Noi
dung chnh cua chng trnh nay lien quan en trach nhiem cua cac c s san
xuat, kinh doanh trong trong viec phan loai, ong goi, cach ly lu gi an toan
CTNH trc khi chuyen giao cho chu thu gom, van chuyen en ni tieu huy, x
ly. ieu 10 quy nh ve chng t van chuyen CTNH, hop ong ve thu gom, van
chuyen, x ly, tieu huy CTNH gia chu thai va cac tac nhan c cap giay phep
hoat ong khac.
- Chng III Trach nhiem cua chu thu gom, van chuyen CTNH : t ieu 11 en
ieu 14. Noi dung chnh cua chng nay lien quan en yeu cau an toan ky thuat
trong qua trunh van chuyen, qua canh, bien phap s ly khi s co van hanh.
- Chng IV Trach nhiem cua chu lu gi, x ly, tieu huy CTNH : t ieu 15
en ieu 20. Noi dung chnh cua chng nay lien quan en cac thu tuc phap ly,
quy nh ve tieu chuan ky thuat chon lap, phng an ng cu khan cap, phng
an x ly o nhiem moi trng.
- Chng V Quan ly nha nc ve CTNH: t ieu 21 en ieu 27. Noi dung
chnh cua chng trnh nay lien quan en vai tro, trach nhiem, quyen han cua cac
c quan quan ly cap bo, cap tnh, thanh trong viec phoi hp chuyen khi thc hien
quy che nay.
- Chng VI ieu khoan thi hanh: t ieu 28 en ieu 31. Noi dung chnh cua
chng nay lien quan en cac ieu khoan thi hanh quy che, cong tac kiem tra,
giam sat thc hien quy che, giai quyet tranh chap, x l vi pham.
- Cac phu luc cua qui che (xem cu the phan phu luc cua giao trnh)
Phu luc 1: Danh muc A cac chat thai nguy hai, bao gom 4 danh muc A1, A2,
A3, A4. Cac bang danh muc nay co quy nh gii han nguy hai cua cac chat va
bien phap x l phu hp nhat. Noi dung ben trong cua danh muc A c da theo
Cong c Basel ve kiem soat viec van chuyen xuyen bien gii cac chat thai
nguy hai va tieu huy.
Phu luc 2: Danh muc B-cac chat thai nhng khong phai la chat thai nguy hai, bao
gom 4 danh muc B1, B2, B3, B4. Tng t nh cac danh muc nho A1, A2, A3,
A4 nhng cac danh muc B1, B2, B3, B4 xac nh cac loai chat thaikhong xep
vao loai nguy hai.
Phu luc 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, 5: lien quan en cac mau giay phep, chng t, ang ky,
nhat ky quan ly CTNH .

Trong cac quy che ve chat thai nguy hai th quy che quan ly chat thai y te cung khong
kem phan quan trong. o la qui che quan ly chat thai y te, ban hanh kem theo Quyet
105
nh so 2575/1999/Q BYT, ngay 27/8/1999, cua Bo trng Bo Y te ve viec ban hanh
qui che quan ly chat thai y te.

Noi dung cu the cua cac van ban phap luat tren co the tham khao trong tai lieu Cac
quy nh Phap luat ve Bao ve Moi trng va Tai Nguyen, nha xuat ban Chnh Tr
Quoc Gia, nam 1998 va mot so van ban khac mi xuat ban gan ay, hoac xem tren
website cua Cuc Bao Ve Moi Trng nh a trnh bay tren.

4.Z.8. 6ar IIau rhuan VIaI ham va rhaI IhaI nguy haI.

Bo tieu chuan ve chat lng moi trng cua Viet Nam a c ban hanh t 1995 va en
nam 2001 th c sa oi va bo sung, cung nh hien nay van ang tiep tuc sa oi bo
sung cho phu hp vi tnh hnh thc te phat trien cua at nc. Ve mat nguyen tac, cac
loai hnh chat thai nguy hai dang long, dang kh hay ang ton tai trong at th se s
dung tieu chuan ve chat lng moi trng tng ng (v du tieu chuan ve nc thai cong
nghiep TCVN 5945 1995 va TCVN 6980 - 2001 cung e cap en tieu chuan gii han
cho nhieu thanh phan nguy hai trong nc thai).

Lien quan rieng cho chat thai nguy hai chung ta a co nhng tieu chuan sau ay:

TCVN 6706: 2000 . Chat thai nguy hai- Phan loai. Trong pham vi ap dung tieu chuan
nay ap dung e phan biet cac chat thai nguy hai theo ac tnh cua chung, phuc vu cho
viec quan ly chat thai nguy hai mot cach an toan, hieu qua va theo ung quy nh cua
Quy che quan ly chat thai nguy hai. Tieu chuan nay khong ap dung cho chat thai phong
xa.

TCVN 6707 : 2000 . Chat thai nguy hai- Dau hieu canh bao, phong nga. Trong pham vi
ap dung tieu chuan nay quy nh hnh dang, kch thc, mau sac va noi dung cua dau
hieu canh bao, phong nga s dung trong quan ly chat thai nguy hai nham phong tranh
tac ong bat li cua tng loai chat thai en con ngi va moi trng trong khi lu gi,
thu gom, van chuyen va x ly chat thai nguy hai.

oc gia cung co the tm hieu them ve cac bo tieu chuan Viet Nam nay tai cac Tong cuc
Tieu chuan o lng chat lng cac a phng, hoac tai cac S Moi trng va Tai
nguyen cac tnh thanh pho.

4.Z.4. hhung rong uor quor Ia va rhaI IhaI nguy haI.

- Cong c Basel ve kiem soat van chuyen qua bien gii, cac phe thai nguy hiem va
viec tieu huy chung (gom co 29 ieu, 6 phu luc).
- Cong c Stockhom ve POP ma Viet Nam a tham gia.ay la cong c ang s dung
hien hu tai Viet Nam. The hien ro qua 12 o nhiem hu c bean (persistant Organic
Pollutant POP), la cac chat b cam trong cong c Stockhom, bao gom:
Tam chat la thuoc bao ve thc vat (trong o co DDT).
Hai chat la cac hoa chat s dung trong cong nghiep: PCB va HCB.
Hai chat thai nguy hiem la Dioxin va Furan.
106
- Cac thoa thuan va cong c quoc te khac ma Viet Nam a tham gia nh:
+ Cong c cua Lien Hiep Quoc ve s bien oi moi trng (26/8/1980).
+ Cong c IAEA ve thong bao sm s co hat nhan, 1986. (29/12/1987).
+ Cong c IAEA ve tr giup trong cac trng hp s co hat nhan hoac cap cu ve
s phong xa,1986. (29/12/1987).
+ Cong c quoc te ve ngan nga o nhiem do tau thuyen MARPOL, 1973.
(29/8/1991).
+ Cam ket Quoc te ve pho bien va s dung thuoc diet con trung, FAO, 1985.
- Cac cong c thoa thuan quoc te Viet Nam ang xem xet e tham gia.
Cong c Quoc te ve trach nhiem hnh s oi vi thiet hai do o nhiem dau, 1969.
Cong c Quoc te lien quan ti can thiep vao cac bien v o cao trong trng hp
thiet hai do o nhiem dau,1969.
Cong c ve phong nga o nhiem bien do o chat thai va cac chat khac,1971.
Cong c ve phong nga o nhiem bien do o chat thai va cac chat khac,1971.
Cong c Quoc te ve bao ton cac loai ong vat hoang da di c, 1979.
Hiep nh ASEAN ve bao ton thien nhien va cac tai nguyen thien nhien,1985.
Cong c Quoc te ve s san sang, ng pho va hp tac oi vi o nhiem dau.

4.8. hE Th0h 0kh LY 6hkT ThkI 60h hhIEF h0Y hkI 0 VIET hkM

He thong quan ly chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai (CTCNNH) cung bao gom cong cu
quan ly va to chc thc hien. Cong cu s dung trong quan ly CTCNNH la cac ieu luat,
la cac quy dnh, tieu chuan moi trng, chnh sach thue, thng phat do nha nc cung
nh do cac c quan a phng co tham quyen ban hanh. Ben canh cac cong cu ve luat
le, cac cong cu kinh te se ho tr ac lc cho s thanh cong cua he thong quan ly
CTCNNH. Mot trong nhng cong cu kinh te ap dung trong quan ly CTCNNH la ph
gay o nhiem phai tra. Ph nay bao gom ph thu gom, van chuyen, x ly, chon lap chat
thaiva ho s ve chat thai. Ph nay ac tnh toan da tren khoi lng va tnh oc hai
cua chat thai do cong ty quan ly CTNH quyet nh. Cac hnh thc x phat oi vi nhng
trng hp quy pham ve quy nh thai bo, lu tr van chuyen, x ly va chon lap CTNH
se do s Tai nguyen - Moi trng cac a phng quyet nh.
Trnh t u tien trong quan ly CTNH c thc hien qua s o hnh 4.4. Muc ch la
nham quan ly chat thai nguy hai t tat ca cac loai hnh cong nghiep, ma chat thai nguy
hai cha co hnh thc x ly, tai a ban nao o.
Viec xay dng lo ot chat thai nguy hai la mot d an rat ln oi vi Viet Nam, no can
s au t va vay mn tai chnh t cac to chc tai chnh nc ngoai va nen xem ay la
mot an dai han. Ngoai ra can co he thong quan ly chat thai (cac hp ong thu gom,
giam sat moi trng) va bo may ieu chnh thch hp (gom giam sat va cng che).
e quan ly chat thai nguy hai t tat ca cac loai hnh cong nghiep (ben trong va ben
ngoai cac khu cong nghiep), muc ch chu yeu cua he thong quan ly chat lng moi
trng la:

Xay dng chi tiet ke hoach va bo may ieu chnh e quan ly chat thai nguy hai cong
nghiep khu vc va xay dng a iem e chon lap chat thai nguy hai.
107
Bao am 100% x nghiep co hp ong cam ket ve quan ly chat thai cong nghiep
nguy hai.
Thong ke hien trang cua cac hp chat hu c ben (POPs) va e ra chien lc giam
thieu kha nang phat tan POPs ra moi trng.

Mot trong nhng van e chnh la chat thai nguy hai lan lon trong nhng dang chat thai
cong nghiep khac va chung c xa thai cung nhau vao moi trng (v du nh viec xa
chat thai vao bai chon lap). Viec phan loai chat thai gan nh cha he c thc hien.
Ngoai ra, mot so loai chat thai ang c ton tr, ch en khi xay dng xong cac thiet b
x ly. Tuy nhien, nhng thiet b ton tr va phng thc ton tr lai khong bao am ve
kha canh moi trng, sc khoe va tnh an toan.

Nhng bien phap c kien ngh cho viec quan ly CTCNNH Viet Nam gom:

1. Xay dng lo ot chat thai nguy hai

Bien phap nay se at c muc ch xay dng ke hoach va he thong ieu chnh chi tiet
e quan ly chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai tren a ban, va xay dng a iem chon lap
chat thai nguy hai.


Hnh 4.4. Trnh t u tien trong he thong quan ly CTCNNH
Chat thai nguy hai
Giam thieu chat thai nguy hai tai nguon
Huy bo Giam thieu Tai che Tai s dung
Bien oi thanh chat khong oc hoac t oc hn
X ly vat ly/hoa X ly sinh hoc X ly nhiet
Thai bo phan con lai mot cach an toan vao moi trng
Thai vao at Thai vao nc Thai vao kh quyen
108
Nhng tieu chuan chnh e la chon a iem xay dng:

Nhat thiet phai gan cac nguon thai chnh (v du vao nhng nam 2010 th v tr nay
can phai at gan cac khu cong nghiep tap trung) e giam thieu chi ph thu gom va
van chuyen.
a iem phai at ni giao thong thuan tien (gan truc giao thong chnh).
a iem phai anh hng rat t en ieu kien moi trng xung quanh.
a iem phai u ln e ap ng c viec lng chat thai ngay cang tang trong
nhng nam sap ti.

Neu tai a phng nao o co kien ngh hay ke hoach xay dng lo ot chat thai khong
nguy hai. Neu muc ch nay cung c thc hien th a iem va mot so chc nang khac
cua toan bo qua trnh x ly co the s dung chung. Khi o trong nghien cu kha thi phai
nghien cu chi tiet va can than hn.

Cac cap chnh quyen a phng (Uy ban nhan dan, cac S Moi trng Tai nguyen,
Cong nghiep, Giao thong Cong chanh, Khoa hoc Cong Nghe, Tai chnh) se chu trach
nhiem nghien cu va phan bo tai chnh e nghien cu kha thi, anh gia tac ong moi
trng va xay dng d an. S Tai nguyen moi trng chu trach nhiem xay dng, kiem
soat va giam sat.

Mot khi lo ot va cac thiet b nhan rac c xay dng xong va i vao hoat ong, th se
phat trien cac phng tien x l mi cho cac loai chat thai khac. Song song vi viec xay
dng va trang b thiet b cho he thong x ly, can phai xay dng cac hang muc quan trong
khac nh he thong thu gom chat thai, cac qui che-qui nh.

2. Xay dng he thong thu gom chat thai ran nguy hai

Vi muc ch hng ti la 100% cac x nghiep co hp ong cam ket ve quan ly chat thai
ran cong nghiep nguy hai. e hp ong thu gom at hieu qua, cac thiet b phuc vu thu
gom phai at ung v tr (v du thung cha, thiet b x ly). Hp ong gom thu gom, van
chuyen va x ly/ chon lap chat thai va se c ky ket gia n v co nguon chat thai va
cong ty moi trng o th hoac nhng cong ty quan ly chat thai co giay phep hoat ong
khac. Hp ong nay phai tach biet vi hp ong ve chat thai ran khong nguy hai.

Cac n v lien quan chu trach nhiem se la S Moi trng va Tai nguyen va cac n v
dch vu cong ch a phng. Cac x nghiep se tra tien cho cong ty quan ly chat thai, S
MTTN se giam sat viec thi hanh, va se chu trach nhiem moi cong viec ve thai bo chat
thai. Cha khoa chnh cua viec thu gom chat thai la phat trien he thong ng dan thu
gom rac, cung nh giam sat va cng che e bao am tat ca cac cong ty eu co hp
ong va cac hnh thc thu gom bat hp phap khong the thc hien.

3. Xay dng cac qui nh ve chat thai nguy hai

109
Cac qui nh phai c xay dng song song vi viec thiet lap cac hp ong cam ket khi
o he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai se c kiem soat tot. Ngoai ra can phai:

Xay dng cac qui nh ve viec s dung nhng nguyen lieu va hoa chat oc .
Thiet lap cac qui nh ve viec quan ly chat thai nguy hai cho tng nganh cong
nghiep khu cong nghiep

4. Cung co kha nang giam thieu, tai s dung, phan loai va ton tr chat thai nguy hai

Thu gom, van chuyen va ac biet la ot chat thai nguy hai rat at tien. Can phai co
chien lc giam thieu chat thai tai cac cong ty va tai s dung chat thai khi o chi ph x
ly chat thai va cac tac ong moi trng se giam.

Cac bien phap bao gom:

Tan dung cac bien phap nham giam thieu chat thai.
Thu hoi, tai che va tai s dung chat thai
X ly, chon lap va bien oi chat thai nguy hai thanh chat thai khong nguy hai
Chon lap hp ve sinh ( bai chon lap rieng biet).

Ngoai ra, giai oan trc x ly/chon lap, can cung co ky thuat phan loai va ton tr tai
cac nha may nham giam thieu cac tac ong en moi trng.

Do o, bien phap quan ly chat thai c e ngh nh sau:

Tat ca cac nguon thai va khoi lng chat thai phai c xac nh chnh xac. Moi x
nghiep phai lap mot danh sach cac nguon thai nguy hai va cac ac tnh cua chung.
Chat thai nguy hai co the c phan loai da vao he thong phan loai cua Viet Nam
vi cac ac iem sau:
Tnh de chay - hau het la cac chat bay hi va cac dung dch long de chay,
chat kh
Tnh an mon: acid, base
Tnh hoat ong : cyanide, sulfide
Tnh oc : cac hp chat oc.

Cac x nghiep can phai at muc tieu la giam thieu ca so lng chat thai lan thanh
phan oc hai trong chat thai. Bien phap giam thieu chat thai can phai c thc
hien nh sau:

Khong san xuat chat thai nguy hai (khong dung nguyen lieu, hoa chat oc).
Neu nguyen lieu va hoa chat oc can cho cong nghe san xuat, khi o s dung vi
lng nho nhat (ch cac cong oan ac biet can).
Tai che nguyen lieu neu co the (v du s dung lai chat thai cho mot cong oan
nao khac trong x nghiep).
Neu nguyen lieu va hoa chat oc can cho cong nghe san xuat va khong the tai
che chung, khi o bien oi chung thanh nhng hp chat khong oc (v du trung
110
hoa chat thai acid bang kiem, s dung cac hp chat hoat ong manh e oxi hoa
hp chat hu c).
Trong trng hp khong the bien oi chung thanh chat thai khong nguy hai, khi
o can than ton tr va x ly chung.

Co nhng trng hp chat thai la nhng hoa chat co gia tr can cho nhieu cong nghe
san xuat khac nhau. Do o can phai co nhng he thong tai che chat thai trong tng
x nghiep va gia cac x nghiep lien quan.
Cac S TNMT va Cong nghiep phai chu trach nhiem e xay dng cac ke
hoach/chng trnh chi tiet e nghien cu th trng chat thai va khuyen khch cac x
nghiep trao oi chat thai.

Moi x nghiep can phai xay dng ke hoach chi tiet quan ly chat thai nguy hai, trong
o e cap en s giup cua thanh pho ve viec tm ra th trng tai s dung san
pham cua ho.

Thu gom va van chuyen chat thai nguy hai t tng x nghiep hoac KCN can phai
c hoach nh tot va phai tuan thu nghiem ngat cac qui nh ve ky thuat va o an
toan. Chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai phai c phan loai ngay tai iem xa va van
chuyen rieng tng loai chat thai tuy vao ac tnh cua chung. Can phai lu y mot lan
na la phai phan loai cac chat thai khong ong nhat va gia chat thai nguy hai va
khong nguy hai.

Mot khi nguon chat thai nguy hai c xac nh va a tan dung moi phng cach e
giam thieu hoac tai s dung chat thai, x nghiep phai co bien phap kiem soat chat
thai nghiem ngat. Tuy thuoc vao mc o nhiem (chat lng va so lng) e quyet
nh viec ong ca x nghiep hay oi mi cong nghe.

5. Tang cng nhan thc ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai

Nen thc hien nhng chng trnh nham tang cng nhan thc cua cong nhan cac x
nghiep ve tac ong cua chat thai nguy hai en con ngi va moi trng va nhng li ch
cua viec quan ly chat thai.

6. Thong ke hien trang cua cac hp chat hu c ben (POPs) va e ra chien lc giam
thieu kha nang phat tan POPs ra moi trng.

Viet nam rat can xac nh va kiem soat cac nguon POP co tiem nang phong thch vao
moi trng (phong thch vao moi trng khong kh, at va nc. Hoat ong nay at c
mot so li ch:

Giam tiem nang phong thch POP vao cong ong dan c cac a phng.
Giam lng POP phong thch cua Viet Nam vao moi trng toan cau.

Bc th nhat la can phai xay dng them cac ban thong ke ve cac nguon thai va cac
chat thai POPs cho cac a phng. Viec thong ke la mot bc can thiet e phat trien
111
chien lc giam thieu POPs. Khi o e giam chi ph, co the chon nhng nguon u tien.
Viec thong ke co hieu qua se mang lai cac li ch:
Xac nh nguon POPs u tien;
anh ga kha nang phat tan thi iem hien tai va trong tng lai t cac nguon nay;
Bao am nhng bien phap giam POPs at muc tieu len nhng nguon u tien cao (ac
biet cac nguon tiem tang trong tng lai nh kho cha);
Bao am cac nguon kinh ph c s dung vao cac nguon u tien, lam giam chi ph.

Neu khong thong ke them trc khi chon bien phap, khi o bien phap se at trong tam
sai nguon va do o se kem hieu qua.

Bc th hai la xac nh bien phap giam thieu/kiem soat. Mot khi nguon POP u tien
cao c xac nh trong hien tai va tng lai thong qua giai oan thong ke, th cac cong
nghe giam thieu phai c xay dng. Viec thieu lo ot lam cho phng an chon lap chat
thai c xem nh mot giai phap lau dai.

Mot trong nhng cha khoa e kiem soat va lam giam nguon POP hoac han che kha
nang phat tan trong qua trnh s dung cac hp chat nay la nang cao y thc cua ngi s
dung. Cac cha khoa e kiem soat o nhiem tot hn vi chi ph thap bang cach nang cao
y thc nen c xac nh va u tien. V du viec xa dau thai- mot lng ln dau thai a
c o xuong cong. e giam hien tng nay, can phai co nhng bien phap nang cao y
thc thai nhng nguon chnh nh cac phan xng, garage

Nhng nhiem vu nay nen da vao nhng d an quoc gia hien tai ve cac chat POPs va
cac loai thuoc tr sau do cuc moi trng (NEA) thc hien.

4.4. 6k6 [hh h00h kT k hhkM Tkh 600h 6h0 60h Tk6 0kh LY 6hkT
ThkI h0Y hkI h0I 6h0h 0 VIET hkM T0h hh0h hkM T0I

Theo cac bao cao gan ay cua Bo Moi Trng va Tai Nguyen (TS. Pham Khoi Nguyen,
04/2004), he thong van ban quy pham phap luat ve quan ly CTNH cha ay u va ong
bo. Mot so ieu khoan cua Luat bao ve Moi trng va quy che quan ly CTNH khi ap
dung thc hien con cha ap ng c yeu cau thc tien, v du: nh ngha ve chat thai
trong Luat bao ve moi trng, nh ngha ve CTNH trong quay che quan ly CTNH, quy
nh ve gii han nong o cua CTNH, quy nh ve trach nhiem quan ly nha nc ve
CTNH cac cap.

Thieu s au t ngan sach cua cac cap chnh quyen va cac bo, nganh trong viec quan ly
chat thai. Hien nay, phan ln cac tnh, thanh pho cha co cac bai chon lap chat thai xay
dng ung quy cach am bao ve sinh moi trng, ngoai tr mot so a phng nh Ha
Noi va Tp. HCM.

Tai nhieu a phng, CTNH cha c thu gom, phan loai tach biet khoi cac chat thai
khac. Cac CTNH tap trung chon lap n gian tai cung mot a iem vi cac chat thai
khac.

112
Phan ln chat thai y te thu gom c t cac benh vien, tram y te, cac c s san xuat kinh
doanh cha benh cha thieu ot tai cac lo ot at yeu cau ve sinh moi trng va chon
chung vi chat thai sinh hoat.
Cha co mc thu ph hp ly cho quan ly chat thai, mc thu ph hien nay cha ap ng u
va ung mc cho yeu cau cua cong tac quan ly chat thai. Thieu cac quy trnh cong nghe
va cac thiet b phu hp e x ly mot so loai CTNH ac biet.

Mot so bien phap tang cng cong tac quan ly chat thai nh hng nh sau:

a. ay manh viec nghien cu, xay dng va ban hanh mot he thong ong bo cac van ban
phap quy lien quan en quan ly chat thai.

Mac du, quan ly chat thai la mot lnh vc mi va gap nhieu kho khan nhng tnh en
nay a co 19 van ban phap quy va hng dan ky thuat lien quan en quan ly CTNH,
iem qua mot so van ban nh sau:

Luat Bao ve moi trng.
Bo luat hnh s (sa oi) co hieu lc t ngay 1/ 07/ 2000, chng 17:cac toi
pham ve moi trng (toi gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh, gay o nhiem
nguon nc, at, toi nhap khau may moc, cong nghe, phe thai hoac cac chat
khong am bao tieu chuan bao ve moi trng).
Ngh nh 175/ CP ngay 18/ 10/ 1994cua chnh phu ve thi hanh Luat bao ve moi
trng.
Ngh nh 26/ CP ngay 26/ 04/ 1996 cua Chnh phu quy nh x phat vi pham
hanh chnh ve bao ve moi trng.
Chien lc quan ly chat thai ran o th Viet Nam en nam 2010.

Tuy nhien nh a e cap tren e ap ng yeu cau cong tac quan ly chat thai chung ta
can ay manh hn na viec xay dng mot he thong ong bo cac van ban phap quy can
tap trung vao mot so viec sau:

Xem xet viec ieu chnh nh ngha CTNH, phan cong trach nhiem quan ly nha
nc ve CTNH cac cap cho phu hp vi yeu cau cong tac bao ve moi trng,
ong thi ap ng cac yeu cau cua phat trien san xuat.
Xay dng cac tieu chuan thai ac biet cho CTNH.
Xay dng cac cac hng dan ky thuat x ly cac loai CTNH.
Xay dng, ban hanh hng dan tnh ph quan ly chat thai.

b. Quy hoach cac trung tam khu vc x ly CTNH

Trong cac chien lc quan ly CTR tai cac o th va khu cong nghiep Viet Nam, chnh
phu a d kien u tien xay dng hai trung tam x ly CTCNNH tai khu vc trong iem
phat trien kinh te pha nam va pha bac.
Can nghien cu ap dung cong nghe thieu ot CTNH bang lo nung xi mang. Theo kinh
nghiem cua mot so nc, ay la phng phap co nhieu u iemve mat kinh te va ky
thuat. Tuy nhien, lo nung phai la lo hien ai ma trong thiet ke a co tnh en viec thieu
113
ot CTNH. Hau het cac loai chat thai hu c dang ran va long co cha PCB eu co the
thieu ot trong lo nung ximang, sau o can qua cong oan che bien thanh nhien lieu.
Viec thieu ot CTNH trong lo nung ximang se pha huy cau truc cua CTNH, tro x con
lai tham gia vao cau truc thanh phan ximang se khong gay anh hng en chat lng
cua ximang.

Chi ph cho x ly CTNH tuy thuoc vao thanh phan, nong o, phng phap, cong nghe va
thiet b x ly. Theo so lieu cua Cong ty Samsung Han Quoc, chi ph trung bnh cho x ly
CTNH tai cong ty nay khoang 80-90USD/ tan. Tai mot so nc Chau Au chi ph cho x
ly TBVTV khoang 6500USD/ tan. Tai Viet nam, en nay chi ph cho viec x ly TBVTV
van cha xac nh chnh xac la bao nhieu.

c. Tm giai phap va nguon von e tang cng au t cong tac quan ly CTNH

- Viec thiet ke, xay dng mot bai chon lap chat thai hp ve sinh oi hoi so von au t
khong nho. V du, bai chon lap chat thai tai Hai Phong co so von au t giai oan I la
24.786 trieu USD t o co the nhan thay so von can thiet au t cho viec xay dng cac
BCL CTR tren toan quoc la mot viec ang cho cac c quan quan ly Nha nc quan tam
sau sac.
- Xay dng cac khu x ly tap trung CTNH cung oi hoi au t von rat ln tuy quy mo
x ly, trung bnh khoang 40 100 trieu USD.

e giai quyet van e nay mot trong nhng hng can giai quyet la a dang hoa nguon
von. Mot so giai phap kien ngh nh sau:

- e giai quyet van e nay mot trong nhng hng can giai quyet la phai a dang hoa
cac nguon von. Tac giacho rang co the co mot so giai phap ve c che von nh sau:

Von au t lay t ngan sach a phng.
Von au t lay t ngan sach Trung ng.
Von au t t nguon ong gop cua cac chu thai co khoi lng chat thai san ln.
Von au t t nguon tai tr nc ngoai thong qua cac d an.
Hoac ket hp cac nguon tren.

- Quy at danh cho qui hoach Bai chon lap chat thai hp ve sinh la mot van e kho
khan cua nhieu a phng ac biet la cac tnh vung ong bang, trung du, ong dan c t
at canh tac.
- Viec tuyen truyen van ong e nhan dan ac biet la nhan dan sinh song quanh vung
qui hoach hoac d kien qui hoach cac cong trnh x ly chat thai hieu biet ay u ung
mc ve cong tac bao ve moi trng la mot van e rat can thiet.
- Viec xay dng mot so trung tam (hoac c s) x ly tieu huy chat thai nguy hai la mot
van e rat can thiet va cap bach hien nay. Trc mat co the xay dng 01 trung tam x ly
CTNH cac tnh pha Bac va 01 trung tam cac tnh pha Nam.
- Can khan trng xay dng va trien khai d an Quy hoach va au t xay dng he
thong x ly chat thai ran y te theo ch ao cua Thu tng Chnh phu tai cong van so
1153/VPCP - KG ngay 22/3/1999
114

d. Tang cng cong tac ao tao va nang cao nhan thc ve quan ly chat thai

- Tang cng cong tac ao tao chuyen mon nghiep vu ve quan ly chat thai cho oi ngu
can bo lam cong tac quan ly chat tai cac bo nganh va a phng va cac c s co chc
nang thu gom, van chuyen, ton tr x ly, tieu huy chat thai.
- ay manh viec tuyen truyen nang cao nhan thc cho cong ong e moi tang lp xa
hoi co the hieu mot cach ay u va ung an ve cong tac bao ve moi trng noi chung
cung nh cong tac quan ly chat thai noi rieng.


CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Hay neu mot v du ien hnh ve s nhiem oc do chat thai nguy hai xay ra tai Viet
Nam hoac tren the gii?
2. Neu mot so noi dung chnh cua chnh sach va chien lc ma ban quan tam?
3. Quy che quan ly chat thai cua Viet Nam ban hanh vao ngay nao theo quyet nh so
may cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu?
4. Hay neu cac thanh phan c ban cua he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai? Tng
quan gia cac nhan to o?
5. Hay neu s o n gian cua he thong quan ly ky thuat chat thai nguy hai? vai tro cua
cac khau?
6. Trong cac van ban phap luat neu tren, van ban phap ly nao co tac ong trc tiep en
he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai?
7. Trnh bay th t u tien trong qui trnh quan ly chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai.

115
6h00h 6
Th0 0M L00 T0 Vk Vkh 6h0YEh
6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI


6.1. Th0 0M, 0h 0I Vk kh hhkh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

ay la khau co y ngha rat ln anh hng en cong nghe x ly sau nay, cung nh an
toan trong van chuyen va lu gi. Viec thu gom, ong goi va dan nhan thch hp se lam
giam cac nguy c (chay, no, gay oc hai) cho cac qua trnh tiep theo nh lu gi va van
chuyen cung nh nhan dien loai chat thai e t o a ra cac bien phap ng cu thch
hp.

6.1.1. Thu gom va dong goI

Qua trnh thu gom chat thai tai nguon c thc hien bi chnh cac cong nhan san xuat
trong mot nha may. Tuy thuoc vao day chuyen san xuat va bo tr lao ong ma moi nha
may co the co mot phng thc van hanh khac nhau. Co the thu gom theo tng ca, ngay
hay tuan tuy thuoc vao ban chat cua qua trnh san xuat. Viec thu gom bi Cong ty quan
ly chat thai t nha may en khu x ly se c tien hanh theo thoa thuan gia nha san
xuat va chu thu gom-x ly.

Viec ong goi chat thai thng c thc hien bi chu nguon thai. Co the tan dung bao
b cha nguyen lieu (ma nguyen lieu nay sau khi dung trong qua trnh san xuat se tr
thanh chat thai) e lam thung cha, tuy nhien du dung bao b mi hay bao b tan dung th
khi ong goi cac chat thai nguy hai phai thoa man cac quy nh sau:

- Chat thai nguy hai can phai ong goi bang bao b co chat lng tot. Khong co cac
dau hieu kha nghi nao cho thay co kha nang b loi ky thuat. Bao b phai c
ong kn va ngan nga ro r khi van chuyen. Khong e chat thai nguy hai dnh
ben ngoai bao b. Nhng quy nh nay ap dung cho ca bao b mi va bao b tai s
dung.
- Bao b mi, bao b tai s dung hay bao b a c sa cha phuc hoi eu phai
thoa man cac yeu cau th nghiem ve tnh nang (tnh an mon, tnh chu ma sat)
va ve cac chi tiet ky thuat (ap suat, nhiet o) cua bao b c phep s dung.
Nhng bao b nh vay phai c san xuat va th nghiem trong mot chng trnh
bao am chat lng c giam sat bi cac chuyen gia gioi e chac chan chung
at yeu cau. Moi bao b phai c kiem tra nham am bao chac chan khong b
mai mon, nhiem ban hay h hai g khac. Bao b nao co bieu hien giam o ben so
vi thiet ke cho phep th khong c s dung, neu khong phai sa cha, hieu
chnh e co the chu c cac th nghiem theo quy nh.
- Bao b (ke ca phu tung i kem nh nap, voi, vat lieu bt kn,) tiep xuc trc tiep
vi chat thai nguy hai phai ben khong tng tac hoa hoc hay tac ong khac cua
116
chat o. Vat lieu lam bao b khong cha thanh phan co the phan ng vi chat
cha ben trong tao ra nhng san pham nguy hiem hay san pham lam giam o ben
cua bao b. Mot so loai vat lieu plastic, co the mem, b nt gay hay b tham do
thay oi nhiet o, do nhng phan ng hoa hoc cua vat cha hay do viec s dung
tac nhan lanh, th khong c s dung. Nhng yeu cau nay ac biet ap dung
trong trng hp an mon, tham thau, lam mem hoa, gay lao hoa sm va gay ran
nt.
- Than va phan bao quanh bao b phai co cau truc thch hp e co the chu c
rung ong. Nap chai, nut ban hay cac bo phan ong kn dang ma sat phai c
gi chat, an toan va hieu qua bang phng tien chac chan. Bo phan ong nap
phai c thiet ke sao cho khong xay ra tnh trang ong khong kn hoan toan,
ong thi co the de dang kiem tra o kn.
- Bao b ben trong phai c bao goi, gi chat hay lot em nham ngan nga s gay
v hay ro r va nh v chung trong lp bao b ben ngoai. Vat lieu em phai
khong phan ng vi chat cha ben trong lp bao b trong. Bat k s ro r nao neu
co cung khong c lam giam ang ke tnh chat bao ve cua lp em.
- Neu khong co quy nh khac, chat long thuoc nhom 1.1, 1.2, 2 hay phan nhom
4.1, 5.1 (theo bang 5.1) co mc nguy hiem cao va trung bnh cha trong bao b
bang thuy tinh hay gom phai c ong goi bang vat lieu co kha nang hap thu
chat long o. Trong trng hp bao b trong c bao ve tot bao am khong xay
ra nt v hay ro r ieu kien van chuyen thong thng th khong can lp vat
lieu hap thu nay. Trng hp can vat lieu em ma bao b ben ngoai khong tham
chat long th phai co phng tien cha dang nep chong ro r, tui plastic hay cac
phng tien cha khac co hieu qua tng ng.
- Ban chat va o day cua lp bao ngoai phai thch hp sao cho ma sat trong khi van
chyen khong gay ra nhiet co the lam thay oi tnh on nh hoa hoc cua chat cha
ben trong.
- Nhng kien hang cha chat thai long nguy hai (ngoai tr chat thai long de chay)
ng trong cac bao b co dung tch nho hn 120 ml (4 Fl.oz) hoac chat truyen
nhiem phai c sap xep sao cho phan nap bao b phai hng len pha tren va
phai dung nhan ch hng bieu th thang ng cua bao b.
- Kien hang cung phai co u cho trong e dan nhan va nhng dau hieu theo yeu
cau trong muc nay va theo cac luat nh khac.

Ngoai ra co the tham khao bang d lieu an toan (Material Safety Data Sheet-MSDS) cua
chat thai theo EPA va TCVN-5507-1991 e la chon vat lieu cha cho phu hp.

6.1.Z. an nhan va su dung bIan bao rhaI IhaI nguy haI

Viec dan nhan tren cac thung cha va s dung bien bao tren phng tien van chuyen co
y ngha rat quan trong. Thc hien tot cong tac nay se giup tranh c cac s co trong
qua trnh boc d, phan bo chat thai trong kho lu gi, van chuyen va giup cho viec la
chon bien phap ng cu thch hp khi co s co xay ra.

Tuy theo tieu chuan qui nh cua moi nc ma dau hieu canh bao phong nga (nhan) co
the co hnh dang, mau sac va ma so khac nhau. Tai Viet Nam, dau hieu canh bao phong
117
nga va ma so chat thai co the tham khao TCVN 6706, 6707-2000. Tuy nhien do mot so
hang hoa nhap ve nhan va dau hieu canh bao thng c dan theo qui nh cua nc
san xuat hay cua Lien Hp Quoc, v vay hien nay trong lnh vc quan ly chat thai tai
Viet Nam cac thung cha chat thai (ac biet la cac san pham qua han s dung) se van
mang cac dau hieu canh bao theo xuat x ban au cua no. Do o trong cong tac quan ly
chat thai nguy hai, nen het sc chu y en cac trng hp nay nham tranh cac sai lam
ang tiec co the xay ra. Ma so cua chat thai va dau hieu canh bao phong nga theo cong
c Basel, EPA va TCVN6707-2000 c trnh bay trong bang 5.1.

Bang 5.1. Ma so va dau hieu phong nga canh bao

Loai chat
thai
Ma so Basel Ma so EPA Dau hieu theo
EPA
Ma so TCVN
6706-2000
Dau hieu theo
TCVN 6707-
2000
De no H1 1 3
1.1



1.2


1.3


1.4


1.5


1.6


De chay H3 3

1.1

H4.1 4.1

1.2

H 4.2 4.2

1.3

118
H 4.3 4.3

1.4

Chat de oxy
hoa
H5.1 5.1

4.1

H5.2 5.2

4.2

Chat oc H6.1 6.1

5.1

H11 5.2

H 10 6.1

5.3

Chat lay
nhiem
H6.2 6.2

7

Chat oc vi
he sinh thai
H12 6

Chat an mon H8 8

2 (2.1-2.2)
Chat kh 2.1


2.2


119
2.3

Nhn chung khi dan nhan hay treo bien bao canh bao chat thai nguy hai can tuan thu cac
qui nh chung nh sau:

- Moi chat nguy hiem phai c dan nhan. Vat lieu lam nhan va mc in tren nhan phai
ben trong ieu kien van chuyen thong thng va bao am con ro rang va de nhan ra bat
ky luc nao. Tren the gii thng chia ra lam hai loai nhan:

- Nhan bao nguy hiem (co dang hnh vuong at nghieng 45
o
) c qui nh dan cho
hau het cac chat nguy hai trong tat ca cac nhom. Nhan neu loai chat nguy hai
bieu dien bang hnh anh va ch viet.
- Nhan ch dan bao quan (handling label) (co nhieu dang hnh ch nhat khac nhau)
c at mot hnh hoac kem them nhan nguy hiem oi vi vai chat nguy hai.
Nhan hng dan bao quan neu cac tnh chat can chu y (nh tnh de v, co hoat
tnh,..) ieu kien bao quan khi van chuyen, lu gi hay s dung.










Hnh 5.1. Mot so v du ve dan nhan chat thai nguy hai
+ Tat ca cac nhan tren thung hang cha chat nguy hai phai co hnh dang, mau sac,
ky hieu va ch viet theo ung qui nh. Kch c toi thieu cua cac nhan la 10cmx10cm
tng ng vi khoang cach xa co the nhn thay c la 1 met.
+ Nhan nguy hai chnh la nhan ch moi nguy hai chnh. Neu mot chat co nhieu dang
nguy hai th phai dung them nhan nguy hai phu kem theo. Nhan ch moi nguy chnh
co ghi ch ch ac tnh hay mc o tac ong cua chat thai nguy hai.

V du: cac hp chat peroxit hu c la tac nhan oxy hoa nhom 4.1 co nguy hai th cap
thuoc nhom 8 (chat an mon, theo bang 5.1), do o phai c dan hai nhan nguy hai.

+ Cac kien hang hnh tru nho phai co chu vi sao cho nhan dan khong phu len chnh
no
+ Cac mui ten v ly do khac ma khong bieu th nh hng ong goi cua kien hang
cha chat long nguy hai th khong c hien th tren kien hang.

at theo hng nay

Vat lieu co t tnh
120
+ Moi nhan phai c in hay dan chac chan tren bao b de nhan biet, ro rang va
khong b che khuat bi bat ky phan nao tren bao b hay b che bi nhan khac.
+ Cac nhan khong c gap nep hay khong c dan theo cach ma cac phan cua
nhan nam tren cac mat khac nhau cua kien hang. Neu be mat kien hang khong u
cho th chap nhan dung moc gan kem nhan len kien hang.
+ Nhan bao nguy hai phu, neu co phai dan ngay ben canh nhan nguy hai chnh
+ Khi dung nhan nh hng t nhat phai s dung hai nhan dan hai mat oi dien
nhau cua kien hang va hng mui ten phai ch ung.
+ Cac nhan theo cac quy nh thch hp khac khong c lam roi hay mau thuan vi
qui nh tren.
+ Moi kien hang phai c ghi ten thch hp khi van chuyen bang ng thuy theo
ung hng dan cua Lien Hp Quoc va ghi so ch nh quoc te sau ky hieu UN.


Hnh 5.2. V du ve dan nhan thung ng chat thai nguy hai cua Lien Hp Quoc

6.Z. L00 I0 (T0h T0) 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Viec lu gi, ton tr mot lng ln va nhieu loai chat thai nguy hai la mot viec lam can
thiet tai cac nha may quan ly thai nguy hai hay oi khi ngay tai ni phat sinh chat thai
ac tnh nguy
hai chnh
ac tnh nguy
hai phu
121
nguy hai. Trong qua trnh lu gi, cac van e can quan tam la phan khu lu gi va cac
ieu kien thch hp lien quan en kho lu gi.

Viec phan kho lu gi nhat thiet phai quan tam en tnh tng thch cua cac loai chat
thai nguy hai. Cong viec nay gop phan lam tang tnh an toan cua kho lu gi tranh cac
s co gay anh hng bat li en moi trng va con ngi. Tnh tng thch cua chat thai
quyet nh en viec phan bo khu vc lu gi co the tham khao trong Bang 5.2.

Bang 5.2. Tnh tng thch cua cac loai chat thai

Loai Ghi
chu
1.1
1.2
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.3A 2.3B 3 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1
PGI-
A
7 8
(long)
1.1
&1.2
A * * * * * X X X X X X X X X X X X X
1.3 * * * * * X X X X X X X X X X
1.4 * * * * * O O O O O O O
1.5 A * * * * * X X X X X X X X X X X X X
1.6 * * * * *
2.1 X X O X X O O O
2.2 X X
2.3A X X O X X X X X X X X X
2.3B X X O X O O O O O O O O
3 X X O X X O O X
4.1 X X X O X O
4.2 X X O X X O X X
4.3 X X X X O X O
5.1 A X X X X O O X O
5.2 X X X X O X O
PGI
6.1A
X X O X O X X X X X X X
7 X X O
8 X X O X X O O X O O O X
Ghi chu:
Khong gii han;
X: Khong c boc d, lu gi hay van chuyen chung vi nhau;
O: Khong c boc d, lu gi hay van chuyen chung vi nhau tr khi c
tach rieng e chat thai khong the tron vi nhau khi co ro r;
* Ap dung oi vi loai chat thai nhom 1, phai c van chuyen rieng;
A Ch nh amomonium nitrate va phan ammonium nitrate co the c boc d
va lu gi chung vi nhom 1.1 hay 1.5;

V du: chat thai nhom 5.1 khong nen lu gi chung vi nhom 1.5. Loai 1.6 co the lu gi
chung vi nhom 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

oi vi kho lu gi van e can quan tam la kho phai co cac ieu kien thch hp ac biet
ca ve v tr, ket cau, kien truc cong trnh nham bao am an toan hang hoa khi lu gi an
toan cho cong ong va moi trng xung quanh. Trong o moi nguy hai can c chu
trong nhat la an toan chay no.

a. V tr kho lu gi

V tr kho lu gi nen c chon la da theo cac yeu cau chnh nh sau
122

- Neu chon v tr at nha kho nam trong khu dan c, loai hang hoa can phai bao
quan phai khong c thai vao khong kh cac chat oc hai, khong gay tieng on
va cac yeu to co hai khac vt mc qui nh hien hanh ve ve sinh moi trng.
- Khi nh v nha kho nam tren at xay dng, phai bao am yeu cau cong nghe bao
quan hang hoa.
- Neu c, nen bo tr khu lu gi chat nguy hai ben ngoai nha xng san xuat.
Chat nguy hai khi c lu gi trong nha xng th phai cach xa phng tien san
xuat dung cho chat khong de bat la toi thieu la 3 met va phai cach chat de chay
hay nguon de bat la t nhat la10 met.
- am bao khoang cach cho xe lay hang cung nh xe cha chay ra vao de dang.



















Hnh 5.3. Lu tr chat thai nguy hai trong kho lu gi

b. Nguyen tac an toan khi thiet ke kho lu gi

Kho lu gi chat nguy hai phai c thiet ke sao cho nguy c chay hay o tran la thap
nhat va phai bao am tach rieng cac chat khong tng thch.

Nha kho phai c thiet ke tuy thuoc vao chat thai nguy hai can c bao quan theo
nguy c no, chay no va chay, nh a qui nh trong TCVN-2622:1978. Nha kho co the
dung e bao quan mot hoac mot so loai hang hoa nhng phai bao am yeu cau cong
nghe va tuan thu TCVN-2622:1978.

b.1. Phong chong chay no

Theo quy chuan xay dng Viet Nam, cac nguyen tac c ban e thiet ke nha kho c
ghi trong qui nh TCVN 4317-86 va nhng qui nh tai mot so TCVN khac. Ngoai
123
nhng qui nh chung ve ket cau cong trnh, thiet ke cac kho lu gi chat nguy hai can
ac biet quan tam en cac tieu chuan phong chong chay no:

- Tnh chu la
- Ngan cach chay
- Thoat hiem
- Vat lieu trang tr, hoan thien, cach nhiet
- He thong bao chay
- He thong cha chay
- Phong trc chong chay

b.2 Vat lieu xay dng

Vat lieu xay dng kho phai la vat lieu khong de bat la va khu nha phai c gia co
chac chan bang be tong hay thep. Tot hn nen boc cach nhiet khung thep. Vat lieu cach
nhiet phai la vat lieu khong bat la chang han nh len khoang hay bong thuy tinh. Vat
lieu thch hp nhat va chong chay va lam tang o ben va o on nh la be tong, gach
ac hay gach be tong. Ong dan hay day ien bat xuyen qua tng chong chay phai c
at trong cac ong cham bat la.

b.3. Ket cau va bo tr kien truc cong trnh

Ket cau bo tr kien truc cong trnh nen tuan thu mot so nguyen tac sau:

- Bat ky khu vc kn va rong nao cung phai co loi thoat hiem theo t nhat hai
hng. Loi thoat hiem phai c ch dan ro rang (bang bang hieu, s o) va
c thiet ke de dang thoat ra trong trng hp khan cap. Ca thoat hiem de m
trong bong toi hay trong lp khoi day ac va tot hn nen trang b hanh lang thoat
hiem
- Kho cha phai c thong gio tot co lu y en chat lu gi, thch hp la e h
tren mai, tren tng ben di mai hay gan san nha.
- San kho khong tham chat long. San phai bang phang nhng khong trn trt va
khong co khe nt e de lau chui va co the cha nc ro r, chat long b o tran
hay nc cha chay a b nhiem ban, v du tao cac g hay le bao quanh.
- Trong kho lu gi chat oc phai tranh dung ng cong h e ngan nga s
phong thch khong kiem soat c cac chat b o hay nc cha chay a nhiem
ban. Moi ng cong phai c dan en ho ngan e x ly loai bo sau.

b.4. Cac thiet b, phng tien an toan tai kho lu gi

- Lap at cac phng tien chieu sang va thiet b ien khac tai v tr can thiet va
bao tr bi th ien co nang lc, khong c phep lap at tam thi. Moi trang
thiet b ien phai c noi at va co bo ngat mach khi ro ien, bao ve qua tai.
- Ni lu gi dung moi co nhiet o bat chay thap hay bui hoa chat mn th phai s
dung thiet b chu la.
- Cac thiet b dung cu ng cu s co c trang b ay u (cat kho, at kho, bnh
cha chay,.)

124
c. Lu gi ngoai tri

Khi khong co ieu kien ma phai lu gi chat thai nguy hai ngoai tri th mot so nguyen
tac sau can tuan thu:

- Khi lu gi chat nguy hai ngoai tri phai co mai che ma, nang. Cac thung cha
phai at thang ng tren go lot, phai lu gi cac thung sao cho luon co u ng
ra, vao e cha chay. Thung lu gi tren mat at phai c at trong khu vc co
ap g ngan cach co the tch khong nho hn 110% thung ln nhat at ben trong.
- Cac chat thai nguy hai cha trong thung tren mat at khong c lu gi chung
trong cac khu vc rieng biet neu khong co cung cach phan loai quoc te. G ngan
cach tng khu vc phai c lam bang vat lieu chong tham.
- Cac thung lu gi lng ln chat long de chay khong c at trong c ly 500 m
cach khu dan c hay 200m cach khu sinh hoat cua cong nhan. Moi thung lu gi
mi ngam di at (ke ca lu gi san pham dau kh) phai c trang b phng
tien kiem tra ro r va neu at trong vung nhay cam (gan nguon nc ngam dung
cho sinh hoat hay dung cho nong nghiep) phai thiet ke tng oi. Moi thung
cha, mang ong ngam, he thong chuyen tai va may moc thiet b phai c noi
at hay c bao ve bang phng tien thch hp khac. Cac phng thc hoat
ong phai tranh c cac s co kem theo s phong ien hay gay ra tnh ien.
- Nha an, phong thay quan ao khong c xay dng nh la mot phan cau thanh
nha kho ma phai xay tach biet vi khu lu gi t nhat 10m. Can phai co cac
phng tien ve sinh thch hp, co voi nc ra mat trong trng hp khan cap.
Khong cho phep at khu nha hay nha bep trong kho bai lu gi chat nguy hai.

d. Thao tac van hanh an toan tai kho lu gi

Cong tac tai kho lu gi yeu cau phai am bao tnh an toan va ve sinh kho nghiem ngat,
tranh cac nguy c co the xay ra nh chay, ro r,.. nham at hieu qua cao cho san xuat,
giam thiet hai neu s co gay ra.

Moi nhan vien phu trach kho phai san sang ap dung cac ch dan sau:

- Bang d lieu an toan (MSDS) cua tat ca cac chat c lu gi va van chuyen.
- Cac hng dan va cong tac an toan, cong tac ve sinh
- Cac hng dan va nhng bien phap ng cu khi co s co.

e. Bo tr hang trong kho

Viec bo tr chat thai trong kho ben canh viec tuan thu cac qui nh nh trong bang 5.1
con phai tuan thu khoang cach cach ly nh trong bang 5.3 va mot so nguyen tac sau:

- Phai tach biet chat nguy hai vi khu vc co ngi ra vao thng xuyen;
- Co khoang trong gia tng vi cac kien lu gi gan tng nhat va cha loi i lai
ben trong cac khoi lu gi e kiem tra, cha chay va c thoang gio;
- Phai sap xep khoi lu gi sao cho khong can tr xe nang va cac thiet b lu gi
hay thiet b ng cu khac;
- Chieu cao khoi lu gi khong vt qua 3m tr khi s dung he thong gia ;

125
Chu y: Chat nguy hai khong c:

- Lu gi trong kho chung vi nguyen lieu thc pham
- Ch va van chuyen tren cung mot phng tien vi nguyen lieu thc pham.

Bang 5.3. Khoang cach cach ly cua chat thai

Nhom 1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1 8
1 C C C C C C C C C C C
2.1 C C B B C B C C B B
2.2 C C A A B A A B A A
2.3 C C C C C C C C C C C
3.1 C B A C B B B C C B A
4.1 C B A C B B B C C B A
4.2 C C B C B B B C C B A
4.3 C B A C B B B C C B B
5.1 C C A C C C C C B B B
5.2 C C B C C C C C B C B
6.1 C B A C B B B B B C A
8 C B A C A A A A B B A
Ghi chu:
A: phai c tach biet t nhat 3 m
B: phai c tach biet t nhat 5 m
C: Khong c lu gi cung phong hay cung cho. C ly toi thieu la 10m gia cac
khu lu gi.

f. Cong tac an toan ve sinh

- Nhap va xuat hang trong kho theo ung hng dan an toan s dung oi vi tng
loai hang hoa nguy hai. Kien hang lu trc phai c s dung trc.
- Kho hang phai thng xuyen c kiem tra ro r hay h hai c hoc
- Phai gi san kho sach se
- Tat ca cac thiet b cu ng, ng i dan en loi ra phai thong thoang, khong co
vat can va gi sach se.
- Bao tr may moc, thiet b thng xuyen bao am tnh trang hoat ong tot.
- Lap s o kho, ch ro dang nguy hai trong tng phan cua kho lu gi bao gom
mot bang ke khai trnh bay v tr va so lng cua chat hoac nhom chat c lu
gi vi ac tnh nguy hai cua chung, ch ra v tr at thiet b cha chay va cu ng
san sang s dung, ch ra ng i lai va loi thoat hiem. Thu kho gi mot ban cua
s o va cap nhat hang tuan.

Cac thao tac (hanh ong) b cam thc hien trong kho

- Viec sac pin, ep plastic hay han x khong c tien hanh trong kho lu gi.
- Khong c e rac, ac biet loai rac la vat lieu de chay nh giay bo hay vai vun,
bao b rongtrong kho bai. Chung phai e xa khu lu gi.
126

Mot van e cung can quan tam trong thu gom va lu gi la thi gian lu gi do s thay
oi cua chat thai va cac van e an toan. V du theo EPA thi gian lu gi chat thai nguy
hai tai nguon thai toi a la 90 ngay, neu thi gian lu gi dai hn th phai c phep cua
c quan co tham quyen nhng toi a thi gian cho them la 30 ngay. Tuy nhien oi vi
mot so nha may ma khoang cach van chuyen tren 320 km th c phep lu gi chat thai
tai nha may t 180 en 270 ngay.

6.8. Vkh 6h0YEh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Chat thai nguy hai c van chuyen t ni phat sinh en ni x ly hay thai bo. Viec van
chuyen la khong the tranh khoi v vay van e quan tam hang au trong qua trnh van
chuyen la am bao an toan trong suot lo trnh van chuyen cho du la van chuyen bang
ng bo, ng hang khong hay ng thuy.

e am bao an toan trong suot qua trnh van chuyen hai van e c at ra la se ch
chung nhng loai chat thai nguy hai nao vi nhau va lo trnh nen chon nh the nao la an
toan nhat.

Viec la chon van chuyen chung chat thai nguy hai gop phan giam c so lan van
chuyen va giai quyet nhanh chong lng chat thai nguy hai phat sinh tai cac nha may.
Tuy nhien khong phai chat thai nao cung c van chuyen chung vi nhau v nh vay se
lam tang nguy c chay no trong chnh khoi chat thai c van chuyen. V vay khi van
chuyen chat thai nguy hai cung nen theo nguyen tac nh trong khi lu gi chat thai nguy
hai. Co the tham khao TCVN 5507-1991 e tm hieu them.

Xe van chuyen chat thai thng s dung cac xe chuyen dung vi cau tao va thiet ke ac
biet nham tranh cac s co co kha nang xay ra trong qua trnh van chuyen. Mot so dang
xe thng c dung trong van chuyen chat thai nguy hai nh sau (hnh 5.4).



Bon cha chat long khong ap
127


Bon cha chat long ap suat thap

Bon cha kh hoa long

Bon cha ap suat cao


Thung cha hang

Thung cha hang nhieu ngan

Bon lanh va bon cha kh nen

Bon cha hang kho

Bon cha hang kho dang pheu

Hnh 5.4. Mot so dang xe thng c dung trong van chuyen chat thai nguy hai

Vat lieu lam bon cha co the la thep khong r, thep cac bon, thep hp kim tuy thuoc vao
loai chat thai c cha. V du ve mot so vat lieu c trnh bay trong Bang 5.4
128

Lo trnh van chuyen phai c hoach nh (la chon) sao cho tranh toi a cac s co giao
thong va o nhiem moi trng. Tuyen van chuyen chat thai thng c chon sao cho
ngan nhat, am bao khoang cach an toan oi vi khu dan c, khu vc co nguon nc
dung cho sinh hoat, khong i qua cac giao lo ln, nhieu xe va ong ngi qua lai. Thi
iem van chuyen khong nen trung vi cac gi cao iem va rut ngan toi a thi gian van
chuyen.

Bang 5.4. Mot so vat lieu dung e che tao thung cha va loai chat thai tng ng

Vat lieu Loai chat thai
MC-306 (MC-300, 301, 302, 303, 305) Chat thai long de chay (v du: xang dau)
Kh nen
MC-307 (MC-304) Chat long de chay, oc nhom B co ap suat bay hi
trung bnh (v du: toluene)
MC-331 (MC-310, 311) Chat co tnh an mon (v du: dung dch HCl, NaOH)
MC-331 (MC-330) Kh hoa long (v du: Cl
2
, NH
3
)
MC 338 Kh hoa long gi nhiet o thap (oxy, me tan)

6.8.1. Van rhuyan bang duong bo

Chat thai nguy hai nen c van chuyen trong thung cha an toan va chac chan tren
tuyen ng van chuyen. Tat ca cac chat thai nguy hai nen c sap xep gon gang va
buoc chat e tranh s dch chuyen t do cua chat thai. Nhng xe ch chat thai thuoc
nhom 1, nhom 7 va nhom 2 nen ap ng u cac yeu cau sau:

- Vo bon phai c lam bang vat lieu thch ng vi moi trng chuyen ch
- Thung cha phai co cau truc thoa man tieu chuan ky thuat TCVN hoac cua The
gii
- Ket cau va thiet ke cua bon cha can phai chu y en kha nang chu nhiet, ap lc,
tai trong
- Cac thiet b ho tr nh an toan, ky thuat sap xep hp ly, phng an bao ve an
toan chong lai nhng rui ro gay nguy hiem khi van chuyen
- Moi thung cha phai phan chia khu e thuan tien cho viec sap xep khoi lng
hang ln va de kiem tra
- Tat ca cac thung cha co lien he nen c lam dau noi bat, va day buoc chung
nen la vat lieu phu hp
- Tat ca cac thung cha nen c chat theo phng phap giam nhe ap lc mot cach
phu hp.
- Vo thung cha phai c kiem nh 2 lan (trc khi a vao s dung va theo nh
ky nh qui nh)

6.8.Z. Van rhuyan bang duong hang khong

129
Khi van chuyen chat thai bang ng hang khong, ngoai cac van e can xem xet nh
trong van chuyen bang ng bo can phai quan tam en cac ieu kien khac gay tac
ong en o an toan cua van chuyen ac biet la s thay oi ap suat. Noi chung phai tuan
thu cac qui nh oi vi chat thai nguy hai cua To Chc Van Chuyen Hang Khong Dan
Dung Quoc Te IATA.

6.8.8. Van rhuyan bang duong bIan

Ngoai viec van chuyen bang ng bo, ng hang khong, viec van chuyen bang ng
bien cung tang ang ke. Viec van chuyen bang ng bien cung c qui nh chat che
nham tranh cac s co ang tiec co the xay ra gay nguy hai en con ngi, tau va moi
trng sinh thai. Khi van chuyen bang ng bien ngoai cac tieu chuan ve mat moi
trng can phai tuan thu theo cac qui nh cua To Chc Hang Hai Quoc Te IMO.

- Khi van chuyen bang ng bien, chu van chuyen phai co y thc trach nhiem gi
gn can than lo hang. Phai co danh sach hang hoa hay bang ke khai ch ra v tr
cua hang hoa hay chat thai tren tau.
- Chat thai phai c sap xep gon gang bo tr tuan thu cac ieu kien nh c neu
trong phan lu gi chat thai
- Nhng chat thai de bay hi phai c sap xep trong cac khoang co he thong
thong gio
- Nhng chat co kha nang phat nhiet hay chay no phai co cac bien phap ngan nga
thch hp, neu khong th se khong c phep chuyen ch.


CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Hay neu cac quy nh khi ong goi chat thai nguy hai?
2. Tren the gii ngi ta chia lam may loai nhan bao?
3. Hay neu cac quy nh chung khi dan nhan hay treo bien bao chat thai nguy hai?
4. Hay neu cac yeu cau chnh khi la chon v tr lu tr chat thai nguy hai?
5. Hay neu cac nguyen tac an toan khi thiet ke kho lu gi?
6. Cac nguyen tac can tuan thu khi lu tr ngoai tri?
7. Cac nguyen tac can tuan thu khi bo tr hang trong kho?
8. Hay neu cac cong tac an toan ve sinh kho lu gi chat thai nguy hai?
9. Hay neu cac yeu cau khi van chuyen bang ng bo, ng hang khong va ng
bien?
130

6h00h 6
khh Ik V[ T X0 LY 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Viec la chon v tr thch hp e x ly chat thai nguy hai theo mot phng an a chon
san la mot cong viec rat quan trong trong quan ly chat thai nguy hai v tnh nhay cam
cua cac tac ong ma chat thai nguy hai co the gay ra cho con ngi va moi trng.
Nhng moi nguy hai do chat thai nguy hai co the phat sinh bat ky luc nao oi hoi cac
nha qui hoach, quan ly va cac can bo ky thuat can than trong khi a ra bat ky ke hoach
qui hoach chon la v tr cho toan bo qui trnh quan ly chat thai nguy hai, t khau thu
gom tai nguon, phan loai, van chuyen, cha tam en cac khau x ly sau cung nh thieu
ot, chon lap, tai che hay giai phap khac. Ve mat nguyen tac, do tnh quan trong bc
thiet ac trng khi lam viec vi chat thai nguy hai, can phai co cac nghien cu ky lng
e anh gia trc khi a ra giai phap cu the. Thong thng cac nghien cu chon la v
tr thng bat au bang viec anh gia nguy c rui ro.

6.1. Fh00h FhkF khh Ik h0Y 60

Trong quan ly chat thai nguy hai, anh gia nguy c (hay con goi la anh gia rui ro risk
assessment) c s dung e cung cap thong tin cho qua trnh ra quyet nh chon la cac
bc tiep theo. Cac quyet nh quan trong c a ra da theo ket qua cua anh gia
nguy c bao gom: la chon cac phng an e x ly/chon lap chat thai, phng an x ly
vung at o nhiem, cac phng an giam thieu chat thai sinh ra, viec la chon thiet b
mi, hay trien khai phat trien san pham mi. anh gia nguy c nam vai tro chnh trong
viec ra quyet nh co nen x ly vung at b o nhiem hay khong, s dung phng an nao
e x ly va thiet lap tieu chuan x ly. Tuy nhien anh gia nguy c ch la mot trong so
cac thong tin khac (chnh tr, kinh te, xa hoi.) c s dung trong quan ly chat thai
nguy hai.

Ve c ban anh gia nguy c c chia thanh 4 giai oan:

1. Xac nh tnh nguy hai
2. anh gia con ng tiep xuc
3. anh gia oc tnh
4. ac trng cua nguy c

6.1.1. Xar d}nh rar moI nguy haI

131
Viec xac nh cac moi nguy hai la cong tac xac nh chat o nhiem nao la ang quan tam
tai vung b o nhiem hay hoa chat nao can x ly trong chat thai nguy hai. e co the xac
nh tnh nguy hai can phai hieu ro chat o nhiem la chat g, nong o la bao nhieu, phan
bo cua chung trong moi trng nh the nao va lam the nao chung di chuyen trong moi
trng t vung o nhiem en iem tiep nhan. e xac nh mot khu vc o nhiem can thu
thap cac thong tin sau:

- Lch s phat trien khu vc;
- Muc ch s dung at;
- Mc o cua chat o nhiem trong moi trng: khong kh, nc ngam, nc mat,
at va can lang;
- Cac ac tnh cua moi trng co anh hng en s lan truyen cua chat o nhiem
trong moi trng nh: a chat, a chat thuy van, kh quyen va a hnh;
- Kha nang anh hng en cong ong dan c;
- Kha nang anh hng en he sinh thai.

Tuy nhien, chat o nhiem trong moi trng co the rat nhieu v vay viec la chon chat o
nhiem e anh gia co the gap kho khan. Co the la chon chat o nhiem lam oi tng
chnh e anh gia nguy c da tren mot so ac tnh c ban nh sau:

- Co tnh oc nhat, kho phan huy va linh ong trong moi trng;
- Co nong o cao va phan bo rong rai trong moi trng
- Tiep xuc de dang vi oi tng tiep nhan

Nen liet ke cac chat o nhiem theo mc o gay nguy c, neu chat nao gay ra cac nguy c
chiem 99% tong cac nguy c xuat hien tai vung o nhiem th se c chon la muc tieu
chnh trong anh gia nguy c va se c anh gia ve kha nang gay ung th hay khong
gay ung th.

Cac nghien cu s bo ban au

Nghien cu s bo ban au c thc hien bang cach da tren cac d kien nh sau:

+ Phan loai cac d kien ve chat o nhiem (oi vi chat gay unng th va khong gay
ung th) trong moi trng ma chat thai hien dien (nc ngam, at..) ;
+ Xac nh nong o trung bnh va khoang nong o cua chat o nhiem trong vung at
o nhiem;
+ Xac nh lieu lng nen (reference doses) cho chat khong gay ung th va he so
goc (SF- slope factor) cua ng lieu lng ap ng theo moi con ng tiep xuc
+ Xac nh iem oc hai cho moi hoa chat trong moi trng

oi vi chat khong gay ung th
132

RfD
C
TS
max
= TS = iem oc hai
C
max
= nong o toi a
RfC = nong o nen

oi vi chat gay ung th

max
*C SF TS =

+ Sap xep thang iem oc hai cua cac chat o nhiem theo moi con ng tiep xuc
+ oi vi moi con ng tiep xuc, chon chat o nhiem chiem 99% tong iem

V du: mot vung at o nhiem chat thai cong nghiep phat hien cac chat o nhiem sau:
chlorobenzene, chloroform, BEHP co nong o C
max
va RfC nh sau

Hoa chat C
max
(mg/kg)

RfC theo ng
mieng
SF theo ng
mieng
Chlorobenzene 6,4 2.10
-2
-
Chloroform 4,1 1.10
-2
6,1.10
-3

BEHP 2,3x10
2
2.10
-2
1,4.10
-2

Ap dung cong thc tnh o oc tnh ket qua cho thay:

- Theo kha nang khong gay ung th mc o gay oc nh sau: BEHP >
chlorobenzene > Chloroform.
- Theo kha nang gay ung th mc o gay oc nh sau: BEHP > Chloroform >
Chlorobenzene.

Nh vay theo mc o oc tnh BEHP la chat phai c quan tam au tien khi xem xet
x ly vung at b o nhiem.

Cac nghien cu tiep theo

Viec xep loai chat o nhiem da theo tnh oc hai cua chung chu yeu da vao nong o
hien dien trong moi trng va tnh oc hai cua chung mac du co the xac nh c chat
can quan tam x ly. Tuy nhien khi chung ton tai trong moi trng con co nhieu yeu to
anh hng en s ton tai, kha nang lan truyen cua chung trong moi trng, v vay can
quan tam xem xet cac yeu to khac nh:

- Nong o trung bnh
133
- Tan suat phat hien
- Tnh linh ong trong moi trng
- Tnh ben vng trong moi trng
- Cac chat o nhiem khac co lien quan en khu vc van hanh
- Kha nang co the x ly

6.1.Z. anh gIa ron duong IIap xur

ay la bc th hai se c thc hien khi anh gia nguy c. Trong bc nay, se anh
gia cac con ng chat o nhiem co the tiep xuc vi cong ong t o gay ra cac anh
hng bat li en sc khoe con ngi.

Con ng lan truyen cua chat o nhiem t iem thai hay vung o nhiem en oi tng
tiep nhan bao gom rat nhieu yeu to nh :

- Nguon (ho, bai chon lap)
- C che phat tan (theo dong nc ngam, nc ma chay tran, khong kh)
- C che dch chuyen (hap phu,..)
- C che bien oi (phan huy sinh hoc,)
- iem tiep xuc (gieng lay nc sinh hoat,)
- oi tng tiep nhan (ngi s dung nc cap,)
- Con ng tiep xuc (qua ng tieu hoa,)

Con ng dch chuyen t nguon o nhiem en oi tng tiep nhan cua chat o nhiem
trong moi trng co the c mieu ta tom tat nh v du c minh hoa trong hnh 6.1.

Sau khi xac nh c con ng lan truyen tiep xuc, bc tiep theo cua cong tac nay la
xac nh kha nang tiep can vi chat o nhiem cua cong ong bang cach xem xet cac van
e sau:

- S ton tai cua cong ong trong vung lan can
- S phat trien dan c trong vung phu can
- Cac nhom tuoi trong cong ong can quan tam
- Kha nang tiep xuc cua cong nhan lam viec trong khu vc x ly

6.1.8. anh gIa dor Inh

ay la bc xac nh tnh oc cua chat o nhiem quan tam trong chu trnh anh gia nguy
c. Cong viec cua bc nay chu yeu la anh gia chat o nhiem co kha nang gay ung th
hay khong. Nguon d lieu phuc vu cho viec anh gia oc tnh co the da theo cac tai
lieu nghien cu a c cong bo hay c liet ke trong cac tieu chuan va luat.

134






















Hnh 6.1. V du ve con ng tiep xuc


6.1.4. ar Irung hoa Inh nguy haI

ac trng hoa tnh nguy hai la xac nh mc o cua nguy c va cac iem khong chac
chan cua d oan. Trong bc nay xem xet en nguy c tiep xuc vi nong o trung bnh
va nong o toi a cua chat o nhiem cung nh nguy c cua chung. e xac nh nguy c
gay ung th va khong gay ung th bang hai ch so: ch so nguy c va ch so nguy hai

Nguy c ung th

R = I
c
x SF

I
c
= lng tiep nhan trong ngay (mg/kg.ngay)
SF = he so ung th (kg.ngay/mg)

Ch so nguy hai

HI = I
N
/RfC
Ht
Tieu
Tang nc
ngam
Hng dong chay cua nc
ngam
Ht
Hng gio
135

HI = ch so nguy hai
I
N
= lng tiep nhan trong ngay (mg/kg.ngay)
RfC = nong o nen (mg/kg.ngay)

6.Z. L0k 6h0h V[ T kT hhk MkY X0 LY
6.2.1. 6ar ro so khoa hor rhung va IIau rh Iua rhon d}a dIam xay dung khu xu Iy
rhaI IhaI nguy haI
Thong thng nhng c s khoa hoc can ban e la chon v tr cua khu vc x ly chat
thai nguy hai la:

1. Tao ieu kien thuan li toi a cho qui trnh thu gom chat thai va x ly chat thai

ieu hien nhien la chi ph van chuyen va thu gom chat thai chiem phan ln trong tong
chi ph quan ly chat thai. Cu the, v tr cua khu x ly c la chon can c chon sao
cho giam toi thieu chi ph van chuyen va thu gom chat thai. Nh vay can phai da tren
c s nghien cu ky lo trnh thu gom chat thai (nhat la lo trnh thu gom hien hu cua cac
chat thai cac loai).

oi vi cac khu dan c va khu cong nghiep ang hoat ong th nen co cac bien phap
cung cap nhng thung rac cha chat thai nguy hai co nhng ngan nho chia theo cac loai
chat thai co san trong cac khu vc tng ng. Cong viec nay thc te la cong tac phan
loai va thu gom chat thai nguy hai ngay tai nguon phat sinh, se tao ieu kien thuan li
cho cong tac tai sinh va tai che chat thai can thiet tai khu x ly. Trong trng hp nay
moi khu dan c/nha may se thai cac chat thai nhng thung rac a c ch nh theo
ung nh hng dan phan loai chat thai nguy hai.

2. Khong c gay ra cac anh hng en nhng ieu kien moi trng hien tai khu vc

Nghien cu can than lien quan en anh gia tac ong moi trng se c tien hanh khi
v tr nha may/khu x ly c la chon xac nh e giam toi thieu anh hng cua viec
hoat ong va xay dng nha may/khu x ly CTNH, ke ca van chuyen va thu gom chat
thai. Hien nhien, o nhiem th cap se khong phat sinh t khu nha may x ly. Hn na,
viec nghien cu giong nh the se c thc hien cho bai chon lap an toan chat thai sau
cung.

Thng viec anh gia tac ong moi trng se c thc hien theo ung vi tien o cua
cac d an xay dng khu x ly. Cu the, viec nghien cu s bo se c thc hien giai
oan ban au cua d an va viec nghien cu chnh xac se c thc hien giai oan
cuoi cung cua viec thc hien d an. oi vi ieu kien cua nc ta, nhat la tai cac o th
ln, th mot ieu kho tranh khoi la v tr chon la cua khu x ly co the nam khong u xa
136
cac khu dan c, nh vay cong tac anh gia tac ong en moi trng can thc hien chi
tiet da vao cac khao sat va nghien cu can than, phan tch chi tiet cac tac ong.

3. Qui at ai can thiet cho xay dng khu x ly

V du nh theo cac nghien cu thc hien trong nc gan ay th dien tch at can thiet
e s dung cho d an xay dng khu lien hp x ly chat thai nguy hai vi cong suat trung
bnh 1500-2000 tan/ngay c d oan len en khoang gan 100 ha. Dien tch nay bao
gom tat ca cac hang muc can co cho mot khu lien hp x ly chat thai nguy hai: khu vc
tiep nhan chat thai, khu ot rac + nha may ien va thu hoi nhiet, khu x ly hoa ly,
phng tien x ly kh thai, nc thai ro r, bai chon lap chat thai, khu van phong nha
ieu hanh va nhng phng tien can thiet khac co lien quan en d an.

Viec nghien cu chnh xac hn se c thc hien giai oan thiet ke c ban khu/nha
may x ly bao gom nhng ieu kien a phng va nhng yeu cau them nh la: phong
hanh chanh, kho bai, xng. neu nh can thiet.

























Hnh 6.2. Khai quat ve chon la v tr khu x ly CTNH
Khu XL
KHU CONG
NGHIEP
KHU DAN
C
Giam thieu Giam thieu
Cac chat thai c
phan loai va thu gom
theo cung tnh chat
BAI CHON LAP AN
TOAN CTNH
F
h
F
H
Giam thieu
Chat thai se giam con 1/10. Can
ba lo ot co the c van chuyen
bang xe ben t o co che phu
V tr khu x ly se c chon ni ma
khoang cach van chuyen giam toi thieu.

137
4. Gan nhng ha tang c s thch hp

Nhng ha tang c s se rat can thiet cho cong tac van hanh khu lien hp x ly, ma trc
mat no cung se gop phan tao ieu kien thuan li cho cac giai oan xay dng c ban cua
d an. Nhng ha tang c s tien ch can thiet chnh la:

a) He thong ien: Tram bien the cong cong c at gan nha may th thch hp hn bi
v ien se c s dung va cung cap qua tram bien the nay.

b) He thong cap nc sach: Nc gieng hay nc may c yeu cau cho sinh hoat
chung, cho lo hi va cho cac cong trnh x ly can thiet khac.

c) He thong cong thoat nc: Nc ma va nc thai chung cua khu lien hp se c
noi vao he thong cong thoat nc hien hu. Khong co rui ro nc thai oc hai thai ra t
nha may.

d) He thong ng giao thong: Xu hng chung la la chon a iem cua khu lien hp
gan vi he thong ng giao thong hien hu e giam bt chi ph xay dng mi ng
giao thong. Cong tac la chon nay can co cac nghien cu cu the v khi khu lien hp i
vao hoat ong th lu lng xe ch racang ke se gop phan gia tang mat o lu thong
tai cac con ng nay va gay ra cac o nhiem ien hnh kem theo.

e) He thong thong tin lien lac: Can thiet cho cong tac ieu hanh va thong tin cua khu x
ly va lien lac viben ngoai.

6.2.2. hghIan ruu rar IIau rh Iua rhon

Muc ch cua chon la khu vc at nha may x ly la nham am bao khi nha may c
xay dng va van hanh khong gay anh hng en ac tnh t nhien va muc ch s dung
at cung nh khong gay ra cac tac ong bat li en sc khoe con ngi va moi trng.
Qua trnh chon la khu vc at nha may bao gom cac bc sau:

- Nghien cu khu vc d kien
- Giai oan 1: La chon cac vung co kha nang va nghien cu cac khu vc d kien
- Giai oan 2: anh gia cac khu vc d kien c e xuat trong giai oan 1, xac
nh cac v tr co the xay dng
- Giai oan 3: anh gia chi tiet cac v tr c xac nh trong giai oan 2 va t o
la chon v tr thch hp.

Khu vc d kien at nha may x ly chat thai thng c cac c quan quy hoach nha
nc a ra. T cac khu vc c cho phep nay, cac to chc, c quan nha nc hay
doanh nghiep lien quan en x ly chat thai se tien hanh thc hien viec chon la theo
138
cac giai oan khac nhau. Trong giai oan 1, viec la chon co the c tien hanh theo
nhieu phng phap khac nhau, co the tham khao mot trong 4 phng phap sau:

- Phng phap trc giac: la phng phap ma trong o quyet nh khu vc co thch
hp cho viec at nha may x ly da tren viec anh gia toan bo cac d kien ve
khu vc.
- Phng phap loai tr: la phng phap xac nh cac yeu to la chon, xac nh tieu
ch la chon cho moi yeu to . Vada tren cac yeu to va tieu ch la chon loai bo
dan cac khu vc khong phu hp. Theo WHO khi la chon khu vc xay dng nha
may x ly chat thai nguy hai nen s dung mot so tieu chuan loai tr (bang 2) e
quyet nh co nen xay dng nha may tren khu vc o hay khong.
- Phng phap cho iem: phng phap nay thc hien bang cach cho iem cac d
kien cua khu vc la chon sau o so sanh va chon la khu vc thch hp.
- Ket hp cac tieu ch (tieu chuan): phng phap nay thng c ap dung chung
vi phng phap loai tr va phng phap cho iem.

Bang 6.1. Cac yeu to loai tr khi la chon khu vc at nha may x ly chat thai
nguy hai

1 at khong on nh hay at yeu
2 Kha nang rut nc
3 Tang at bao hoa am
4 Vung bo cap cua tang nc ngam
5 Khu vc hay ngap lut
6 Khu vc co cac nguon nc mat
7 Khu vc co ieu kien kh tng co kha nang phat tan kem
8 Khu vc co a tang khong on nh (nui la, ong at)
9 Tai nguyen thien nhien a dang
10 at nong nghiep hoac rng co gia tr kinh te cao hay khu vc co gia tr ve
mat van hoa
11 Khu at mang tnh lch s, cong trnh kien truc, khao co hay khu ton giao
12 Cac khu vc kho bai, giao thong
13 Khu dan c tap trung
14 Cac khu vui chi, giai tr hay the thao

Tieu ch (tieu chuan) la chon c chia lam hai loai: loai tieu chuan bat buoc va loai
kia la do nhom la chon t a ra. Tieu chuan bat buoc thng c a ra da theo
yeu cau cua luat nh, quy pham., con tieu chuan do nhom la chon t a ra la da
tren y nh cua nhom chon la. Viec a ra cac tieu ch la chon ma co the c cong
ong chap nhan co the c thc hien theo cac bc sau:

139
1. a ra cac gia thiet can ban
2. Xac nh loai nha may
3. Phan tch kha nang b s co anh hng en moi trng cua nha may
4. Thiet lap cac muc tieu cho tieu chuan la chon
5. Tuyen chon cac yeu to la chon
6. Xac nh tieu ch (tieu chuan) la chon

Nhn chung ay la cong tac kho khan va phc tap, co the tham khao mot hng dan
viec a ra cac tieu chuan la chon cua EPA (My) nh c trnh bay trong bang 6.2.

Bang 6.2. Hng dan tieu chuan la chon

Yeu to ieu kien mong muon ieu kien khong chap nhan
a chat
Be day cua lp a nen >15m < 9 m
ac tnh Tang tram tch, t a mem B gay nt
a chan 0-1 3
Kien tao 1,6 km t vet t a
tang
< 1,6 km
Co ac tnh rieng Khong co cac ac iem
ve khao co, di vat hoa
thach
Co cac ac iem ve khao co, di
vat hoa thach
a hnh
V tr Vung cao, ho ao khai
thac at set
Vung at thap am t, ong
bang cua song, ho khia thac cat
soi
a hnh Bang phang en hi doc
o doc < 10%
Sat ngay sn doc, ranh sau, o
doc 25%
at
Day > 1 m < 1 m
Cau tao Bun en set pha at set rat mn
Thoat nc Thoat nc kha tot Rat kem
Toc o tham 1,5 5 cm/h < 1,5 hay > 5 cm/h
Ham lng chat hu c 1% > 8%
o doc 2-12% > 25%
Thuy van
Thoat nc Nhanh Cham hay tr nc
Nc mat Cach xa hoac khu vc
bang phang
Bang phang gan song ngoi, hay
de b lut
Khoang cach > 900m oi vi ho va am
lay
> 600 m oi vi rach, suoi
600 m en bat ky nguon nc
mat nao, 8 km en lu vc song
140
Nc ngam Khong phat hien tang
nc ngam mach nong
Ro r, am lay
Tang cha nc Sau di tang a mem va
che phu bi mot lp
khong the tham
Tang nc ngam mach nong
Hng dong chay Ve khu vc la chon Chay ra t khu vc la chon
Nguon cap nc > 900m 600 m
Kh hau
Lng ma Lng bay hi 10 cm so
vi lng ma

Bao Tan suat xuat hien nho Nam trong vung tam bao
hoac loc
Gio Khuay tron khong kh tot Cong ong dan c nam cach
xa 800 m cuoi hng gio
Giao thong
Giao thong cong cong > 300 m < 300 m
Khoang cach so vi
ng lien tnh
> 600 m < 600 m
Tai nguyen
S dung at Khong nam ke at nong
nghiep va cac hoat ong
khac
Tiep giap vi cong vien,
khu giai tr, khu bao ton
sinh thai, canh quan
Cong ong dan c
Nhan khau Mat o dan c thap Mat o dan c cao
V tr 8 km t nguon cap
nc o th
Tai nguyen hoac bien gii
quoc gia
Sinh hoc
Sinh thai Co gia tr thap ve mat
sinh thai, khong co cac
dang sinh vat nguy hai va
qu hiem
Co gia tr thap ve mat sinh
thai, khong co cac dang
sinh vat nguy hai va qu
hiem

Ben canh cac van e neu tren s tham gia cua cong ong va cua c quan quan ly nha
nc vao tien trnh la chon cung nam mot vai tro quan trong, no quyet nh tnh thanh
cong hay that bai cua d an va kha nang hoat ong on nh cua nha may sau nay.

6.8. L0k 6h0h L0kI hhk MkY X0 LY

Trc khi la chon loai nha may x ly nen tien hanh viec anh gia la chon loai nha
may va cong suat x ly can anh gia van e theo cac bc nh sau:

141
1. Loai va lng chat thai nguy hai phat sinh hien nay va trong tng lai
2. Cac bien phap quan ly va x ly hien nay
3. Cac bien phap quan ly va x ly d kien trong tng lai
4. Nang suat cua cac nha may hien nay va kha nang ap ng cua chung

Khi so sanh bc 1 va bc 3,4 se xac nh c nhu cau xay dng them nha may hay
khong, va e nha may co tnh kha thi ve mat kinh te can xem xet anh gia cung- cau.

Cac loai nha may x ly chat thai nguy hai

Trong viec quan ly chat thai noi chung hay chat thai nguy hai noi rieng, tuy thuoc vao
thanh phan chat thai, muc ch quan ly va trnh o cong nghe ky thuat san co cua a
phng ma co cac loai nha may x ly khac nhau. Theo Hazardous Waste Management
(), oi vi chat thai nguy hai co ba loai nha may chnh:

- Nha may tai sinh, thu hoi
- Nha may x ly
- Nha may chon lap

Nha may tai sinh, thu hoi: loai nha may nay chu yeu thu hoi va tai sinh cac thanh
phan co the s dung lai c (hay noi cach khac la co the ban c) chang han nh
dung moi, dau m, acid, kim loai) hay la thu hoi cac gia tr nang lng cua chat thai.
Trong nha may loai nay thng c trang b cac thiet b chng cat, loc mang, ket
tua, trao oi ion, ien phan, trch ly, hap phu, lo hi, lo nhiet luyen, . S o bo tr
mot nha may tai sinh thu hoi chat thai long nguy hai c cho trong hnh

Nha may x ly: trong nha may s dung qua trnh hoa hoc, hoa ly, sinh hoc va nhiet
e lam thay oi cac ac tnh hoa hoc hoa ly e giam oc tnh cua chung hay phan
huy hoan toan chat thai. oi vi nha may nay thng trang b he thong lo ot, he
thong x ly hoa hoc-hoa ly, he thong x ly sinh hoc, he thong on nh hoa ran.

Nha may chon lap: nha may loai nay thng la bai chon lap. Ngoai ra con la cac
tang at di tang nc ngam.









142

















Hnh 6.3. V du ve S o bo tr khong gian nha may tai sinh, thu hoi dung moi

Tuy thuoc ieu kien kinh te -xa hoi va khoa hoc ky thuat cua khu vc va vao muc ch
quan ly chat thai nguy hai cua chnh quyen a phng ma nha may loai nao hay to hp
cua chung c xay dng. Hnh 6.4 minh hoa mot khu lien hp x ly chat thai nguy hai




















143
Hnh 6.4. S o khong gian bo tr mat bang khu lien hp x ly chat thai nguy hai

Van hanh nha may

Nhn chung khi van hanh mot nha may x ly chat thai nguy hai thng bao gom nam
bc sau

1. Phan tch chat thai trc khi chuyen ch
2. Nhan chat thai
3. Lu gi va chuan b x ly
4. X ly
5. Quan ly sau x ly


CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Hay neu phng phap anh gia nguy c, trnh bay tom tat cac giai oan cua phng
phap?
2. Liet ke cac bc la chon khu vc at nha may x ly?
3. Liet ke cac van e can anh gia khi la chon loai nha may x ly?
4. Co may loai nha may x ly chat thai nguy hai?
5. Cac bc cua mot nha may quan ly chat thai nguy hai?


144
6h00h 7
hkh h0k 0 hhIEM
6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

7.1. M0T 80 khkI hIEM T0h 0kh VE hkh h0k 0 hhIEM

7.1.1. khaI nIam va ngan ngua o nhIam rong nghIap

Ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep (Industrial Pollution Prevention - IPP) la mot thuat ng
c dung e mieu ta cac cong nghe san xuat va nhng chien lc ma no dan en ket
qua la loai tr hoac giam bt cac dong thai ca ve so lng dong thai cung nh ac tnh o
nhiem cua moi dong thai. Co the co nhng cach nh ngha khac nhau, ay ch xin c
trch dan 2 nh ngha co tnh bao quat nhat:

- Chng trnh moi trng cua lien hiep quoc (UNEP): Ngan nga o nhiem cong
nghiep la viec ap dung mot cach lien tuc chien lc ngan nga tong hp ve mat
moi trng oi vi cac qua trnh san xuat, cac san pham va cac dch vu nham nang
cao hieu qua kinh teva giam thieu cac rui ro oi vi con ngi va moi trng.

Muc tieu cua qua trnh san xuat Bao ton vat lieu va nang lng, loai bo
cac vat lieu tho oc hai va giam bt
khoi lng cung nh octnh cua tat ca
cac chat thai va cac hi kh oc hai hay
tai nguon.
Muc tieu oi vi cac san pham Giam bt cac tac ong tieu cc trong
suot toan bo vong i cua mot san
pham, t luc thiet ke cho en luc thai
bo
Muc tieu oi vi cac dch vu Long ghep cac khai niem moi trng
vao trong viec thiet ke va cung cap cac
dch vu.

- Cuc bao ve moi trng Hoa Ky (EPA): Ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep la viec
s dung cac vat lieu, cac qua trnh hoac cac thao tac van hanh sao chogiam bt
hoacloai tr kha nang tao ra cac chat o nhiem hoac cac chat thai ngay ta nguon.
No bao gom cac hanh ong lam giam viec s dung cac vat lieu oc hai, nang
lng, nc, hoac cac tai nguyen khac va cac hanh ong bao ve tai ngyen thien
nhien thong qua viec bao ton hoac s dung co hieu qua hn.


145
Ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep oi hoi phai co s thay oi ve nhan thc va thai o cua
cac oi tng co lien quan, thc hien viec quan ly moi trng mot cach co tinh than trach
nhiem va nh lng nhng s la chon ve cong nghe.
Cac yeu to cot loi cua cach tiep can ve ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep c tong hp lai
trong s o sau:

















Hnh 7.1. Cac yeu to cot loi cua ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep .

Hien nay chien lc ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep ang c chng trnh moi trng
cua lien hiep quoc (UNEP) va cac chng trnh moi trng cua nhieu nc cong nghiep
phat trien ap dung trien khai nham bao ve cac nguon tai nguyen va moi trng. Ngan
nga o nhiem noi chung va ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep noi rieng se tr thanh yeu to
quyet nh trong chien lc quan ly moi trng thong nhat cua ca the gii.

Nhieu thuat ng a c s dung e mieu ta cac hoat ong e gii han hoac lam giam
thieu s phat sinh cua chat thai nguy hai. giam toi thieu chat thai, giam chat thai nguon
thai ngan nga o nhiem , tai che va tai s dung. Vao 1986 mot ban tng trnh gi ti
quoc hoi My va Uy ban bao ve moi trng cua My (EPA) viec giam thieu chat thai c
nh ngha nh la viec lam giam the tch hay oc tnh cua chat thai.

7.1.Z. MoI so v du va uan Ly hgan hgua rar nguon 6haI ThaI hguy haI.

Chat thai nguy hai, oi khi con c goi la cac chat thai ac biet, la nhng chat thai can
phai van chuyen, x ly, va thai bo mot cach ac biet v tiem nang nguy hai hay the tch
ln cua chung, tot nhat cac chat thai nay khong the nhap vi cac dong thai sinh hoat,
nhng hien tng nay van xay ra kha thng xuyen, ac biet cac nc ang phat trien
nh Viet Nam chung ta.

Lien
tuc
Ngan
nga
Thong
nhat
San
pham
Chien lc
oi vi
Cac qua trnh
san xuat
Con
ngi
Giam
rui ro
Moi
trng

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Chat thai ac biet co the gay tac ong nghiem trong ti sc khoe va moi trng neu
khong c quan ly tot. Nhng ngi lam viec vi cac chat thai nay (nh nhng ngi
lm rac chang han) phai oi mat thng xuyen vi nhng s rui ro kha cao. Thanh phan
oc hai cua cac chat thai nay co the i vao moi trng, lam o nhiem cac nguon nc.
Chat nguy hai cung co the lam xuong cap cac trang thiet b cua bai chon lap chat thai.
Ngan nga chat thai nguy hai c thao luan en ay bi v chung co tac ong tieu cc
tiem nang len he thong quan ly chat thai o th noi chung, trong o ac biet la cac chat
thai cong nghiep nguy hai.

Quan ly chat thai ran nguy hai la mot cong viec tng oi kho khan oi vi hau het cac
nc ang phat trien, at biet nhng ni cha co he thong quan ly chat thai sinh hoat
hoan chnh. Co 3 nguyen do: th nhat, quy nh oi vi quan ly chat thai ran cha ro rang,
th hai, cac nguon lc san co e quan ly chat thai con thieu thon va, th ba, cong nghe
can thiet e quan ly chat thai nguy hai ac biet thng khong san co.

Viec quan ly hu hieu cac chat thai nguy hai ac biet can bat au vi viec anh gia tac
ong cua chat thai len sc khoe va moi trng, li ch moi trng cua viec quan ly ung
quy cach chat thai nguy hai co the rat ln v trong nhieu trng hp mot lng nho chat
thai nguy hai co the gay hai thiet hai rat ln. Tuy nhien, mac dau chat thai nguy hai co
rui ro, so lung khong phai luc nao cung u nhieu e c thu gom va thai rieng re.

Mot so v du ve quan ly va ngan nga cac nguon chat thai nguy hai c trnh bay di
ay.

1. Chat thai nguy hai t ho gia nh

Cac ho gia nh san sinh mot lng nho chat thai nguy hai nh sn, dung moi sn, chat
bao quan go, thuoc tr sau, nc ve sinh, dau may can, pin ac quy... Chat thai nguy hai
gia nh cac nc cong nghiep hoa (My, Chau Au, Nhat) chiem khoang trung bnh 0.5%
lng chat thai sinh hoat gia nh cac o th, cac nc ang phat trien th phan tram
nay nho hn.

Cho en nay khong co phng cach quan ly cu the, hp ly va kinh te nao co the ap dung
cho chat thai nguy hai cua tng ho gia nh, va cach lam thng gap la cho chat thai o
cung vi dong chat thai sinh hoat chung i en bai chon lap, ni o cac phan ng sinh hoc
xay ra co the co tac dung lam giam tac ong cua cac chat kim loai oc hai, trong khi cac
chat nguy hai khac c pha loang trong chat thai sinh hoat khac.

a co mot so thanh cong trong viec khuyen khch phan loai cac chat thai nguy hai tai cac
ho gia nh cac nc phat trien. Nhng loai chat thai nguy hai u tien c phan loai
c c neu ro thong qua viec e cap en cac thiet hai ma chung co the gay ra khi thai
vao moi trng chung, cung nh e cap en hnh thc thai bo chung neu nh chat thai o
khong c phan loai. V du nh, s u tien trong viec thu gom pin phe thai co the lien

147
quan en s an toan khi ot rac, bi v oi vi cac lo ot, chat thai cha kim loai nang la
ac biet khong phu hp va kha nang gay o nhiem moi8 tr6ng cua chung la kha ln.

Cac chng trnh giao duc cong ong phong phu, ro rang va thng xuyen la rat can thiet
oi vi viec phan loai rac. Nhng phng cach thai bo ac biet va nhng kha nang tai
sinh cua mot so chat thai nguy hai t ho gia nh thong thng cung can c gii thieu
trong cac chng trnh nh vay.

Mot so hp chat nguy hai phai c xac nh tai thi iem khi mua hang (neu nh ca
hang) bi v cac chat nay phai c thai bo mot cach at biet. Mot so quoc gia at trong
tam manh vao hnh thc lay lai tai iem mua cho nhng mat hang co the thu gom theo
cach nay, v du nh pin, thuoc diet trung trong nha, va dau a s dung oi vi cac loai
hnh hang hoa nh vay, thong thng cac vo bao b s dung xong se c ca hang ni
ban co trach nhiem thu gom (mua lai) cho ngi dan.

1. Dau can

Mot so cach lam ngan nga phat sinh chat thai oi vi dau a s dung:

- Loc lai dau thanh dau boi trn. Moi hiem nguy ay la phan can con lai co the
b xa vao trong cac he thong cong thoat, do vay can phai ngan nga viec nay. Tot nhat la
nhng phan d nay c ot trong cac lo ot xi mang. Khi ma qua trnh nay la khong the
thc hien c, nhng phan d nay phai c em en bai thai va c ong trong nhng
thung cha kn.
- S dung lam chat ot. Trong trng hp nay co moi nguy hai la kim loai nang co
trong dau se b thoat ra ngoai vao moi trng. V vay, dau m a s dung tot nhat la s
dung di dang chat ot trong cac lo ot ximang.

3. Pin t-Acquy

Nhng pin t a s dung c tao ra t cac c s bao dng o to. Nhng pin nay cha
axit va ch la 2 chat nguy hai. Cac bien phap e x ly vi pin t:
- Tai sinh trong moi trng c kiem tra chat che. ieu quan trong can chu y la
nhng c s nha may tai sinh qui mo nho thng co kha nang gay o nhiem cao.
- Thao va trung hoa axit va nung chay cac vo boc kim loai trong cac lo nung.

4. Vun thai t xay dng

S tranh phat thai chat thai la vun xay dng co the c khuyen khch thong qua qua
trnh kiem tra, kiem ke va gi lai cac vat lieu xay dng con co gia tr s dung. ieu nay
am bao rang nhng vat lieu khong s dung se khong c thai bo mot cach khong can
thiet. Lam vat lieu nen co chon la: ieu nay co lien quan en thao g, thng la oi vi
viec thu hoi nhng phan chon loc t viec r bo cac toa nha, sau o c dung e san lap,
lam nen xay dung cac cong trnh khac. oi khi co the s dung nhng he thong phan loai

148
tai cho e thu hoi mot so vat lieu con co gia tr (nh go, kim loai,). ap nho, nghien va
s dung lai a loai 2 va nhng vat lieu betong, sau o co the s dung chung lam vat lieu
xay dng cho muc ch khac.

5. Bun cong ranh, chat thai t t hoai va chat thai t cac lo giet mo

Nhng cach lam tot e giam va x ly bun cong va chat thai be t hoai:

- Tranh phat sinh the tch ln cua bun thai bang cach tach rieng cac dong thai
trong cac he thong cong thoat.
- Giam toi thieu tai lng o nhiem vao he thong thoat nc trung tam thong qua
viec lap at he thong x ly tai cho nhng dong chat thai sinh hoat, chat thai t cac ho gia
nh.
- S dung e lam phan bon, sau khi cac xet nghiem thng xuyen cho thay ham
lng kim loai la nho. Nh vay, ieu nay cung co ngha la viec an toan moi trng at la
ieu can phai can nhac trong trng hp nay.
- X ly khac, v du nh lam kho, trung hoa bang voi, qua trnh composting, hoac la
ket hp composting vi chat thai t vn e tao ra chat thai hoac cac chat hu c, sau o
em s dung cho at, c thiet ke e quay vong cac chat hu c nay t bun va at.

Hien nay chien lc ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep ang c chng trnh moi trng
cua lien hiep quoc (UNEP) va cac chng trnh moi trng cua nhieu nc cong nghiep
phat trien ap dung trien khai nham bao ve cac nguon tai nguyen va moi trng. Ngan
nga o nhiem noi chung va ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep noi rieng se tr thanh yeu to
quyet nh trong chien lc quan ly moi trng thong nhat cua ca the gii.

7.1.8. 6ar bIan phap ky IhuaI ngan ngua o nhIam rong nghIap

Mot cach tong quat, co the chia thanh 3 nhom ky thuat chnh:

a- Giam thieu tai nguon
b- Tai sinh
c- Cai tien san pham.

Moi nhom ky thuat tren co the chia thanh cac tieu nhom va trong moi tieu nhom co the
co nhieu bien phap ky thuat khac nhau. Cac ky thuat ngan nga o nhiem c tong quat
tren hnh 7.2.

a. Giam thieu chat thai tai nguon

Trong chng nay thuat ng giam toi thieu chat thai tai nguon ap dung cho cac ky thuat
quan ly hoac s thay oi quy trnh ma cuoi cung la lam giam khoi lng hoac oc tnh cua
chat thai a en khau x ly hoac thai bo. Thuat ng nay khong bao gom cac hoat ong

149
n thuan co gang giam tnh nguy hai cua chat thai ve the tch en viec giam o nguy
hiem.






































Hnh 7.2. Tong quat ve cac ky thuat ngan nga o nhiem

Mot vai thuat ng ngan nga o nhiem lien quan en nh ngha nay bao gom:

Nhng ky thuat ngan nga o nhiem

au tien Cuoi cung

Cao Thap
Giam thieu tai nguon Tai che (tai cho va ben
ngoai)
Thay oi san pham

Thay the san pham
Bao toan san pham
Thay oi thanh phan
cua san pham.
Thay oi nguyen
vat lieu au vao

- Lam sach nguyen
vat lieu.
- S thay the
nguyen vat lieu.
Kiem soat
tai nguon
Thu hoi, tai s dung

- Tr lai quy trnh
ban au.
- Thay the nguyen
lieu tho cho quy
trnh khac.
Nhng thay oi ve cong
nghe.

- Thay oi quy trnh.
- Thay oi thiet b, he
thong ong dan, s o
mat bang cong nghe.
- Them ky thuat t
ong hoa.
- Thay oi ieu kien
van hanh.
Cac thao tac van hanh tot

- Cac thu tuc o lng .
- Ngan chan ton that
- Thoi quen quan ly.
- S phan chia dong chat
thai.
- Cai tien viec mua, lu tr
nguyen vat lieu
- Lap ke hoach san xuat
tot
Tai che lai
.
- Che bien e
thu hoi tai
nguyen
- Che bien
thanh san
pham phu
Th t tham do
S thoa man moi trng tng oi

150
Quan ly hoa chat e lam giam s co
Nhan ra va nh lng tat ca nhng chat can thai bo
Giam toi thieu chat thai

Giam thieu tai nguon bao gom:

- Cai tien viec quan ly noi tai va van hanh san xuat:

+ Nhng cai tien ve ieu o san xuat
+ Ngan nga viec that thoat va chay tran
+ Tach rieng cac dong chat thai
+ Ren luyen nhan s

Cac chng trnh ngan nga o nhiem co the thay oi t nhng chng trnh nhan thc ve
o nhiem n gian ma o cac nha quan ly va cac cong nhan c yeu cau xac nh cac
cach thc lam giam s phat sinh chat thai, cho ti nhng chng trnh phc tap oi hoi
phai bo tr cac nhan s rieng biet va rong hn na - cac hoat ong toan cau. Trong nhng
trng hp o, cac cong nhan ong mot vai tro chu chot. Mot chien dch hieu qua nham
giam thieu lng chat thai sinh ra oi hoi phai c ket hp vi mot chng trnh huan
luyen nhan vien co hieu qua, day nhan vien lam the nao e nhan biet s ro r, tran va
that thoat nguyen vat lieu. Nhng ngi van hanh qua trnh va cac ca nhan bao tr can
phai c tap huan bo xung chuyen sau ve cac phng phap ngan nga o nhiem.

- Bao toan nang lng: Nang lng nhiet co the c bao toan bang cach quan tam
en viec ngan nga cac that thoat nhiet nang trong qua trnh van chuyen t nguon
cung cap en ni tieu thu. Cung co the phuchoi va s dung nhiet c sinh ra bi
chnh cac qua trnh san xuat. Cac nha may san xuat tieu thu mot khoi lng khong
lo ien nang cho cac qua trnh san xuat va cho ca cac hoat ong sinh hoat trong
nha may.
- Thay oi qua trnh: Nhng thay oi ve qua trnh lien quan vi viec mot san pham
tao ra nh the nao.

Nhng thay oi ve nguyen lieu au vao:

+ Thay oi han nguyen vat lieu co tnh oc hai cao bang nhng nguyen vat lieu co tnh
oc hai thap hn hoac khong oc hai. V du co the s dung cac tac nhan tay ra co kha
nang hoa tan trong nc e thay cho cac dung moi oc hai.
+ Lam sach nguyen vat lieu tho trc khi s dung e gam thieu lng chat thai san sinh
ra. V du: loai bo cac hat au phong (lac) b sau, mot hay b lep trc khi khi chien chung
trong dau e han che lng dau khet phai thai hay phong tranh ngo oc.

Nhng thay oi ve mat ky thuat va cong nghe:


151
+ Viec cai tien cong nghe a s dung e san xuat ra mot san pham la mot trong nhng
phng phap hieu qua nhat trong viec ngan nga s phat sinh o nhiem.
+ Mac du mot so cong nghe ngan nga o nhiem co the c ap dung oi vi cac qua trnh
ac thu nao o, nhng nhn chung cac kieu thay oi cong nghe co the ap dung trong cac
ky thuat ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep la:
+ Nhng cai tien ve qui trnh san xuat.
+ ieu chnh cac thong so van hanh qua trnh .
+ Nhng cai tien ve may moc thiet b.
+ Nhng cai tien ve t ong hoa.

b. Tai che va tai s dung lai.

Lnh vc tai sinh chat thai co the noi la mot lnh vc rat rong bao gom nhieu van e vi
cac mc o khac nhau t viec chuyen ch, quan ly, en cach che bien tai sinh. Thng th
cac giai phap nay c biet en vi mot loat cac ten goi khac nhau nh: tai sinh, tai s
dung, tai che hoac phuc hoi. Du bat c ten goi nao, phng phap luan nay eu co li
cho chung ta v mot so ly do:

Tiet kiem c cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien
Tranh c cac la chon mang tnh bat buoc ve quan ly chat thai, chang han nh
x ly hoac chon lap.
Giam nhu cau s dung cac nguyen vat lieu tho cho qua trnh san xuat va do o se
giam c cac chi ph ve nguyen vat lieu.

Cac kieu tai che thng gap:

Tai che va tai s dung ngay tai cho.
Cach phuc hoi khac tai nha may .
Phuc hoi ben ngoai nha may.
Ban e tai s dung trong mot qua trnh tai nha may
Phuc hoi nang lng.

c. Thay oi cac san pham.

Nhng thay oi thiet ke san pham nham muc ch ngan nga o nhiem nen c thc hien
theo mot cach thc ma chat lng cung nh chc nang cua san pham khong b tac ong
ngc lai. Thiet ke v moi trng co the c thc hien bi nhng ngi trc tiep co lien
quan trong khuon kho chnh sach cua cong ty va vi s ho tr cua cac cap quan ly cua
cong ty.

7.Z. 6k6 6hIEh L006 0kh LY VIE6 hkh h0k 0 hhIEM 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI
7.Z.1. khaI uaI


152
Vi muc tieu lam giam thieu chat thai nguy hai noi chung tai ni san xuat, lam cach nao
e at c? Nhng ke hoach c vach ra sau ay:

1) Lap ke hoach va to chc
2) Mo ta cac ac iem cua chat thai va s mat mat nguyen vat lieu
3) Phat trien cac giai phap cua viec giam thieu chat thai nguy hai
4) Xem xet tnh kha thi ve kinh te, ky thuat va luat le
5) Thc hien (bao gom ca ao tao)
6) Quan trac va toi u hoa
7) Tiep tuc va anh gia tien trien tien en s phat thai bang khong (zero emission).

- Bc au bao gom s at c mot thoa thuan t cap quan ly va thiet lap mot muc
tieu ro rang. ien hnh cho bc nay se bao gom viec nhan ra trach nhiem cua
tng ca nhan va to chc mot nhom nhng ca nhan se thiet lap nen nhng ke hoach
giam thieu chat thai.
- Bc th hai la hieu ro tng loai chat thai va nguon goc cua chat thai - ket qua
cua viec kiem toan chat thai se c mo ta di ay.
- Bc th ba va th t la phan tch nhng thong tin nay trong mot khoi thong nhat
bao gom viec lam noi bat hang loat nhng trien vong: moi trng, kinh te, luat
phap, chnh tr va cong nghe. Ket qua cuoi cung cua viec phan tch se la mot ke
hoach lam giam toi thieu chat thai nguy hai. S bo sung cua ke hoach nay phai
quan tam mot cach co hieu qua tat ca cac hoat ong cua cong ty bao gom viec
nghien cu va phat trien, tiep th, san xuat, huan luyen, bao quan va mua nguyen
lieu tho. Cuoi cung, nhng no lc nay nen c xem xet e am bao rang hoan
thanh xong nhng muc tieu mot cach toi u nhat.

EPA a phan chia nhng hoat ong nay thanh bon giai oan c minh hoa trong hnh
7.3.

7.8.Z. kIam Toan 6haI ThaI hguy haI

e at c mot cach thanh cong muc tieu giam thieu chat thai trc het la viec thc
hien kiem toan nh se thao luan chi tiet trong chng 8 cua giao trnh nay. Cong tac kiem
toan giam thieu chat thai bao gom viec lap ke hoach cho toan bo chng trnh mot cach
ay u cho tat ca cac ac iem cua chat thai. T o, giai phap giam thieu chat thai c
xac nh, c anh gia, thc hien, kiem soat va pho bien.

Ke hoach cua chng trnh giam thieu chat thai can c thao luan ky e hoan thien hn.
Ke hoach bat au vi cam ket cua cap quan ly cao nhat, at ra nhng muc tieu, thiet lap
s khuyen khch, ngan sach tai chnh va nguon nhan lc.

Ke hoach cung bao gom s truyen at cac chnh sach va nhng muc tieu e cong nhan
co the de dang thc hien, ch nh mot ngi ng au va to chc mot oi e ho tr.

153
Ngoai ra con can co s chuan b nhng cong viec khac nh: thi khoa bieu, giay cham
cong va nhng cong cu can thiet khac.









































Hnh 7.3. Thu tuc anh gia giam thieu chat thai theo EPA.
Ke hoach va to chc
at thoa thuan ve s quan ly
Thiet lap cac muc tieu cua chng trnh anh gia tong
the
Giai oan phan tch kha thi
anh gia cong nghe.
anh gia kinh te.
Chon giai phap thc hien.
Bao cao cuoi cung bao gom
cac giai phap a e ngh
Giai oan anh gia.
Tap hp quy trnh va so lieu.
Gianh u tien va chon la nhng muc tieu anh gia.
Chon la ngi tham gia vao oi ngu anh ga.
Xem xet lai so lieu va a iem khao sat.
a ra nhng chon la.
Gan loc va chon la giai phap cho nghien cu tiep
theo
Thc hien mot cach thanh cong
D an giam thieu chat thai
Bao cao anh gia cua
giai phap a chon la
S thc hien
- Kiem tra cac d an va tai tr nhan
c.
- Lap at (trang thiet b)
- Thc hien (thu tuc)
- anh gia s the hien
Lap lai quy trnh
Chon la
nhng muc
tieu anh
gia mi va
anh gia
lai cac giai
phap trc
To chc anh gia va
cam ket e i en
Nhan ra s can thiet cua viec giam
thieu chat thai.

154

7.Z.8. 6ar Fhuong Fhap uan Ly hgan hgua 6haI ThaI hguy haI

Co le giai phap giam thieu o nhiem chat thai n gian nhat la viec nang cao quan ly noi
vi tot hn. o la cac cong viec n gian nh: phan loai chat thai nguy hai vi nhng th
khac, rac tren san nha xng th phai quet va thu gom trc khi ra san bang nc, va
viec ao tao nhng cong nhan e nhng hoat ong cua ho co the giam ang ke mot lng
chat thai phat sinh. Ch sau khi nhng cong viec tren ay c thc hien tot th mi tnh
en nhng giai phap thay oi trong san xuat khac.

Hau het nhng cong ty thay oi phng phap san xuat khi ho buoc phai lam nh vay. a
co mot s tr tre trong suy ngh cho rang phai co mot lng von au t ln cho cac phng
phap san xuat hien tai, do vay ho rat mien cng e thay oi he thong v lo ngai ieu nay
co the co tac ong en chat lng san pham cua ho. Ngay nay nhieu quy trnh san xuat a
c phat trien trc khi co nhng moi quan tam ve cac chat thai nguy hai c at ra.
Hang loat cac thay oi ve san xuat co kha nang thch hp bao gom:

Thay oi cac bien so hoat ong cua quy trnh (v du nh ap suat, nhiet o).
Thay oi nguyen lieu au vao
S dung hoa chat mi cho quy trnh
Thay oi trang thiet b
Loai bo san pham

Trong trng hp cac bien so hoat ong, nhieu quy trnh c thiet lap e tm ra phng
an e san xuat toi u hoac e lam giam chi ph hoat ong. Viec thay oi nguyen vat lieu
cung co the n gian dan en viec loai tr cac chat thai nguy hai phat sinh sau o. Viec
thay oi hoa chat s dung cung vay, thong thng th ay cung khong phai la mot viec
kho khan v lng hoa chat (nhat la cac hoa chat oc hai) s dung trong mot qui trnh
cong nghe la khong ln lam (tnh ve lng).

7.Z.4. Fhan Trh kInh Ta

Khi ph ton au t c d tnh, can phai thay rang cac ke hoach ngan nga o nhiem phai
c xay dng cung vi viec a ra cac ke hoach trong gii han tai chanh cua cong ty.
Chi ph chnh cho thiet b giam thieu chat thai mi thng c xem xet cung vi s lam
ton hao mot phan li nhuan cua cong ty. e anh gia ay u chi ph that s cua cac thiet
b nay, can phai thay c ket qua cua viec tiet kiem t chi ph giam thieu s thai bo chat
thai. Cac phng phap kinh te ng dung e a ra nhng quyet nh nh vay bao gom
viec c tnh: khoan tiet kiem chi ph hang nam (Annualized Cost Savings), ty le hoan tra
noi tai (Internal Rate Of Return) va s phan tch gia tr hien tai (Present Worth Analysis).

Mot mo hnh kinh te thuoc ly thuyet c phat trien bi Anderson ket hp phan tch cac
dong nang lng va vat chat vi viec phat sinh chat thai e cung cap mot phng phap
tiep can s anh gia e giam thieu chat thai. (Xem hnh 7.4).

155

Tong chi ph cua san xuat c c lng bi:

C = C
1
R + C
2
E + C
3
W
m
+ C
4
W
e
+ C
5
L

Trong o :
C
i
: chi ph n v thch hp
R : lng nguyen lieu tho
E : s dung nang lng
W
m
: chat thai t nguyen lieu au vao
W
e
: chat thai t s dung nang lng
L : s dung lao ong

Anderson cung cap nhng ng cong san xuat tong quat hoa da tren s can bang
nguyen lieu tho va nang lng, cho thay moi quan he gia khoi lng cua nguyen lieu
tho (R, truc hoanh), tac nhan au vao (v du nh von, lao ong) (K, truc tung) va khoi
lng cua san pham au ra (Q, tham so ng cong). Phng trnh cua ng cong nay
la:

m
R
Q

= (7.2)


Hnh 7.4. Mot mo hnh san xuat kinh te.

Trong o:
Q: lng cc ai cua au ra ma co the c san sinh ng vi R n v au vao va
mot khoi lng n v au ra m.
v: phan cua khoi au vao R ma a tr thanh san pham.
S dung
nang lng
Lng cua nguyen
lieu tho
Tac nhan
au vao
San xuat
Chat thai
t s dung
nang lng
Chat thai
t nguyen
lieu dau
vao
San pham
au ra
S dung lao
ong

156

Tac nhan au vao la mot thuat ng kinh te e tnh cac au vao khong phai la nguyen vat
lieu cho san xuat thanh san pham, no bao gom tien von, nhan cong, va nguon nang lng
lien quan. Gia thanh cua K se bao gom cac gia thanh cua cac dch vu tac nhan au vao
nay cong vi cac gia thanh cua nang lng.

Viec s dung thuat ng nay, san pham thai bo c anh gia bang (1-v)R, co ngha la san
pham thai th ty le thuan vi nguyen lieu au vao cua qua trnh. Neu cho trc mot nh
mc san xuat (v du Q
*
), viec di chyen sang ben trai doc theo ng cong se lam giam
Wm nhng lai gia tang We. Tai iem A cua hnh, cac n v Q
*
cua san pham c san
sinh, s dung cac n v Ra cua nguyen lieu va Ka cua tac nhan au vao. ng cong ch
ra rang khong the san xuat ra cac n v Q
*
cua san pham vi t hn khoi R
*
cua khoi
nguyen lieu tho, khong phu thuoc vao viec K co gia tang hay khong. San pham thai tai
iem A la: Wm = Ra vR
*
ma co the chia thanh chat thai san pham phu {(1-v) Ra} va
chat thai kinh te {v(Ra R*)}.

Cac ket luan cua Anderson lien quan ti chnh sach nay la:

We la mot dong khong the tranh khoi trong bat ky qua trnh san xuat nao ma chnh sach
hng ve viec loai ra nhng dong nay thng dan en that bai. Cac xu hng chung la
khuyen khch cac cong ty s dung ket hp gia s dung nang lng nguyen lieu au
vao ma co hieu suat nhiet cao va/hoac dan en nhng dong co ban chat oc t nhien
t hn oi vi cac chat thai san pham phu (by-product waste), viec giam thieu chat
thai co the ch co the at c bang mot s giam thieu bt san pham au ra (gia s
nh ban chat t nhien cua au ra va nguyen lieu au vao duy tr khong oi). Cuoi
cung, trong khi cac chnh sach hng vao viec giam thieu chat thai kinh te (economic
waste) co the co hieu qua, nhng chung co the dan en ket qua lam gia tang cac dong
We neu mc o au ra c duy tr.

Trong khi s phan tch ly thuyet tren nghe co ve bi quan lien quan en kha nang lam
giam thieu chat thai ma khong cat bt viec san xuat. Chng nay se gii thieu nhng ky
thuat e thay oi ban chat cua au ra va nguyen lieu au vao, trong khi o van duy tr cac
phng tien san xuat cac san pham cua nha may. e bat au cho qua trnh, s tnh toan
kinh te vi mo nh tren se phai c s dung e anh gia cac phng an giam thieu. e
tiep tuc nghien cu van e nay, oc gia co the tm hieu them ve cac phan tch khac nh:
phan tch gia tr hien tai (present worth analysis) va phan tch hieu suat chi ph (cost-
effective analysis).
7.Z.6. uan Ly TaI 6hnh

Nhng chng trnh ngan nga o nhiem chnh co the oi hoi nguon von au t nao o.
Nguon tiem tang cua nguon von bao gom:

Cac nguon von cua cong ty

157
Vay n ngan hang thng mai.
Tap oan phat trien kinh doanh.
Hiep hoi thng mai.
Chnh quyen Nha nc Trung ng va a phng.

Khi ma nguon von t cong ty va quy cua ngan hang thng mai khong co, cac cong ty
phat trien thng mai khac co the co kha nang giup . Nhng c quan nay c thiet lap
e giup cac nganh kinh doanh trong viec duy tr va m rong kinh doanh (nh cac qu
ho tr doanh nghiep va va nho Viet Nam chang han). Cac cong ty qu nh vay ang
phat trien manh trong nhng nam qua ngay ca Viet Nam (nhat la Ha Noi va TP. Ho Ch
Minh). Nhng nam qua, tham ch ngay TP.HCM a phat trien mot qu xoay vong
giam thieu o nhiem, co c che cho vay khong lai suat hoac vi lai suat rat thap. Qu nay
ang nhan c s quan tam cua mot so lng ngay cang tang cac doanh nghiep san xuat,
nhat la cac doanh nghiep co mc o o nhiem cao, nam trong dien phai di di do o nhiem
hoac phai au t ngay trng trnh ngan nga o nhiem chat thai.

e khuyen khch cac nganh cong nghiep thc hien hieu qua nhng chng trnh giam
thieu chat thai, nha nc Trung ng va a phng (tnh, thanh pho) can thiet lap cac
chng trnh cung cap nhng s tr giup cho doanh nghiep. Pham vi cua cac tr giup nay
co the bao gom t s ho tr ve ky thuat e lam the nao at c mot s giam thieu chat
thai e ho tr trong viec chi tra cho nhng thay oi cong nghe. V du nh mot Chng
trnh cua bang Illinois (My) bao gom phat trien cua mot s tng tac kiem soat d lieu ma
cac nganh cong nghiep co the tiep can de dang e tm ra phng an giam thieu chat thai.
Nhng chng trnh ho tr ky thuat c hoat ong nh vay can c khuyen khch
nc ta va phai c xem nh la mot phan cua cua nhng co gang phat trien nen kinh te.
Ngoai ra cac quy cho cac d an nghien cu phat trien (R-D), cac chng trnh nghien cu
cua cac trng ai hoc/vien nghien cu xung quanh chu e giam thieu chat thai trong san
xuat cong nghiep la cac hng khac nhau ma qua o Nha Nc co the cung cap trc tiep
nhng ho tr ve mat ky thuat en cac nganh cong nghiep.

Viec tm hieu cac quy ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep la can phai ky lng, oi hoi va
mc o cua cac quy cung khac nhau (phu thuoc vao chnh Sach cua tng a phng
chang han), nh vay ieu quan trong e co c tat ca thong tin ve nguon von nh vay
nay trc khi tien hanh e ngh vay. Ngay ca neu mot chng trnh cua Nha Nc n
thuan cung cap nhng so tien vay cho vay vi lai thap cho ke hoach giam thieu chat thai,
th s khac nhau trong lai suat cua cac ngan hang khac nhau co the la thoa ang hay
khong la ieu ma ben vay (cong ty) can phai can nhac.

7.Z.6. MoI so nhung Iro ngaI.

Mot so tr ngai oi vi cac chng trnh ngan nga o nhiem khi trien khai Viet Nam co
the tong quat nh sau:


158
- Tr ngai ve y thc he. oi vi viec chuyen oi trong suy ngh, chuyen t mo hnh
t duy ve kiem soat o nhiem sang mo hnh ngan nga o nhiem se khong phai
la mot viec de dang co the lam c ngay mot ngay hai. ay ro rang la mot viec
kho khan oi vi mot bo phan doanh nghiep Viet Nam, nhat la cac doanh nghiep
va va nho.
- Tr ngai ve mat luat phap. Mac du nha nc cac cap eu biet ro li ch cua cong
tac ngan nga o nhiem va khuyen khch doanh nghiep thc hien cac giai phap o,
nhng tai mot so a phng do cac chnh sach hay chien lc ngan han, muon
phat trien kinh te mot cach nhanh chong nhat, se oi hoi cac doanh nghiep gia
tang san xuat va li nhuan nhanh. Trong trng hp nay th giai phap kiem soat va
x ly o nhiem xem ra hieu qua hn viec ap dung cac giai phap ngan nga o
nhiem.
- Xet ky hn ve kha canh luat phap th tnh en thi iem hien nay (2005/2006)
chung ta (Viet Nam) cung cha co ieu khoan phap luat nao khuyen khch hoac
qui nh cng che lien quan en ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep. Do vay ieu
nay se lam giam hieu lc oi vi cac doanh nghiep khi thuyet phuc ho tham gia
cac chng trnh.
- So lng cac qu cho vay lien quan en ngan nga o nhiem tai Viet Nam cha
nhieu, so khac hoat ong thieu hieu qua do quan ly khong tot hoac cha pho bien
rong rai ti tat ca cac nganh cong nghiep (nen mot so nganh cong nghiem tham
ch con cha biet en s ton tai cua nhng qu o!). Ly do khac la doanh nghiep
oi khi cung ngan ngai trong viec tiep can cac qu nay do tam ly lo s anh hng
en cong viec kinh doanh cua ho.
- Ky thuat ngan nga o nhiem cu the cho tng nganh cong nghiep nhn chung oi
hoi phai co cac nghien cu phat trien trc khi i vao ng dung cu the tai doanh
nghiep, ma ieu nay th khong de dang v phai tieu ton thi gian va kinh ph.
- Thieu vang cac kien thc va chuyen gia hng dan ky thuat ngan nga o nhiem la
mot thc te de thay tai Viet Nam trong nhng nam qua.
- Cuoi cung la viec truyen ba thong tin, pho bien kien thc va cac bai hoc kinh
nghiem cua cac chng trnh ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep a thc hien thanh
cong cua chung ta van con yeu, ieu nay la mot can tr ro rang cho doanh nghiep
khi can tiep can vi cac thong tin can thiet, v ho khong de dang trao oi vi nhau
neu khong co ban tay to chc phoi hp cua Nha nc.

7.8. IkM ThE T6h 06 hkI 60k 6hkT ThkI

Mot khi au thch hp e co nhng nghien cu giai phap giam thieu o nhiem la xac nh
cac hng e giam the tch oc hai cua chat thai. ieu nay co the kiem tra bang mot so
phng phap bao gom ieu chnh tien trnh san xuat, s phan tach dong va tai s dung
chat thai oc hai. Can phai nhan manh ay la viec n gian ch lam giam the tch cua
chat thai khong the coi la giam thieu o nhiem neu viec giam thieu oc tnh cua chat thai
khong c xet en.

7.8.1. hhung Thay oI va ua Trnh

159

Nhng thay oi ve qua trnh bao gom nhng thay oi ve:

Nhng nguyen lieu tho
Trang thiet b
Nhng thu tuc van hanh
Lu gi nhng nguyen lieu
Nhng san pham sau cung

S thay oi nhng nguyen lieu tho bao gom ca nhng viec n gian nh s dung cac
nguyen lieu n gian va sach hn. Trong cong nghiep in an, thc te th viec thng s
dung nhng dung moi hu c hien ang c thay the bang nhng may in sach vi nhng
dung dch ra bang nc thng. Cong ty Dohme Sharp/Merck a ghi nhan rang vi
viec thay the nhng dung moi hu c bang acid va baz vo c c ban dan en ket qua la
giam thieu viec thai ra 300,000 gallons dung moi hexane. oi khi viec thay oi chat
lng nhng nguyen lieu tho c nang cao co the han che s phat sinh chat thai nguy
hai, v hp chat gay ra chat thai nguy hai ay chnh la s nhiem ban (khong tinh chat,
chat lng thap) cua nguyen lieu tho. Mot kieu thay oi an toan khac la viec s dung
dung moi la cac chat long hoa tan khong/t nguy hai hn.

Trong mot qui trnh ma kim loai ien hnh, tam kim loai c nhung trong be, sau o c
lay ra khoi be va lam kho trc khi ra mau. Tam kim loai nay phai c lay ra e
nhng cho cho tam khac sau o c nhung vao, va nh vay khi tam nay ra khoi be se
co s ri vai cua cac giot chat long (dung dch ma) con dnh tren tam kim loai xuong pha
di nen nha. Viec lap them mot thiet b n gian nh van cho nc chay qua va thung
cha cac giot nho trnh bay trong hnh 7-5 co the giam thai mot cach ang ke cac chat
thai ri vai.




Hnh 7.5. Thiet b thu hoi nho giot trong qui trnh ma kim loai

Mau lam
viec
Be ma
kim loai
Be nho
giot
Van
chay
tran

160
Nguon ri vai chnh xay ra trong be ra c s dung pho bien trong cac qui trnh xi ma
e ra dung dch ma t be mat cua cac tam kim loai. e han che s r vai nay, ngi ta
a thiet ke mot be oi thu gom cac giot ri vai (drag-out recovery device) ket noi gia be
ma va be ra nc sau o (xem hnh 7.6). Ngoai ra e giam ang ke the tch nc thai,
cac c s xi ma a co kinh nghiem trong viec giam 50% nhng hoa chat s dung cho cac
qua trnh.

Mot tac gia khac (Hunt, 1988) a e ngh mot so giai phap ap dung bo xung sau ay e
giam thieu ri vai:

- Tang thi gian thao nc.
- Dao kh (dung kh co ap xuat thap e thoi cac phan dung dch dnh bam ra).
- Phun ra tren be mat be ra.
- Giam toi thieu nong o kim loai trong be ma.
- Thao ri tam kim loai ra tng phan e giam thieu ri vai.
- S dung nhng thanh thu nho giot ri vai e gi nhng phan nho c thao ri
khi a qua be ma.
- Kch c lo ln tren nhng be tron hnh tron
- Xoay nhng be hnh tron len tren be ma



Hnh 7.6. Phng phap d phong cua be oi thu gom trong qui trnh xi ma

7.8.Z. Tarh rIang rar dong IhaI

Lam
viec
Be ma kim loai Be xuc ra Be oi thu gom
Nong o
chay nho
giot ra
ngoai, Q
3
Nc cung
cap vao,
lu lng
Q
1
Nc
Cung
Cap
vao
Nong o
vao, Q
2
Nc
Nho
Giot
Cung
Cap
vao, Q
3
S boc hi
ra ngoai,
Q
2

161

Mot trong cac giai phap n gian khac e co the giam the tch cua chat thai la tranh s
hoa tron cua cac dong thai vi nhau. Can lu y ac biet ay la ch can hoa tron mot
lng nho chat thai nguy hai vi mot lng ln chat thai khong nguy hai, th ca khoi tch
tron nay eu phai c xem nh la chat thai nguy hai! Mot nguyen tac n gian khac la
ng nen chuyen chat thai nguy hai ve dang long neu chung ang ton tai dang kho. Cac
giai phap quan ly noi vi n gian nh viec quet don (kho) san nha e thu gom chat thai
trc khi ra san bang nc cung la mot giai phap tot e giam the tch chat thai.

Gi lai nhng chat thai nguy hai a c phan tach rieng tao ieu kien kien tot cho viec
x ly chat thai o at yeu cau tot hn. Dan nhan rieng biet nhng loi i va nhng thung
ng hang hoa se la mot cach lam gia tang nhan thc tot nhat ma cac nhan vien se tuan
theo. Khi can phai x ly chat thai nguy hai, th viec phan tach rieng cac dong thai se cho
phep x ly so lng chat thai t hn.

Mot cach khac e lam giam the tch dong chat thai phai x ly la viec cach ly (khong tron)
gia nc lanh va nhng dong thai oc hai. Nhieu cong trnh xay dng nha xng a
c xay t trc khi van e x ly chat thai c at ra, thng co he thong cong ranh
chung (duy nhat). Tat ca nhng dong nc thai thoat ra cong chung nay, va viec tach
rieng dong chat thai bang s lap at mot he thong cong mi rieng re e giai quyet nhng
chat thai ac biet la mot cach giai quyet tot.

e co the thiet ke he thong nh the, can khao sat chi tiet ve he thong thoat nc hien hu
e xem nhng ong dan nao c noi vao au. Nhng mau chat thai can c lay va can
bang khoi lng c hien hoac tren nc hoac tren mot thong so hoa hoc ac biet nao
o e xac nh chnh xac ban o he thong thoat nc.

Cac khao sat hien trang tai cac x nghiep cong nghiep cho thay co 2 qui tac chung lien
quan en nhng mang li thoat nc:

1) Hau nh khong co nha may nao co mot ban o he thong thoat nc chnh xac -
thng cac thong tin a ra la khong chnh xac.
2) Va sau khi a khao sat chi tiet ve he thong, th nguyen tac 1 tren ay van ung!.

Mot vai dong chat thai ran co the tach rieng mot cach hieu qua thong qua nhng thay oi
nho trong thiet b. Mot trong nhng nguon chnh chat thai nguy hai mot so nghanh cong
nghiep la bui lay ra t tui loc bui trong cac thiet b kiem soat o nhiem khong kh. Cung
giong nh vi he thong thoat nc, thng nhng ong gop bui chung c thu ve t
nhng khu vc san xuat khac nhau, ket qua la trong o co s tron lan cua nhieu loai bui,
va nh vay se can tr viec tai che bui sau o. Lewis (1988) a nghien cu cai tien ong
gop trong buong tui cha bui (tai cong ty FMC, My), sao cho moi khoang se phuc vu
cho viec thu gom 1 nguon bui rieng nh hnh 7.7 sau ay:

162

Tai S Dung

Nhieu nhng nguyen vat lieu c xep vao dang chat thai nguy hai ton tai tiem tang kha
nang co the can cho nhng ng dung khac. Trong mot vai v du co the thay rang nhng
nguyen lieu nhiem ban van co the s dung vi chat long thch hp e ap ng nh mot
dung moi hoac nguyen lieu sach cho nhng ng dung co yeu cau thap hn. Trong cong
nghiep in, toluen thng c s dung trong ca hai trng hp la mot tac nhan lam sach
cho may in va mot tac nhan lam loang cho mot so nhng loai mc, trc khi s dung
chung v tr khac tren may in. Neu toluen cho a s dung cho lam sach oi vi mot loai
mau mc ac biet nao o, th no co the tai s dung e lam loang mc co mau giong nh
the.

Tien trnh thu hoi axt s dung trong nghanh cong nghiep thep la mot th du cua viec tai
s dung dong chat thai long. G sat c lay ra do tien trnh lam sach axt c xem nh
dung dch axit e tay. Dung dch axit qua tay la mot chat thai nguy hai nen c trung
hoa va nhng can thu c van c xem la nguy hai va can nghien cu x ly tiep cung
nh thai bo an toan tren at. Mot th du khac, tien trnh thu hoi axt cho thay tren hnh 7.8
c trnh bay e giam nguon axt sunfuric s dung en 40%. Mac du chi ph au t cua
thiet b thu hoi vt qua gia thanh cho viec trung hoa cua chat thai, tuy nhien, khi khoan
tien tiet kiem t viec lng axt mua giam i va viec loai tr c cong tac x ly chat thai
a dan en so tien tiet kiem hang nam la hang tram ngan USD.

Mot nguon chat thai nguy hai khac la nhng nguyen lieu tho a qua thi gian lu tr.
Nhng thi han lu tr nh the thng a c xac nh va co the can phan tch va anh
gia lai nguyen lieu e s dung trong san xuat.




Hnh 7.7. He thong lam giam va tach rieng bui.

163
Be thu lai
acid
Nc co
nh
Be tieu
nc
Be ngam va
phun ra
Be dung dch
tay ra
Thanh
phan
acid
Quat
Khong
kh
Chay tran
qua mep
Ngng tu
hi nc
Thiet b loc
Nc lam
lanh
La
chon
Kh thai ra ngoai
kh quyen


























Hnh 7.8. Qua trnh thu hoi axt cua dung dch tay ra thep.

7.4. IkM 06 Thh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Mot so ky thuat giam thieu chat thai la giam nong o chat gay o nhiem trong dong chat
thai long hoac ran ma khong can giam bt the tch cua san pham thai. Ngoai ra thng
cung co the giam nhng ac tnh oc hai mot cach hieu qua va chat thai se khong c
coi nh chat thai nguy hai na.

7.4.1. Iau 6hnh ua Trnh

ieu chnh qua trnh a c thao luan en trong cac muc trc. Mot vai ket qua ac biet
cua s ieu chnh dan en ket qua la mot dong chat thai se t oc hai hn.

Mot v du co the dan ra ay la ky thuat ma bang bot, ky thuat nay lam giam bt s can
thiet cua sn tren nen dung moi trong nhieu chung loai sn cong nghiep. Tien trnh nay
bao gom viec phun bot nong chay tren be mat kim loai. Mot ien cc trong sung phun
c tch nap nhng hat bot. Kim loai c phu len mang mot ien tch trai dau va nhng

164
hat c hut dnh len be mat kim loai. Viec ap dung nhiet e lien ket sn hoan thanh qua
trnh sn len kim loai. Nhng dong phun d c thu hoi va tai s dung lai. Ngoai viec
loai tr s nguy hiem t dong thai nguy hai, qui trnh nay con lam giam thieu nguyen vat
lieu, sc ngi, gia thanh nang lng khi so sanh vi qua trnh sn bang dung moi thong
thng. Qua trnh nay cung lam giam phat thai boc hi vao khong kh. Trng hp khi
dung moi phai s dung, chung can phai c tai s dung (xem them muc 7-6).

7.4.Z. 8u 6aI TIan ThIaI 8}.

Nh trong thao luan cua s giam the tch, nhieu bo phan cua thiet b co the c sa oi
e giam bt nhng ac tnh cua chat thai. Thong thng nhng dong chat thai khong nguy
hai co the tr thanh nhng chat thai nguy hiem khi tran qua hoac b nhiem bi cac dong
thai long am ac. e tranh s chay tran nay ngi ta thng s dung cac r le t ong
hay cac en bao hieu mc (ien hnh la ap dung trong qui trnh xi ma).

7.4.8. uan Iy noI vI IoI.

ay co le la nhom ky thuat n gian nhng cung pho bien nhat trong viec ngan nga va
giam thieu chat thai nguy hai tai nguon. K thuat nay a mieu ta kha ky trong cac cong
nghe san xuat sach hn va cac chng trnh ngan nga o nhiem cong nghiep.

7.4.4. Thay Iha nguyan vaI IIau

Hau het cac qua trnh san xuat c thiet ke vi chat lng san pham va li nhuan nh
cac ch tieu thiet ke chnh. Kinh te trong quan ly chat thai thay oi nhanh chong a la mot
ong lc a ra mot cai nhn mi trong san xuat. Trong so cac giai phap thay the nguyen
vat lieu e lam giam thieu chat thai, giai phap s dung me khong cha xianua va dung
moi t oc hn trong cong oan ra ma cua qui trnh ma kim loai a chng minh c tnh
hieu qua tot cua mnh. Nganh cong nghiep c kh che tao may san xuat nhieu chi tiet may
khac nhau va cung phai s dung mot lng kha ln cac loai m boi trn, cac m nay sau
o b nhiem kim loai va c xem nh cac chat thai nguy hai. Dau nhn tong hp co gia
thanh cao hn nhng co tuoi tho cao hn vat lieu co goc dau kh, va quan trong hn la
chung co the tr ve nha may e tai che.

7.6. TkI 8Ihh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Khi khong the giam the tch hay tnh oc cua mot chat thai, no co the c tai sinh cho s
dung quy trnh khac hoac nha may khac. Trong trng hp nay viec tai sinh tai cho bao
gi cung phai u tien xem xet trc v n gian la viec van chuyen chat thai i tai sinh tai
nhng ni khac ngoai nha may se co kha nang phat sinh nhieu van e moi trng (xem
them phan van chuyen chat thai nguy hai).

7.6.1. huor


165
Nc luon la trng hp de tai sinh nhat va ay la ieu au tien chung ta nen xem xet va
can nhac khi anh gia cac trien vong e tai sinh. Trong gii han khai niem ve chat thai
nguy hai, dong nc thai neu co tnh chat giong nh cac ac trng cua chat thai nguy hai
(v du tnh oc, tnh an mon, tnh phan ng) phai c xem nh la mot chat thai nguy hai.
Neu dong chat thai nay co the c tai sinh e phuc vu vai muc ch hu ch khac, cac
thanh phan nguy hai trong nc thai nhat thiet phai c loai bo mot cach triet e.

Giai phap trung hoa cac dong thai cha acid manh bang cac dong thai cha baz manh
hoac nguc lai la giai phap tot e loai tr cac tnh oc nay. Tat nhien rat hiem khi co the
ch bang giai phap n gian nh vay ma thc s trung hoa c cac dong thai (that s a
pH cua dong chung thanh 7.0), nhng t nhat giai phap nay cung giup lam giam gia thanh
trung hoa sau o (neu phai them hoa chat).

V du khac la ngi ta co the tai sinh mot mc o nao o trong lng nc thai a b
nhiem ban e phuc vu cho viec s dung trong cac qui trnh co yeu cau ve chat lng nc
kem hn. V du mot cong ty san xuat ng tinh luyen My a tai sinh mot phan nc
thai ra cua ho e cap lai cho thap hap thu hi kh oc hai e x ly kh thai oc hai thai ra.
Mot v du khac na la viec tai s dung mot phan nc lanh thai ra t thap giai nhiet e s
dung cho mot so cong oan san xuat khac nhau trong cung nha may o.

7.6.Z. ung MoI.

Viec tai che dung moi la cong viec pho bien trong nhieu nganh cong nghiep, va co hang
loat dung moi ang c tai sinh hien nay troing cong nghiep va tren th trng tai sinh
tai che. Thong thng viec tai sinh dung moi c thc hien tai cac cac c s tai sinh, nh
vay dung moi phai c van chuyen ra khoi nha may en cac c s nay. Viec tai sinh
cung co the thc hien tai cho ngay trong nha may bang cach lap at cac thiet b chng cat
tai cho. Hien nay tai th trng nhieu nc co ban nhng thiet b tai sinh (chng cat) dung
moi vi ay u kch c ln nho, dung cho tai sinh cac dung moi co iem soi thap, hoac
thiet b phc tap hn cho tai sinh dung moi co iem soi cao (tren 400
o
F, nh chng cat
chan khong chang han).

Mot giai phap tai sinh khac kha hu hieu la s dung phng phap tai s dung nhieu tang
(cascade reuse), trong o dung moi a s dung cho qui trnh ra chat lng cao se c s
dung lai trong qui trnh ra chat lng thap hn trong cung mot nha may hoac cung co the
ch i e s dung nha may khac. V du cho trng hp nay la cac dung moi a s dung
trong qui trnh san xuat dc pham co the s dung lai trong qui trnh san xuat xi ma kim
loai.

7.6.8. au

Dau a b nhiem ban vi cac chat nguy hai co the phai c xem nh la mot chat thai
nguy hai. Thong thng th dau c tai sinh hn la c chuyen ch e thai bo ra ben
ngoai. Cong ty Adolph Coors. Colorado My khao sat thay rang a co s gia tang 40%

166
trong viec thu hoi dau bang giai phap sieu loc (ultrafiltration) so sanh vi qua trnh tuyen
noi kh hoa tan (dissolved air ploatation).

Ham lng nang lng cua dau a s dung co the c phuc hoi trong nhieu trng hp,
thong qua viec s dung lam nhien lieu ot chay trong cac noi hi va lo ot, lo luyen kim
cua cac nganh cong nghiep. ay la mot qua trnh pho bien tai My (v du nh tai nha may
nang lng bang Califonia), ni ma Chnh quyen cho phep s hoa tron cua dau thu hoi t
cac cong trnh x ly nc thai vi nhien lieu dau ot cho e ot lo noi hi. Tng t, cac
nha may loc dau tai che dau tran em ve t nhng cong trnh x ly nc thai.

7.6.4. 6haI an

Co hang loat cac oi tng la chat ran bao gom giay, kim loai va nha tong hp eu co
kha nang tai che c. Viec tai che giay va giay ba a tr nen quen thuoc tai nhieu nha
may x nghiep. Manh kim loai nh mat nhu t nhng hoat ong cua may tien cung la oi
tng tot cua cong tac tai che. Viec tai che nha thong thng la khong pho bien, nhat la
tai cac nc phat trien (do yeu cau chat lng nha trong cac san pham thng kha cao),
hn na, neu tai che can thc hien th ban than nha may san xuat nha o se lam viec
nay. Tuy nhien v du minh hoa sau ay trnh bay giai phap kha thi cho viec ot va thai bo
ra at nhng chat nay.

Polystyrene (PS), (C6H5CHCH2)n, la mot thanh phan chnh trong chat thai plastics.
Kampouris, et al (1987) trnh bay mot nghien cu trong phong th nghiem ve phng phap
dung moi cho viec thu hoi nhng manh PS. Phng phap nay bao gom 5 bc:
1) S hoa tan vi dung moi
2) Loc
3) S ket tua lai cua PS
4) Ra nhng hat polyme
5) Say kho

Bc hoa tan s dung s pha tron nhng dung moi khong tron lan vi hon hp khong phai
la dung moi. Dung moi a s dung bao gom MEK (mot loai ketones) va p-xylene, va
nhng chat khong phai dung moi bao gom methanol va n-heptane. Nhng s khao sat
cung anh gia s tach cua dung moi e tai s dung. Hieu qua cua viec tai sinh c xac
nh tren c s cua 3 tieu chuan:

- Tnh chat cua dung dch dung moi PS
- San lng cua polymer PS s dung hu ch
- S tach dung moi thch hp.

Cac tac gia a tong ket mot so u iem cua he thong dung moi e thu hoi plastics:

- The tch cua nha plastics thai giam i.
- Co nhieu chung loai nha plastics co the ap dung phng phap tai sinh nay.

167
- Qua trnh kh tap chat trong pha khong dung moi
- Cac hat polime c lang xuong co the c san sinh di nhieu dang (v du,
nhng hat nho, nhng si nho, va nhng bot bui).
- San pham sau cung at chat lng cao

Nghien cu nay ket luan: Thu hoi PS t chat thai bot (foam waste) bang cach s dung ky
thuat dung moi la hoan toan kha thi, tham ch ngay ca trong trng hp nap vao vi cac
nguyen lieu ban, khi o co the bao am la kh c cac tap chat nhiem ban o. Hien nhien
la, hang loat cac yeu to nh s van chuyen nhng chat thai, s mat mat cua dung moi, va
nang lng tach dung moi, a c lu y xem xet e co c mot qui trnh toi u.

7.6.6. Trao doI rhaI IhaI

Nh chung ta a biet viec tai s dung mot san pham chat thai ben trong (tai cho) nha
may san xuat la mot hnh thc tai s dung c mong muon nhat, nhng khong phai luc
nao cung de dang tm thay cac bo phan khac hay qua trnh khac trong cung nha may o
co the s dung chat thai o mot cach hieu qua. Mot giai phap la chon trong trng hp
nay la tm ra mot cong ty khac co the s dung chat thai cua ban. Khai niem ve trao oi
chat thai (waste exchange) la phu hp s dung trong trng hp nay. S trao oi chat thai
duy tr mot c s d lieu tren may tnh va / hoac cong bo cac danh sach mot cach nh ky
nhng chat thai hoac nguyen vat lieu san co tai mot thi iem e cac doanh nghiep xem
xet. Mot v du ve danh sach nay trnh bay tren hnh 7.9. Nhn chung, cac thong tin ve trao
oi chat thai thng bao gom:

So ID cua cong ty (thng ch co cac nc phng Tay, Viet Nam th co the la
so giay phep ang ky kinh doanh, so quyet nh cua giay phep au t,).
Loai (axit, dung moi,)
Nhng thanh phan co the s dung chu yeu
Nhng chat nhiem (contaminants)
Trang thai vat ly
So lng
Khu vc a ly
Bao b












168
















Hnh 7.9. Danh sach trao oi chat thai.


CAU HOI THAO LUAN

1. Trnh bay phng phap phat trien mot chng trnh giam thieu chat thai cho mot hoat
ong xi ma co so lng nho kim loai nang.
2. Phai x ly bang cach nao e nhan ra nhng thay oi tiem tang trong phng phap san
xuat hng ti viec giam thieu chat thai thch hp nhat oi vi lanh ao mot nha may
hoa chat ln.
3. Trnh bay mot vai s tr ngai khi tien hanh mot chng trnh giam thieu chat thai e
co the at ket qua tot nhat.
4. Viet mot bao cao nhan biet cac giai phap quan ly noi vi tot va nhng giai phap khac
co the thch hp e giam chat thai nguy hai t mot sieu th hoac phong th nghiem.
Trnh bay nhng tr ngai khi tien hanh cac giai phap cua ban.
Nha Phenol formaldehyde
- Ma so : NE:A05-0242
- Nha phenol formandehyde t nhng thung
cha chat long boc ben ngoai bang nhng si
thuy tinh.
- Dung dch cha 54% nha phenol trong 23%
ethanol vi 1% formandehyde ve trong lng
tnh.
- Hien tai mi co 5 thung, sau o se co nhieu
hn na. Khong han che ve so lng.
- Co san mau oi chng cho khach hang tham
khao.
Lien he: Cty TNHH XYZ ().
169

6h00h 8
kIEM T0kh 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI



8.1. I0I ThIE0 6h0h

Chung ta bc vao the ky 21 vi xu hng bung no trong viec s dung kiem toan moi
trng tai cac to chc, cong ty san xuat cong nghiep. Viec kiem toan ngay nay a tr
thanh mot tieu chuan thng le trong quan ly cac cong ty ln tren the gii. Vao nam
1995 s t giac trong viec thc hien kiem toan moi trng a at c ty le 75% trong
so cac cong ty My, va hau het cac tap oan ln a thiet lap mot hnh thc nao o
trong noi dung cua trng trnh kiem toan moi trng. Trong tng lai ty le nay c tin
tng se con tang nhanh.

Kiem toan moi trng c thc hien tren mot pham vi rong vi nhieu muc ch va
muc tieu khac nhau. Theo truyen thong th cong tac kiem toan a c s dung nh mot
cong cu ngan nga. Khai niem kiem toan moi trng (environmental auditing) au tien
c xuat phat t Kiem toan tai chnh (financial auditing), trong o co kha nhieu
cac iem tng ong. Kiem toan tai chnh c phat trien vao nhng nam 80, luc o no
nh mot phng tien e phat hien gian lan trong kinh doanh, la mot he thong kiem tra
oc lap co tnh nh ky nhng so sach ke toan e xac minh tai chnh ma nhng bao cao
tong ket phan anh va c chap nhan bi nhng nguyen ly ke toan.

Khai niem ve kiem toan moi trng thc s a co t nhng nam 70, so vi kiem toan
tai chnh th kiem toan moi trng co nhng muc tieu rong hn. Ngay nay kiem toan
moi trng co the co nhieu hnh thc moi loai co mot muc tieu rieng khac nhau. Kiem
toan moi trng a c cong nhan nh mot nganh / lnh vc ac biet danh cho cac
nhan vien c ao tao va la mot cong cu duy nhat, a tr thanh mot tieu chuan thc
hanh co tac dung tai nhieu to chc, cong ty, x nghiep.

Trong san xuat cong nghiep va cac nganh khac ngay nay, nhng ieu chnh, yeu cau
cua nhng bao cao tai chnh, tnh canh tranh trong th trng, s mong i cua cong
ong yeu cau thc hien cac anh gia va bao cao ve moi trng, a buoc cac nganh
san xuat trong cong nghiep va ca cac Chnh phu chap nhan cac qua trnh kiem toan moi
trng.

Thong thng t kiem toan noi chung lien quan en nhng xem xet ve mat tai chnh
va c thc hien bi nhng chuyen gia ke toan di s chuan xac cua luat le va cac
trach nhiem phap ly cua cac kiem toan vien. Nhng trong kiem toan moi trng khong
co nhng luat le hay nguyen tac nh the.
170
Vi y thc bao ve moi trng cac nganh san xuat va cac nganh cong nghiep se can
phai ngay cang tin cay hn vao viec kiem toan moi trng, va nhu cau kiem toan moi
trng se thay oi phu thuoc vao nhng hnh thc to chc va muc tieu cua kiem toan.

Ngi ng au mot chng trnh kiem toan moi trng se xac nh va c lng
nhng nguy c tiem tang, nhng rui ro va nhng moi nguy hiem. Ho se lan lut tham
gia anh gia kha nang thc hien sau khi a xem xet gia thanh cua viec giam bt nhng
rui ro va nhng nguy c ti mc co the chap nhan c.

Kiem toan moi trng ch co mot quy trnh, thu tuc ap dung chung cho moi trng hp
va khong co trng hp rieng. Kiem toan moi trng co the co nhieu dang khac nhau
e at c nhng muc tieu khac nhau.

8.Z. T0h 0kh VE kIEM T0kh M0I T00h

8.Z.1. khaI nIam va kIam Ioan moI Iruong

- Theo EPA: Kim toan moi trng la phng phap anh gia oc lap, co he thong, theo
nh ky va xem xet co muc ch cac hoat ong thc tien cua n v san xuat co lien
quan en viec ap ng cac yeu cau ve moi trng.

- Theo cac tac gia (Michael D., Phillip L., Jeffery C.): Kiem Toan Moi Trng la
phng phap oc lap, co he thong e xac nh viec chap hanh cac nguyen tac, cac
chnh sach quoc gia ve moi trng, van dung nhng kinh nghiem tot t thc te san xuat
vao cong tac cai thien va bao ve moi trng.

Kiem Toan Moi Trng ra i vao cuoi nhng nam 1970 vi mot noi dung phong phu
va bao quat. Tren thc te, co the co nhieu hnh thc Kiem Toan Moi Trng, ma moi
loai bao ham nhng muc tieu ac trng khac nhau. au nhng nam 1980, nham am
bao cac tieu chuan moi trng at ra ngay cang nhieu va phc tap, nhng nha quan ly
phai s dung kiem toan nh la mot cong cu e cai thien hoat ong cua n v mnh. T
o, Kiem Toan Moi Trng ngay cang phat trien va tr thanh mot nganh rieng biet.

To chc Quoc Te ve Tieu Chuan Hoa (ISO) nh ngha kiem toan moi trng nh mot
he thong, qua trnh xac minh tai lieu khach quan ang ton tai va c lng bang kiem
toan (nhng thong tin co the xac minh, nhng ghi chep tren so sach hoac cac li phat
bieu c ghi nhan) e xac nh ro nhng hoat ong moi trng, nhng s kien, nhng
ieu kien, nhng he thong quan ly, hoac nhng thong tin ve van e nay co thch ng
vi tieu chuan kiem toan (nhng chnh sach nhng thu tuc hoac nhng yeu cau ma t
o, kiem toan vien so sanh tap hp bang chng kiem toan ve van e phu thuoc), va
thong bao nhng ket qua nay ti khach hang (to chc uy nhiem kiem toan).

8.Z.Z. Mur drh va y ngha rua rong Iar kIam Ioan.

171
Muc ch

Vi cac nh ngha tren, Kiem Toan Moi Trng c thc hien vi mot so muc ch
khac nhau:

Tham tra oi vi luat va chnh sach moi trng
Xac nh gia tr hieu qua cua he thong quan ly moi trng san co
anh gia rui ro va xac nh mc o thiet hai t qua trnh hoat ong thc
tien oi vi viec s dung cac loai nguyen vat lieu ung nguyen tac a ch
nh.

Muc ch chnh cua Kiem Toan Moi Trng la e cai thien hieu nang cua he thong
quan ly moi trng c ban bang viec tham tra cac hoat ong quan ly trong thc te co
ung chc nang va thch hp hay khong.

Y ngha

La mot hoat ong kiem soat giam sat oc lap, mang tnh khach quan,
Kiem Toan Moi Trng la mot yeu cau can thiet oi vi nhng doanh nghiep
hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh dch vu va san xuat san pham trc tiep.

Viec t nguyen thc hien Kiem Toan Moi Trng co the giup cho cac
nha quan ly san xuat va cap v mo xac nh chnh xac va nhanh chong
nhng rui ro tiem nang e tm ra giai phap tot hn, tranh c cac van nan ve
moi trng.

Kiem Toan Moi Trng thong qua cac bc kiem tra giup cho n v
thc hien tot hn chng trnh quan ly moi trng bang cach anh gia he
thong kiem soat nao la can thiet, nen ap dung kinh nghiem quan ly thc tien
nao cho ung chc nang va phu hp.

Kiem Toan Moi Trng anh gia, nhng khong thay the c, cac hoat
ong tuan thu nguyen tac trc tiep nh xin giay phep moi trng, thiet lap he
thong kiem soat, quan ly viec chap hanh nguyen tac, bao cao cac sai pham va
lu tr ho s

Du khong thay the c cho cong tac thanh tra moi trng, Kiem Toan
Moi Trng co the ho tr va bo sung nhng ket luan can thiet cho cac c quan
quan ly nha nc ve moi trng trong viec tm kiem phng thc sap xep va
s dung nguon lc co hieu qua hn.

8.Z.8. LoI rh va kho khan Irong rong Iar kIam Ioan.

Li ch
172

Kiem Toan Moi Trng co the mang lai cac li ch co y ngha nh:

- Nang cao nhan thc ve moi trng.
- Cai tien viec trao oi thong tin.
- Giup cac n v co y thc chap hanh tot hn cac quy nh ve moi trng.
- t gay nhng hau qua bat ng hn trong qua trnh san xuat.
- Giam gian oan hoat ong kinh doanh hoac phai ong ca nha may .
- Tranh c cac vi pham, khoi dnh lu en viec tha kien va ong tien phat
- La mot bieu hien tot ep oi vi cong ong va cac cap chnh quyen, tranh nhng d
luan bat li.
- Tang sc khoe va ieu kien an toan trong c s san xuat, giam chi ph bao hiem.
- Tang hieu qua s dung nguyen lieu, tiet kiem chi ph san xuat.
- Giam lng chat thai mc thap nhat, giam chi ph x ly chat thai.
- Tang dan so / li nhuan v san pham de c chap nhan tren th trng.
- Tang gia tr s hu.

Kho khan

Tuy nhien, ch li o co the b tac ong bi mot so nhan to sau:

- Khi ang thc hien chng trnh kiem toan, co the lam ton that nguon lc.
- Nhng hoat ong cua nha may tam thi b ngng tre.
- S kien co dnh en phap luat va chnh quyen co the gia tang
- N tang len, khi n v khong co kha nang ap ng c nguon von e thc hien
nhng cai tien e xuat t qua trnh kiem toan.

8.Z.4. MoI so dar dIam rua kIam Ioan moI Iruong

Thong tin cho kiem toan moi trng thong thng bao gom:

- Cong cu quan ly: Mot kiem toan moi trng la mot cong cu quan ly e oan nhan va
anh gia rui ro moi trng. No co the dan dat ti chien lc ma giam thieu rui ro va cai
thien moi trng. Kiem toan la khong ch ben trong. Tr khi nhng khuyen cao cua
kiem toan moi trng c thc hien, khong th kiem toan ch co hieu qua trong viec
giam thieu cac rui ro ti moi trng ma khong bao ve chong lai cac viec lam trai phap
luat.

- S anh gia co he thong: Nhng kiem toan moi trng th co he thong va cau truc,
s dung mot ghi thc a thiet lap. Tat ca cac kha canh thch ang cua cac qua trnh
hoat ong can xac nh va bao gom cac chi tiet trong kiem toan.

173
- S xac minh: Tat ca bang chng kiem toan moi trng phai c xac minh bi s ho
tr cua nhng tai lieu, va neu bang chng khong c xac minh, th qua trnh phai c
xem xet lai, th s khao sat va anh gia khong co gia tr trong kiem toan.

- Tnh chu ky (tuan hoan): ieu quan trong la kiem toan moi trng co tnh, khong
phai la ch la mot bai tap duy nhat. Nhng chu ky kiem toan tieu bieu han che t sau
thang en nam nam, phu thuoc vao ac iem cua to chc va mc cua nguy hiem moi
trng c anh gia. Viec tien trien trong quan ly moi trng theo thi gian giup ta
chng minh c s kien tr phai theo uoi (hoac trach nhiem chung oi vi moi
trng) i en cong khai hoac trong ieu kien uy quyen, hoac s can thiet cho s theo
uoi s tuan thu cac quy nh ve moi trng. Chu ky anh gia rat quan trong e thiet
lap s cai tien lien tuc trong quan ly moi trng.

- Tai lieu: Tai lieu la mot kha canh qaun trong nhat cua s kiem toan moi trng, bat
ky hoat ong bao ve moi trng nao ieu c yeu cau bi luat phap la trong tai lieu
phai co ay u chi tiet cho kiem toan e kiem tra rang no a c lam ung (chnh
xac). Cung nh vay, mot kiem toan moi trng hoan thanh phai co mot bang bao cao
viet tay cua s anh gia. Mot kiem toan bang li khong c chap nhan, mot kiem toan
khong co tai lieu th no ch c xem nh la mot cuoc vieng tham.

- Tnh khach quan: Tren het, mot kiem toan moi trng phai co tnh khach quan.
Nhieu cong ty s dung s kiem toan trong mot so tnh trang cua ho, nhng nhng ket
qua khong the c chap nhan nh mot xac minh cho kiem toan. S oc lap cua nhng
kiem toan vien t cac to chc hoac phng tien c phep kiem toan noi len c yeu
cau ve tnh khach quan trong mot kiem toan moi trng.

- Tnh rui ro: Mot muc tieu c ban cua kiem toan moi trng se o mc o cua rui ro
moi trng va e sap at nhng chien lc giam thieu rui ro o. Mot bo phan cua
nhng khuyen cao kiem toan c ban la nhng hoat ong u tien e giam thieu rui ro
moi trng o.

- S tuan thu: Trong s tuan thu cua mot kiem toan th ch n oc hng s tuan thu
ti phap luat moi trng va yeu cau cua cac cong ty (to chc), vi moi kiem toan moi
trng thng bao gom s anh gia s tuan thu theo nhng nguyen tac nh mot muc
tieu c ban, chi tiet ve s tuan thu o ma s tuan thu nghiem ngat theo phap luat c
anh gia phu thuoc vao pham vi tan thanh cua kiem toan.

So sanh vi nh gia tac ong moi trng (EIA):

anh gia tac ong moi trng (EIA) c thc hien trcc khi phat trien mot d an mi
hoac m rong nhng phng tien hien hu e d oan tac ong tren ve moi trng cua
mot hoat ong trong tng lai.

174
S kiem toan moi trng c thc hien tren nhng phng tien va nhng thao tac hien
hu e anh gia tac ong cua nhng hoat ong hien thi bi viec xem xet cac thao tac
hien thi va nhng hanh ong ma ho ang thc hien.

Nh vay, EIA va Kiem toan moi trng can phai (nhng hiem khi lam) hnh thanh mot
chuoi lien tuc cua anh gia moi trng. That ra, mot pham tru ac biet cua kiem toan
moi trng la s anh gia nhng d oan ben trong mot EIA, o lieu co phai nhng d
oan o th chnh xac va neu khong, th phai lam nhng khuyen cao e bao am rang
moi trng th c bao ve.

Xu hng ket hp cac chng trnh kiem tra viec tuan thu nguyen tac quan ly.

e tranh s trung lap trong tien trnh anh gia, kiem tra viec tuan thu cac quy nh
quan ly nha nc tai mot n vi, han che viec lien tuc kiem toan co the lam gian oan
hoat ong cua n v, nhieu n vi a chon phng an ket hp cong tac kiem tra viec
tuan thu cac nguyen tac ve an toan lao ong, sc khoe va moi trng vi chng trnh
kiem toan moi trng nh ky. Nhng do hai cong viec nay co mot so iem khac nhau,
ac biet thuoc hai bo phan quan ly khac nhau, do o can phai co s ket hp thong nhat
gia cac chng trnh nay, thc hien kiem tra mot lan cho nhieu muc ch co lien quan
khac nhau tai cung mot n v.

Du c thc hien rieng le hay ket hp, kiem toan moi trng van t khang nh c
vai tro cua mnh, la mot phng phap quan ly tot va co y ngha nhat trong viec ngan
nga cac rui ro co the xay ra, han che cac thiet hai ve tai san va con ngi, ma cac nha
quan ly tai n v san xuat khong the phu nhan.

8.8. 6k6 hhh Th06 kIEM T0kh

Kiem toan viec cap hanh cac nguyen tac (Compliance Audits)

Theo nh ngha cua C Quan Bao Ve Moi Trng Hoa Ky (EPA), kiem toan moi
trng la s xem xet co muc ch, theo inh ky, co he thong va c chng minh bang
t lieu bi s ton tai co nguyen tac cac hoat ong cua n v va nhng van e thc tien
co lien quan en viec tuan thu nguyen tac moi trng. Theo cach nay, iem nhan
manh la cho s tuan thu co tnh nguyen tac, va viec tham tra mc o chap hanh la
ong lc cho s phat trien cua nganh kiem toan moi trng. Cho en nay, no van con la
mot trong nhng ly do chu yeu e tien hanh kiem toan. Vi muc ch nh the, kiem
toan co ten la Kiem Toan Viec Chap Hanh Cac Nguyen Tac (compliance audits), hay
con goi la Kiem Toan S Tuan Thu.

Nhu cau thc hien Kiem Toan Viec Chap Hanh Cac Nguyen Tac ve Moi Trng ro
rang la can thiet. ac biet la trong thi gian gan ay, noi dung cua luat va cac nguyen
tac ve moi trng ngay cang rong hn va phc tap hn, ma viec vi pham nhng nguyen
tac nay co the phai b truy cu trach nhiem hnh s, hoac phai boi thng. Do o, nhu
175
cau oi hoi phai tuan thu cac nguyen tac moi trng ngay cang ln, cai gia phai tra cho
viec khong thc hien cac nguyen tac nay ngay cang cao, lam cho cac n v san xuat
khong con c hoi lanh tron. Do vay, viec xac nh nhng oi hoi ac trng co tnh
nguyen tac la phai chap nhan, viec tm hieu xem nhng hoat ong nao c chap nhan,
va xac nh nhng vi pham co the xay ra ung luc e co bien phap oi pho trc, o la
muc ch chnh cua Kiem Toan Viec Chap Hanh Cac Nguyen Tac.

Kiem Toan He Thong Quan Ly Moi Trng (Environmental
Management System Audits EMS Audits)

Khi thc hien hnh thc kiem toan viec chap hanh cac nguyen tac moi trng n gian
ch la phac hoa nhanh ve van hanh va cac chuoi hoat ong cua nha may, e xac nh la
co chap hanh nhng nguyen tac, luat le a c at ra hay khong. Hnh thc Kiem
Toan nay tuy cung co phan nh lng nhng cha sau sac. Khi cong tac Kiem Toan
khong con la xa la vi cac nha san xuat cong nghiep na, khi ma ho a nhan thc c
rang Kiem Toan la hu ch, yeu cau at ra cho cong tac quan ly va bao ve moi trng
la phai trien khai viec kiem soat chat che hn cac vi pham nguyen tac moi trng, phan
tch tm kiem nhng nguyen nhan chu yeu cua bat ky hnh thc vi pham nao, va xac
nh ung nhng nguy c tem tang. Theo khuynh hng nay, Kiem Toan thc chat la
anh gia he thong quan ly moi trng, nham xem xet n v co thiet lap mot he thong
quan ly viec tuan thu cac nguyen tac hay khong, a hoat ong cha, c s dung ung
an cha trong cac hoat ong thng ngay?.

Vi muc ch nay, cong tac Kiem Toan kiem tra cac yeu to ve van hoa, quan ly, cac
nhan to anh hng, bao gom ca chnh sach oi noi, nguon nhan lc, chng trnh huan
luyen, he thong ke hoach va ngan sach, he thong bao cao va giam sat, va he thong
quan ly thong tin. Kiem Toan He Thong Quan Ly moi trng phat hien nhng sai lam
mang tnh he thong co kha nang xay ra ma t than cac sai lam co the co lien quan
nhng van nan moi trng sau nay.

Do tnh bao quat cua hnh thc Kiem Toan nay, yeu cau chung cua cong tac bao ve moi
trng toan cau a at cac doanh nghiep/nha san xuat tren toan the gii trc trach
nhiem chung la nhat thiet phai thng xuyen tien hanh Kiem Toan he thong quan ly
moi trng cua n v theo mot he tieu chuan thong nhat: ISO-14000.

Kiem Toan Giam Thieu Chat Thai hay Kiem Toan Ngan Nga O Nhiem
(Waste Minimization Or Pollution Prevention Audits)

Hien nay, giam thieu chat thai la mot trong cac bien phap chu yeu cua chien lc ngan
nga o nhiem va bao ve moi trng, la van e bc thiet nhat oi vi nhng nc ang
tren a cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa nh Viet Nam chung ta. Giam thieu chat thai bao
ham ca 2 khuynh hng: giam khoi lng chat thai va mc o o nhiem hay giam nong
o chat o nhiem co trong chat thai. Thc hien giam thieu chat thai khong nhng han
176
che c mc o o nhiem ma con giam c chi ph x ly chat thai, tiet kiem nguon
lc t nhien, tien en muc tieu phat trien ben vng.

Kiem toan giam thieu chat thai la giai oan tien e cho cong tac anh gia, hoach nh
cong tac cai tien quy trnh san xuat, tang cng chat lng san pham, gan vi san xuat
sach hn va tng n v san xuat. Xuat phat t nhu cau thiet yeu cua cong tac cai thien
va bao ve moi trng va li ch kinh te mang lai cho doanh nghiep t qua trnh giam
thieu chat thai, cong tac kiem toan giam thieu chat thai nhat thiet phai c trien khai
va duy tr thng xuyen cung vi tien trnh san xuat.

Ngoai ra, con mot so hnh thc kiem toan moi trng chuyen biet khac ma chung
ta se e cap s lc en la Kiem Toan cac n v Quan Ly Chat Thai (Waste
Management Contractor Audits) ng dung trong cong tac quan ly cac to chc, ca nhan
ma hoat ong cua ho co lien quan en chat thai, bao gom toan bo cac khau thu gom,
lu tr, van chuyen, x ly va tieu huy chat thai trong va sau qua trnh san xuat, anh
Gia Gia Tr Bat ong San (Property Transfer Or Liability Definition Audits) da tren
yeu to moi trng, Kiem Toan Xac nh Rui Ro (Risk Definition Audits)

8.4. 6k6 TIE0 6h0kh 006 TE VE kTMT

Mot so tieu chuan co y ngha bao quat trong Kiem Toan Moi Trng, co anh hng
khong ch trong pham vi mot quoc gia ma tren toan cau, o la ISO 14000 (International
Standardization Organization), BS 7750 (BSI-British Standars Institute), U.S. EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency), U.S. DOJ (Department Of Justice). Nhng tieu
chuan nay se giup cho chung ta cai tien chat lng cua cong tac kiem toan va ca nhng
ngi lam cong tac kiem toan, va nh ngha mot cach ro rang hn, co the chap nhan ve
Kiem Toan Moi Trng, mot khai niem ma en nay van con mu m. Vi nhng loai
hnh kiem toan ngay cang a dang va phong phu, e at c cung luc nhieu muc tieu
trong mot chng trnh, s hnh thanh cac tieu chuan quoc te e tao nen mot chuan mc
cho kiem toan moi trng van con la mot mong i pha trc.

U.S. EPA: nhng yeu to e mot chng trnh kiem toan moi trng co
hieu qua la:
at van e quan ly moi trng len hang au
oc lap oi vi cac hoat ong a kiem toan
Co cac phong ban chc nang va bo phan huan luyen tng xng
Muc tieu, quan iem, nguon va chu trnh lap lai viec kiem toan ro rang
Tien hanh thu thap va phan tch thong tin
Tien hanh lam va gi bao cao
Bao am chat lng kiem toan.

U.S.D.O.J : nhng hng dan co tnh phap ly oi vi Kiem Toan Moi
Trng.
Co nguon nhan s, vat chat va quyen lc thch hp
177
Kiem toan thng xuyen
oc lap oi vi cac to chc chuyen mon khac
S dung nhng oi hoi co the chap nhan c
Kiem toan ot xuat khi thay can thiet
Cac bien phap oi pho tiep theo oi vi van nan moi trng
Tiep tuc t giam sat
Bao cao ma khong oi hoi phai c thu lao
Vach ra cac hoat ong can lam e oi pho vi van nan moi trng

ISO 14000 14010 : Nhng hng dan e kiem toan he thong quan ly
moi trng
Xac nh ro rang va co lien he gia nhng muc tieu va pham vi kiem
toan
Cac kiem toan vien phai hoat ong oc lap
Xem xet mot cach chuyen nghiep ve cai gia phai tra cho cac van nan
MT
am bao chat lng kiem toan
Tien hanh cac bc mot cach co he thong
S dung nhng tieu chuan kiem toan thch hp
Tm kiem u bang chng kiem toan
oi ngu kiem toan vien co trnh o.

BS 7750 : nhng oi hoi e thc hien cong tac kiem toan moi trng .
Viet ke hoach va cach thc tien hanh kiem toan
Xac nh khu vc can c kiem toan
Chu ky kiem toan da tren nhng rui ro
Phan cong phan nhiem vu cu the
Kiem toan vien phai thanh thao ve chuyen mon va oc lap trong cong
tac
Bao cao nhng ket qua kiem toan
Cach tiep can khach quan
Bao cao e trnh len cap cao hn
Khuyen khch viec trnh bay nhng van e ve moi trng ra trc cong
chung va t kiem toan.

8.6. h0YEh Tk6 Vk TIEh Thh kIEM T0kh

8.6.1. hguyan Iar

Mot cach tong quat, nhom kiem toan moi trng phai bao gom nhng ngi co nang
lc, hieu biet, nhng ngi nay co the lay trong thanh phan nhan s tai cho, t mot ben
th ba cua c quan kiem toan oc lap hay ket hp ca hai thanh phan. Trong tien trnh
kiem toan moi trng, mot so nguyen tac ma nhom kiem toan phai tuan thu co the tom
tat thanh 5 iem chu yeu sau ay :
178

Nhan thc va hieu sau sac, ung an ve viec bao quan, duy tr nhng
chng trnh hanh ong va cac bao cao co lien quan en viec tuan thu nhng quy
nh quan ly moi trng. V du : s dung loai loai nguyen vat lieu A se san sinh ra
chat thai g, hng giai quyet ra sao ?
Thanh kiem tra toan bo may moc, trang thiet b va cong nhan tai khu vc
can kiem toan e anh gia xem c s san xuat co tuan thu triet e nhng tieu
chuan the che a c e ra hay khong.
Nop bao cao bang van ban cho c quan quan ly cap cao hn.
Giai thch nhng hoat ong sai sot cua c s va e xuat hoat ong ung
an.
Hoat ong oc lap vi tat ca moi qua trnh kiem toan trc o va phai
at trnh o ngang bang vi ho.

Khi ma nhng iem nay a c lam ro, ban chat cua mot chng trnh kiem toan moi
trng la mang lai s am bao cho c s san xuat va tat ca moi thanh vien v nhng
yeu cau co lien quan en luat phap eu c ap ng tuy theo cach x ly cua chnh ho.
e thc hien c muc tieu nay, chng trnh kiem toan phai bao gom mot so nhiem
vu chnh. Cac bc thc hien nhng nhiem vu nay va moi quan he tng ho gia chung
c trnh bay trong s o hnh 8.1.


Hnh 8.1. S o cac bc thc hien chng trnh kiem toan

Muon thc hien tot cong tac kiem toan, nhom kiem toan phai lap ke hoach can than, co
nhng cong cu ho tr va thanh phan nhan s tng xng, c huan luyen ky cang. Qua
trnh kiem toan phai c thc hien lien tuc, va viec lay mau them ch nen thc hien
khi nao thay vo cung can thiet. Cuoi cung, phai anh gia cac ket qua thu thap c, e
xuat giai phap va nhng hoat ong ung.

Cong cu
Kiem Toan
Lap ke
hoach KT
Huan luyen
nhan s
Thc hien
kiem toan
Lay them
mau
Xem xet
lien tuc
anh gia
ket qua
Thc hien
cac giai
phap e
xuat
Quan ly
viec chap
hanh
179
Moi bc thc hien nhiem vu trong s o tren la vo cung quan trong oi vi s thanh
cong cua qua trnh kiem toan. Do o, trong phan tien trnh kiem toan sau ay, chung ta
se xet ky tng nhiem vu mot trong moi quan he tong the vi ca chng trnh kiem toan.

8.6.Z. TIan Irnh kIam Ioan

Tien trnh kiem toan bao gom nhieu giai oan, co the tom tat thanh 3 giai oan chnh :
lap ke hoach kiem toan (bao gom ca viec thu thap d lieu trc khi en hien trng),
kiem toan tai hien trng, anh gia sau kiem toan va lap bao cao.

Giai oan 1: Lap ke hoach kiem toan

e at c ket qua nh mong muon, van e chu yeu trc khi la phai lap ke hoach
cho toan bo chng trnh kiem toan. Viec lap ke hoach nay, trc het la can co s rang
buoc oi vi cap lanh ao, xac nh muc tieu va nhu cau, phat trien he thong quan ly
thong tin. ay, mot van e cung khong kem phan quan trong la to chc cho c
nhom kiem toan va bao am rang chng trnh nay co u nguon lc va cac cong cu can
thiet e nham en cac van e can phai c ieu tra. Mac khac, cung can phai xem xet
en cac cong cu phap ly thch hp cho viec bao ve nhng thanh qua sau kiem toan.
Tom lai, chng trnh kiem toan phai lam sau cho ap ng c nhng nhu cau cua n
v c kiem toan.

Cong tac lap ke hoach kiem toan bao gom nhng noi dung chnh sau:

a) S rang buoc oi vi cap lanh ao

Khong co chng trnh kiem toan nao thanh cong ma khong can en s rang buoc oi
vi nha quan ly cap cao. Bang hai cach rang buoc nay phai at c trc khi bat au
qua trnh kiem toan. Cach th nhat, lanh ao n v phai cung cap tat ca nhng nguon
thong tin can thiet cho bo phan kiem toan, va neu can, trc tiep nhan vien cua c s se
hng dan va phoi hp vi kiem toan trong suot qua trnh lam viec. Th hai, mot ieu
quyet nh la bo phan lanh ao c s phai cam ket ro rang bang van ban la se bo sung
nhng g co the hu ch cho tac kiem toan va ieu chnh cac sai sot ma nhom kiem toan
co the khong tm thay. am trach cong tac kiem toan ma khong co s rang buoc nao e
giai quyet nhng sai sot co the khong b phat hien la mot ieu vo cung nguy hiem va co
the dan en sai lam tiep theo.

b) Xac nh muc tieu va yeu cau

Qua trnh thc hien kiem toan c bat au bang viec xac nh phng phap, cach
kiem toan nao la phu hp (v du: vi muc tieu la am bao viec tuan thu cac quy nh
moi trng, e giam thieu chat thai hay xem xet nhng khoan n a co). Sau khi chon
loai hnh kiem toan cho phu hp, kiem toan vien phai xac nh cho c muc tieu kiem
toan, rang ch can xem xet mot phan cu the nao o hay phai bao trum toan bo khu vc
180
can phai quan ly moi trng (v du : ch xem xet chat lng khong kh hay chat thai
nguy hai). Mot chng trnh kiem toan co the at c nhieu muc tieu cung luc. oi
vi hau het cac doanh nghiep hien nay, muc tieu chu yeu la anh gia vec tuan thu cac
nguyen tac ve moi trng, mot so t trong o la anh gia he thong quan ly moi trng.
Kiem toan giam thieu chat thai thng khong c tien hanh oc lap ma i kem
chng trnh san xuat sach hn. Cung co the ket hp mot so muc ch trong cung mot
tien trnh kiem toan.

oi vi kiem toan vien tuan thu cac qui nh ve moi trng co the ch xem xet mot
phan hay toan bo cac chu e quan ly moi trng c xac nh theo bang di ay.
Nhng, mot chng trnh kiem toan toan dien th nen xem xet toan bo tat ca cac chu e
va ca nhng g co lien quan en sc khoe, an toan va yeu cau trong cong tac van
chuyen.

V du ve cac chu e chnh trong kiem toan viec tuan thu qui nh moi trng:

Nhng qui nh ve chat thai nguy hai: nh ngha
ong goi
Lu tr
Giam thieu chat thai
Chuan b ng cu neu co s co
Huan luyen nhan vien
Chon lap chat thai
So sach ke toan va bao cao

Chon lap chat thai nguy hai trc o: Thu tuc cho phep thai bo
Cac hoat ong va ieu tra x ly

Yeu cau ke hoach ng cu khan cap: Ke hoach ng cu khan cap
Bao cao giai thoat/thai bo khan cap
Ton kho hoa chat nguy hai
Thai bo hoa chat oc hai

Nhng quy nh ve o nhiem khong kh: Giay phep cho thai
So sach ke toan va bao cao

Nhng qui nh ve o nhiem nc: Ke hoach kiem soat/ ngan nga o v
Kiem soat thiet b
Giay phep cho thai
Lay mau va phan tch

Bon lu tr ngam: Giay ang ky, kiem nh, khai bao
Kiem tra nh ky va ot xuat
Tai nan, s co, ro r
181

Nhng qui nh ve chat thai ran: Giay phep cho thai
So sach ke toan va bao cao

Sau khi xac nh c phng phap va muc tieu kiem toan, nhom kiem toan cung can
a ra mot so quyet nh khac nh sau : lam the nao e kiem toan thanh cong trong
suot qua trnh ? kiem toan se c thc hien theo mot chu trnh nh the nao? Moi mot
viec la rat quan trong e anh gia trc khi xay dng mot qua trnh kiem toan thc s.
Viec xac nh muc tieu khi bat au se tao nen mot khac biet chu yeu oi vi cac loai
nguon lc va ky thuat can thiet e thc hien qua trnh kiem toan thc s.

c) Tnh chnh xac va can thiet phai bao mat thong tin.

Nhng thong tin t kiem toan can phai c thu thap chnh xac va bao mat trong suot
qua trnh trc khi co quyet nh chnh thc cua c quan quan ly co tham quyen, ac
biet la oi vi nhng n v co sai sot. Viec ro r thong tin, ac biet la nhng thong tin
khong chnh xac, co the gay nen phan ng t pha cong ong, khach hang, cac oi tac
co lien quan va ngay ca trong cach nhn cua c quan quan ly oi vi n v. ieu o se
tao nen kho khan cho hoat ong cua n v khong ung luc.

Hau het cac doanh nghiep eu muon bao mat thong tin t qua trnh kiem toan nhng
khong phai la hoan toan khong co van e oi vi quyen li chnh ang nay. Khi quy mo
kiem toan cang ln, cac luat s ben ngoai cung co the oc nhng bao cao kiem toan
bang cach s dung ac quyen cua mot c quan phap che trong khi ho khong phai la
ngi c xem xet hoac vi vai tro co van cho n v c kiem toan.

Nh vay, e bao mat thong tin, mot so nguyen tac ma to chc kiem toan can thc hien
nh sau :

- Neu d oan la co van e nhay cam trong khi ieu tra, phong van, cac thanh vien
chnh tham gia nhom kiem toan nen co ca cac luat s ai dien cho n v. ieu nay se
giup cho ho tiep xuc trc tiep vi nguon thong tin ma khong thong qua oi tng trung
gian, am bao nam bat chnh xac noi dung thong tin va han che viec lan truyen thong
tin thu thap c t qua trnh kiem toan en nhng ngi khong co trach nhiem hoac
ngha vu lien quan.
- Ho s cua luat s chuan b cho viec kien tha, tranh chap ch nen c soan thao
trong thi gian ngan trc khi phien toan dien ra. Viec pho bien cac ho s nay cho luat
s oan cung can han che trong pham vi nhng ngi co tham gia trc tiep, co trach
nhiem a c phan cong thong nhat.
- Han che toi a viec m ho s cho ngi khong thuoc nhom kiem toan xem xet.
Thong tin hang ngay can bao cao, kiem toan vien nen noi thang vi ngi ai dien cua
c s neu ho la thanh vien cua nhom kiem toan, bao cao mieng vi thu trng hoac
lanh ao cap tren e han che viec boc lo nhng thong tin nhay cam trong qua trnh tm
giai phap.
182

d) To chc chng trnh kiem toan

Trc khi tien hanh kiem toan can xac nh ro:
Muc tieu kiem toan: co bao nhieu van e can giai quyet?
Chu ky kiem toan: la bao nhieu, co thng xuyen khong?
Ke hoach thi gian c ho viec kiem toan tng v tr nh the nao?
To chc nhan s: chng trh kiem toan se c thc hien bi nhng
chuyen vien t van ve moi trng , hay ngi cua c s san xuat nh la mot
cong viec thng xuyen cua ho?

Kiem toan c to chc quan ly theo tng nhom vi chc nang kiem toan c thc
hien bi cac nhan vien cua cac bo phan co lien quan (t van, lanh ao c s, nhom
kiem toan chuyen nghiep) th se co nhng thuan li va bat li rieng do cach moi thanh
phan tham gia kiem toan co nhn nhan khac nhau cung mot van e. V the, muon thanh
cong, hien nay ngi ta co khuynh hng hp nhat s tham d cua ca 3 nhom tren.

e) Thanh lap oi ngu cac chuyen gia kiem toan

e chng trnh kiem toan thc hien thanh cong, a ra nhng ket qua anh gia ung
va e xuat phu hp, viec kiem toan phai c thc hien bi nhng chuyen gia co nang
lc, trnh o va kien thc tot ve lnh vc can kiem toan. Do o, n v thc hien kiem
toan can phai sang loc oi ngu nhan s cua mnh e la chon cac kiem toan vien thch
hp vi yeu cau. Neu cha u, phai co ke hoach bo sung ngi t ben ngoai, co the
mi cac n v kiem toan khac hoac chuyen gia moi trng e xam xet nhng yeu to
ky thuat co lien quan. Neu can thiet, co the m lp huan luyen ngan han cho cac kiem
toan e nang cao nang lc hoat ong cua oi ngu kiem toan.

Trong nhom kiem toan, bat buoc phai co trng nhom. Ngi nay co trach nhiem:

Gii han pham vi kiem toan trong tng phan xng, khu vc cu the
Thu nhap thong tin
Xay dng ke hoach lam viec
Giai quyet mau thuan phat sinh trong qua trnh kiem toan
Lien he vi n v c kiem toan
La cau noi gia cac thanh vien trong nhom kiem toan, gia n v kiem
toan va c kiem toan

Ngoai trng nhom, cac kiem toan vien co trach nhiem thc hien nhng cong viec sau:

Lam viec theo s ch ao cua trng nhom
Lap ke hoach kiem toan ca nhan
Thu nhap va phan tch d lieu
Chuan b ho s kiem toan
183
Ho tr trng nhom viet bao cao kiem toan

S ket hp gia cac thanh phan tham gia vao chng trnh kiem toan theo th t c
sap xep nh nhau:






















Hnh 8.2. S o to chc kiem toan

f) Thu thap thong tin trc khi kiem toan hien trng

e am bao thc hien tot cong tac kiem toan, trc khi tien hanh kiem toan chnh thc,
nhom kiem toan can phai tham quan s bo khu vc can kiem toan e:

Xac nh nhng hoat ong c ban cua phan xng / n v san xuat
Xac nh cac van e moi trng chnh yeu
Xac nh quy trnh san xuat va cach thc lam viec
Thao luan ve cach thc thc hien kiem toan vi ben c kiem toan.

g) Bang cau hoi kiem toan

Co nhieu dang bang cau hoi c ap dung trong tien trnh kiem toan. Tuy nhien, viec
la chon mot kieu bang cau hoi vi noi dung tap trung vao van e moi trng chnh,
ngan gon n gian, de hieu oi vi ngi c phong van se la yeu to quyet nh o
chnh xac cua thong tin thu thap c.
Phong phap che
To phap che va
kiem toan
Phu trach phap
che tai hien trng
Ban giam oc
Hoi ong quan tr
Trng nhom

Nhom kiem toan chnh

Kiem toan vien
co nang lc
Quan ly c s
& nhan cong lc
184

Chuyen gia kiem toan co the s dung cac cau hoi m, cau hoi ong hoac cac cau hoi
dan du e tm kiem thong tin t ngi c phong van sao cho tranh tnh trang hoi lac
e hoac sa a vao mot van e khong can thiet.

Thong thng, de s dung nhat la dang bang cau hoi check-list hay yes-no question.
Tuy thuoc vao yeu cau kiem toan, cung co the s dung phng phap cho iem e anh
gia va xem xet. Vi moi dang, co nhng u nhc iem rieng va phu hp cho tng loai
muc tieu va oi tng.

Bang 8.1. Mot so hnh thc bang cau hoi trong kiem toan moi trng

Loai bang
cau hoi
Cach the hien u iem Nhc iem
Danh muc
co-khong
(Yes-no
chesklist)
Tom tat moi quy
nh, cac van e
thong thng a lam
trc kiem toan
De hieu, de tom
lc chac chan
Dai, cau hoi va
tra li de sai lam,
y tng han che
Hng dan
co-khong
(Yes-no guide)
Cau truc phc tap
hn yes-no checklist
Chac chan, de
s dung
Qua dai
Cho iem
theo s anh
gia
Chu yeu tong quat
trong khu vc gii
han, khong chi tiet
Rat linh hoat,
giup ktv lam viec
t do, chu ong
hn
oi hoi ktv phai
co kinh nghiem,
kho cho iem
anh gia
theo hng
dan chi tiet
Tom tat chi tiet ve
nhng quy nh va
tieu chuan ac trng,
co the dung xuyen
suot qua trnh kiem
toan
Chac chan, co
the hoan chnh
cau tra li ngay ca
khi thieu thong tin
Dai, quy mo,
qua chi tiet, co the
bo sot nhng iem
mau chot.
Danh muc
kiem chng
Giai thch van e
bang ky thuat kiem
chng lai
Tang o tin cay
cho cong tac kiem
toan
Rat dai

Bang cau hoi phai c chuan b cho tat ca cac khu vc san xuat chu yeu trong n v
va bao ham toan bo nhng yeu cau, quy nh phap luat t trung ng en a phng
neu co lien quan en hoat ong cua n v. Toi thieu, phai ap dung bang cau hoi cho
mot so van e sau:

Van e x ly va x ly s bo nc thai va nc ma
Nc cap
O nhiem khong kh
Chat thai ran va chat thai nguy hai
185
Bon / kho lu tr tren mat at va ngam
Quan ly va x ly PCB/amiang
S dung thuoc BVTV
Quan ly chat thai nguy hai
Kiem soat s co khan cap, ro r, o tran
Quyen c tham gia cua cong ong/cong nhan
Ve sinh cong nghiep
An toan lao ong / san xuat
Quan ly san pham.

h) Lch hoat ong

Khi lap chng trnh lam viec, nhom kiem toan can phai
Xac nh xem ai can c phong van
Cach thc mi tham d sao cho nhng ngi nay am bao co mat
Tranh chong cheo len nhng hoat ong khac
am bao nhng hoat ong chnh se c tien hanh trong thi gian quy
nh cho cong tac kiem toan.

Chng trnh phai bao am chi tiet en tng gi phut thc hien cong viec, v tr, oi
tng va noi dung cu the. Vec xay dng tot mot ke hoach thi gian lam vec, han che
c nhng mau thuan cong viec gia cac thanh vien trong cung nhom kiem toan.
Chng trnh nay cung can c bao trc cho n v co lien quan e chuan b, tranh
tnh trang khong the thc hien c ung tien o hoac gay can tr cho hoat ong san
xuat kinh doanh cua n v o.

Giai oan 2: Kiem toan tai hien trng.

a) nh hng cong viec.

Bc au tien khi en kiem toan tai hien trng la nh hng cong viec va phong van
s bo nhng ngi quan ly tai cho. Nhan vien moi trng va oi khi bo phan ieu hanh
khu vc c kiem toan co the tham gia.

Kiem toan vien can chuan b gii thieu s lc ve pham vi thc hien kiem toan, giai
thch ro s no lc hp tac cua nhng ngi quan ly tai hien trng la vo cung can thiet,
ong gop cho s thanh cong cua chng trnh kiem toan. Tien trnh kiem toan co the se
lam ngng tre hoat ong san xuat tai cho, do vay KTV can phai xin loi va cam n n
v c s ve s chap thuan cho thc hien kiem toan nay. Tat nhien, phai ch cho ho thay
rang ieu nay mang lai nhieu li ch cho n v cung nh cho toan doanh nghiep. Trong
cuoc tiep xuc lan au nay, can phai tao ieu kien cho bo phan lanh ao c s c
quyen trao oi, phat bieu y kien e chac chan rang ho a thong suot, quan triet cac
muc tieu kiem toan, cach thc to chc va chng trnh lam viec cua nhom kiem toan.

186
Co the co mot so van e can trao oi trc khi tien hanh kiem toan. ac biet la viec
bao mat thong tin trong tien trnh kiem toan. Nhom kiem toan va lanh ao n v can
phai thong nhat lai quan iem va cach thc bao mat thong tin, xac nh cu the nhng
ngi c quyen thong tin va ket qua kiem toan.

Co the tai hien trng kiem toan, mot so khu vc b gii han hoac yeu cau phai co
trang phuc bao ho lao ong khi vao lam viec. Nhom kiem toan can phai trao oi e biet
trc viec nay, co ke hoach chuan b chu ao.

Cuoi cung, lanh ao n v can phai khang nh nhng ng s co the phuc vu cho
cong tac kiem toan, se co mat ung theo thi gian quy nh e tham d phong van,
thanh kiem tra cung vi nhom kiem toan hoac thc hien nhng yeu cau can thiet khac.

Sau cung, nhom kiem toan can i dao mot vong xung quanh nha may hoac khu vc can
kiem toan, vi muc ch la xem xet mot cach tong quan khu vc ma khong i sau chi
tiet.

b) Phong van trc tiep

Hau het nhng thong tin thu thap c trong suot qua trnh phong van phan ln thong
qua cac cuoc phong van trc tiep nhng ngi lam viec tai hien trng. Viec phong van
nay se giup kiem toan vien bo sung them nhng yeu to can thiet cha the hien ay u
trong ho s so sach, bao cao chng t a tham khao trc ay, tiep tuc tiem kiem va
phat hien ra nhng van e mi. Phong van la mot phng phap anh gia co gia tr
nham at c nhng thong tin chu quan. S thanh cong cua cuoc phong van da tren
so lng va chat lng cua thong tin thu thap c, phu thuoc phan ln vao ky nang
phong van cua kiem toan vien.

Mot bc can thiet e co ket qua phong van tot la phai lap trc ke hoach phong van.
Trc khi phong van, kiem toan vien can phai to chc sap xep y tng, xac nh van e
can phong van e co the thao luan vi ngi c phong van, xac nh ket qua d kien
e a ra nhng cau hoi can thiet, co the i en ket luan.

Nhng viec kiem toan vien can lam trong cuoc phong van :

T gii thieu ve mnh va muc ch mong muon trong cuoc phong van
Danh thi gian u e ngi c phong van co the chuan b cac cau tra
li va dung toan bo thi gian phong van e thao luan ve van e can tiep can.
Giai thch cho ngi c phong van biet rang nhng thong tin nay se
c s dung nh the nao trong suot qua trnh kiem toan, cu the hn, co the noi ro
rang ten tuoi ca nhan cung cap thong tin se c gi kn hay khong. ieu nay tac
ong rat ln kha nang cung cap thong tin cua ngi c phong van.
Sau khi giai thch nhng ieu tren, bat au thu thap thong tin t cac cau
hoi tong quat ve cong viec cua ngi c phong van. Sau o, thc hien cac cau
187
hoi chi tiet bang ky thuat kheo leo, te nh, tranh e cho ngi c phong van cam
thay cang thang qua mc hoac b ap ac cau tra li.
Cuoi cung va cung rat quan trong la cac thong tin phan hoi t cuoc phong
van. Kiem toan vien can phai xac nh rang mnh a hieu ro va ung ve nhng g
va c trao oi trong cuoc phong van bang cach neu tom tat lai cac thong tin
chnh yeu. Lu y rang khong c ket luan ieu g sau cuoc phong van. ay,
nhiem vu cua kiem toan vien ch la ghi nhan y kien. Khi cuoc phong van ket thuc,
phai am bao rang ket qua phong van la tot ep. Cam n ngi c phong van va
hen se tiep tuc trao oi neu can.

Thi gian can thiet cho mot cuoc phong van thng t 20 30 phut va khong qua 45
60 phut. V vay, e am bao ung thi gian can phai co ke hoach va to chc cuoc
phong van that tot.

c) Xem xet ho s tai lieu.

Muc ch cua khau kiem toan nay la xac nh, xem xet va ra soat lai cac bao cao, ho
s, d lieu ve moi trng co lien quan co c thc hien duy tr thng xuyen, ay u
khong. ong thi cung xem xet cac chng t tren co c bao quan va lu lai trong
mot khoan thi gian toi thieu ung theo quy nh khong.

Loai ho s quan trong nhat can xem xet trong tien trnh kiem toan la giay phep bi hau
nh muc ch cua kiem toan la so sanh hoat ong thc te co g sai khac vi nhng van
ban quy nh, cu the la cac loai giay phep a c cap. Mot nha may co the co nhieu
loai giay phep khac nhau ve moi trng cho cac hoat ong khac nhau : chat lng
khong kh, chat lng nc thai va nc ma trc khi thai vao he thong song rach t
nhien hay cong thoat, chat thai nguy hai va chat thai ran, cac bon cha ngam, thuoc
bao ve thc vat

Mot loai ho s can xem xet na la chng t ke khai xuat nhap, van chuyen hang hoa.
Nhiem vu cua kiem toan vien khong ch anh gia la cac loi ho s nay co c thc hien
hoan chnh, ung thi gian hay khong ma con xem co chnh xac khong. Tnh toan kiem
tra mot so trng hp ngau nhien e th xem la co can phai tnh toan lai toan bo cac so
lieu a c ghi vao so sach khong. Ho s cua mot so nha may, phan xng co the m
rong viec xem xet cho tiet cho tng loai phu tung thiet b, tai lieu hng dan van hanh
thiet b, thiet b nay hien ang co mat tai hien trng khong, ke hoach duy tu bao dng
nh the nao.

Khong ch dng lai o, kiem toan vien cung can phai xem xet ho s ke hoach ng
cu khan cap trong trng hp xay ra s co. oi vi loai nay, co the bao gom ho s ve
trang thiet b ng cu, nhan s trong cong tac trc ban va ng cu, huan luyen va ao
tao nhan vien phu trach ng cu hoac nhng thao tac s cap cu can thiet, ke hoach di
tan oi vi nhng ngi lam viec trong khu vc co nguy c rui ro cao.
188
Kiem toan vien can lap danh sach cac loai ho s so sach can xem xet trc khi lam
viec tai hien trng e tranh thieu sot co the xay ra.

d) Lay mau d lieu

e a ra phng phap quan ly moi trng ung ang dan en rat nhieu ho s ma kiem
toan vien can phai kiem tra. Muon kiem tra va anh gia chnh xac, kiem toan phai lay
mau tren toan bo ho s d lieu can xem xet. Quy mo lay mau va chon mau d lieu nh
the nao co the da tren c s thong ke hoac tuy thuoc vao cach anh gia cua kiem toan
vien. Phng phap lay mau da tren muc tieu cua bang cau hoi phong van.

Neu muc tieu la xac nh % so ngi khong tuan thu cac nguyen tac moi trng, viec
chon mau phai thc hien sao cho co y ngha ve mat thong ke, phan anh c xu hng
tien hanh qua trnh chon mau.

Neu muc tieu la tiem kiem cac vi pham, viec lay mau co the tap trung xa cac phan
nhom d kien la thc hien ung. Trong bat c tnh huong nao, kiem toan vien cung
phai thu thap mau va khong nen phu thuoc vao ni lay mau. Qua trnh lay mau va d
lieu ve mau thu thap can phai c ghi chep can than.

e) Thanh kiem tra tai hien trng

Sau khi xem xet mot so cac ho s a hoan chnh, bc tiep theo la kiem tra bang trc
giac mot cach chi tiet cac he thong cong trnh (v du nha may x ly chat thai, thiet b
lu tr) va qua trnh van hanh. Khong nen s dung bang anh gia qua chi tiet oi vi
cac hang muc thanh tra moi trng v se gay phc tap va lung cung, ma nen van dung
ky nang cung nh tr thong minh e khai thac nhng cau tra li ung.

Trong khi kiem tra, kiem toan vien can phai van dung toan bo kha nang phan tch va
suy luan cua mnh. Gia s, can phai xem xet ca viec quan ly chat nguy hai va chat thai
nguy hai v chat nguy hai neu khong c quan ly tot th se tr thanh chat thai nguy
hai. Khi thanh tra viec s dung chat nguy hai, nhiem vu chnh cua kiem toan vien la tm
kiem chng c thc hien quan ly tot hay cha, co theo ung luat nh khong nham ngan
nga moi nguy hai phat sinh t cac chat nay co the tac ong len sc khoe con ngi va
moi trng. Co the mot so chat khong c quan ly theo quy nh quan ly chat thai
nguy hai, nhng neu nh khu vc hoac thiet b lu tr hoa chat la khong am bao an
toan, hoa chat ro r sau mot thi gian co the tham vao trong at gay o nhiem moi trng
at va nc ngam.

C s vat chat an toan la mot yeu to e anh gia s tuan thu cac quy nh cua nha nc
cung nh nguyen tac cua n v tng ng vi loai chat nguy hai ang c quan ly,
hoat ong s dung chung vao moi trng xung quanh. V the, khi tien hanh kiem tra tai
hien trng, kiem toan vien can quan tam en 2 van e : n v c kiem toan co tuan
thu luat le hay khong vaho co thc hanh quan ly tot khong.
189
Cong tac kiem toan phai bao gom nhieu lnh vc ch khong ch la CTNH, khi thanh
kiem tra, phai xem xet ca thiet b kiem soat o nhiem khong kh, nc thai t cac qua
trnh ra, hoac chat thai ran, cac ca xa nc ma, may bien the va nhieu th khac.

f) Kiem tra cac kho / thiet b lu tr

Viec lu tr hoa chat trong cac kho hay thiet b lu tr khong phu hp la mot trong cac
nguyen nhan dan en o nhiem moi trng. Do vay, can phai kiem tra xem thiet b lu
tr van hanh nh the nao, cac cuoc kiem tra tien hanh nh the nao. Khi kiem tra can
xem xet kha nang ro r cua thiet b lu tr, co con nguyen dau niem khong, trong thiet
b hng phai co chat hap thu e kp tham chat long ro r. Bon cha phai c dan nhan,
ghi chu can than ve loai hoa chat cha ben trong, cac ac tnh nguy hai, ke hoach ng
cu trong trng hp khan cap. Ngoai ra con phai xem xet cac chat cha trong cung
mot thiet b co tng thch hay khong, nhng chat khong tng thch co c cha rieng
hay khong, nhng chat de chay a co trang b thiet b cha chay cha,

Kiem toan vien cung can phai anh gia xem khu vc lu tr co am bao an toan khong,
co ay u cac bang bieu, dau hieu ch ro khu vc chat nguy hai theo tieu chuan quy
nh khong, nen kho co bao am khong tham, khong nt? Chat lieu lam nen nha kho co
khong tng thch (de phan ng) vi hoa chat ang lu tr trong kho khong? Thiet b
ng cu khan cap co hoat ong tot trong khu vc hoach nh khong.

Ngoai ra, con rat nhieu van e khac co lien quan en cong tac quan ly moi trng khu
vc lu tr, ac biet la cac loai hoa chat oc hai hoac CTNH. Neu khong xay dng mot
chng trnh kiem toan thch hp tai cac khu vc nay th cac van e khac co the phat
sinh. Van e tieu bieu thng la khong thc hien chng trnh thanh kiem tra toan bo
hoac thieu ho s quan ly tng ng. Khong ai co the tin rang cac chng trnh kiem
toan noi bo la khong he ghi chep lai ieu g hoac bat c sai lam nao trong suot thi gian
qua. Khong co kho cha hay thiet b lu tr nao la hoan hao. Va neu nh chng trnh
kiem toan keo dai 2 3 thang ma tm thay dau hieu vi pham nao th cung la cha tot va
can phai co ieu chnh sa cha. Trong nhng trng hp nh the, kiem toan vien can
lam viec lai vi nhng ngi a chu trach nhiem trong cuoc kiem tra o, lam viec vi
cong nhan e xac nh lai nhng kha canh moi trng tiem tang. Ngoai ra, kiem toan
vien phai tm cho c nhng iem bat cap ma cong nhan khong nhan ra hoac khong
thc hien.

Giai oan 3: anh gia kiem toan va lap bao cao.

D lieu kiem toan c anh gia trong suot 2 giai oan tai hien trng. Lan au di
dang thong tin phan hoi trc tiep khi kiem toan vien thu thap thong tin. Lan sau khi
nhom kiem toan thc hien phan tch toan dien sau khi a hoan thanh cac cuoc thanh
kiem tra, phong van va xem xet ho s. Viec anh gia d lieu cung la mot tm hieu cho
viec lap bao cao bang van ban sau nay trc khi nhom kiem toan ri khoi hien trng.

190
Thong tin phan hoi trc tiep : khi kiem toan vien thu thap thong tin tai
hien trng, viec quan trong khong kem la phai a ra thong tin phan hoi cho
ngi ai dien n v c kiem toan. Lu y rang khong c a ra ket luan luc
nay, v nh the la voi vang va kho am bao tnh chnh xac.
Giay t so sach : anh gia d lieu thu thap c, mot phan cua cong tac
kiem toan, la no lc quan trong va phc tap ma can phai c hoan thien trong
thi gian con ngoai hien trng.
anh gia toan dien : la bang phan tch tong hp tat ca cac thong tin c
thu thap t tat ca cac thanh vien cua nhom kiem toan.
Tiep xuc lan cuoi trc khi ri hien trng : vi nhng nhan vat chu chot
tai nha may. Mot trong nhng kho khan thng la ch xem xet nhng thieu sot va
that bai e hoan chnh moi bc trong qua trnh kiem toan. e han che ieu nay,
nhom kiem toan nen chuan b mot ban thao luan vi ay u tat ca cac iem can
phai c xem xet trc khi ri khoi hien trng.
Bao cao kiem toan : can phai am bao ro rang va de hieu, anh gia tach
biet gia cac yeu to bat ng va kha canh moi trng man tnh, liet ke cac s that
a tm thay, khong a ra nhng ket luan khong chnh xac hoac bat on, neu chi tiet
va chnh xac ban chat cua cac van e moi trng, khong c ai khai chung
chung, e xuat cac giai phap cai thien moi trng phu hp. Tuy nhien lu y rang la
khong c vach nhng ket luan co tnh bat buoc, ac biet la khong c ket toi
n v c kiem toan trong trng hp co vi pham hoac sai sot.
Vach ra ke hoach hanh ong.

8.6. hh0h V 0 VE M0T 80 Vkh E TIE0 8IE0 T0h kIEM T0kh M0I T00h

Khi thc hien cong tac kiem toan moi trng, kiem toan can phai quan tam en nhng
dau hieu khac nhau oi vi moi nganh san xuat. Sau ay la mot so iem can lu y cho
mot so nganh cu the nh sau:

8.6.1. uan Iy F68 (FoIy6hIorInaIad 8IphanyIs).

Khong biet PCB co trong he thong truyen nhiet hay cap thoat nc.
May san xuat PCB khong c kiem nh ky hang quy va bao cao kiem tra khong
ro rang
S dung may san xuat PCB khong ang ky vi c quan PCCC a phng.
Khong dan nhan may san xuat PCB khong oc hay PCB co the gay o nhiem
Cha cac vat lieu de chay gan khu vc san xuat PCB
Nha may lu tr PCB khong con s dung ma khong c thiet ke hp ly, thieu
bon cha phu, san nha kho b nt va PCB b ro r ma khong co vat lieu chong
tham thch hp.
Thiet b co the b o nhiem PCB va bon cha PCB khong con s dung, co the tch
ln, lu tr ben ngoai kho lu tr PCB, khong co be va khong c thanh kiem
tra hang tuan.
PCB dang long khong c lu tr trong nhng bon cha ung tieu chuan
191
Quen bao cao hang nam ve viec san xuat va s dung PCB hoac co nhng cha
ung vi quy nh chung.
Khong co bao cao chon lap hoac bang ke khai van chuyen PCB i au, hoac co
ma khong hoan chnh.

8.6.Z. ThaI bo nuor IhaI

Giay phep cua cac c quan chc nang a het han, hay n v xin cap lai giay phep
khong nop kp trong vong sau thang trc ngay het han.
Khong tuan thu cac thu tuc lay mau nh quy nh
Thiet b quan trac khong c kiem tra thng xuyen
Bao cao quan trac chat thai khong nop ung han
Thnh thoang, lng nc thai vt qua mc gii han cho phep
Nc thai chay sai tuyen nhng khong c bao cao ngay len cac c quan chc
nang e tm bien phap giai quyet
Nhng thay oi trong qua trnh van hanh nha may hay thai bo khong c phan anh
trong giay phep ieu chnh hay oi mi hoat ong.
Thiet b kiem tra qua toi hay hoat ong khong hieu qua
Phng phap x ly nc thai nhng khu vc thai tap trung vao ng cong, bon
cha t hoai hay dong thai khong c cap giay phep.
Chat nguy hai b o cac kho lu tr thai vao ng cong hay dong thai
Thai bo vao cac cong trnh x ly cong cong co cha cac chat de chay no, chat an
mon hay ong can lam can tr dong chay.
Bon cha t hoai, cac dung cu loc hay cac khu vc x ly nc thai tai hien trng
khong c cap giay phep.
Thai bo nc ma a b o nhiem vao trong he thong thoat nc chung cha c
cap giay phep.
Tien trnh phan tch chat lng khong c thc hien trong phong th nghiem hay
phong th nghiem hoat ong khong hp phap.

8.6.8. ThaI bo kh IhaI

Nhng a iem kh thai khong xac nh ro rang, ke ca cac ong khoi, lo thong kh,
quat tng, ca thoat kh, lo thieu,
Bang kiem ke nhng loai kh thai khong c lap san hay khong hoan chnh.
Nguon kh thai khong c cap phep
Ho s kiem tra viec thc hien khong lam
Thiet b quan trac khong co hay khong c kiem tra thng
Khong lap at he thong kiem soat hi ap suat nhng v tr can thiet
Viec ieu chnh cac nguon kh thai khong c bao cao
He thong bao ong o nhiem khong kh vake hoach ng cu khan cap khong c
chuan b san hay khong hoan chnh.
Lng sulfur trong xang dau khong phu hp vi mc gii han quy nh danh cho
en dau, khong cho giay chng nhan phan tch lng sulfur.
192
Bui khong ben tac ong len cac khu vc lan can
Nhng hoat ong pha huy amiang khong bao cao cho cac c quan co tham quyen
trc khi s co xay ra.
Lo thieu khong van hanh ung theo yeu cau ve nhiet o va ty le nap lieu

8.6.4. kIam soaI do Iran dau mo

o Ke hoach oi pho va kiem soat ngan nga o v (SPCC) khong co ch ky cua
mot ky s chuyen mon
o SPCC khong c cap nhat trong vong 3 nam tr lai ay va thiet b lu tr xang
dau trong nha may khong co nh
o Khong tap huan cho nhan vien e ng pho vi s co o tran
o Thieu thiet b va vat lieu thch hp e kiem soat o tran
o Thieu mot so bc chuyen biet e quan ly xang dau ang c s dung
o Cac bien phap chnh e ngan chan chay tran (nh xay e bao,) khong c
thiet lap xung quanh khu vc cha dau
o Cac ket cau ngan chan phu b v, xuat hien cac ranh hay khong tng xng vi
lng dau hien co.
o Cac van cua cong trnh ngan chan phu trang thai m
o Khong tien hanh anh gia va sap xep lai lng nc ma don vao cac cong trnh
ngan chan phu
o Khong co thiet b phan tach dau va nc trc khi nc ma i vao cong thoat
hay dong chay
o Thiet b phan tach dau va nc khong c duy tu va suc ra theo nh ky e
hoat ong co hieu qua hn
o Nhng bon cha tren mat at vt qua the tch quy nh ma khong c thanh
kiem tra ro r thng xuyen theo nh ky.

8.6.6. kIam Ioan vIar phaI sInh rhaI IhaI nguy haI

Ke hoach phan tch chat thai khong phu hp, dan en viec quan ly chat thai nguy
hai nh chat tha khong nguy hai.
Bon cha chat thai nguy hai khong c hoac c dan nhan khong ung quy cach
va e h, co the boc hi va phat tan vao moi trng xung quanh.
Chat thai c ke khai khong hoan chnh, mat ho s lu hay cac loai chng t ve
viec chon lap chat thai.
Nhng bon cha chat nguy hai c lu tr 90 ngay
Thong tin t ngay bat au tch luy chat thai va nhng chi tiet can thiet khac dan tren
bon chua b that lac hay khong ay u
Nap pheu tren cac bon cha chat nguy hai c m trong khong ay lai.
Nhng bon chua chat long de chay khong c cot, gi chat xuong at.
Nhng iem e don chat tha khong c bao quan, khong co s ngan cach thch
hp oi vi nhng chat thai khong tng thch khac, khoang cach gia nhng loi i
chat hep, chieu cao khong am bao an toan.
193
Ngi quan ly cac khu vc tch luy chat nguy hai khong c phan cong chnh thc
va ao tao chnh quy.
Bao cao kiem tra hang tuan ve iem tch luy chat thai nguy hai khong san sang,
hoac lam khong ay u, hoac b that lac.
Cac thiet b va vat lieu ng cu khan cap tai ni cha chat nguy hai khong co san
hoac khong at tieu chuan an toan.
Ke hoach oi pho vi tnh huong bat ng khong c lap san hoac khong duy tr tai
cac iem tch luy chat nguy hai.

8.6.6. uyan IoI rong dong

Khong lap bao cao ve tnh trang kho lu tr, cac loai hoa chat lu tr cho chnh phu,
chnh quyen a phng va cac c quan chc nang co lien quan.
Hang nam khong lap bao cao hoa chat nguy hai ton kho.
Cac mau bao cao xuat kho cac hoa chat oc hai khong c nop cho c quan chc
nang vao trc ngay quy nh.

8.6.7. kIam Ioan va sur khoa rong nhan va nhung Ihong IIn va rhaI IhaI nguy haI

o Ranh gii o nhiem nhng loai hoa chat nguy hai tai hien trng khong c
quan ly tot bang ho s van ban oi vi moi cong nhan co the chu tac ong.
o Khong co ho s lu tr ve mc o nhiem tieng on
o Viec o lng tieng on theo nh ky khong c lam thng xuyen
o Chng trnh bao ve he ho hap khong c hoach nh bang van ban
o Bnh dng kh dung cap cu khong c bao quan, kiem tra hay lu tr mot
cach ung an.
o Nhan canh bao, nhan xac nh khong c dan tren bon cha chat nguy hai
ni lu tr.
o Khong co he thong kiem tra mc tac ong len tng ca nhan do o nhiem tia
phong xa
o Bang ke hoach thong tin ve chat nguy hai khong ay u hoac a qua han, khong
bo sung kp thi nhng thay oi trong hoat ong, s dung va quan ly.
o Khong a ra ket qua kham sc khoe cong nhan ung thi han.
o Bang d lieu an toan khong ay u cac loai hoa chat hien hu va ho s lu cac
bang nay khong c bao quan l nhng ni ma cong nhan co the tham khao de
dang.
o Khong thc hien viec huan luyen cho cong nhan thong tin ve chat nguy hai.

8.6.8. kIam Ioan an Ioan rho nguoI Iao dong

o Ho s va giay chng nhan oi vi nhng ngi a c huan luen s cap cu
khong co san khi kiem tra.
o He thong thong gio khong c bao dng thng xuyen, toc o lu thong kh
khong c kiem tra eu, he thong loc bui cung khong c thay oi theo quy
194
nh.
o o che chan cac loai ong c a b mat hoac co ma khong phu hp.
o Can cau hoat ong tren cao va cac thiet b nang khong c dan nhan va quy
nh trong lng lam viec.

8.6.9. kIam Ioan doI voI nuor uong

o Giay phep s dung nc cha c cap
o Nhan vien van hanh nha may x ly nc khong c ao tao bai ban, hoac
khong co giay chng nhan kha nang lam viec tng ng.
o Tat ca cac thong so yeu cau oi vi nc uong (v du nong o nitrat, flo, vi
khuan sinh hoc, bun, chat phong xa,) khong c quan ly.
o He thong nc uong khong c kiem tra o an mon.
o Nhng g vt qua tieu chuan nc uong toi thieu khong c bao len c quan
chc nang trong vong 7 ngay.

8.7. M0T 80 h0I 0h Vk h0kT 0h 6kh LkM T0h kIEM T0kh 6hkT ThkI
h0Y hkI

Muc ch kiem toan chat thai la:

- Cung nh c cac khau kem hieu qua nh quan ly kem, thai nhieu chat thai
gay o nhiem moi trng.
- e ra chien lc quan ly va giai phap giam thieu chat thai
- cap thong tin ve cong nghe san xuat, nguyen lieu s dung, san pham va cac
dang chat thai
- Xac nh c cac nguon thai, loai chat thai phat sinh trong qua trnh san xuat

Noi dung gom 20 bc, c phan bo trong 7 giai oan nh sau:

Giai oan 1: anh gia s bo (gom 3 bc)

Bc 1: Xac nh trong tam va chuan b kiem toan:
- Muc tieu kiem toan, loai chat thai va loai hnh san xuat
- Thanh lap to kiem toan chat thai (can bo ky thuat,chuyen gia moi trng va ai
dien cong nhan)
- Thu thap thong tin can thiet

Bc 2: Liet ke cac cong oan chnh
- Chc nang cac cong oan
- Moi quan he tng ho gia chung

Bc 3: Xay dng s o khoi qua trnh cong nghe

195




































Hnh 8.5. S o can bang vat lieu

Giai oan 2: Xac nh au vao cua qua trnh (3 bc)

Bc 4: Xac nh thanh phan au vao:
- Kiem tra viec ghi chep mua vao nguyen lieu tho, so lng cat gi, ton that
do van hanh
- Lap bang hoac ghi lai tren s o cong nghe
Nguyen Lieu
tho
Kh thai
NHA MAY,
QUA TRNH,
CONG NGHE,
CONG OAN,
THIET B

Xuc Tac

Nc Kh

Nang Lng
Nc
thai
Chat Long
cha lai hoac
thai ra ngoai
khu vc
Chat thai ran
cha lai hoac
thai ra ngoai
khu vc
Chat thai co the tai s
dung cho cac qua
trnh khac
Tuan hoan nguyen
lieu d va chat thai
San
Pham
196

Bc 5: Xac nh nguon va muc ch s dung nc:
- Nguon cap nc
- V tr cap nc
- Kha nang cha, van chuyen
- Muc ch s dung
- Nghien cu cac c hoi giam s dung nc
- Lap bang

Bc 6: Xac nh mc o tai sinh s dung hoac tuan hoan chat thai
Muc ch:
- Giam lng nguyen lieu tho va lng nc mi
- Xac nh tiem nang tai s dung nguyen lieu va nc

Giai oan 3: Xac nh au ra cua qua trnh (4 bc)

Bc 7: Xac nh lng ra
- Gom: san pham chnh
- San pham phu
- Ban thanh pham
- Chat thai ran, long, kh
- Ton that do ro r, tran

Bc 8: Tnh toan ve nc thai
Muc ch: biet lng nc thai va cac chat o nhiem co trong nc thai
Phng phap:
- Xac nh cac iem thai, hng va nguon cha
- Xac nh loai chat thai va lu lng thai tai cac iem
- Xac nh cac au ra va cua tng cong oan san xuat (phat hien cac chat
cha trong dong thai)
- Lap chng trnh lay mau va phan tch mau thch hp e quan sat va o lu
lng, mc o nhiem
- Lap chng trnh quan trac va co gang lay mau trong cac ieu kien hoat
ong khac nhau
- oi chieu ket qua o ac vi ket qua tnh can bang vat lieu
- Ket qua lap bang

Bc 9: Tnh toan ve kh thai ( khao sat tnh toan ve nguyen tac nh bc 8)

Bc 10: Tnh toan ve chat thai can chuyen e x ly ( ac biet vi ba thai ran)

Giai oan 4: Tnh can bang vat chat (4 bc)

Bc 11: Tap hp cac thong tin au vao, au ra cho cac cong oan
197

Bc 12: Tnh can bang vat chat s bo cho cac cong oan
S dung so lieu thu thap t bc 1 10

Bc 13: anh gia ket qua can bang vat chat
Muc ch: xac nh nhng sai lech cua nhng thong tin va nhng iem khong ung

Bc 14: ieu chnh bai toan can bang vat chat kiem tra cac yeu to, thanh phan
khong can bang.

Giai oan 5: Xac nh cac giai phap la chon e giam thieu chat thai (4 bc)

Bc 15: kiem tra cac biep phap giam chat thai mang tnh kha thi trc mat

Bc 16: Xac nh muc tieu va ac iem ve chat thai
- T ket qua tnh can bang vat chat xac nh chnh xac v tr nguon tha lien
quan ti qui trnh, cong oan
- Xac nh nguyen nhan phat sinh cac caht thai
- Sap xep th t u tien: giai quyet

Bc 17: Phan luong dong thai
Muc ch: la chon giai phap thch hp cho tng loai chat thai, tang kha nang tai
s dung

Bc 18: Xay dng phng an giam thieu chat thai co tnh lau dai
- Thay oi quy trnh san xuat
- oi mi thiet b co hieu suat s dung cao ve nang lng va nguyen lieu
- Thay oi viec kiem soat qua trnh bang t ong hoa
- Thay oi ieu kien ky thuat
- Thay oi hoac giam chung loai nguyen lieu tho
- X ly chat thai
- Tuan hoan tai s dung chat thai

Giai oan 6: anh gia cac giai phap la chon e giam chat thai (1 bc)

Buc 19: anh gia cac phng phap la chon giam thieu chat thai:
Ve mat moi trng:
- Anh hng ve lng va mc o gay o nhiem cua chat thai
- Kha nang gay o nhiem th cap
- Anh hng ti sc khoe cong ong
- Anh hng ti nguon nguyen lieu khong tai tao
- Anh hng ti nang lng tien thu
Ve mat kinh te
- Chi ph xay dng
198
- Chi ph van hanh
- Lap bang so sanh chi ph hien tai va chi ph theo phng an

Giai oan 7: Ke hoach hanh ong giam thieu chat thai (1 bc)

Bc 20: Xay dng ke hoach hanh ong
- Ke hoach hanh ong kha thi
- Muc tieu u tien ve au t va thi gian
- Lap chng trnh giam sat ve hieu qua cua cac phng an giam thieu chat
thai
- Qui nh khen thng x phat
- Bo sung sa oi qui che


CAU HOI THAO LUAN

1. Trnh bay cac nguyen tac thc hien kiem toan moi trng cho chat thai nguy hai.
2. Kiem toan moi trng va quan ly ngan nga chat thai nguy hai co moi lien he nh
the nao?
3. Trnh bay cac van e can tm hieu khi thc hien kiem toan cho mot doanh nghiep
cong nghiep.
4. Trnh bay va so sanh cac moi lien he gia kiem toan moi trng, san xuat sach hn,
anh gia tac ong moi ttrng va vi ISO 14000.
5. Trnh bay cac bc thc hien khi tien hanh cong tac kiem toan moi trng cho mot
doanh nghiep san xuat cong nghiep.
201


Hnh 9.1. S o thap hap thu

6h00h 9

6k6 Fh00h FhkF X0 LY 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Chng nay ch trnh bay mot so ky thuat ac trng cho x ly cac chat thai nguy hai cong
nghiep. Mot so giai phap x ly s dung cho nc thai va kh thai cong nghiep co cha cac
thanh phan nguy hai a c e cap nhieu trong cac giao trnh khac, v vay se khong c
e cap trong giao trnh nay.

9.1. Fh00h FhkF h0k h06 Vk h0k LY

Trong phan nay se trnh bay cac ky thuat s dung e tai sinh, co ac va x ly chat thai nguy
hai ong cung c dung e x ly nc ngam hay at b o nhiem bi chat thai nguy hai.
Cac ky thuat bao gom: hap thu kh, chng cat, x ly bang trch ly bay hi, oxy hoa hoa hoc,
dong ti han, mang.

9.1.1. hap Thu kh

La ky thuat hay c dung e x ly nc ngam b o
nhiem bi chat hu c bay hi vi nong o thap < 200
mg/l. khong thch hp vi chat o nhiem kem bay hi
H 0,01. Cac thiet b s dung: thap em, thap mam,
he thong phun, khuech tan kh hay thong kh c hoc.
Trong cac thiet b nay th thap em la thiet b hay c
s dung nhat.

Can bang vat chat:

( ) ( )
V
N
R
N N
R
K
V
K K
C C Q C C Q = (8-1)
trong o
Q
K
= lu lng kh (m
3
/s)
Q
N
= lu lng nc x ly (m
3
/s)
C
K
V
= nong o chat o nhiem trong dong kh
vao(kmol/m
3
)
C
K
R
= nong o chat o nhiem trong dong kh ra
(kmol/m
3
)
C
N
V
= nong o chat o nhiem trong dong nc vao
(kmol/m
3
)
202
Vi gia thiet hieu qua qua trnh la 100% nong o chat o nhiem trong dong kh vao va trong
dong nc ra khong ang ke co the xem nh bang khong, phng trnh 8-1 tr thanh

V
N N
R
K K
C Q C Q = (8-2)

Ap dung nh luat Henry, nong o chat o nhiem trong dong kh ra khoi thap c tnh theo
can bang sau

V
N
R
K
C H C
'
= (8-3)

Ket hp phng trnh 8-2 va 8-3 ta nhan c he so hap thu R nh sau

1
'
= =
N
K
Q
Q H
R
Ga tr he so hap thu R =1 c tnh toan da tren can bang ly tng va qua trnh hap thu la
toi u. e qua trnh hap thu kh xay ra R>1.

Xem xet thiet ke

- Tnh bay hi cua chat hu c
- Ty le Q
K
/Q
N
, Tren thc te ty le nay thay oi rat ln t 5 en hang tran lan. Va ty le
nay c kiem soat nham kiem soat qua trnh lut cua thap.
- Ton that cot ap

Kiem soat qua trnh lut thap ton that nen nam trong khoang 200-400N/m
2
. m
chieu cao thap. Tren thc te chieu cao cua thap t 1-15m
Ton that se anh hng en chi ph van hanh

- Kha nang xuat hien dong, kenh chay trong thap do s phan bo kh khong eu, dong
nc chu yeu chay sat thanh cua thap. e giai quyet van e nay, giai phap thng
c s dung la

a phan phoi kh se c at trong thiet b vi khoang cach c 5D mot a phan
phoi kh. ng knh thiet b D thng nam trong khoang t 0,5 3m
Thay oi vat lieu em s dung bang cach s dung vat lieu em co kch thc nho
hn

- Kh ra co can x ly hay khong (can c vao tieu chuan xa) quyet nh co the x ly
bang hap thu.

9.1.Z. 6hung 6aI (hap Thu hoI)
203

Ky thuat c dung e loai chat hu c bay hi va ban bay hi trong nc thai va nc
ngam. Qua trnh nay c a p dung khi nong o chat o nhiem trong nc thai hay nc
ngam cao va co kha nang giam nong o xuong rat thap. Thiet b s dung: thap mam
chop, thap mam xuyen lo, tha p em. Qua trnh nay va qua trnh hap thu kh eu da
tren c s s truyen khoi gia hai pha. Tuy nhien co mot so khac biet nh sau:

Hap thu kh Hap thu hi
Dung moi hap thu la kh Dung moi hap thu la hi
Dung moi hap thu t hoa tan trong nc Dung moi hap thu hoa tan nhieu trong
nc
Van hanh nhiet o thap (thng van
hanh nhiet o moi trng)
Van hanh nhiet o cao
Chat hu c theo pha kh Chat hu c c tach thanh pha long
rieng



















F = Lu lng vao (kg/h)
C
A,-
= nong o cua thanh phan A trong acc dong khac nhau (% khoi lng)
B = lng ra (ay) (kg/h)
O = lu lng kh thai t thiet b tach nh (kg/h)
Phng trnh can bang vat chat

O A D A B A F A S A
C O C D C B C F C S
, , , , ,
. . . . . + + = +

Hnh 9.2. S o he thong chng cat
204

Neu gia thiet dong hi vao C
A,S
= 0; gia nh C
A,B
va C
A,O
la khong ang ke phng trnh ---
tr thanh

F.C
A,F
= D.C
A,D


Xem xet thiet ke

- Tnh kha thi
- Kha nang hap thu cua chat hu c
- Chat o nhiem co the tach pha khong
- Ty le dong i xuong (lut va sut ap)
- S ket tua cua thanh phan trong nc [v du Fe
2+
Fe
3+
Fe(OH)
3
]
- Vat lieu thiet ke

9.1.8. Xu Ly aI 8ang Trrh Ly 8ay hoI (8oII Vapor ExIrarIIon)

X ly at bang trch ly bay hi (soil vapor extraction SVE) ky thuat dung e x ly at
b o nhiem chat hu c bay hi (VOC). Ky thuat c ap dung oi vi tang at cha bao
hoa (nam tren tang nc ngam) hoac oi vi at b o nhiem a c ao len.



















Hnh 9.3. S o he thong x ly at bang trch ly bay hi

Mo hnh can bang
Bm chan
khong
Thiet b
hap phu
Bo tach am
Gieng trch ly
205












Mot he thong SVE bao gom cac phan

Ha tang:

- Gieng trch ly (co the mot hay nhieu gieng)
- He thong ng ong t gieng en tram bm (quat) hut
- Cac gieng giam sat
- He thong van ap lc va van ieu khien dong tai moi gieng trch ly va giam sat (tuy
theo he thong co the co hoac khong)
- He thong che phu be mat e giam sat kh hoac nc i vao [ tuy thuoc a tang khu
vc va muc ch x ly]
- Gieng thong gio ( co the nhieu gieng) nham gia tang qua trnh chuyen ong cua kh
[tuy thuoc a tang khu vc]

Thiet b

- Bm chan khong (may thoi kh) [ thng s dung ap suat am 0,2-1 atm)
- Thung tach am (la chon khong bat buoc)
- He thong x ly kh ra

Cac yeu to anh hng en hieu qua cua qua trnh x ly c cho trong bang 9.1

Cac thong so can xem xet khi thiet ke he thong:

- Khoang cach gieng trch ly (anh hng en hieu qua cua qua trnh x ly, no phu
thuoc vao ban knh hieu qua cua gieng ([ieu nay phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua at
trong khu vc x ly]) theo thc nghiem ban knh hieu qua 6-45 90m chieu sau cua
gieng tuy theo tnh chat cua a6t, trong trng hp at co o tham trung bnh 10
-4

cm/s, chieu sau cua gieng la 7m
- Toc o dong kh i vao
Be mat
Phan tan, khuech tan
Bay hi Bay hi Kh trong
Hat Nc
trong
Tai hap phu
Giai hap
206
- Ap suat di be mat

Bang 9.1. Cac yeu to anh hng en hieu qua cua qua trnh x ly at bang trch ly bay hi

Tnh chat cua at Tnh chat cua chat o nhiem Tnh chat cua moi trng
o tham Hang so Henry Nhiet o
o xop o tan o am
Phan bo kch thc hat He so hap phu Toc o gio
o am Nong o VOC trong at Bc xa mat tri
Tnh chat cua at Tnh chat cua chat o nhiem Tnh chat cua moi trng
PH Tnh phan cc Lng ma
Ham lng chat hu c Ap suat hi a hnh
Ty trong He so khuech tan He thc vat


Ngoai ra khi anh gia thiet ke he thong can xem xet cac yeu to sau

- Chenh lech ap suat (gradient ap suat)
- Tnh ong nhat va nong o cua VOC trong at
- Nhiet o khong kh c trch ly
- o am, khong kh c trch ly
- Nang lng s dung

Mot so u nhc iem cua phng phap

u iem

- Giam c chi ph ao at va thai bo
- Giam c cac nguon thai do cong tac ao xi
- Giam s khuech tan cua VOC vao moi trng
- Co the ap dung e x ly at co cau truc kem (dung cac thiet b thong thng, khong
s dung chat phan ng, tiet kiem nhan cong va vat lieu)

Nhc

- Khong thch hp x ly vung at co o tham thap. Do at co o tham thap, hieu qua
x ly thap
- Hieu qua kem khi chat o nhiem co ap suat bay hi thap va trong vung co tang nc
ngam cao
- Khong d oan c thi gian x ly (trong trng hp x ly tai nguon)

9.1.4. hap Fhu
207

La qua trnh tach chat o nhiem trong kh, nc bang chat hap phu. Trong ky thuat x ly
chat thai nguy hai, chat hap phu thng c dung la than hoat tnh e loai bo cac thanh
phan chat hu c oc hai trong nc ngam va nc thai cong nghiep. No co the c
dung mot mnh hoac ket hp vi qua trnh x ly sinh hoc.

Phng trnh Freundlich

n
c
C k
M
X
/ 1
. =
X = khoi lng chat o nhiem b hap phu
= (C

C
c
) V
C

= nong o ban au cua chat o nhiem

C
c
= nong o tai iem can bang cua chat o nhiem
M = khoi lng than


Phng trnh Langmuir

c b
c b a
q
. 1
. .
+
=

( )
M
V C C
n luongcarbo
apphu nhiemduoch luongchato
q
c d

= =
Qua trnh dch chuyen cua chat o nhiem en be mat cua chat hap phu bao gom 4 giai
oan: di chuyen trong khoi chat long, di chuyen qua mang, khuech tan trong lo xop va
lien ket vat ly. Trong 4 qua trnh nay th qua trnh di chuyen qua mang va khuech tan
trong lo xop anh hng en toc o cua qua trnh. Khuech tan qua mang anh hng bi
nong o va nhiet o. Khuech tan trong noi bo hat anh hng bi kch thc lo xop, toc
o giam khi kch thc phan t tang.

Cac yeu to anh hng en hieu qua qua trnh

- o hoa tan: nhng chat t hoa tan de hap phu hn chat hoa tan
- Cau truc phan t: chat hu c mach nhanh de hap phu hn chat hu c mach thang
- Khoi lng phan t: nhn chung phan t ln de c hap phu hn. Nhng khi ma hap
phu chu yeu vao khuech tan lo xop th toc o hap phu giam so vi khoi lng phan
t.
- o phan cc: chat hu c t phan cc c hap phu de hn chat hu c no (lien ket
n C-C)

9.1.6. 0xy hoa hoa hor



Hnh 9.4. S o thap hap phu
208

ay la phng phap s dung tac nhan oxy hoa e oxy hoa chat hu c trong chat thai vi
muc ch chuyen oi dang hoac thanh phan chat thai la mat i hoac giam oc tnh cua no.
La qua trnh c s dung rong rai trong x ly nc sinh hoat, nc thai nguy hai va nc
thai cong nghiep khong oc hai hay nc thai sinh hoat. c dung e oxy hoa kh cac
thanh phan hu c co oc tnh trong nc thai, chang han nh phenol, chat bao ve thc vat,
dung moi hu c cha clo, hp chat a vong, benzen, toluen.. hay cac thanh phan vo c nh
suunft, am mo nhac, xyanua va kim loai nang. Cac hoa chat c dung trong qua trnh co
the la clo va hp chat cua clo [Cl
2
, NaOCl, Ca(OCl)
2
], oxy gia (H
2
O
2
), thuoc tm (KMnO
4
),
o zon (O
3
). Ngay nay co xu hng s dung oxy gia va o zon nhieu hn la clo va hp chat
cua clo. V khi s dung clo, neu trong nc thai co cha cac chat vong thm, th trong qua
trnh oxyhoa- kh co the hnh thanh cac san pham phu la cac vong thm cha clo co tnh
oc rat cao oi vi moi trng va con ngi. Ben canh o, viec s dung oxy gia va o zon
con c ket hp vi nhau va ket hp vi cac yeu to xuc tac khac (xuc tac s dung la en
tia cc tm UV, Fe
2+
) nham tang hieu qua cua qua trnh oxy hoa chang han nh qua trnh s
dung ket hp ozon/H
2
O
2
, UV/H
2
O
2
; ozon/UV, ozon/UV/H
2
O
2
; H
2
O
2
/Fe
2+
. S o mot he
thong oxy hoa s dung UV/H
2
O
2
c minh hoa trong hnh 8.5



















Mot v du co ien ve oxy hoa s dung Clo nh sau

Cl
2
+ H
2
O HOCl + HCl
HOCl H
+
OCl
-



Hnh 9.5. S o he thong oxyhoa s dung UV/H
2
O
2


209
OCl
-
la dang co tnh oxy hoa manh, tuy thuoc rat nhieu vao Ph; khi pH > 7,5 chu yeu ton tai
dang OCl
-
. mot trong nhng ng dung co ien nhat cua OCl
-
la oxy hoa CN
-


CN
-
+ OCl
-
CNO
-
Cl
-

Do phan ng phu thuoc rat nhieu vao dang OCl
-
hien dien, thng pH c ieu chnh en
pH cao e tranh s hnh thanh kh oc cyanogen chloride nh phan ng sau

CN
-
+ Cl
2
CNCl + Cl
-


Trong ieu kien kiem

CNCl
-
+ 2NaOH NaCNO + H
2
O + NaCl
2 NaCNO +3 Cl
2
+4NaOH N
2
+ 2CO
2
+6NaCl + 2H
2
O

9.1.6. ua Trnh Mang

9.1.6.1. Gii thieu chung

La qua trnh c dung e tach nc t dong o nhiem. Co cac loai nh: viloc, sieu loc, tham
thau ngc, mang ien tch (microfilltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosic, &
electrodialysis). Trong ky thuat x ly cha t thai nguy hai thng s dung ultrafiltration,
reverse osmosis va electrodialysis.

Phng php tch loi v c c bng mng bit t hng trm nm nay. Phi n nm 60 vi
s pht trin ca mng t vt liu tng hp th mi ng dng c th vo cng nghip. T nhng
nm 70, phng php ny tr nn quen bit vi s pht trin ng k v:

S lng cc mng pht trin v a ra th trng;
Hiu nng v kh nng ng dng trong cng nghip cng nh trong x l nc v cc cht
lng khc.

trnh n gin ha, ngi ta a ra cch phn loi cc mng v trnh by mt cch su
sc v vic tch loi m chng c kh nng m nhn hay cu trc ca chng. y chng ta
ch gii hn cc mng v cc phng php c lin quan n x l cc dung dch v loi b
nc.

210

Hnh 9.6 Qua trnh loc qua mang loc
nh ngha
Tt c vt liu c gi l mng mng, khi chng c dng phin mng (0,05-2mm) v chng li
sc cn ca cc thnh phn cc cht lng khc nhau khi chuyn qua mng v cho php tch mt
s cc nguyn t (huyn ph, ha tan hay dung mi) cu thnh cht lng. Mng c nh
ngha nh l mt pha ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau. N c th l cht rn,
hoc mt gel (cht keo) trng n do dung mi hoc thm ch c mt cht lng. Vic ng dng
mng c th tch cc cht ph thuc v thm ca cc hp cht qua mng.
Cu trc ca mng
T khi a vo s dng cc mng thm thu ngc u tin bng axtt xenlul, mt s ln cc
mng hu c (polymer), ngay c mng v c (v d cc mng bng gm nu chy nh Al
2
O
3
,
cacbon, cacbua, silic, zircon) dn dn tng thm danh sch cc mng. Chng c c trng
bng cc cu trc.
- Mng ng nht: Khoan l trn bng k thut bn ph dng ha cht. (Mt s mng vi lc).
- Mng khng i xng: iu ch ch mt tng t vt liu polymer nhng trong tng ny lp
thm chn lc gim thnh mt lp da rt mng nhm mc ch hn ch sc cn vn chuyn
(sc cn ny t l vi chiu dy lp lc). iu c th thc hin bng cch khoan dy cc l
nh, bo m bn c hc m khng cn lu lng nc thot qua y b. Ta c th ci thin
tnh cht ny bng cch tri mng trn mt lp vi tng cng cho lp mng mng.
- Mng hn hp: Xut hin gn y k thut cho php t lp mng thm chn lc ln mt gi
khoan l trc khng i xng. Hai vt liu kt hp vi nhau thng c tnh cht khc nhau.
iu cho php s dng tt hn tnh cht ca hai vt liu, bn c hc v tnh chn lc.

C ch chuyn dch qua mng mng: Chng c chia thnh 3 loi:
- Mng lc: Ngi ta dng mng bn thm thu: Dung dch c c c bng cch chuyn qua
c chn lc ca nc (chuyn dch i lu ca dung mi trong mi trng xp), cn cc thnh
phn khc ca cht lng b gi li t nhiu trn mi trng xp ty theo kch thc ca chng.
Trng hp l tng ta mun c mt mng ch thm thu nc (thm thu l tng).
- Thm lc: C kh nng tch phn on mt hn hp bng dch chuyn chn lc ca mt thnh
phn trong pha kh chuyn qua mng.
211
- S thm lc c chn lc: Cc mng s dng cho php chuyn dch c chn lc cc ion hay
khng, nc khng dch chuyn qua mng. Cc mng ny c th l trung ha hay tch in. Khi
chng tch in (vt liu tng ng l nha trao i ion, c dng mng), chng s vn ti cc
ion c du ngc li. Vy ta c th cu to cc mng cation ch cn cc cation, mng anion
khng cho chuyn qua cc anion. Mng bn thm (hay mng lc), nc l pha c u tin
chuyn qua di tc dng ca gradien p sut. Chng c miu t nh mt mng lc v c
phn loi chc nng theo kch c l khoan.

9.1.6.2. Cac qua trnh loc bang mang
Thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis RO)
Thm thu ngc l mt qu trnh phn tch mng dng chy ngang u tin c thng mi
ha rng ri. Thm thu ngc loi b hu ht cc hp cht hu c v trn 99% cc loi ion
nh hnh 9.7. Thm thn ngc c th p ng hu ht cc tiu chun nc vi mt h thng
n v t cc tiu chun cao nht vi h thng i. Qu trnh ny loi b 99.9+% virt, vi
khun v pyrogen. p sut trong khong 50 n 1000 psig (3.4 n 69 bar) l mt lc ko ca
qu trnh lc thm thu ngc.



Loc Nano (Nanofiltration NF)
Thit b NF loi b cc hp cht hu c c trng lng phn t t 250 n 1000, cng c th
loi b mt vi mui (in hnh l mui ha tr hai) v chuyn nc qua mng nhiu hn thm
thu ngc khi p sut thp hn (hnh 9.8).
212

Siu lc (Ultrafiltration UF)
Siu lc tng t nh RO v NF, nhng n c nh ngha nh mt qu trnh dng chy
ngang khng loi b cc ion (hnh 9.9). Siu lc loi b cc cht tan c trng lng phn t trn
1000 dalton. Mng siu lc c kch thc l ln hn v i hi mt p sut lm vic khc nhau
thp hn nhiu: 10 n 100 psig (0.7 n 6.9 bar). Siu lc loi b cc cht hu c ln hn, cc
cht keo, vi khun v cc pyrogen trong khi cho php hu ht cc ion v cc cht hu c nh
nh ng ma thm qua cu trc xp ca mng.

Vi lc (Microfiltration MF)
Mng vi lc l cc my lc tuyt i, in hnh dy 0.1 n 3.0 micron. Cc a mng bng
polyme, kim loi, s c sn, hin nay mng vi lc cng c sn vi cu hnh dng chy ngang
213
(hnh 9.10). Lm vic nhng p sut khc nhau, t 5 n 25 psig (0.3 n 1.7 bar). Mng vi
lc dng chy ngang lm gim tn s ca tng lc so vi mng vi lc dng chy bnh thng
bi v im c trng t lm sch lin tc ca mng vi lc. H thng mng vi lc in hnh c
chi ph u t cao hn cc h thng lc ct vi lc; tuy nhin, thc t chi ph vn hnh li thp
hn.


Cc mng lc c th hin qua bng c tnh x l sau (hnh 9.11):



214
9.1.6.3 Mot so c s ly thuyet cua qua trnh mang:

C che cua qua trnh mang co the bieu dien theo s o sau









ong lc cuaqua trnh chu yeu la s chenh lech gia hai pha ap suat (P); chenh lech nong
o (C) chenh lech nhiet o (T), chenh lech ve ien tch (E); chenh lech ap suat tham
thau ().

Trong 3 qua trnh neu tren th qua trnh electrodialysis da tren s chenh lech ve ien tch.
Qua trnh mang mang tnh chon loc cao. Tnh la chon se phu thuoc vao loai mang s dung;
v du: vi mang cation se cho cation se cho cation i qua con mang anion ase ch cho
animon diqua. C che cua qua trnh la trao oi ion. Qua trnh RO th da tren c s ly thuyet
tham thau. e co the tach dung moi ra khoi dong o nhiem th ap suat van hanh se yeu cau
mot ap suat ln hn ap suat tham thau. Trong qua trnh nay c ban la da tren c che
khuech tan phan t. Loai th ba (UF) c ban da vao kch thc va hnh dang phan t. Ve
c ban qua trnh da tren c che cua qua trnh loc.

Cac cong thc lien quan en qua trnh nh sau:

+ Electrodialysis

Dongien can thiet c xac nh bi cong thc

2
1
. .
E
E
n
N Q F
I =

Vi I = cng o dong ien (A)
F = hang so Faraday = 96,487 Coulomb/g ng lng
Q = lu lng (l/s)
N = nong o mol cua dung dch (g ng lng/l)
n = so o gia hai ien cc
E
1
= hieu qua x ly
E
2
= hieu qua dong ien

ien tch (hieu ien the) c xac nh theo nh luat Ohm

215
E = I.R
E = ien the can thiet (V)
R = ien tr ()

Cong suat can thiet

P = I
2
.R (W)

+ Reverse osmosis

Ap suat tham thau theo phng trnh Vant Hoff c tnh nh sau:

RT C n
S C
. . =
= ap suat tham thau (atm)

C
= he so tham thau
N = so ion cua moi phan t
C
S
= nong o (gmol/L)
R = hang so kh = 0,082 atm.L/gmol
O
K
T = nhiet o tuyet oi (
o
K)
Thong lng nc qua mang
( )

= P
Z RT
V C D
J
W W W
W
.

J
W
= lng nc qua mang (gmol/cm
2
.s)
D
W
= he so khuech tan cua nc qua mang (cm
2
/s)
C
W
= nong o nc (gmol/cm
3
)
V
M
= the tch molo cua nc = 0,018 L/gmol = 18 cm
3
/gmol
R = hang so kh = 81,057 9atm cm
3
/gmol.
o
K
T = nhiet o tuyet oi (
o
K)
Z = o day cua mang (cm)
p = chenh lech ap suat qua mang = P
vao
P
ra
(atm)
= chenh lech ap suat tham thau qua mang 9atm)
Hieu qua mang
vao
ra vao
C
C C
R

=100

C
vao
= nong o trong dong vao (mg/L)
C
ra
= nong o trong dong loc ra (mg/L)

Ultrafiltration

Thong lng dong qua mang c tnh theo cong thc sau

m g
W
R R
P
J
+

=


216
J
W
= lng nc qua mang (gmol/cm
2
.s)
P, n v dynes/cm
2

R
g
= tr lc do s hnh thanh lp gel (g.cm/gmol.s)
R
m
= tr lc cua mang (g.cm/gmol.s)

ng dung

Ngay nay do ky thuat san xuat mang phat trien dan en gia thanh cua mang giam ang ke.
V vay ky thuat mang ngay cang c s dung rong rai hn trong x ly nc thai cong
nghiep. Mot so ng dung hien nay:

- X ly nc thai det nhuom
- X ly nc thai giay
- X ly nc ro r
- X ly nc thai kim loai

Mot so yeu to can quan tam khi thiet ke

Electrodialysis

- Ty le nong o ion nen nho hn 150
- ien the s dung 80% ien the gii han
- Mat o dong ien khoang 70% mat o dong gii han
- oi chieu dong ien theo chu ky

RO

- Loai mang
- Nong o
- Nhiet o va pH dong vao
- Ap suat s dung
- Ap suat tham thau

UF

- Kch thc cac phan t thanh phan
- Kch thc lo loc
- Loai mang va ac tnh cua mang
- Ap suat

9.1.7. ong ToI han (8uparIIIraI FIuId)

Dong ti han la dong vat chat c gia tang nhiet o va ap suat e co tnh chat gia
long va kh. Co hai ky thuat c ng dung trong x ly chat thai nguy hai hien nay la:
Trch ly s dung dong gii han
Oxy hoa dung dong ti han

217
Trong trch ly dong ti han: cac chat hu c trong at, can lang hay nc trong ieu kien
ap suat va nhiet o cao se hoa tan vao dong ti han sau o se c tach ra khoi dong
ieu kien ap suat va nhiet o thap.













Hnh 9.12. S o he thong trch ly dung dong ti han

Trong oxy hoa dung dong ti han: kh va nc o nhiem se c a en tren iem ti
han cua nc. Trong ieu kien nay cac thanh phan hu c o nhiem c oxy hoa nhanh
chong.




















Hnh 9.13. S o he thong oxy hoa dung dong ti han
Cot
trch
ly
May nen
CO
2

tuan
hoan
Van giam ap
Nc o
nhiem
Thiet
b
tach
Chat hu c
Nc sau x ly
Thiet b oxyhoa
Nc sau
x ly
Thiet b tach hi
long ap lc thap
Thiet b tach hi
long ap lc cao
Chat ran Kh sach
Kh
May nen
kh
Chat thai
long
Thung
cha
Bm
Thiet b trao
oi nhiet
Thiet b
tach chat
ran
218

C s ly thuyet

Dong lu chat thng c chia thanh hai pha: pha long va pha kh. Khi gia tang nhiet
o va ap suat, dong lu chat se at en iem ti han cua no. Luc nay dong the hien ca
hai tnh chat cua pha long va pha kh: ty trong tng ng vi ty trong trong pha long,
trong khi tnh khuech tan (phan tan) va o nht th tng ng vi cac tnh chat cua pha
kh. Mot so hang so ti han cua mot so chat c cho trong bang

Bang 9.2 Thong so ti han cua cac chat vo c va hu c

Chat Nhiet o (
o
C) P (atm) Ty trong (g/cm
3
)
CO
2
31,1 73,0 0,46
H
2
O 374,15 218,4 0,323
NH
3
132,4 111,5 0,235
C
6
H
6
288,5 47,7 0,304
C
6
H
5
CH
3
320,6 41,6 0,292
C
6
H
12
281,0 40,4 0,27

Mot so xem xet thiet ke

Trch ly dung dong ti han

Trong trch ly dung dong ti han van e thiet ke chu yeu lien quan en dung moi s dung.
Cac yeu to la chon dung moi bao gom:

- He so phan bo
- Ty trong
- Tnh oc hai
- Sc cang be mat
- Tnh nguy hai (an mon, chay no)
- Tnh tai s dung va kha nang thu hoi
- Ap suat va nhiet o ti han
- Hoat tnh hoa hoc (khong phan ng vi chat o nhiem)
- Chi ph
Vat lieu thng c dung e thiet ke be trch ly thng dung la thep khong r hoac thuy
tinh.

Oxy hoa dung dong ti han

Trong oxy hoa dung dong ti han chat hu c se b phan huy trong phan ng ong the, vi
cac ac tnh cua dong ti han va san pham cuoi cua qua trnh thng la nh sau

Chat hu c CO
2

Chlorine chloride
219
Hp chat cha nit nitrate
Sulfur sulfate
Phosphorous phosphate

Qua trnh nay co hieu qua ve mat kinh te khi x ly chat tahi long vi ham lng chat hu c
chiem 1-20% theo khoi lng.

Mot so xem xet thiet ke khac bao gom

- Kha nang chu nen cua chat thai
- Kha nang hnh thanh than
- Kha nang loai chat ran c tao ra
- Neu chat thai la chat thai ran, bun hay can l lng th can phai co kch thc <
100m

Vat lieu thiet ke la cac hp kim nickel

9.Z. Fh00h FhkF 8Ihh h06

X ly chat thai bang phng phap sinh hoc la s dung vi sinh vat e phan huy va bien oi
chat hu c trong chat thai nham giam cac nguy c cua no oi vi moi trng. Trong quan
ly chat thai nguy hai, viec x ly chat hu c nguy hai co the thc hien c neu s dung
ung loai vi sinh vat va kiem soat qua trnh hp ly.

Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh sinh hoc bao gom:

- Nguon nang lng va nguon c chat: nguon nang lng co the la anh sang, phan ng
oxy hoa kh cua chat vo c va chat hu c. Con nguon carbon (c chat) co the la
CO
2
va chat hu c.
- Qua trnh enzyme
- Tnh co the phan huy sinh hoc cua c chat
- Tnh c che va oc tnh cua c chat oi vi vi sinh vat
- Cong ong vi sinh vat

Trong x ly sinh hoc, viec kiem soat va duy tr lng vi sinh vat la rat quan trong, co anh
hng ln en hieu qua x ly. Cac yeu to ky thuat anh hng en qua trnh can phai kiem
soat bao gom:

- Chat nhan ien t
- o am
- Nhiet o
- pH
- Tong chat ran hoa tan (< 40.000 mg/L)
- Chat dinh dng
- Loai be
220
- Nguon carbon

Cac loai he thong x ly

Cac he thong x ly chat thai nguy hai bang phng phap sinh hoc co the chia thanh cac loai
sau

- Cac he thong thong thng: bun l lng, hieu kh, k kh
- X ly tai nguon: dung x ly nc ngam va at o nhiem
- X ly bun long: dung x ly bun vi ham lng can t 5-50%
- X ly dang ran: x ly bun va chat ran co o am thap.

Cac he thong thong thng: tng t nh ly thuyet a e cap trong giao trnh x ly nc
thai. Tuy nhien can chu y trong he thong nay, viec tien x ly bang cac phng phap hoa hoc
va hoa ly chiem vai tro het sc quan trong trong viec kh oc tnh cua chat thai. Va lng
bun d sinh ra t qua trnh can phai kiem soat va x lychat che.

X ly tai nguon:

Nh a e cap trong Chng 5, chat o nhiem trong moi trng at ton tai ba dang: t do,
hap phu hay lien ket vi at va hoa tan. Trong ky thuat nay ve c ban cung da tren kha
nang phan huy chat hu c cua vi sinh vat, tuy nhien co mot so thay oi trong ky thuat. S
o he thong x ly tai nguon nh sau





















Hnh 9.14. S o he thong x ly tai
nguon
Hng dong chay
Gieng
thu
Gieng
quan
trac
Gieng
tuan
hoan
Chat
dinh
dng
Hnh 9.15. s o x ly tai nguon s dung gieng ao
Chat dinh dng, O
2

Ho bo cap
Ho thu
Mc nc tnh
Hnh 9.16 S dung be loc e x ly tang at tiep giap tang nc ngam
Mc nc tnh
Chat dinh dng, O
2
Ho bo cap
Ho thu
221




Trong ky thuat nay, yeu to gii han cua qua trnh la van e cung cap oxy. Neu s dung oxy
san co (bang cac con ng khuech tan) th thi gian can x ly co the keo dai en hang
tram nam v vay trong cac he thong nay, oxygen thng c cung cap them vao. Trong cac
he thong nay, hydrogen peroxide cung c a vao vi hai muc ch

- Cung cap oxy cho vi sinh vat qua phan ng phan huy 2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2

- Oxy hoa chat hu c kho phan huy

Ham lng H
2
O
2
trong nc bm vao at khoang 100 500 mg/L e tranh anh hng oc
tnh cua hydrogen peroxide len vi sinh vat (hydrogen peroxide co nong o trong nc vao >
1000 mg/L se gay oc vi vi sinh vat). e vi sinh vat co the thch nghi dan vi hydrogen
peroxide, tai thi iem ban au nong o hydrogen peroxide trong nc bm vao la 50 mg/L,
sau o nong o se c tang dan en mc gia tr nh tren.

Trong x ly tai nguon, viec nghie n cu ky lng cac ac tnh vung o nhiem, tnh chat cua
chat o nhiem, vi sinh vat cua vung at o nhiem co tnh quyet nh rat nhieu en thanh cong
cua qua trnh. Nhn chung khi quyet nh viec x ly tai nguon can tuan thu nam bc phan
tch nh sau

1. Nghien cu mc o o nhiem va che o dong chay cua tang nc ngam tai khu vc o
nhiem
2. anh gia tnh kha thi
3. Nghien cu chi tiet cac ac tnh cua vung at b o nhiem (o xop, o am, o thong
thoang cua at..)
4. Phan tch cac thong so ly-hoa e phan biet qua trnh sinh hoc la vo tnh hay hu tnh
5. anh gia sinh hoc e xac nh hieu qua cua qua trnh

X ly bun long

Phng phap nay chat thai (bun, chat thai ran, at o nhiem) c ao tron vi nc trong
thiet b tron e tao dang set. Trong phng phap nay, viec khuay tro n khong nhng lam
ong nhat khoi chat thai ma con co cac tac dung ay nhanh mot so qua trnh nh sau

- Pha v cac hat (giam kch thc cua khoi chat ran)
- Gop phan lam tang qua trnh giai hap
- Tang cng kha nang tiep xuc gia vi sinh vat va chat o nhiem
- Tang cng thong kh
- Giup cho qua trnh bay hi cua chat o nhiem nhanh hn
222

S o mot he thong x ly c minh hoa Hnh 9.13

Hnh 9.17. S o he thong x ly dang set ap dung x ly at o nhiem

Hieu qua cua qua trnh phu thuoc vao cac yeu to sau

- Qua trnh x ly s bo: qua trnh vi muc ch lam gia tang hieu qua giai hap va giam
nang lng s dung
- Qua trnh giai hap
- Nong o cua chat ran trong be phan ng: ham lng chat ran co the thay oi 5-50%
(theo trong lng kho), e duy tr ham lng l lng 30-40%.
- Thiet ke thiet b khuay tron
- Thi gian lu

X ly dang ran:

La ky thuat c dung e x ly bun thai, chat thai ran, hay at o nhiem co ham lng am
thap hay kho hoan toan bang phng phap sinh hoc. Ky thuat x ly bang phng phap nay
c chia thanh 3 loai chnh nh sau
at o nhiem
Nc tuan
hoan
Nc tuan hoan
Xay, nghien Sang
quay
Nc sach
Vat lieu tho [<1/4in (4mm)]
Nc tuan
hoan
at sach
Chat dinh
dng
VSV
Phan loai bang canh khuay
Quat thoi
Nc tuan hoan
Chat ran sau x ly
Ep bun
Ho phan ng sinh
cat
Nc sach
223
- S dung at nh la mot be phan ng: ky thuat nay li dung ban chat ly-hoa va cac
he vi sinh vat trong at e x ly chat thai. Trong ky thuat nay, chat thai se c tron
vi at be mat theo lng c kiem soat chat che.














- Composting: phng phap nay s dung vi sinh vat phan huy chat thai hu c thanh
mun hu c
























Hnh 9.18. Hnh anh mot khu vc x ly chat ran
Hnh 9.19. Qua trnh composting chat thai dang chat ong


Hnh 9.20. Qua trnh composting chat thai trong be phan ng kn
224



- Heaping: la qua trnh ap dung ket hp ca hai qua trnh tren e x ly chat thai.


9.8 Fh00h FhkF hhIET

ay la ky thuat x ly chat thai nguy hai co nhieu u iem hn cac ky thuat x ly khac c
s dung e x ly chat thai nguy hai khong the chon lap ma co kha nang chay. Phng phap
nay c ap dung cho tat ca cac dang chat thai ran, long, kh. Trong phng phap nay, nh
s oxy hoa va phan huy nhiet, cac chat hu c se c kh oc tnh va pha v cau truc. Tuy
theo thanh phan cua chat thai ma kh sinh ra t qua trnh ot co thanh phan khac nhau. Nhn
chung, thanh phan kh thai cung co cac thanh phan nh san pham chay thong thng (bui,
CO
2
, CO, SO
X
, NO
X
). Tuy nhien trong thanh phan kh thai con co cac thanh phan khac nh
HCl, HF, P
2
O
5
, Cl
2
Ben canh cac u iem la phan huy gan nh hoan toan chat hu c (hieu
qua en 99,9999%), thi gian x ly nhanh, dien tch cong trnh nho gon, x ly chat thai nguy
hai bang phng phap nhiet cung co mot nhc iem la co the sinh ra kh oc hai (dioxin va
furan) khi ot chat hu c cha clo trong ieu kien s dung lo ot khong am bao ve mat ky
thuat hay che o van hanh khong c kiem soat chat che. e giam kha nang hnh thanh
dioxin (hay furan), ngi ta thng kiem soat nhiet o cua kh sau ot mot cach chat che.
Thong thng, e han che s hnh thanh dioxin (furan), ngi ta khong che nhiet o trong lo
ot hai cap. Nhiet o trong buong th cap c duy tr tren 1200
o
C, sau o kh thai lo ot
(san pham chay) se c giam nhiet o ngay lap tc xuong di 200
o
C trc khi a qua
he thong x ly kh thai. Hien nay cac thiet b lo ot sau thng c s dung:

- Lo ot chat long
- Lo ot thung quay
- Lo ot gi co nh
- Lo ot tang soi
- Lo xi mang
- Lo hi

Lo ot chat long: c s dung e ot cac chat thai nguy hai hu c co the bm c,
ngoai ra con ket hp e ot chat thai nguy hai dang kh. Chat long se c phun vao lo ot
di dang sng bui vi kch thc giot long t 1m tr len. Loai thiet b nay thng co
dang hnh tru nam ngang, tuy nhien trong trng hp chat thai long co ham lng chat vo c
cao th thiet b co dang thang ng. S o mot thiet b ot chat long c minh hoa trong
hnh sau.

Thiet b nay co nhng u va nhc iem sau

u iem:

225
- ot c nhieu loai chat thai long nguy hai
- Khong yeu cau lay tro thng xuyen
- Thay oi nhiet o nhanh chong theo toc o nhap lieu
- Chi ph bao tr thap

Nhc iem
- Ch ap dung c oi vi cac chat long co the nguyen t hoa
- Can cung cap e qua trnh chay c hoan tat va tranh ngon la tac ong len gach
chu la
- De b nghet bec phun khi chat thai long co can














Hnh 9.21. S o lo ot chat long

Lo ot thung quay: thng c s dung e ot chat thai ran, bun, kh va chat long. Thiet
b thng co dang hnh tru co the at nam ngang, hay nghieng mot goc so vi mat ngang
hoac thang ng. Thung thng quay vi van toc 0,5-1 vong/phut, thi gian lu cua chat
thai ran trong lo t 0,5-1,5 gi vi lng chat thai ran nap vao lo chiem khoang 20% the
tch lo. Thiet b lo ot dang nay co nhiet o trong lo co the len en tren 1400
o
C, v vay co
the phan huy c cac chat hu c kho phan huy nhiet. lo ot thung quay thng co kch
thc c ban nh sau ng knh trong khoang 1,5 3,6 m vi chieu dai t 3 en 9m. Ty le
ng knh theo chieu dai nen theo ty le 4:1. Mot so u va nhc iem cua lo ot thung
quay nh sau:

+ u iem:

- Ap dung cho ca chat thai ran va long
- Co the ot rieng chat long va chat ran hoac ket hp ot ca chat ran va chat long
- Khong b nghet gi(v lo) do co qua trnh nau chay
- Co the nap chat thai dang thu ng hoac khoi
- Linh ong trong c cau nap lieu
- Cung cap kha nang xao tron chat thai va khong kh cao

226
- Qua trnh lay tro lien tuc ma khong anh hng en qua trnh chay
- Kiem soat c thi gian lu cua chat thai trong thiet b
- Co the nap chat thai trc tiep ma khong can phai x ly s bo gia nhiet chat thai
- Co the van hanh nhiet o tren 1400
o
C




+ Nhc iem:

- Chi ph au t cao
- Van hanh phc tap
- Yeu cau lng kh d ln do that thoat qua cac khp noi
- Thanh phan tro trong kh thai ra cao











Hnh 9.22. S o lo ot thung quay

Lo ot gi/v co nh: lo nay ve c che giong nh lo ot thung quay nhng khong co phan di
ong. Trong buong th cap, lng kh cung cap thng khoang 50-80% lng kh yeu cau
vi muc ch e cho hai qua trnh nhiet phan va chay xay ra ong thi. Trong buong th
cap, san pham cua qua trnh nhiet phan va chat hu c bay hi c tiep tuc ot. Lng kh
can thiet buong th cap at t 100 en 200 % lng kh yeu cau theo ly thuyet.













227


Hnh 9.23. Lo ot ghi co nh

Lo ot tang soi: c s dung e x ly ca chat thai long, bun va chat thai kh nguy hai,
trong o chat thai c a vao lp vat lieu la cat, hat nhom, cacbonat canxi. Qua trnh
oxyhoa nhiet phan xay ra trong lp vat lieu nay. Nhiet o van hanh cua thiet b khoang
760-870
o
C va lng kh cap se c cap d so vi
ly thuyet khoang 25-150%. u iem cua lo ot
tang soi la kha nang cap nhiet cho chat thai en
nhiet o chay rat cao, t sinh ra bui, nhiet o on
nh. S o lo ot tang soi c trnh bay trong
hnh 9.24. Lo ot tang soi co u va nhc iem
nh sau

u iem
- Co the ot c ca ba dang chat thai ran,
long va kh
- Thiet ke n gian va hieu qua nhiet cao
- Nhiet o kh thai thap va lng kh d yeu
cau nho
- Hieu qua ot cao do dien tch be mat tiep
xuc ln
- Lng nhap lieu khong can co nh

Nhc iem

- Kho tach phan khong chay c
- Lp dch chuyen phai c tu sa va bao tr
- Co kha nang pha v lp em
- Nhiet o ot b khong che do neu cao hn 815
o
C co kha nang pha v lp em
- Cha c s dung nhieu trong x ly chat thai nguy hai

Lo xi mang: ve thc chat ay la dang lo ot thung quay. Tuy nhien trong lo nay chat thai
c s dung nh la nguyen lieu cho qua trnh nung Lin-ke. Ve mat x ly chat thai nguy
hai, lo nay cung co cac u iem tng t nh lo ot thung quay, tuy nhien no co li hn la
tan dung c nhiet lng pha t sinh do qua trnh ot chat thai. Hnh 9.25 trnh bay s o
nguyen ly mot lo ot xi mang

Nhn chung tuy theo ban chat chat thai va loai chat thai ma cac qua trnh neu tren c
chon la, tuy nhien co the la chon da theo bang sau



Hnh 9.24. S o lo ot tang soi
228
Lo hi: oi vi cac chat thai co nhiet tr cao c s dung nh la nhien lieu cho lo hi. Tuy
nhien can lu y en van e x ly kh thai cua qua trnh ot e tranh viec hnh thanh cac san
pham phu la cac kh oc hai.





















Hnh 9.25. S o nguyen ly lo xi mang


9.4. Fh00h FhkF 0h [hh h0k kh

On nh va hoa ran la qua trnh lam tang cac tnh chat vat ly cua chat thai, giam kha nang
phat tan vao moi trng hay lam giam tnh oc hai cua chat o nhiem. Phng phap nay
c s dung rong rai trong quan ly chat thai nguy hai. Phng phap nay thng c ap
dung trong cac trng hp sau:

- X ly chat thai nguy hai
- X ly chat thai t qua trnh khac (v du tro cua qua trnh nhiet)
- X ly at b o nhiem khi ham lng chat o nhiem cao trong at cao

Lam on nh la mot qua trnh ma chat them vao c tron vi chat thai e giam ti mc toi
thieu kha nang phat tan cua chat nguy hai ra khoi khoi chat thai va giam tnh oc hai cua
chat thai. nh vay qua trnh lam on nh co the c mo ta nh mot qua trnh nham lam cho
cac chat gay o nhiem b gan tng phan hoac hoan toan bi cac chat ket dnh hoac cac chat
229
bien oi khac. Cung tng t nh vay, qua trnh ong ran la mot qua trnh s dung cac chat
phu gia lam thay oi ban chat vat ly cua chat thai (thay oi tnh keo, nen hay o tham).
Nh vay muc tieu cua qua trnh lam on nh va hoa ran la lam giam tnh oc hai va tnh di
ong cua chat thai cung nh lam tang cac tnh chat cua vat lieu a c x ly

9.4.1. 6o 6ha 6ua ua Trnh

Co rat nhieu c che khac nhau xay ra trong qua trnh on nh chat thai, tuy nhien qua trnh
on nh chat thai at ket qua tot khi thc hien c mot trong cac c che sau:

- Bao vien mc kch thc ln (macroencapsulation)
- Bao vien mc kch thc nho (microencapsulation)
- Hap thu
- Hap phu
- Ket tua
- Kh oc

Bao vien mc kch thc ln: la c che trong o cac thanh phan nguy hai b bao boc vat ly
trong mot khuon co kch thc nhat nh, va thanh phan nguy hai nam trong vat lieu ong
ran dang khong lien tuc. Hon hp ran nay ve sau co the b v ra thanh cac manh kha ln
va cac chat nguy hai khong the phan tan ra ngoai. Ca khoi chat a c ong ran co the b
v theo thi gian do cac ap lc moi trng tac dung len. Cac ap lc nay bao gom cac chu ky
kho va am hay lanh, nong va lanh, do cac chat long tham qua va cac ap lc vat ly khac.
Nh vay, cac thanh phan a b ong ran theo c che bao vien mc co kch thc ln co
the b phan tan ra ngoai neu nh tnh toan the cua no b pha v. Mc o bao vien mc
kch thc ln nay c tang len theo loai va nang lng tieu ton e tron ong vien no.

Bao vien c mc kch thc nho: cac thanh phan nguy hai c bao cau truc tinh the cua
khuon ong ran qui mo rat nho. Ket qua la, neu nh chat a c ong ran b v dang
cac hat tng oi nho th a so cac chat nguy hai o van gi nguyen the b bao boc. Nh
vay, tuy cac chat nguy hai c bao vien mc kch thc nho, nhng chat thai nguy hai
khong bien oi tnbh chat vat ly nen toc o phan tan cua no ra moi trng van phu thuoc
vao kch thc b v ra theo thi gian cua vien bao va toc o phan tan tang khi kch thc
hat giam. Cung nh bao vien mc kch thc ln, mc kch thc nho, cac chat nguy hai
c bao vat ly bang cac chat ket dnh khac nhua nh xi mang, x than, voi, va o ben cua
no tang khi tang chi ph nang lng cho viec tron va ong vien no.

Hap thu: la qua trnh a chat thai nguy hai dang long vao ben trong chat hap thu. Cac
chat hap thu hay c s dung la: at, x than, bui lo nung xi mang, bui lo nung voi, cac
khoang (bentonite, cao lanh, vermiculite va zeolite), mun ca, co kho va rm kho.

Hap phu: la qua trnh gi chat nguy hai tren be mat cua chat hap phu e chung khong phat
tan vao moi trng. Khong giong nh qua trnh phu ong vien tren, khi thc hien c che
230
nay, khoi chat ran khi b v ra chat nguy hai co the thoat ra ngoai. e ong ran cac chat
thai hu c at set bien tnh thng c s dung. at set loai nay la at set c bien oi
bang cach thay cac cation vo c c hap phu tren be mat at set bang cation hu c mach
dai e tao at set organophilic. Cac phan t nguy hai se b hap phu vao thach cao va chung
khong the thoat ra moi trng.

Ket tua: qua trnh hoa ran noi chung se lam ket tua cac thanh phan nguy hai trong chat thai
thanh dang on nh hn rat nhieu. Cac chat ket tua la cac thanh phan cua chat dung e hoa
ran nh hydroxt, sulfua, silica, carbonate va phosphate. Qua trnh nay 0c s dung e
ong ran cac chat thai nguy hai vo c nh bun hydroxyt kim loai. V du carbonate kim loai
thng t tan hn hydroxyt kim loai. Vi pH cao, phan ng hoa hoc se xay ra va tao thanh
carbonate kim loai t hydroxyt kim loai theo phan ng nh sau

Me(OH)
2
+ H
2
CO
3
MeCO
3
+ H
2
O

Tnh vnh cu cua carbonate kim loai phu thuoc vao mot so yeu to trong o co pH. moi
trng pH thap, kim loai van co the b hoa tan lai va no co the thoat t do ra ngoai moi
trng.

Kh oc: la cac chuyen hoa hoa hoc xay ra trong qua trnh on nh hoa ran . qua trnh nay
se giup chuyen chat oc hai thanh chat khong oc hai. Qua trnh kh oc xay ra la do ket
qua cua cac phan ng hoa hoc vi cac thanh phan cua chat ket dnh, trng hp ien hnh
ve kh oc la chuyen crom t hoa tr VI thanh crom hoa tr III khi hoa ran chat thai nguy
hai cha crom bang xi mang hay chat ket dnh co nguon goc t xi mang.

9.4.Z. 6ong ngha on d}nh hoa ran

Trong x ly chat thai nguy hai, ay la qua trnh c s dung rong rai e x ly chat thai
nguy hai vo c. Trc khi thc hien qua trnh hoa ran/on nh, bun thai can phai c tach
nc, ieu chnh pH cho at yeu cau va chuyen kim loai sang dang khong hoa tan e giam
kha nang dch chuyen cua chat nguy hai. hieu qua cua qua trnh phu thuoc rat nhieu vao
chat s dung e on nh hoa ran. Mot so chat phu gia thng c s dung e on nh hoa
ran chat thai nguy hai c trnh bay trong bang

Bang 9.3 V du ve mot so loai chat thai va tnh tng thch cua phu gia hoa ran s dung

Thanh phan chat
thai
Ximang pozzolan Nhiet deo Polymert hu
c
Cac chat hu c
khong phan cc:
dau m,
hydrocarbon
thm,
hydrocarbon cha
Co the ngan can qua
trnh lang. oc cng
b giam theo thi
gian. Chat de bay
hi co the thoat ra
ngoai khi khuay
Co the ngan can qua
trnh lang. o cng b
giam theo thi gian.
Chat de bay hi co
the thoat ra ngoai khi
khuay tron. Co hieu
Cac chat hu
c co the b
bay hi khi b
nung nong.
Co hieu qua
khi c thc
Co the ngan
can qua trnh
lang. Co hieu
qua khi c
thc hien trong
ieu kien thch
231
Clo, PCB tron. Co hieu qua khi
c thc hien trong
ieu kien thch hp
qua khi c thc
hien trong ieu kien
thch hp
hien trong
ieu kien
thch hp.
hp.

Bang 9.3 V du ve mot so loai chat thai va tnh tng thch cua phu gia hoa ran s dung
(tiep theo)

Thanh phan chat
thai
Ximang pozzolan Nhiet deo Polymert hu
c
Cac chat hu c
phan cc: con,
phenol, axit hu
c, glycol
Phenol lam cham mot
cach ang ke qua trnh
lang va se lam giam o
ben trong mot thi gian
ngan.
Phenol lam cham mot
cach ang ke qua trnh
lang va se lam giam
o ben trong mot thi
gian ngan. Con co the
lam cham qua trnh
lang. o ben b giam
trong mot thi gian
dai.
Cac chat hu
c co the b
bay hi khi b
nung nong
Khong anh
hng en qua
trnh lang
Cac axt nh axt
clohydric, axt
flohydric
Khong anh hng ti qua
trnh lang. Xi mang se
lam trung hoa axt co hieu
qua cao.
Khong anh hng ti
qua trnh lang. Tng
thch se trung hoa axt.
Co hieu qua tot.
Can phai trung
hoa trc khi
phoi tron.
Can phai trung
hoa trc khi
phoi tron.
Ureformaldehy
te thch hp
trong trng
hp nay.
Cac chat oxy
hoa: natri
hypochlorate,
kali
permanganate,
nitric acid, kali
dichromate
Tng thch Tng thch Co the gay v
khuon, chay
Co the gay v
khuon, chay
Cac muoi vo c:
sunphat, nitrate,
nhom halogen,
xyanua
Lam tang thi gian lang.
Giam o ben. Sunphate co
the lam cham qua trnh
lang va gay ra s v vun
tr khi s dung loai xi
mang ac biet. Sulfate
lam tang nhanh cac phan
ng khac
Muoi halogen rat de b
chiet ra va lam cham
qua trnh lang. Cac
muoi sulfate co the
lam cham hoac tang
nhanh cac phan ng
Cac muoi
sulfate va
halogen co the
lam mat nc
hoac hydrate
hoa lai, co the
gay v vun
Tng thch
Cac kim loai
nang nh ch,
cron, cadmi,
asen, thuy ngan
Tng thch. Co hieu qua
cao ieu kien thch hp
Tng thch. Co hieu
qua ro ret oi vi ch,
cadmi, crom
Tng thch.
Co hieu qua ro
ret oi vi ch,
cadmi, crom
Tng thch.
Co hieu qua ro
ret vi asen
Cac chat phong Tng thch Tng thch Tng thch Tng thch
232
xa


9.4.8 6ar rhaI phu gIa Ihuong dung da on d}nh hoa ran rhaI IhaI nguy haI

Xi mang : la chat hay c s dung nhat e ong ran chat thai nguy hai. loai xi mang thong
dung nhat la xi mang portland c san xuat bang cach nung hon hp a voi vi thach cao
(hoac chat silicat khac) trong lo nung nhiet o cao. Lo nung tao ra Lin-ke, o la hon hp cua
canxi, silic, nhom va oxt sat. Thanh phan chnh la cac silicat can xi (3CaO.SiO
2
va
2CaO.SiO
2
). Qua trnh hoa ran chat thai nguy hai bang xi mang c thc hien bang cach
tron thang chat thai vao xi mang, sau o cho nc vao e thc hien qua trnh hydrate hoa
trong trng hp chat thai khong u nc. Qua trnh hydrate hoa xi mang tao thanh mot cau
truc tinh the c tao thanh t canxi-nhom-silicat, ket qua la no tao thanh khoi giong nh
quang va cng.
Di dang n gian, phan ng cua 3CaO.SiO
2
va 2CaO.SiO
2
c bieu dien bang phng
trnh sau

2(3CaO.SiO
2
) + 6H
2
O 3CaO.2SiO
2
.3H
2
O + 3Ca(OH)
2


2(2CaO.SiO
2
) + 4H
2
O 3CaO.2SiO
2
.3H
2
O + Ca(OH)
2


cac phan ng phu khac xay ra trong qua trnh hydrate hoa cua ximang portland con tao ra
cac gel silicat. Cac phan ng nay xay ra rat cham. Phan ng xay ra nhanh nhat trong
ximang portland la

3CaO.Al
2
O
3
+ 6H
2
O 3CaO.Al
2
O
3
.6H
2
O

+ nhiet

Qua trnh ong ran tren c s xi mang c xem nh la thch hp nhat vi cac chat thai vo
c, ac biet la cac chat thai co cha kim loai nang. V xi mang co o pH cao nen cac kim
loai nang c gi di dang cac hydroxyt hoac muoi carbonate. Mot so nghien cu a ch
ra nhieu kim loai nh ch, ong, kem, thiec, cadmi, crom khi tron vi va xi mang a b co
nh hoa hoc tao thanh hp chat khong the hoa tan. Xi mang co the s dung tot ong ran
cac chat thai vo c nh bun hydroxyt kim loai t nganh cong nghiep ma.

oi vi chat thai hu c, chat hu c can thiep vao qua trnh thuy phan xi mang dan ti o
ben cua hon hp giam va kho ong ran. neu s dung xi mang e on nh chat thai nguy hai
hu c can phai them chat phu tr e giam s can thiep cua chat hu c vao qua trnh thuy
phan xi mang va lam tang tnh on nh cua hon hp. Cac chat phu gia nay co the la at set
t nhien, thuy tinh long,

Viec s dung xi mang e hoa ran chat tha i nguy hai co nhieu u iem v gia re, thiet b
nhao tron n gian, thiet b khuon uc n gian va co the trung hoa cac chat co tnh axt do
233
ac tnh kiem cao cua xi mang. Tuy nhien khi s dung xi mang e hoa ran, mot so thanh
phan trong chat tahi co the gay anh hng en qua trnh hydrate hoa va 1ua trnh lang ong
va ong cng cua ximang lam cho cau truc kem ben.

Pozzolan: la mot chat ma co the phan ng vi voi co trong nc e tao thanh vat lieu co
tnh chat nh xi mang. Phan ng gia nhom-silic, voi va nc se tao thanh mot loai san
pham nh va va c goi la va pozzolan. Cac vat lieu pozzolan bao gom x than, x lo va
bui lo xi mang.

X than la loai pozzolan hay c dung nhat, thanh phan pho bien cua no la 45% SiO
2
, 25%
Al
2
O
3
, 15% Fe
2
O
3
, 10% CaO, 1% MgO, 1% K
2
O
,
1%Na
2
O va 1% SO
3
. Ngoai ra con co
carbon cha chay het, ham lng cua no phu thuoc vao lo ot. Trong qua trnh hoa ran bang
pozzolan, chat thai nguy hai se thc hien phan ng vi voi va hp chat silic e tao thanh the
ran. Giong nh qua trnh hoa ran dung xi mang, pozzolan c dung e hoa ran cac chat vo
c. Moi trng pH cao rat thch hp cho cac chat thai cha kim loai nang. Cac ket qua
nghien cu cho thay x than va sa voi co the s dung tot e lam on nh asen, cadmi, crom,
ong, sat, ch magie, selen, bac va kem trong bun thai. khi s dung x than e ong ran chat
thai, thanh phan carbon khong chay trong x co the hap thu cac chat hu c trong chat thai,
do vay x than con co tac dung tot e ong ran ca chat thai hu c.
Silicat de tan Cac vat lieu silicat t lau a c s dung e ong ran chat thai nguy hai.
trong qua trnh nay, cac thanh phan silicat b axt hoa thanh cac dung dch monosilic va no
mang cac thanh phan kim loai trong chat thai vao dung dch. Thuy tinh long cung vi xi
mang tao thanh thanh phan c ban e ong ran chat thai nguy hai. cac ket qua thc te a
ch ra rang hon hp nay rat co hieu qua e ong ran bun thai cha ch, ong, kem nong o
cao.

at set hu c bien tnh: la at set t nhien a c bien tnh hu c e tr thanh at set
organophilic. ac tnh nay khac biet han vi at set t nhien co ac tnh organophobic.
Qua trnh lam bien tnh c thc hien qua viec thay the cat cation ben trong tinh the at set
bang cac cation hu c, hay dung nhat la cac ion NH
+
4
. Sau qua trnh thay the nay, cac
phan t hu c b hap phu vao ben trong cau truc cua at set. Trong qua trnh san xuat at
set hu c bien tnh, cac cation vo c nam trong vung gia cac tinh the b thay bang cac
cation hu c. Cac ion hu c se tiep xuc vi at set va ngay lap tc b hap phu bang thanh
phan hu c khac. Hieu qua cua cac loai at set bien tnh hu c trong qua trnh lam on
nh cac chat thai nguy hai la do kha nang hap phu cac thanh phan hu c vao at set sau
o no b bao phu bang xi mang hoac cac chat ket dnh khac.
Cac loai at set hu c bien tnh c a vao chat thai trc e no tac dung vi cac thanh
phan hu c. Cac chat ket dnh c a vao sau e lam cng va ong ran chat thai. at set
hu c bien tnh c s dung e ong ran bun co tnh axit va s dung ximang mac 500 lam
chat ong ran, ty le khoi lng dung co the la 1,0/0,4/0,25 cho bun/chat hap phu/chat ket
dnh. Bun thai co cha phenol cung co the c lam on nh hoa ran bang at set hu c
bien tnh vi chat phu them la clo.
234

Cac polymer hu c Cac chat thai nguy hai co the c lam on nh bang qua trnh
polymer hu c bao gom qua trnh khuay tron monomer. V du nh ure formaldehyde la tac
nhan tao vat lieu polymer. Cac chat ran cua chat tahi nguy hai c bao boc lai. u iem
chnh cua qua trnh nay la no tao ra mot vat lieu mi co khoi lng rieng thap hn so vi
vat lieu c tao ra t qua trnh ong ran bang vat lieu khac.

Nhiet deo. Cac chat thai nguy hai co the c lam on nh bang cach tron cac vat lieu nhiet
deo a c nau chay vi chat thai nhiet o cao. Cac chat nhiet deo chay bao gom nha
ng, paraphin, polyethylen, polypropylen hoac lu huynh. Khi b lam lanh, chat ong ran
se phu tren chat thai mot lp nhiet deo. Neu s dung nha ng th co the s dung t le
chat thai:nha ng trong khoang 1:1 en 1:2. ky thuat nay hay c s dung e hoa ran
chat thai phong xa do gia re. Cung co the ap dung hoa ran cac chat hu c de bay hi khac
nhng phai kiem soat c s phat tan kh ra moi trng xung qiuanh trong qua trnh ong
ran. s dung ky thuat hoa ran chat thai bang nha deo co the ap dung cho ca chat thai nguy
hai va chat thai phong xa. Chat thai sau khi ong ran van c xem la chat thai nguy hai va
phai tuan thu ung cac yeu cau oi vi chat thai nguy hai hoac phong xa.

Cac yeu cau ky thuat

a. S dung x than

Cac ch so yeu cau oi vi qua trnh ong ran bang x than nh sau

Chat lng x than:

- Silic: 60-65% khoi lng
- Nhom: 25-30% khoi lng
- Canxi, natri khoang 5% khoi lng, trong trng hp can xi b thieu th phai bo suing
CaO e tang hoat tnh cua x than.

Cac ch so yeu cau oi vi qua trnh ong ran nh sau

- pH bun: trong khoang 10
- Ty le khoi lng gia chat thai/x than trong koang 1/6 en 1/8
- Ap lc nen ong vien: trong khoang 50kG/cm
2


b. Xi mang

Cac ch so yeu cau oi vi qua trnh ong ran nh sau: ty le hon hp chat thai + xi mang
/nc oi vi xi mang portland la o,3; oi vi ximang pozzolan la 0,5.

9.4.4 6ar Ihu nghIam danh gIa rhaI Iuong
235

e anh gia hieu qua cua qua trnh ong ran can phai xac nh cac tnh chat vat ly, ky thuat
va hoa hoc cua vat lieu a ong ran. Tuy nhien tuy thuoc vao ky thuat o va phng phap
o c ap dung ma cho ket qua khac nhau va rat kho anh gia. Va ket qua nay oi khi
khong d bao c nhng g thc s xay ra trong moi trng trong thi gian dai do cac tac
ong cua moi trng en vat lieu nh s thay oi nhiet o, o am, ma va ap lc e nen
qua mc. Hien nay co mot so phng phap c ng dung e anh gia hieu qua cua qua
trnh hoa ran, tuy nhien khong co phng phap chung nao c dung e anh gia chung ma
tuy thuoc vao phng phap hoa ran va thi gian anh gia. Trong phan nay chu yeu tap trung
vao cac c s c ban cua qua trnh.

a. anh gia kha nang ro r cua chat nguy hai vao moi trng sau khi hoa ran bang
phng phap TCLP

Phng phap nay c s dung rong rai e anh gia hieu qua cua qua trnh hoa ran. Trong
phng phap nay khoi ran c nghien va sau o sang qua qua sang co kch thc lo 9,5
mm. Sau o phan lot sang se c tron vi dung dch axt acetic theo ty le khoi lng chat
long:ran bang 20:1. sau khi c ao tron trong thiet b trch ly quy vi so vong 30 vong
phut nhiet o 22
o
C trong thi gian 18h. Dung dch trch c loc qua giay loc thuy tinh
0,6-0,8 m, nc loc se c mang i phan tch cac chat o nhiem quan tam va so sanh vi
gia tr nong o toi a cua chat o nhiem a c trnh bay trong bang 2 chng 3. neu nong
o vt qua gia tr toi a, qua trnh hoa ran khong co hieu qua.

b. Th bang giay loc sn

Phng phap nay c s dung e anh gia lng nc t do co trong chat thai nguy hai.
Trong qua trnh th, chat thai c a vao thiet b loc sn tieu chuan, neu chat long i qua
giay loc trong vong 5 phut th chat thai con cha chat long t do va can phai x ly trc khi
chon lap.

c. Th bang cac tnh chat vat ly

Mot so th nghiem vat ly va c hoc a c a ra s dung e anh gia cac tnh chat vat ly
va c hoc (o keo, o nen va o deo) cua vat lieu a c ong ran. cac phng phap va
muc ch th c trnh bay trong bang

Bang 9.4. Muc ch cua cac phng phap th nghiem

Tnh chat vat ly Muc ch
o am Tnh toan pha
Khoi lng rieng cua khoi kho va khoi t Tnh sc cang va the tch
Khoi lng rieng Tnh o rong va o bao hoa
236
S phan bo kch thc hat Tnh ket tinh
Sc cang Phan tch s on nh
o nen Phan tch tnh lang
o ben deo Tnh toan dong va van chuyen

9.6. khk hkh kF 0h kY Th0kT X0 LY

e x ly hieu qua chat thai nguy hai, viec chon ung phng phap x ly co tam quan trong
quyet nh s thanh cong cua ky thuat x ly ong thi giam thieu toi a cac s co co the
xay ra trong qua trnh x ly gay anh hng bat li en con ngi va moi trng. Theo Harry
kha nang ap dung phng phap x ly chat thai nguy hai theo loai chat thai co the tham khao
theo bang sau

Bang 9.5. Kha nang ng dung cua cac phng phap x ly chat thai nguy hai

Qua trnh x
ly
Loai chat thai Dang chat thai

C
h
a
t

a
n

m
o
n

H

p

c
h
a
t

x
y
a
n
u
a

D
u
n
g

m
o
i

h

u

c

c
o

h
a
l
o
g
e
n

D
u
n
g

m
o
i

h

u

c

k
h
o
n
g

c
h

a

h
l
C
h
a
t

h

u

c

c
h

a

c
h
l
o

C
h
a
t

h

u

c

k
h
a
c

C
h
a
t

t
h
a
i

n
h
i
e
m

d
a
u

P
C
B

C
h
a
t

t
h
a
i

l
o
n
g

c
h

a

k
i
m

l
o
a
i

C
h
a
t

t
h
a
i

l
o
n
g

c
h

a

c
h
a
t

h

u

c

C
h
a
t

c
o

h
o
a
t

t

n
h

h
o
a

h
o
c

c
a
o

a
t

o

n
h
i
e
m

C
h
a
t

l
o
n
g

C
h
a
t

r
a
n
/
b
u
n

C
h
a
t

k
h

Loc X X X X X X X X X
Ket tua hoa
hoc
X X X
On nh hoa
ran
X X X X X
Oxy hoa-kh X X X
Bay hi X X X X X X
Ozone hoa X X X X X X
Lo ot chat
long
X X X X X X X
Lo ot thung
quay
X X X X X X X X X X
Lo ot tang
soi
X X X X X X X X
Lo hi X X X X X X
237
Lo xi mang X X X X X X X X
Nhiet phan X X X X X X X
Nguon: Harry M. Freeman Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal

9.6. 6h0h LkF 6hkT ThkI h0Y hkI

Chon lap la cong oan cuoi cung khong the thieu trong he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai.
Chon lap la bien phap nham co lap chat thai lam giam thieu kha nang phat tan chat thai
vao moi trng. Cac chat thai nguy hai c chon trong bai chon lap can ap ng cac tieu
chuan sau

Ch co chat thai vo c (t hu c)
Tiem nang nc r rac thap
Khong co chat long
Khong co chat no
Khong co chat phong xa
Khong co lop xe
Khong co chat thai lay nhiem

Thong thng cac chat thai nguy hai thng c chon lap bao gom

Chat thai kim loai co cha ch
Chat thai co thanh phan thuy ngan
Bun xi ma va bun kim loai
Chat thai amiang
Chat thai ran co xyanua
Bao b nhiem ban va thung cha bang kim loai
Can t qua trnh thieu ot chat thai

Trong qua trnh chon lap, can kiem soat c cac kha nang xay ra phan ng do s tng
thch cua chat thai khi hai chat thai ro r tiep xuc vi nhau. V du nh khi chat thai cha axit
ket hp vi chat thai cha dau m se gay hoa hoan, ket hp vi chat an da toa nhiet va lam
ban tung toe chat thai, chat thai cha bot nhom ket hp vi amoni nitrate se gay no, chat
thai cha xyanua gap axt se hnh thanh kh HCN rat oc kiem soat cac chat kh sinh ra
cung nh nc ro r t khu chon lap ra moi trng xung quanh.
Trong qua trnh van hanh bai chon lap chat thai nguy hai, phai thc hien cac bien phap
quan trac moi trng, cong viec nay cung phai thc hien sau khi a ong bai. Sau khi ong
bai, viec bao tr bai cung rat quan trong nham am bao khong co s tiep xuc cua chat thai
nguy hai oi vi con ngi va moi trng. Cac cong tac quan trac trong thi gian hoat ong
va sau khi ong bai cung nh cong tac bao tr gop phan phat hien s ro r va lan truyen cua
chat thai nguy hai t o kp thi ngan chan s lan truyen cua chat thai nguy hai trong moi
238
trng. e am bao cong tac nay can phai tuan thu mot so nguyen tac khi la chon, thiet ke
va van hanh bai chon lap chat thai nguy hai nh sau

a. La chon v tr bai chon lap: phai phu hp vi qui hoach xay dng a c c quan
Nha nc co tham quyen phe duyet. Can xem xet en cong suat d kien cho hien tai
va tng lai, xem xet cac van e a hnh, tho nhng, thuy van cac ieu kien kh
hau, moi trng a phng, bo tr mat bang cua khu vc, am bao cac khoang cach
en cac cong trnh lien quan, khoang cach van chuyen. Han che at gan cac khu dan
c, san bay, di tch lch s, canh quan, du lch, khu canh tac cay lng thc, at t,
at nt, vung co nguy c ong at va khu vc khong on nh gan song suoi, ao ho va
cac nguon nc s dung trong sinh hoat. Ben canh o cung phai quan tam en y kien
cua c quan a phng va cong ong dan c trong khu vc.
b. Nguyen tac thiet ke bai chon lap: cac chat thai nguy hai khi tiep xuc vi nhau co the
sinh ra cac chat co tnh oc hai cao hn hay co the xay ra phan ng tao thanh cac
chat o nhiem va gay chay no. V vay, khi thiet ke can thiet ke cac ngan chon lap
rieng hay cac e ngan nham tranh s ket hp cua cac chat khi co ro r xay ra. Cau
tao lp lot ay va lp che phu be mat se c la chon tuy thuoc vao ieu kien a
hnh, a chat cua khu vc at bai chon lap.
c. Quy tac van hanh bai chon lap:

1. X ly chat thai trc khi chon lap: chat thai can phai ong goi theo ung tieu chuan
quy nh ve an toan trc khi chon lap. oi vi mot so chat co the khong can ong goi
ma co the hoa ran trc khi chon lap.
2. Trong khi bai ang hoat ong can phai co bien phap kiem soat cac tac nhan gay benh,
cac kh sinh ra, nc ro r, nc chay qua, nc chay tran, nc tham. Thc hien cac
chng trnh quan trac moi trng: chat l ng nc ngam xung quanh bai chon lap, cac
loai kh oc va de chay.. khi van hanh cung nh khi ong bai.
3. Xay dng va thc hien cac chng trnh tu bo, nang cap bai chon lap va cac chng
trnh ng cu khi co cac s co chay, no, ro r, lu lut, o nhiem nc ngam xay ra tai bai
chon lap. Thc hien cac che o bao tr bao dng va kiem soat bai chon lap nh ky sau
khi ong bai.

Viec la chon, thiet ke, xay dng, van hanh va ong bai chon lap chat thai nguy hai co the
tham khao chi tiet trong tai lieu Hng Dan Ky Thuat Chon Lap Chat Thai Nguy Hai do
Bo Khoa Hoc Cong Nghe va Moi Trng quy nh nam 2002.

CAU HOI ON TAP

1. S o va cac xem xet thiet ke khi s dung phng phap hap thu kh, chng cat?
2. Ve s o he thong trch ly bay hi va neu cac phan cua he thong?
3. Cac xem xet va anh gia khi s dung phng phap trch ly bay hi? u va nhc iem
cua phng phap?
239
4. Neu cac yeu to anh hng en hieu qua cua qua trnh hap phu?
5. Viet cac phng trnh oxy hoa cyanide bang clo.
6. Hay neu cac yeu to can quan tam khi thiet ke thiet b mang? Ap dung cua qua trnh
mang trong x ly chat thai nguy hai?
7. liet ke cac yeu to la chon dung moi khi trch ly dung dong ti han va cac xem xet thiet
ke oi vi qua trnh oxy hoa dong ti han?
8. Liet ke cac bc phan tch can thc hien khi quyet nh viec x ly tai nguon?
9. Tac ong cua khuay tron trong x ly bun long va cac yeu to anh hng?
10. Neu cac u nhc iem cua cac loai lo ot?
11. Liet ke cac c che cua qua trnh on nh hoa ran?
12. Liet ke cac loai chat phu gia thng c dung trong on nh hoa ran? cac yeu cau ky
thuat khi on nh hoa ran?
13. Cac tieu chuan cua chat thai nguy hai can ap ng khi c chon trong bai chon lap? va
cac loai chat thai thng c chon lap?
14. Cac nguyen tac can tuan thu khi la chon, thiet ke va van hanh bai chon lap?


MUC LUC
Trang
Chng 1 CAC KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CHAT THAI NGUY HAI


1.1 nh ngha chat thai nguy hai
2.2 Nguon goc va phan loai chat thai nguy hai
2.3 Cac van e trong lay mau va phan tch chat thai nguy hai
Cau hoi on tap

Chng 2 TONG QUAN VE CAC HP CHAT O NHIEM HU C BEN (POPs)
DANG CHAT THAI NGUY HAI IEN HNH


2.1 Khai niem chung ve cac hp chat o nhiem hu c ben POPs
2.2 Tnh chat cua cac hp chat POPs
2.3 Tnh hnh nghien cu ve POPs thi gian gan ay
2.4 Cac nguon phat sinh, ton tr va s dung POP strong moi trng
2.5 Nhng kho khan trong viec kiem soat POPs
Cau hoi on tap

Chng 3 S VAN CHUYEN CUA CHAT THAI NGUY HAI VA ANH HNG
CUA CHUNG TRONG MOI TRNG


3.1 S van chuyen CTNH trong moi trng at
3.2 S van chuyen CTNH trong moi trng nc
3.4 S van chuyen CTNH trong kh quyen
3.4 Anh hng va tac ong cua CTNH ti moi trng
Cau hoi on tap

Chng 4 HE THONG QUAN LY CHAT THAI NGUY HAI


4.1 Tong quan ve he thong quan ly chat thai nguy hai
4.2 Mot so c s phap ly lien quan en quan ly chat thai nguy hai
4.3 He thong quan ly chat thai cong nghiep nguy hai Viet Nam
4.4

Cac nh hng nham tang cng cong tac quan ly CTNH Viet Nam
trong thi gian ti

Cau hoi on tap

Chng 5 THU GOM LU GI VA VAN CHUYEN CHAT THAI NGUY HAI


5.1 Thu gom, ong goi va dan nhan chat thai nguy hai
5.2 Lu gi (ton tr) chat thai nguy hai


5.3 Van chuyen chat thai nguy hai
Cau hoi on tap

Chng 6 ANH GIA V TR X LYCHAT THAI NGUY HAI


6.1 Phng Phap anh Gia Nguy C
6.2 La Chon V Tr at Nha May X Ly
6.3 La Chon Loai Nha May X Ly
Cau hoi on tap

Chng 7 NGAN NGA O NHIEM CHAT THAI NGUY HAI


7.1 Mot so khai niem tong quan ve ngan nga o nhiem CTNH
7.2 Cac chien lc quan ly viec ngan nga o nhiem CTNH
7.3 Giam the tch oc hai cua CTNH
7.4 Giam oc tch CTNH
7.5 Tai sinh CTNH


Cau hoi va thao luan

Chng 8 KIEM TOAN CHAT THAI NGUY HAI


8.1 Gii thieu chung
8.2 Tong quan ve kiem toan moi trng
8.3 Cac hnh thc kiem toan
8.4 Cac tieu chuan quoc te ve kiem toan CTNH
8.5 Nguyen tac va tien trnh kiem toan CTNH
8.6 V du ve cac van e tieu bieu trong kiem toan moi trng cac CTNH
8.7 Mot so noi dung can thc hien trong kiem toan CTNH
Cau hoi va thao luan

Chng 9 CAC PHNG PHAP X LY CHAT THAI NGUY HAI


9.1 Phng phap hoa hoc va hoa ly
9.2 Phng phap Sinh Hoc
9.3 Phng phap nhiet
9.4 Phng phap On nh Hoa Ran
9.5 Kha nang ap dung cac ky thuat x ly
9.6 X ly CTNH bang Chon Lap
Cau hoi va thao luan




Chng 10 CAC GIAI PHAP QUAN LY CHAT THAI NGUY HAI CHO MOT SO
TRNG HP CU THE


10.1 Chat thai nguy hai trong chat thai sinh hoat
10.2 Quan ly CTNH nganh san xuat thuoc bao ve thc vat
10.3 Qui trnh va bien phap quan ly chat thai dau nht
10.4 Qui trnh va bien phap quan ly bun thai t he thong thoat nc va t cac
cong trnh x ly nc thai


TAI LIEU THAM KHAO


PHAN PHU LUC







Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai danh muc F

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so chat
thai
F001 Dung moi cha Clo sau s dung dung trong viec tay nht:
tetrachloroethylene; trichloroethylene; methylene chloride; 1,1,1-
trichloroethane; carbontetrachloride; va cac hp chat cacbon cha Flo; tat
ca cac hon hp dung moi dung trong tay nht, cac dung moi cha cac hp
chat tren vi ham lng 10% (the tch) hoac cac hp chat hu c cha clo
c liet ke trong F002, F004 va F005; san pham ay cua qua trnh chng
cat thu hoi cac hp chat hay hon hp cac hp chat tren.
Tnh oc
F002 Dung moi cha Clo sau khi s dung: tetrachloroethylene, methylene
chloride, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, 1,1,2-
trichloro-1,2,2 trifluroethane, ortho-dichlorobenzene,
trichlorofluoromethane, va 1,1,2-trichloroethane, cac dung moi cha cac
hp chat tren vi ham lng 10% (the tch) hoac cac hp chat hu c cha
clo c liet ke trong F001, F004 va F005; san pham ay cua qua trnh
chng cat thu hoi cac hp chat hay hon hp cac hp chat tren.
Tnh oc
F0003 Dung moi sau s dung khong cha Clo: xylene, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl
benzene, ethyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone, n-butyl alcohol,
cyclohexanone, va methanol; cac dung moi cha cac hp chat tren vi ham
lng 10% (the tch) hoac cac hp chat hu c cha clo c liet ke trong
F001, FOO2, F004 va F005; san pham ay cua qua trnh chng cat thu hoi
cac hp chat hay hon hp cac hp chat tren.
Tnh chay
F004 Dung moi sau s dung khong cha Clo:cresols, cresylic acid,
vanitrobenzene, cac dung moi cha cac hp chat tren vi ham lng 10%
(the tch) hoac cac hp chat hu c cha clo c liet ke trong F001, F002,
va F005; san pham ay cua qua trnh chng cat thu hoi cac hp chat hay
hon hp cac hp chat tren.
Tnh oc
F0005 Dung moi sau s dung khong cha Clo: toluene, methyl ethyl ketone,
carbon disulfide, isobutanol, pyridine, benzene, 2 exthoxyethanol, va 2-
nitropropane, cac dung moi cha cac hp chat tren vi ham lng 10%
(the tch) hoac cac hp chat hu c cha clo c liet ke trong F001, F002,
va F004; san pham ay cua qua trnh chng cat thu hoi cac hp chat hay
hon hp cac hp chat tren.
Tnh oc
va de chay
F0006 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai ngoai tr: (1)axit sulfuric x ly anot hoac
nhom; (2)thiec ma thep carbon, (3) ma kem cho thep carbon, (4) qua trnh
ma nhom hoac kem-nhom len thep carbon, (5) qua trnh lam sach hoac tay
trong qua trnh ma thiec, kemva nhom len thep carbon, (6) hoa chat dung
e lam ban khac va nghien nhom
Tnh oc
F019 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai t cong oan ma nhom Tnh oc
Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai (tiep theo)

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so chat
thai
F007 Dung dch thai t qua trnh xi ma cyanua Tnh phan
ng, tnh
oc
F008 Ddung dch con lai trong qua trnh xi ma cyanua Tnh phan
ng, tnh
oc
F009 Dung dch ma con tha trong ay be ma t qua trnh xi ma cyanuade
F010 Phan can con lai cua be dau trong qua trnh x ly nhiet trong qua trnh co s
dung cyanides

F011 Dung dch cyanua t be muoi ra trong qua trnh van hanh x ly nhiet kim
loai

F012 Bun t qua trnh x ly nc thai t qua trnh x ly nhiet kim loai trong qua
trnh co s dung cyanua

F024 Chat thai, bao gom nhng khong gii han, can chng cat, phan nang, nha,
chat thai t qua trnh ra be phan ng trong qua trnh san xuat chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbon, can hu c carbon t qua trnh san xuat xuc tac
Tnh oc
F020 Chat thai(ngoai tr nc thai va bun carbon thai ra t qua trnh tinh che
hydrogen chloride) t san xuat hoac s dung san pham (chat phan ng, ban
thanh pham hoac chat trung gian trong san xuat) hay tri- hoac
tetrachlorophenol, hoac chat trung gian e san xuat cac san pham dan xuat
cua thuoc bao ve thc vat. (Danh muc khong bao gom chat thai thai ra
trong qua trnh san xuat hexachlorophene t 2,4,5-trichlorophenol tinh
khiet).
Tnh nguy
hai cao
F021 Nhng chat thai (ngoai tr nc thai va than t qua trnh tinh che hydrogen
chloride) t qua trnh san xuat hay s dung (nh la chat phan ng, chat
trung gian hoac la thanh phan trong qua trnh tong hp) cua
pentachlorophenol, hay cua chat trung gian c dung trong qua trnh san
xuat cac dan xuat cua no.
Tnh nguy
hai cao
F022 Nhng chat thai t qua trnh san xuat hay s dung (nh la chat phan ng,
chat trung gian hoac la thanh phan trong qua trnh tong hp) cua tetra-,
penta-, or hexachlorobenzenes trong nhng ieu kien kiem.
Tnh nguy
hai cao
F023 Nhng chat thai (ngoai tr nc thai va than t qua trnh tinh che hydrogen
chloride) t qua trnh san xuat cac chat trong thiet b trc ay c dung
e san xuat hay s dung (nh la chat phan ng, chat trung gian hoac la
thanh phan trong qua trnh tong hp) hoac tri- va tetrachlorophenol. (danh
muc nay khong bao gom chat thai t cac thiet b ch c dung e san xuat
hoac s dung hexachlorophene t 2,4,5-trichlorophenol co o tinh khiet
Tnh nguy
hai cao
cao).

Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai (tiep theo)

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so
chat thai
F026 Nhng chat thai (ngoai tr nc thai va than t qua trnh tinh che hydrogen
chloride) t qua trnh san xuat cac chat trong thiet b trc ay c
dung e san xuat hay s dung (nh la chat phan ng, chat trung gian
hoac la thanh phan trong qua trnh tong hp) cua tetra-, penta-, hoac
hexachlorobenzene trong ieu kien kiem.
Tnh nguy
hai cao
F027 Bao b khong s dung cha tri-, tetra-, or pentachlorophenol hoac Bao b
khong s dung cha cac chat dan xuat cua chlorophenols. (danh muc nay
khong bao gom cac cong thc cha hexachlorophene c tong hp t chat
nen 2,4,5 trichlorophenol).
Tnh nguy
hai cao
F028 Can tro t qua trnh ot hoac x ly nhiet at b o nhiem cac chat nguy hai
thuoc nhom F020, F021, F022, F023, F026 and F027.
Tnh oc

Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai danh muc K

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so chat
thai
Chat bao quan go
K001 Bun lang t qua trnh x ly nc thai t qua trnh bao quan go
s dung creosote va/hoac pentachlorophenol.
Tnh oc
Mau (pham mau) vo c
K002 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai phat sinh t qua trnh san xuat
vang chrome hoac mau vang
Tnh oc
K003 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai phat sinh t qua trnh san xuat
mau vang molybdate
Tnh oc
K004 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai phat sinh t qua trnh san xuat
mau vang Zinc
Tnh oc
K005 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai phat sinh t qua trnh san xuat
mau xanh la cay Chrome
Tnh oc
K006 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai phat sinh t qua trnh san xuat
mau xanh la cay oxide Chrome (khan hoac ngam nc)
Tnh oc
K007 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai phat sinh t qua trnh san xuat
mau xanh dng cua sat
Tnh oc
K008 X lo nung t qua trnh san xuat pham mau xanh la cay cua
chrome oxide
Tnh oc
Chat hu c
K009 Can chng cat cua qua trnh san xuat acetaldehyde t ethylene. Tnh oc
K010 Nhng phan oan cat cua qua trnh san xuat acetaldehyde t
ethylene.
Tnh oc
K011 Dong ay cua dong nc thai ra trong qua trnh san xuat
acrylonitrile.
Tnh oc, tnh
phan ng
K013 Dong ay cua cot acetonitrile trong qua trnh san xuat
acrylonitrile
Tnh oc, tnh
phan ng
K014 Dong ay cua cot tinh che acetonitrile trong qua trnh san xuat
acrylonitrile
Tnh oc
K015 Can chng cat t qua trnh chng cat benzyl chloride Tnh oc
K016 Phan nang hoac can chng cat cua qua trnh san xuat carbon
tetrachloride.
Tnh oc
K017 Phan nang (can ay) t cot tinh che cua qua trnh san xuat
epichlorohydrin.
Tnh oc
K018 Phan nang trong cot phan tach trong qua trnh san xuat ethyl
chloride
Tnh oc
K019 Phan nang t qua trnh chng cat ethylene dichloride trong cong
nghe san xuat ethylene dichloride
Tnh oc



Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai danh muc K (tiep theo)

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so chat thai
K020 Phan nang t qua trnh chng cat vinyl chloride trong cong
nghe san xuat monomer vinyl chloride
Tnh oc
K021 Dung dch xuc tac thai antimony trong cong nghe san xuat
flouromethanes
Tnh oc
K022 Nha can chng t qua trnh san xuat phenol/acetone t
cumene.
Tnh oc
K023 Phan nhe cuoi cung cua thap chng trong cong nghe san xuat
phthalic anhydride t naphthalene.
Tnh oc
K024 San pham ay cua qua trnh chng cat trong cong nghe san xuat
phthalic anhydride t naphthalene.
Tnh oc
K093 Phan nhe cua qua trnh chng cat trong cong nghe san xuat
phthalic anhydride t o-xylene.
Tnh oc
K094 San pham ay cua qua trnh chng cat trong cong nghe san xuat
phthalic anhydride t o-xylene.
Tnh oc
K025 San pham ay cua qua trnh chng cat trong cong nghe san xuat
nitrobenzene bang.
Tnh oc
K026 Dung dch tay ra thai ra trong qua trnh san xuat methyl ethyl
pyridines.
Tnh oc
K027 Can ly tam va can chng cat (san pham ay) trong qua san xuat
toluene diisocyanate
Tnh oc, tnh
phan ng
K028 Xuc tac thai ra t be phan ng hydrochlorinator trong qua trnh
san xuat 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Tnh oc
K029 Chat thai t he thong x ly hi trong qua trnh san xuat 1,1,1-
trichloroethane
Tnh oc
K095 San pham cua qua trnh chng cat trong cong nghe san xuat
1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Tnh oc
K096 Phan nang t cot phan tach pha trong cong nghe san xuat 1,1,1-
trichloroethane
Tnh oc
K030 Phan ay cua cot hoac phan nang trong qua trnh ket hp san
xuat trichloroethylene va perchloroethylene
Tnh oc
K083 San pham ay cua qua trnh san xuat aniline Tnh oc
K103 Can thai t qua trnh trch ly aniline trong cong nghe san xuat
aniline
Tnh oc
K104 Dong thai hon hp phat sinh trong cong nghe san xuat
nitrobenzene/aniline
Tnh oc
K035 Bun thai t he thong x ly nc tahi phat sinh trong qua trnh
san xuat creosote
Tnh oc
K036 Can chng cat cua qua trnh chng cat tai sinh toluene phat
sinh t qua trnh san xuat disulfoton
Tnh oc
K037 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai cua qua trnh san xuat Tnh oc
disulfoton

Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai danh muc K (tiep theo)

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so chat thai
K038 Nc thai t qua trnh ra va hap thu trong cong nghe san xuat
phorate
Tnh oc
K039 Can loc trong qua trnh loc diethylphosphorodithioic acid trong
cong nghe san xuat phorate
Tnh oc
K040 Bun thai t he thong x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat
phorate
Tnh oc
K041 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat
toxaphene.
Tnh oc
K098 Nc thai cha x ly t qua trnh san xuat toxaphene. Tnh oc
K042 Phan nang hoac can chng cat cua qua trnh chng cat
tetrachlorobenzene trong cong nghe san xuat 2,4,5-T.
Tnh oc
K043 Chat thai 2,6-Dichlorophenol t qua trnh san xuat 2,4-D. Tnh oc
K099 Nc thai cha x ly t qua trnh san xuat 2,4-D. Tnh oc
K123 Nc thai cong nghe (bao gom vang can, nc loc va nc ra)
t qua trnh san xuat ethylenebis (dithiocarbamic acid) va muoi
cua no
Tnh oc
K124 Nc thai t he thong hap thu kh thoat ra t be phan ng trong
qua trnh san xuat ethylenebis (dithiocarbamic acid) va muoi
cua no.
An mon, oc
K125 Nc loc, hi va can ly tam trong qua trnh san xuat ethylenebis
(dithiocarbamic acid) va muoi cua no.
oc
K126 Bui t he thong loc bui tui vai va bui thu gom t viec quet san
trong qua trnh nghien va ong goi cua cong nghe san xuat
hoac tong hp ethylenebis (dithiocarbamic acid) va muoi cua
no.
oc
Chat no
K044 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat chat no Phan ng
K045 Than hoat tnh thai ra t qua trnh x ly nc thai cha chat no Phan ng
K046 Bun thai t he thong x ly nc thai cua cong nghe san xuat,
tong hp va boc d hp chat co chat nen la ch
oc
K047 Nc thai mau hong/o trong qua trnh san xuat TNT Phan ng
Che bien dau kh
K048 Vang can t he thong tuyen noi kh hoa tan (DAF) t qua trnh
che bien dau mo
oc
K049 Chat ran trong bun cua qua trnh nhu hoa dau t qua trnh che
bien dau mo
oc
K050 Bun phat sinh t qua trnh suc ra bo trao oi nhiet trong qua
trnh che bien dau mo
oc
K051 Bun cua bo phan tach API trong qua trnh che bien dau mo oc
K052 ay be cha (c trang ch) trong cong nghe che bien dau mo oc

Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai danh muc K (tiep theo)

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so chat thai
K085 San pham ay hoac phan ay cua thap chng trong qua trnh
san xuat chlorobenzenes.
oc
K105 Dong long c tach ra t qua trnh ra be phan ng trong cong
nghe san xuat chlorobenzenes.
oc
K111 Nc ra san pham trong cong nghe san xuat dinitrotoluene
bang qua trnh nitro hoa toluene
Tnh phan ng,
oc
K112 San pham phu cua phan ng t cot say trong qua trnh san xuat
toluenediamine bang qua trnh hydrohoa dinitrotoluene
oc
K113 Phan nhe ngng tu t qua trnh tinh che toluenediamine trong
qua trnh san xuat toluenediamine bang qua trnh hydrohoa
dinitrotoluene
oc
K114 Nhng phan phu trong qua trnh tinh che toluenediamine t
qua trnh san xuat toluenediamine bang qua trnh hydrohoa
dinitrotoluene
oc
K115 Phan nang t qua trnh tinh che toluenediamine trong qua trnh
san xuat toluenediamine bang qua trnh hydrohoa
dinitrotoluene
oc
K116 Phan ngng hu c t cot thu hoi dung moi trong qua trnh san
xuat toluene diisocyanate bang qua trnh phosgenation cua
toluenediamite.
oc
K117 Nc thai t he thong hap thu x ly kh phat sinh t be phan
ng trong qua trnh san xuat ethylene dibromide bang cach
Brome hoa ethene
oc
K118 Phan nhe - long ngng tu t qua trnh tinh che toluenediamine
trong cong nghe san xuat toluenediamine bang qua trnh hydro
hoa initrotoluene
oc
K136 Phan ay cua qua trnh tinh che ethylene dibromide trong cong
nghe san xuat ethylene dibromide bang cach Brome hoa
ethene
oc
Chat vo c
K071 Bun t qua trnh tinh che muoi bien t qua trnh s dung ien
cc thuy ngan trong cong nghe san xuat chlorine trong o qua
trnh phan tach lam sach s bo muoi bien khong c thc hien
oc
K073 Chat thai hu c cha Clo t cong oan tinh che trong cong
nghe s dung mang chan s dung anod graphite trong cong
nghe san xuat chlorine
oc
K106 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai t qua trnh s dung mang thuy oc
ngan trong cong nghe san xuat chlorine

Phu luc: Danh muc chat thai nguy hai danh muc K (tiep theo)

Ma so
CTNH
CN EPA
Chat thai nguy hai t nguon thai thong thng Ma so chat thai
Thuoc bao ve thc vat
K031 Muoi la san pham phu c tao ra trong qua trnh san xuat
MSMA va cacodylic acid.
oc
K032 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai t qua trnh san xuat chlordane. oc
K033 Nc thai va nc t he thong hap thu t qua trnh clo hoa
cyclopentadiene cua cong nghe san xuat chlordane
oc
K034 Can loc t qua trnh loc hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene trong cong
nghe san xuat chlordane
oc
K097 Nc ra chan khong thai ra t be clo hoa chlordane trong
cong nghe san xuat chlordane
oc
Sat thep
K061 Bui/x t trong cong oan au san xuat thep trong lo nau ien oc
K062 Dung dch axt tay sau s dung trong cong oan hoan tat cua
cac nha may thep
An mon, oc
San xuat che bien ch
K069 Bui/bun t he thong x ly kh thai phat sinh t be nau chay ch oc
K100 Dung dch thai t he thong x ly kh thai phat sinh t be nau
chay ch s dung dung dch axt
oc
Thuoc thu y
K084 Bun t he thong x ly nc thai phat sinh trong qua trnh san
xuat thuoc thu y co cha arsenic hoac cac hp chat hu c cha
arsenic
oc
K101 Can nha chng cat t qua trnh chng cat cac hp chat aniline-
based trong qua trnh san xuat thuoc thu y co cha arsenic hoac
cac hp chat hu c cha arsenic
oc
K102 Than hoat tnh sau khi s dung e kh mau trong qua trnh san
xuat thuoc thu y co cha arsenic hoac cac hp chat hu c cha
arsenic
oc
Mc in
K086 Dung moi thai va bun, nc ra tnh kiem manh va bun, hoac
nc ra va bun t qua trnh ra ong va thiet b dung trong
nganh in t viec s dung mau, chat lam kho, xa phong, va chat
on nh cha Chrome va ch.
oc
Qua trnh luyen than coc
K060 Bun voi cha Ammonia trong qua trnh luyen than coc oc
K087 Bun t be decanter t qua trnh luyen than coc oc

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U


Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
P List
P023 107-20-0 Acetaldehyde, chloro-
P002 591-08-2 Acetamide, n-(aminothioxomethyl)-
P057 640-19-7 Acetamide, 2-fluoro-
P058 62-74-8 Acetic acid, fluoro-, sodium salt
P066 16752-77-5 Acetimidic acid, n-[(methylcarbamoy)oxy]thio-, methyl
ester
P002 591-08-2 1-Acetyl-2-thiourea
P003 107-02-8 Acrolein
P070 116-06-3 Aldicarb
P004 309-00-2 Aldrin
P005 107-18-6 Allyl alcohol
P006 20859-73-8 Aluminum phosphide (R, T)
P007 2763-96-4 5-(Aminomethyl)-3-isoxazolol
P008 504-24-5 4--Aminopyridine
P009 131-74-8 Ammonium picrate (R)
P119 7803-55-6 Ammonium vanadate
P010 7778-39-4 Arsenic acid
P012 1327-53-3 Arsenic oxide As
2
O
3

P011 1303-28-2 Arsenic oxide As
2

P011 1303-28-2 Arsenic pentoxide
P012 1327-53-3 Arsenic trioxide
P038 692-42-2 Arsine, diethyl
P036 696-28-6 Arsonous dichloride, phenyl-
P054 151-56-4 Aziridine
P013 542-62-1 Barium cyanide
P024 106-47-8 Benzenamine, 4-chloro-
P077 100-01-6 Benzenamine, 4-nitro-
P028 100-44-7 Benzene, (chloromethyl)
P042 51-43-4 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-,
(R)
P046 122-09-8 Benzeneethanamine, , -dimethyl-
P014 108-98-5 Benzenethiol
P001 81-81-2 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-
phenylbutyl)-, and salts
P028 100-44-7 Benzyl chloride
P015 7440-41-7 Beryllium dust
P016 542-88-1 Bis(chloromethyl) ether

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)


Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
P017 598-31-2 Bromoacetone
P018 357-57-3 Brucine
P021 592-01-8 Calcium cyanide
P022 75-15-0 Carbon bisulfide
P095 75-44-5 Carbonic dichloride
P023 107-20-0 Chloroacetaldehyde
P024 106-47-8 p-Chloroaniline
P029 544-92-3 Copper cyanide
P030 Cyanides (soluble cyanide salts), not otherwise specified
P031 460-19-5 Cyanogen
P033 506-77-4 Cyanogen chloride
P034 131-89-5 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
P036 696-28-6 Dichlorophenylarsine
P037 60-57-1 Dieldrin
P038 692-42-2 Diethylarsine
P041 311-45-5 Diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate
P040 297-97-2 O,O-Diethyl O-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate
P043 55-91-4 Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DEP)
P004 30-00-2 1,4 : 5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene, 1,2,3,4,10,10-
hexacloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-,
(1,4,4,5,8,8a)
P060 465-73-6 1,4 : 5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene, 1,2,3,4,10,10-
hexacloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-,
(1,4,4,5,8,8)-
P037 60-57-1 2,7 : 3,6-Dimethanonaphth[2,3b]oxirane, 3,4,5,6,9,9-
hexacloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-,
(1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a)-
P051 72-20-8 2,7 : 3,6-Dimethanonaphth[2,3b]oxirane, octahydro-,
(1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a)-
P044 60-51-5 Dimethoate
P045 39196-18-4 3,3-Dimethyl-1-(methylthio)-2-butanone,
O-[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime
P046 122-09-8 ,-Dimethylphenethylamine
P047 534-52-1 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol and salts
P048 51-28-5 2,4-Dinitrophenol
P020 88-85-7 Dinoseb
P085 152-16-9 Diphosphoramide, octamethyl-
P039 298-04-4 Disulfoton
P049 541-53-7 2,4-Dithiobiuret

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts

CHAT NGUY HAI
No.
P050 115-29-7 Endosulfan
P088 145-73-3 Endothal
P051 72-20-8 Endrin
P042 51-43-4 Epinephrine
P101 107-12-0 Ethyl cyanide
P054 151-56-4 Ethyleneimine
P097 52-85-7 Famphur
P056 7782-41-4 Fluorine
P057 640-19-7 Fluoroacetamide
P058 62-74-8 Fluoroacetic acid, sodium salt
P065 628-86-4 Fulminic, acid, mercury (2+) salt (R,T)
P059 76-44-8 Heptachlor
P062 757-58-4 Hexaethyltetraphosphate
P116 79-19-6 Hydrazinecarbothioamide
P068 60-34-4 Hudrazine, methyl-
P063 74-90-8 Hydrocyanic acid
P063 74-90-8 Hydrogen cyanide
P096 7803-51-2 Hydrogen phosphide
P064 624-83-9 Isocyanic acid, methyl ester
P060 465-73-6 Isodrin
P007 2763-96-4 3(2H)-Isoxazolone, 5-(aminomethyl)-
P092 62-38-4 Mercury, (acetato)phenyl-
P065 628-86-4 Mercury fulminate (R,T)
P082 62-75-9 Methamine, n-methyl-n-nitroso-
P016 542-88-1 Methane, oxybis[chloro-]
P112 509-14-8 Methane, tetranitro- (R)
P118 75-70-7 Methanethiol, trichloro-
P050 115-29-7 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepen, 6,7,8,9,10,
10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide
P059 76-44-8 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-
3a,4,7,
7a-tetrahydro-
P066 16752-77-5 Methomyl
P067 75-55-8 2-Methylaziridine
P068 60-34-4 Methyl hydrazine
P064 624-83-9 Methyl isocyanate
P069 75-86-5 2-Methyllactonitrile
P071 298-00-0 Methyl parathion

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts

CHAT NGUY HAI
No.
P072 86-88-4 -Naphthylthiourea
P073 13463-39-3 Nickel carbonyl
P073 13463-39-3 Nickel carbonyl, (T)
P075 54-11-5 Nicotine and salts
P076 10102-43-9 Nitric oxide
P077 100-01-6 p-Nitroaniline
P078 10102-44-0 Nitrogen dioxide
P076 10102-43-9 Nitrogen oxide NO
P081 55-63-0 Nitroglycerine (R)
P082 62-75-9 N-Nitrosodimethylamine
P084 4549-40-0 N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
P074 557-19-7 Nicket cyanide
P085 152-16-9 Octamethylpyrophosphoramide
P087 20816-12-0 Osmium oxide
P087 20816-12-0 Osmium tetroxide
P088 145-73-3 7-Oxabicyclo [2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
P089 56-38-2 Parathion
P034 131-89-5 Phenol, 2-cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitro-
P048 51-28-5 Phenol, 2-4-dinitro-
P047 534-52-1 Phenol, 2-methyl-4,6-dinitro-and salts
P020 88-85-7 Phenol, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitro
P009 131-74-8 Phenol, 2,4,6-trinitro-, ammonium salt (R)
P092 62-38-4 Phenylmercury acetate
P093 103-85-5 Phenylthiourea
P094 298-02-2 Phorate
P095 75-44-5 Phosgene
P096 7803-51-2 Phosphine
P041 311-45-5 Phosphoric acid, diethyl 4-nitrophenyl ester
P039 298-04-4 Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-
[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] ester
P094 298-02-2 Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-
[(ethylthio)methyl] ester
P044 60-51-5 Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-dimethyl S-[2-
(methylamino)-
2-oxoethyl] ester
P043 55-91-4 Phosphorofluoric acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-ester
P089 56-38-2 Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl)
ester

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danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts

CHAT NGUY HAI
No.
P040 297-97-2 Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-pyrazinyl ester
P097 52-85-7 Phosphorothioic acid, O-
[4(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl]
O,O-dimethyl ester
P071 298-00-0 Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl)
ester
P110 78-00-2 Plumbane, tetraethyl-
P098 151-50-8 Potassium cyanide
P099 506-61-6 Potassium silver cyanide
P070 116-06-3 Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)-, O-[(methylamino)
carbonyl]oxime
P101 107-12-0 Propanenitrile
P027 542-76-7 Propanenitrile, 3-chloro-
P069 75-86-5 Propanenitrile, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-
P081 55-63-0 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate (R)
P017 598-31-2 2-Propanone, 1-bromo-
P102 107-19-7 Propargyl alcohol
P003 107-02-8 2-Propenal
P005 107-18-6 2-Propen-1-ol
P067 75-55-8 1,2-Propylenimine
P102 591-08-2 2-Propyn-1-ol
P008 504-24-5 Pyridinamine
P075 54-11-5 Pyridine, (S)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, and salts
P111 107-49-3 Pyrophosphoric acid, tetraethyl ester
P103 630-10-4 Selenourea
P104 506-64-9 Silver cyanide
P105 26628-22-8 Sodium azide
P106 143-33-9 Sodium cyanide
P107 1314-96-1 Strontium sulfide
P108

57-24-9 Strychnidin-10-one, and salts
P018 357-57-3 Strychnidin-10-one, 2,3-dimethoxy-
P108 57-24-9 Strychnine and salts
P115 10031-59-1 Sulfuric acid, thallium (I) salt
P109 3689-24-5 Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate
P110 78-00-2 Tetraethyl lead
P111 107-49-3 Tetraethylpyrophosphate
P112 509-14-8 Tetranitromethane (R)

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danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts

CHAT NGUY HAI
No.
P062 757-58-4 Hhexaethyltetraphosphate
P113 1314-32-5 Thallic oxide
P113 1314-32-5 Thallium (III) oxide
P114 12039-52-0 Thalium (I) selenite
P115 10031-59-1 Thallium (I) sulfate
P109 3689-24-5 Thiodiphosphoric acid, tetraethyl ester
P045 39196-18-4 Thiofanox
P049 541-53-7 Thioimidodicarbonic diamide
P014 108-98-5 Thiophenol
P116 79-19-6 Thiosemicarbazide
P026 5344-82-1 Thiourea, (2-chlorophenul)-
P072 86-88-4 Thiourea, 1-naphthalenyl-
P093 103-85-5 Thiourea, phenyl-
P123 8001-35-2 Toxaphene
P118 75-70-7 Trichloromethanethiol
P119 7803-55-6 Vanadic acid, ammonium salt
P120 1314-62-1 Vanadium (V) oxide
P084 4549-40-0 Vinylamine, N-methyl-N-nitroso-
P001 81-81-2 Warfarin
P121 557-21-1 Zinc cyanide
P122 1314-84-7 Zinc phosphide (R, T)

U list

U001 75-07-0 Acetaldehyde (I)
U034 75-87-6 Acetaldehyde, trichloro-
U187 62-44-2 Acetamide, N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-
U005 53-96-3 Acetamide, N-9H-fluoren-2-yl-
U112 141-78-6 Acetic acid, ethyl ester (I)
U144 301-04-2 Acetic acid, lead salt
U214 563-68-8 Acetic acid, thallium (I+) salt
U232 93-76-5 Acetic acid, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyl)-
U002 67-64-1 Acetone (I)
U003 75-05-8 Acetonitrile (I,T)
U004 98-86-2 Acetophenone
U005 53-96-3 2-Acetylaminofluorene
U006 75-36-5 Acetyl chloride (C,R,T)
U007 79-06-1 Acrylamide
U008 79-10-7 Acrylic acid (I)

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT Chemical
NH Abstracts
No.
CHAT NGUY HAI
U009 107-13-1 Acrylonitrile
U011 61-82-5 Amitrole
U012 62-53-3 Aniline (I,T)
U014 492-80-8 Auramine
U015 115-02-6 Azaserine
U010 50-07-7 Azirino[2,3 : 3,4]pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole-4,7-dione, 6-
amino-8-[((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl]-1,1a,2,8,8a,8b-
hexahydro-8a-methoxy-5-methyl-
U157 50-49-5 Benzo[j]aceanthrylene, 1,2-dihydro-3-methyl-
U016 225-51-4 3,4-Benzacridine
U017 98-87-3 Benzal chloride
U047 91-58-7 -Chloronaphthalene
U048 95-57-8 o-Chlorophenol
U049 3165-93-3 4-Chloro-o-toluidine, hydrochloride
U032 13765-19-0 Chromic acid, calcium salt
U050 218-01-9 Chrysene
U051 8021-39-4 Creosote
U052 1319-77-3 Cresols (cresylic acid)
U053 4170-30-3 Crotonaldehyde
U055 98-82-8 Cumene (I)
U246 506-68-3 Cyanogen bromide
U197 106-51-4 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
U056 110-82-7 Cyclohexane (I)
U057 108-94-1 Cyclohexanone (I)
U130 77-47-4 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,5-hexachloro-
U058 50-18-0 Cyclophosphamide
U240 94-75-7 2,4-D, salts and esters
U059 20830-81-3 Daunomycin
U060 72-54-8 DDD
U061 50-29-3 DDT
U062 2303-16-4 Diallate
U063 53-70-3 Dibenz[a, h]anthracene
U064 189-55-9 Dibenzo[a, i]pyrene
U066 96-12-8 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
U069 84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate
U070 95-50-1 o-Dichlorobenzene
U071 541-73-1 m-Dichlorobenzene
U072 106-46-7 p-Dichlorobenzene
U073 91-94-1 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U074 764-41-0 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene (I, T)
U075 75-71-8 Dichlorodifluoromethane
U078 75-35-4 1,1-Dichloroethylene
U079 156-60-5 1,2- Dichloroethylene
U025 111-44-1 Dichloroethyl ether
U081 120-83-2 2,4-Dichlorophenol
U082 87-65-0 2,6-Dichlorophenol
U240 94-75-7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, salts and esters
U083 78-87-5 1,2-Dichloropropane
U084 542-75-6 1,3-Dichloropropene
U085 1464-53-5 1,2 : 3,4-Diepoxybutane (I, T)
U108 123-91-1 1,4-Diethyleneoxide
U086 1615-80-1 N, N-Diethylhydrazine
U087 3288-58-2 O, O-Diethyl-S-methyl-dithiophosphate
U088 84-66-2 Diethyl phthalate
U089 56-53-1 Diethylstibestrol
U090 94-58-6 Dihydrosafrole
U091 119-90-4 3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
U092 124-40-3 Dimethylamine (I)
U093 60-11-7 Dimethylaminoazobenzene
U094 57-97-6 6,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
U095 119-93-7 3,3-Dimethylbenzidine
U096 80-15-9 ,-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide (R)
U097 79-44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
U098 57-14-7 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
U099 540-73-8 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
U101 105-67-9 2,4-Dimethylphenol
U102 131-11-3 Dimethyl phthalate
U103 77-78-1 Dimethyl sulfate
U105 121-14-2 2,4-Dinitrotoluene
U106 606-20-2 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
U107 117-84-0 Di-n-octyl phthalate
U108 123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane
U109 122-66-7 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
U110 142-84-7 Dipropylamite (I)
U111 621-64-7 Di-n-propylnitrosamine
U001 75-07-0 Ethanal (I)
U174 55-18-5 Ethanamite, N-ethyl-N-nitroso-

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danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U155 91-80-5 1,2-Ethanediamite, N,N-dimethyl-N-2-pyridinyl-N-(2-
thienylmethyl)-
U067 106-93-4 Ethane, 1,2-dibromo-
U076 75-34-3 Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-
U077 107-06-2 Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-
U131 67-72-1 Ethane, hexachloro-
U024 111-91-1 Ethane, 1,1-[methylenebis(oxy)]bis[2-chloro]-
U117 60-29-7 Ethane, 1,1-oxybis-(I)
U025 111-44-4 Ethane, 1,1-oxybis[2-chloro-
U184 76-01-7 Ethane, pentachloro-
U208 630-20-6 Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-
U209 79-34-5 Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
U218 62-55-5 Ethanethioamide
U227 110-80-5 Ethanol, 2-ethoxy-
U359 79-00-5 Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-
U173 1116-54-7 Ethanol, 2,2-(nitrosoimino)bis-
U004 98-86-2 Ethanone, 1-phenyl-
U043 75-01-4 Ethene, chloro-
U042 110-75-8 Ethene, (2-chloroethyoxy)-
U078 75-35-4 Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-
U079 156-60-5 Ethene, 1,2-dichloro-, (E)-
U210 127-18-4 Ethene, tetrachloro-
U228 79-01-6 Ethyne, trichloro-
U112 141-78-6 Ethyl acetate (I)
U113 140-88-5 Ethyl acrylate (I)
U238 51-79-6 Ethyl carbamate
U038 510-15-6 Ethyl 4,4-dichlorobenzilate
U114 111-54-6 Ethylenebis[dithiocarbamic acid], salts and esters
U067 106-93-4 Ethylene dibromide
U077 107-06-2 Ethylene dichloride
U359 110-80-5 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
U115 75-21-8 Ethylene oxide (I, T)
U116 96-45-7 Ethylenethiourea
U117 60-29-7 Ethyl ether (I)
U076 75-34-3 Ethylidene dichloride
U118 97-63-2 Ethyl methacrylate
U119 62-50-0 Ethylmethanesulfonate
U120 206-44-0 Fluoranthene
U122 50-00-0 Formaldehyde

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT NH Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U123 64-18-6 Formic acid (C, T)
U124 110-00-9 Furan (I)
U125 98-01-1 2-Furancarboxyaldehyde (I)
U147 108-31-6 2,5-Furandione
U213 109-99-9 Furan, tetrahydro-(I)
U125 98-01-1 Furfural (I)
U124 110-00-9 Furfural (I)
U206 18883-66-4 D-Glucopyranose, 2-deoxy-2(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido)-
U126 765-34-4 Glycidylaldehyde
U163 70-25-7 Guanidine, N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroso-
U127 118-74-1 Hexachlorobenzene
U128 87-68-3 Hexachlorobutadiene
U129 58-88-9 Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma isomer)
U130 77-47-4 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
U131 67-72-1 Hexachloroethane
U132 70-30-4 Hexachlorophene
U243 1888-71-7 Hexachloropropene
U133 302-01-2 Hydrazine (R, T)
U086 1615-80-1 Hydrazine, 1,2-diethyl-
U098 57-14-7 Hydrazine, 1,1-dimethyl-
U099 540-73-8 Hydrazine, 1,2-dimethyl-
U109 122-66-7 Hydrazine, 1,2-diphenyl-
U134 7664-39-3 Hydrofluoric acid (C, T)
U134 7664-39-3 Hydrogen fluoride (C, T)
U135 7783-06-4 Hydrogen sulfide
U096 80-15-9 Hydroperoxide, 1-methyl-1 phenylethyl-
U136 75-60-5 Hydroxydimethylarsine oxide
U116 96-45-7 2-Imidazolidinethione
U137 193-39-5 Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene
U139 9004-66-4 Iron dextran
U190 85-44-9 1,3-Isobenzofurandione
U140 78-83-1 Isobutyl alcohol (I, T)
U141 120-58-1 Isosafrole
U142 143-50-0 Kepone
U143 303-34-4 Lasiocarpine
U144 301-04-2 Lead acetate
U146 1335-32-6 Lead, bis(acetato-O)tetrahydroxytri-
U145 7446-27-7 Lead phosphate
U146 1335-32-6 Lead subacetate

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT NH Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U129 58-89-9 Lindane
U147 108-31-6 Maleic anhydride
U148 123-33-1 Maleic hydrazide
U149 109-77-3 Malononitrile
U150 148-82-3 Melphalan
U151 7439-97-6 Mercury
U152 126-98-7 Methacrylonitrile (I, T)
U092 124-40-3 Methanamine, N-methyl- (I)
U029 74-83-9 Methane, bromo-
U045 74-87-3 Methane, chloro- (I, T)
U046 107-30-2 Methane, chloromethoxy-
U068 74-95-3 Methane, dibromo-
U080 75-09-2 Methane, dichloro-
U075 75-71-8 Methane, dichlorodifluoro-
U138 74-88-4 Methane, iodo-
U119 62-50-0 Methanesulfonic acid, ethyl ester
U211 56-23-5 Methane, tetrachloro-
U153 74-93-1 Methanethiol (I, T)
U225 75-25-2 Methane, tribromo-
U044 67-66-3 Methane, trichloro-
U121 75-69-4 Methane, trichlorofluoro-
U123 64-18-6 Methanoic acid (C,T)
U154 67-56-1 Methanol (I)
U155 91-80-5 Methapyrilene
U142 143-50-0 1,3,4-Metheno-2H-cyclobutal[c,d]pentalen-2-one,
1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-decachlorooctahydro-
U247 72-43-5 Methoxychlor
U154 67-56-1 Methyl alcohol (I)
U029 74-83-9 Methyl bromide
U186 504-60-9 1-Methylbutadiene (I)
U045 74-87-3 Methyl chloride (I, T)
U156 79-22-1 Methylchlorocarbonate (I, T)
U226 71-55-6 Methylchloroform
U157 56-49-5 3-Methylcholanthrene
U158 101-14-4 4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
U068 74-95-3 Methylene bromide
U080 75-09-2 Methylene chloride
U159 78-93-3 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (I, T)
U160 1338-23-4 Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (R,T)

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT NH Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U138 74-88-4 Methyl iodide
U161 108-10-1 Methyl isobutyl ketone (I)
U162 80-62-6 Methyl methacrylate (I,T)
U163 70-25-7 N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
U161 108-10-1 4-Methyl-2-pentanone (I)
U164 56-04-2 Methylthiouracil
U010 50-07-7 Mitomycin C
U059 20830-81-3 5,12-Naphthacenedione, (8-S-cis)-8-acetyl-10-[(3amino-
2,3,6-tridexoy)--L-lyxo-hexo(pyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-
tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-
U165 91-20-3 Naphthalene
U047 91-58-7 Naphthalene, 2-chloro-
U166 130-15-4 1,4-Naphthalenedione
U236 72-57-1 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3,3-[(3,3-dimethyl-
(1,1-biphenyl)-4,4-diyl)]-bis(azo)bis(5-amino-
4-4-hydroxy)-, tetrasodium salt
U166 130-15-4 1,4-Naphthoquinone
U167 134-32-7 -Naphthylamine
U168 91-59-8 -Naphthylamine
U026 494-03-1 2-Naphthylamine, N,N-bis(2-chloromethyl)-
U167 134-32-7 1- Naphthylenamine
U168 91-59-8 2- Naphthylenamine
U217 10102-45-1 Nitric acid, thallium(1+) salt
U169 98-95-3 Nitrobenzene (I, T)
U170 100-02-7 p-Nitrophenol
U171 79-46-9 2-Nitropropane (I, T)
U172 924-16-3 N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
U173 1116-54-7 N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
U174 55-18-5 N-Nitrosodiethylamine
U176 759-73-9 N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
U177 684-93-5 N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
U178 615-53-2 N-Nitroso-N-methylurethane
U179 100-75-4 N-Nitrosopiperidine
U180 930-55-2 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
U181 99-55-8 5-Nitro-o-toluidine
U193 1120-71-4 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide
U058 50-18-0 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,N-
bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide
U115 75-21-8 Oxirane (I, T)

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT NH Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U126 765-34-4 Oxiranecarboxyaldehyde
U041 106-89-8 Oxirane, (chloromethyl)-
U182 123-63-7 Paraldehyde
U183 608-93-5 Pentachlorobenzene
U184 76-01-7 Pentachloroethane
U185 82-68-8 Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)
U242 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol
U186 504-60-9 1,3-Pentadiene (I)
U187 62-44-2 Phenacetin
U188 108-95-2 Phenol
U048 95-57-8 Phenol, 2-chloro-
U039 59-50-7 Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl-
U081 120-83-2 Phenol, 2,4-dichloro-
U082 87-65-0 Phenol, 2,6-dichloro-
U089 56-53-1 Phenol, 4,4-(1,2-diethyl-1,2-ethenediyl)bis-
U101 105-67-9 Phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-
U052 1319-77-3 Phenol, methyl-
U132 70-30-4 Phenol, 2,2-methylenebis[3,4,6-trichloro]-
U170 100-02-7 Phenol, 4-nitro-
U242 87-86-5 Phenol, pentachloro-
U212 58-90-2 Phenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloro-
U230 95-94-4 Phenol, 2,4,5-trichloro-
U231 88-06-2 Phenol, 2,4,6-trichloro-
U150 148-82-3 L- Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-
U145 7446-27-7 Phosphoric acid, lead salt
U087 3288-58-2 Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl-S-methyl-, ester
U189 108-95-2 Phosphorous sulfide (R)
U190 85-44-9 Phthalic anhydride
U191 109-06-8 2-Picoline
U179 100-75-4 Piperidine, 1-nitroso-
U192 23950-58-5 Pronamide
U194 107-10-8 1-Propanamine (I, T)
U111 621-64-7 1-Propanamine, N-nitroso-N-propyl-
U110 142-84-7 1-Propanamine, N-propyl- (I)
U066 96-12-8 Propane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-
U149 109-77-3 Propanedinitrile
U171 79-46-9 Propane, 2-nitro- (I,T)
U027 39638-32-9 Propane, 2,2-oxybis[2-chloro-
U193 1120-71-4 1,3-Propane sulfone

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT NH Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U235 126-72-7 1-Propanol, 2,3-dibromo-, phosphate (3:1)
U140 78-83-1 1-Propanol, 2-methyl- (I, T)
U002 67-64-1 2-Propanone (I)
U084 542-75-6 1-Propane, 1,3-dichloro-
U152 126-98-7 2-Propanenitrile, 2-methyl- (I, T)
U007 79-06-1 2-Propenamide
U243 1888-71-7 1-Propene, hexachloro-
U009 107-13-1 2-Propenenitrile
U008 79-10-7 2-Propenoic acid (I)
U113 140-88-5 2-Propenoic acid, ethyl ester (I)
U118 97-63-2 2-Propenoic acid, methyl-, ethyl ester
U162 80-66-2 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester (I, T)
U233 93-72-1 Propionic acid, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)-
U194 107-10-8 n-Propylamine (I, T)
U083 78-87-5 Propylene dichloride
U148 123-33-1 3,6-Pyridazinedine, 1,2-dihydro
U196 110-86-1 Pyridine
U191 109-06-8 Pyridine, 2-methyl-
U237 66-75-1 2,4-(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione, 5[bis(2-
chloroethyl)amino]-
U164 56-04-2 4-(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 2,3-dihydro-6-methyl-2-thioxo-
U180 930-55-22 Pyrrolidine, 1-nitroso-
U200 50-55-5 Reserpine
U201 108-46-3 Resorcinol
U202 81-07-2 Saccharin and salts
U203 94-59-7 Safrole
U204 7783-00-8 Selenious acid
U204 7783-00-8 Selenium dioxide
U205 7446-34-6 Selenium sulfide (R,T)
U015 115-02-6 L-Serine, diazoacetate (ester)
U233 93-72-1 Silvex
U206 18883-66-4 Streptozotocin
U103 77-78-1 Sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester
U189 1314-80-3 Sulfur phosphide (R)
U232 93-76-5 2,4,5-T
U207 95-94-3 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
U208 630-20-6 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
U209 79-34-5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
U210 127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene

Phu luc : chat thai nguy hai t san pham thng mai, chat trung gian, va can ba -
danh muc P va U (tiep theo)

Ma so CT
NH
Chemical
Abstracts
No.

CHAT NGUY HAI
U212 58-90-2 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
U213 109-99-9 Tetrahydrofuran (I)
U214 15843-14-8 Thallium(I) acetate
U215 6533-73-9 Thallium(I) carbonate
U216 7791-12-0 Thallium(I) chloride
U217 10102-45-1 Thallium(I) nitrate
U218 62-55-5 Thioacetamide
U153 74-93-1 Thiomethanol (I, T)
U244 137-26-8 Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetramethyl-
U219 62-56-6 Thiourea
U244 137-26-8 Thiram
U220 108-88-3 Toluene
U221 25376-45-8 Toluenediamine
U223 26471-62-5 Toluene diisocyanate (R, T)
U328 95-53-4 o-Toluidine
U353 106-49-0 p-Toluidine
U222 636-21-5 o-Toluidine hydrochloride
U011 61-82-5 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine
U226 71-55-6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
U227 79-00-5 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
U228 79-01-6 Trichloroethylene
U121 75-69-4 Trichloromonofluoromethane
U230 95-95-4 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
U231 88-06-2 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
U234 99-35-4 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (R, T)
U182 123-63-7 1,3,5-Trioxane, 2,4,6-trimethyl-
U235 126-72-7 Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
U236 72-57-1 Trypan blue
U237 66-75-1 Uracil mustard
U176 759-73-9 Urea, N-ethyl-N-nitroso-
U177 684-93-5 Urea, N-methyl-N-nitroso-
U043 75-01-4 Vinyl chloride
U248 81-81-2 Warfarin, khi hien dien nong o 0.3% hoac nho hn
U239 1330-20-7 Xylene (I)
U200 50-55-5 Yohimban-16-carboxylic acid, 11,17-
dimethoxy-18-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]-, methyl
ester
U249 1314-84-7 Zinc phosphide, khi hien dien nong o 10% hoac nho
hn

Phu luc:Tnh chat hoa ly cua chat o nhiem

S = nguon so lieu: P = priority poll: C = danh muc CTNH: H = kh o nhiem nguy hai


= gia tr tnh toan.
* Khi nguon so lieu (S) la Z, th ln H = A/T + B, T tnh theo o kelvins: khi nguon so lieu (S) la AA, th H = exp (A B/T), T
tnh theo o kelvins



o hoa tan trong
nc

Ten hoa hoc

Cong thc
P C N H CASRN
Khoi
lng
phan t
g/mol
mg/l
o
C S
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetone
Acetonitrile
2-(Acetylamino) fluorene
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Aldicarb
Aldrin
Allyl alcohol
4-Aminobiphenyl
Amitrole
Ammonia
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Auramine
Azaserine
Aziridine
Barium
Barium Cyanide
Benefin
Benz(c)acridine
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Berylium
1,1-Biphenyl
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bis(2-ethylhexy)phthalate
Bromomethane
1,3-Butadiene
n-Butanol
Butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate
Cacodylic acid
C
12
H
10

C
12
H
8

C
3
H
6
O
C
2
H
3
N
C
15
H
13
NO
C
3
H
4
O
2

C
3
H
3
N
C
7
H
14
N
2
O
2
S
C
12
H
18
Cl
6

C
3
H
6
O
C
12
H
11
N
C
2
H
4
N
4

H
3
N
C
14
H
10

Sb
As
C
17
H
21
N
3
-ClH-H
2
O
C
5
H
7
N
3
O
4

C
2
H
5
N
Ba
C
2
BaN
2

C
13
H
16
F
3
N
3
O
4

C
17
H
11
N
C
18
H
12

C
6
H
6

C
12
H
12
N
2

C
20
H
12

C
20
H
12

C
22
H
12

C
20
H
12

C
7
H
5
Cl
3

C
6
H
5
CH
2
Cl
Be
C
12
H
10

C
4
H
8
Cl
2
O
C
6
H
12
Cl
2
O
C
2
H
4
Cl
2
O
C
24
H
38
O
4

CH
3
Br
C
4
H
6

C
4
H
10
O
C
18
H
24
O
6

C
2
H
7
AsO
2



P
P

P




P




P









P
P
P








P
P

P




C
C
C





C




C









C
C









C
C

C




N
N
N
N
N



N
N
N


N









N
N
N








N
N

N




H
H
H
H



H



H
H








H
H




H
H
H
H


H
H

H
83-32-9
208-96-8
67-64-1
75-05-8
53-96-3
79-10-7
107-13-1
116-06-3
309-00-2
107-18-6
92-67-1
61-82-5
7664-41-7
120-12-7
7440-36-0
7440-38-2
2465-27-2
115-02-6
151-56-4
7440-39-3
542-62-1
1861-40-1
225-51-4
56-55-3
71-43-2
92-87-5
205-99-2
207-08-9
191-24-2
50-32-8
98-07-7
100-44-7
7440-41-7
92-52-4
111-44-4
108-60-1
542-88-1
117-87-7
74-83-9
106-99-0
71-36-3
85-70-1
75-60-5
154.21
152.2
58.09
41.06
223.29
72.07
53.07
190.29
364.9
58.09
169.24
84.1
17.04
178.24
121.75
74.92
321.89
173.15
43.08
137.36
189.38
335
229.29
228.3
78.12
184.26
252.32
252.32
276.34
252.32
195.47
126.59
9.01
154.22
143.02
171.08
114.96
390.62
94.95
54.1
74.14
336.42
138.01

3.42
3.93
Total
Total
6.50*10
3

Total
7.35*10
4

1.8*10
-1

Total
8.42*10
2

2.80*10
2

5.30*10
2

4.5*10
-2



2.10
1.36*10
5

Total
10
6.86*10
5

7.00
1.40
5.7*10
-3

1.78*10
2

4.00*10
2

1.4*10
-2

4.3*10
-3

2.6*10
-4

3.8*10
-3


2.57*10

7.50
1.20*10
4

1.70*10
3

2.20*10
4

4.00*10
9.00*10
2

7.35*10
2
6.69*10
4

5.92*10
5

5.88*10
5


25
20
20
20

20
20

25
20

25
20
25




20

14
25

20
25
12
20
25
25
25

25

25
25
25
25
25
20
23
20
20
20

C
J
T
T
B
T
T

C
T
B
J
J
C


B
B
T
P
V
J
B
C
C
J
C
C
J
C

V

J
C
C
C
C
J
J
K
K
V

Ap suat bay hi
mmHg
o
C S
He so
khuech tan
trong
khong kh
cm
2
/s S
Hang so Henrys
,H*
(atm m
3
)/mol;T(K)
A B S
K
oc
mL/g S
logK
ow
S
Thong so
Freundlich
pH K, 1/n
mg/g S
BCF
cua ca
L/kg S
1.55*10
-3
25 C
2.90*10
-2
20 C
2.70*10
2
30 J
7.40*10 20 J

3.20 20 J
1.00*10
2
23 C
1.00*10
4
25 J
6.00*10
6
25 C
2.00*10 20 J
1.00*10 157 I

7.60*10
3
26 J
1.70*10
-5
25 C
1.00 886 P
1.00 372 P


4.45*10
2
20 J
1.00*10 1049 P

4.00*10
-7
25 J

2.20*10
-8
20 C
9.52*10 25 C
1.00*10 176 I
5.00*10
-7
20 C
5.10*10
-7
20 C
1.03*10
-10
25 C
5.60*10
-9
25 C
2.30*10 20 Y
1.00*10 22 J
1.00*10 1860 I
1.00*10 117 I
7.10*10
-1
20 J
8.50*10
-1
20 J
3.00*10 22 Y

2.33*10
3
37 J
2.50 20 J
4.76 21 V


0.1093 U





















0.09234 U













0.1083 U


























-3.19*10
3
5.53 Z
4.50*10
3
C
2.50*10
3
C
2.20
2.20
1.60*10
3

1.61*10
-1
Y
8.50*10
-1


C

9.60*10
4
C
1.70*10
-1
J
1.07*10
2

4.40
3.10
1.40*10
4
C


2.90*10
3

6.60
1.30


1.00*10
3

1.38*10
6
G
8.30*10 G
1.05*10 C
5.50*10
5
C
5.50*10
5
C
1.60*10
6
C
5.50*10
6
C

5.00*10


1.39*10 C
6.10*10 C
1.20 C


1.20*10
2



2.40
4.00 C
3.70 C
-2.40*10
-1
J
{-3.40*10
-1
F
3.28

2.50*10
-1
C

5.30 C
-2.20*10
-1

2.78 B
-2.08

0.00 F
4.45 A


4.16 B

-1.08 B

-1.01


4.56 B
5.60 C
2.12 A
1.30 C
6.06 A
6.06 G
6.51 A
6.06 C
2.92 Y
2.63 F


1.50 C
2.10 C
3.80*10
-1
C


1.99 F
8.80*10
-1
Y

0.00 F
5.3 190 0.36 O
5.3 115 0.37 O


7.1 318 0.12 O

5.3 1 0.51 AB

5.3 651 0.92 O

7.2 200 0.26 O


5.3 376 0.70 O









7 1 2.90 O
7-9 220 0.35 O

7.1 181 0.57 O
7 11 0.37 O
7.1 34 0.44 O




5.3 0 1.84 AB
5.4 24 0.57 O

5.3 11,300 150 O

242 H





0 F
48 G

28 H




0 F

1 H
44 H







5.2 H
87.5 H








6.8 H
0 H
0.63 H

Phu luc:Tnh chat hoa ly cua chat o nhiem

S = nguon so lieu: P = priority poll: C = danh muc CTNH: H = kh o nhiem nguy hai


= gia tr tnh toan.
* Khi nguon so lieu (S) la Z, th ln H = A/T + B, T tnh theo o kelvins: khi nguon so lieu (S) la AA, th H = exp (A B/T), T
tnh theo o kelvins

o hoa tan trong
nc

Ten hoa hoc
Cong thc hoa
hoc
P C N H CASRN
Khoi lng
phan t,
g/mol mg/l
o
C S
Cadmium
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzylate
Chlorodibromomethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chromium
Chrysene
Copper
Cresol
Crotonaldehyde
Cyanogen
Cyanogen chloride
Cyclohexane
Cyclophosphamide
Dalapon
1,4-DDD
1,4-DDE
1,4-DDT
Decalin
Diallate
2,2-Diaminotoluene
1.2.7.8-Dibenzopyrene
dibenzia(h)anthracene
Dibromochloromethane.2-
Dibromo-3-
Chloropropane
Di-n-butyl phthalate
1.2-Dichlorobenzene
1.3-Dichlorobenzene
1.4-Dichlorobenzene
1.3-Dichlorobenzidene
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1.1-Dichloroethane
1.2-Dichloroethane
1.1-Dichloroethylene
Trans-1.2-Dichloroethene


Cd
C
9
H
8
Cl
3
NO
2
SO
C
12
H
11
NO
2

CS
2

CCl
4
C
10
H
6
Cl
8

C
6
H
5
Cl
C
16
H
14
Cl
2
O
3

CHBr
2
Cl
CHCl
3
CH
3
Cl

C
2
H
5
ClO
Cr
C
18
H
12

Cu
C
7
H
8
O
C
4
H
6
O
C
2
N
2

CClN
C
6
H
12

C
7
H
15
Cl
2
N
2
O
2
P
C
3
H
4
Cl
2
O
2

C
14
H
10
Cl
4
C
14
H
8
Cl
4

C
14
H
9
Cl
5

C
10
H
18

C
10
H
17
Cl
2
NOS
C
7
H
10
N
2

C
24
H
14

C
22
H
14

CHBr
2
Cl

C
3
H
5
Br
2
Cl
C
16
H
22
O
4

C
6
H
4
Cl
2

C
6
H
4
Cl
2

C
6
H
4
Cl
2

C
12
H
10
Cl
2
N
2

CCl
2
F
2

C
2
H
4
Cl
2

C
2
H
4
Cl
2

C
2
H
4
Cl
2

C
2
H
4
Cl
2








P
P
P

P
P



P









P
P
P


-
P




P
P
P
P

P
P
P





C
C
C
C

C
C



C









C
C
C



C




C
C
C
C

C
C
C





N
N
N
N
N
N
N



N









N
N
N



N


N

N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

H

H
H


H








H







H
H


H
H


7740-43-9
133-06-2
63-25-2
75-15-0
56-23-5
12789-03-6
108-90-7
510-15-6
124-48-1
67-66-3
74-87-3
107-30-2
7440-47-3
218-01-9
7440-50-8
1319-77-3
4170-30-3
460-19-5
506-77-4
110-82-7
50-18-0
75-99-0
72-54-8
72-55-9
50-29-3
91-17-8
2303-16-4
95-80-7
189-55-9
53-70-3
124-48-1

96-12-8
84-74-2
95-50-1
541-73-1
106-16-7
91-94-1
75-71-8
75-34-3
107-06-2
75-35-4
156-60-5
112.4
300.59
201.24
76.13
153.81
409.76
112.56
325.2
208.29
119.37
50.49
80.52
52
228.3
63.55
108.15
70.09
52.04
61.47
84.18
261.1
142.97
320.04
318.02
354.48
138.28
270.24
122.19
302.38
278.36
208.29

236.36
278.38
147
147
147
253.14
120.91
98.96
98.96
96.94
96.94



5.00*10
-1

4.00*10

2.30*10
3

8.00*10
2

5.6*10
-1

5.00*10
2

2.19*10
4.75*10
3

8.00*10
3




1.80*10
-3


2.15*10
4

1.33*10
5

9.49*10
-3

1.00*10
-3


1.31*10
9

0.02-0.09
4.00*10
-2

5.50*10
-3

1.40*10
4.77*10
4

1.10*10
-1

5.00*10
-4



1.00*10
3
1.30*10
1.00*10
2

1.23*10
2

7.90*10
3.99
2.80*10
2

5.50*10
3

8.69*10
3
2.25*10
3

6.00*10
2


20
30
22
20
25
20

20
20



25

20
20
20
20



25
20
25




25


20
25
20
25
25
22
25
20
20
20
20


J
J
J
J
C
J
B
W
J



C

K
V
T
J

B

C
J
C

B
B
B
C


W
C
J
C
C
J
C
J
J
W
J
Ap suat bay hi
mmHg
o
C S
He so
khuech tan
trong
khong kh
cm
2
/s S
Hang so Henrys H*
(atm m
3
)/mol;T(K)
A B S
K
oc
mL/g S
logK
ow
S
Thong so
Freundlich

pH K, 1/n
mg/g S

BCF
cua
ca
L/kg
1.00 394 P
6.00*10
-5
E
5.00*10
-3
26 J
2.60*10
2
20 J
9.00*10 20 J
1.00*10
-5
25 C
1.17*10 20 J
1.20*10
-6
B
1.50*10 20 W
1.60*10
2
20 J

1.92*10
2
21 V
1.00*10 1840 I
6.30*10
-9
25 C
1.00 1628 J
1.00 53 P
1.90*10 20 J
3.92*10
3
21 V
1.00*10
3
20 J


5.07 71 V
1.89*10
-6
30 C
6.50*10
-6
20 C
1.90*10
-7
25 C

6.40*10
-3
B
3.80*10
-5
B

1.00*10 20 C


1.00 20 W
1.00*10
-5
25 C
1.00 20 C
2.28 25 C
1.28 25 C
1.00*10
-5
22 C
4.87 25 C
1.80*10
2
20 J
6.10*10 20 J
6.00*10
2
20 W
3.26*10
2
20 C





0.08451 U

0.07627 U


0.09404 U


























0.09643 U

0.08386 U







3.95*10
3
9.74 Z

-2.69*10
3
3.47 Z

-3.37*10
3
1.46*10 Z
9.84 4.61*10
3
AA
9.36 4.22*10
3
AA








-3.24*10
3
9.14 Z





-4.13*10
3
1.18*10 Z




1.46*10 6.37*10
3
Z




-2.56*10
3
2.88 Z
-2.72*10
3
3.37 Z


8.64 4.13*10
3
AA
-4.02*10
3
6.94 Z
8.85 3.73*10
3
AA
9.34 4.18*10
3
AA

6.40*10
3


5.40*10
1.10*10
2

1.40*10
5
C
3.30*10
2
C
8.00*10
2




3.10*10



2.00*10
5
C

5.00*10
2
G




4.20*10
-2


7.70*10
5
C
4.40*10
6
C
2.43*10
5
G

1.00*10
3

1.20*10

1.20*10
3

3.30*10
6
C


9.80*10
1.70*10
5
C
1.70*10
3
C
1.70*10
3
C
1.70*10
3
C
1.55*10
3
C
5.80*10 C
3.00*10 C
1.40*10 C
6.50*10 C
5.90*10 C


2.35 F
2.36 F
2.00 F
2.64 A
3.32 A
2.84 A
4.51
2.09 D
1.97 G

0.00 F

5.61 A

1.97 F


6.40*10
-1
F

-3.22 B



6.20 C
7.00 C
6.19 J

7.30*10
-1
B
3.50*10
-1
B
6.62 B

6.80 C



2.29 B
5.60 C
3.60 C
3.60 C
3.60 C
350 C
2.16 D
1.79 A
1.48 A
1.84 A
4.80*10
-1







7 40 0.84 O
5.3 245 0.38 O
7.4 91 0.99 O

7 63 0.93 O
7 11 0.84 O



716 0.46 26








5.3 232 0.37 O
5.3 322 0.50 O





7.1 69 0.75 O



3 220 045 AB
5.5 129 0.43 O
5.1 118 0.45 O
5.1 121 0.47 O
7.2-9.1 300 0.20 O

5.3 2 0.53 O
5.3 4 0.83 O
5.3 5 0.54 O
6.7 3 0.54 O

81


0
19
14,000
10


3.75



16

200
0






51,000
54,000











56
56
56
312


1.2
5.6
1.6

Phu luc:Tnh chat hoa ly cua chat o nhiem

S = nguon so lieu: P = priority poll: C = danh muc CTNH: H = kh o nhiem nguy hai



S = nguon so lieu: P = priority poll: C = danh muc CTNH: H = kh o nhiem nguy hai








o hoa tan trong
nc

Ten hoa hoc
Cong thc
hoa hoc
P C N H CASRN
Khoi lng
phan t
g/mol
mg/l
o
C S
Cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
Dichloromethane
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
Dichlorophenylaesine
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
Dieldrin
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
Diethylnitrosamin
Diethyl-o-phthalate
Diethylstilbesterol
Dihydrosafrole
Dimethoate
Dimethylamine
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethyl terephthalate
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)
anthracene
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
Dimethylnitrosamine
1,3-Dinitrobenzene
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,3-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,5-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
3,4-Dinitrotoluene
Dinoseb
Dioxane-1,4
N,N-diphenylamine
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Dipropylnitrosoamine
Disulfoton
Endosulfan

C
2
H
2
Cl
2

CH
2
Cl
2

C
6
H
4
Cl
2
O

C
8
H
6
Cl
2
O
3

C
6
H
5
AsCl
2

C
3
H
6
Cl
2

C
3
H
4
Cl
2
C
12
H
8
Cl
6
O
C
4
H
12
N
2
C
4
H
10
N
2
O
C
12
H
14
O
4

C
18
H
20
O
2

C
10
H
12
O
2

C
5
H
12
NO
3
PS
2
C
2
H
7
N
C
10
H
10
O
4
C
2
H
6
O
4
S
C
10
H
10
O
4
C
14
H
15
N
3


C
20
H
16

C
3
H
6
ClNO
C
2
H
8
N
2

C
2
H
8
N
2

C
2
H
6
N
2
O
C
6
H
4
N
3
O
4

C
7
H
6
N
2
O
5

C
6
H
4
N
2
O
5

C
7
H
6
N
2
O
4
C
7
H
6
N
2
O
4
C
7
H
6
N
2
O
4

C
7
H
6
N
2
O
4

C
7
H
6
N
2
O
4
C
10
H
12
N
2
O
5

C
4
H
8
O
2

C
12
H
11
N
C
12
H
12
N
2

C
6
H
14
N
2
O
C
8
H
19
O
2
PS
3

C
9
H
6
Cl
6
O
3
S





P
P



P

P


P















P
P

P

P




P
P









C
C



C

C


C















C
C

C

C





C





N
N

N

N

N


N















N
N

N

N


N
N
N
N
N







H








H
H




H
H



H
H

H




H

H

540-59-0
75-09-2
120-83-2

94-75-7
696-28-6
78-87-5
542-75-6
60-57-1
1615-80-1
55-18-5
84-66-2
56-53-1
94-58-6
60-51-5
124-40-3
131-11-3
77-78-1
120-61-6
60-11-7

57-97-6
79-44-7
57-14-7
540-73-8
62-75-9
99-65-0
534-52-1
51-28-5
602-01-7
121-142
619-15-8
606-20-2
610-39-9
88-85-7
123-91-1
122-39-4
122-66-7
621-64-7
298-04-4
115-29-7
96.94
84.93
163

221.04
221.93
112.99
110.97
380.9
88.18
102.16
222.26
268.38
164.22
229.27
45.1
194.2
126.13
194.2
225.32

256.36
107.55
60.12
60.12
74.1
168.12
198.15
184.12
182.15
182.15
182.15
182.15
182.15
240.24
88.11
169.24
184.26
130.22
274.42
406.91
8.00*10
2

2.00*10
4
4.50*10
3


8.90*10
2

2.70*10
3
2.80*10
3

1.95*10
-1
2.88*10
7

8.96*10
2
9.60*10
-3

1.50*10
3

2.50*10
4

6.20*10
5


3.24*10
5


1.36*10

4.40*10
-3
1.44*10
7

1.24*10
8


1.00*10
6

8.50
2.90*10
2

5.60*10
3

3.10*10
3

2.70*10
2

1.80*10
2

1.80*10
2

1.08*10
3
5.00*10
4.31*10
5

3.00*10
2
1.84*10
3

9.90*10
3

1.72*10
5.30*10
-1


20
20
25

25

20
25
25


25


23
20










20
25
18

22
20
20

25

25
20
25
20
25

J
J
J

J

J
C
C
B

C
B
B
J
T

B

B

B
B
B


V
C
C
B
C
C
C
B
J
B
J
C
C
V
C

Ap suat bay hi
mmHg
o
C S
He so
khuech tan
trong
khong kh
cm
2
/s S
Hang so Henrys H*
(atm m
3
)/mol;T(K)
A B S
K
oc
mL/g S
logK
ow
S
Thong so
Freundlich
pH K, 1/n
mg/g S
BCF
cua ca
L/kg S
2.08*10
2
20 W
3.49*10
2
20 J
5.90*10
-2
20 C

4.00*10
-1
F
2.10*10
-2
20 P
4.20*10 20 J
3.80*10 25 J
1.78*10
-7
20 C

5.00 F
3.50*10
-3
25 C


2.50*10
-2
25 J
1.52*10
3
10 F

6.80*10
-1
20 B
1.60*10 100 J
3.30*10
-7
B


1.95 B
1.57*10
2
25 J
1.57*10
2
25 J
8.10 25 C

5.00*10
-2
20 C
1.49*10
-5
18 C

5.10*10
-3
20 C
2.00*10
-3
25 Y
1.80*10
-2
20 C

1.00 151
3.70*10 25 B
1.00 108 P
2.60*10
-5
25 C
1.00*10
-1
25 C

1.00*10
-5
25 C















0.12577 U
8.48 4.19*10
3
AA
6.65 3.82*10
3
AA




-4.71*10
3
9.84 Z

























4.90*10

C
8.80 C
3.80*10
2
C

2.20*10 G

5.10*10

C
4.80*10

C
1.70*10
3
C
3.00*10
-1


1.42*10
2
C
2.80*10


7.80*10

2.20

4.10



1.00*10
3


4.76*10
5
G
5.00*10
-1

2.00*10
-1


1.00*10
-1
C
1.50*10
2

2.40*10
2
C
1.66*10 C
5.30*10
4.50*10 C
8.40*10
9.20*10 C
9.40*10

3.50
4.70*10
2

4.18*10
2
C
1.50*10

C

7.00*10
-1

1.30 C
2.90 C

2.81 F

2.00 C
2.00 C
3.50 C
-1.68 B
4.80*10
-1
F
2.50 C
5.46 B
2.56 B
2.71 J

-3.80*10
-1
F

-1.24 B

3.72 B
-
6.94 B
-1.32 B
-2.42 B

-6.80*10
-1
C
1.62 F

2.70 C
1.50 C
2.29 B
2.00 C
2.28 B
2.00 C
2.29 B

0.01 B
3.60 B
2.90 C
1.50 C



5.3 157 0.15 O



5.3 6 0.60 O
5.3 8 0.46 O
5.3 606 0.51 O


















3.5 237 O
7 33 0.61 O

5.4 146 0.31 O

5.4 145 0.32 O




5.3 16,000 200 O

5.3 194 0.50 O
1.6
5 H
41 H




1.9 H
4760 H


117 G



0 D

0 F
0 D
3.8 H
3.8 H
3.8 H
3.8 H
3.8 H


30 G
25 H


Phu luc:Tnh chat hoa ly cua chat o nhiem













o hoa tan trong
nc

Ten hoa hoc
Cong thc
hoa hoc
P C N H CASRN
Khoi lng
phan t,
g/mol mg/l
o
C S
1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane
Ethanol
2-Ethoxyethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl carbitol
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethyl methanesulfonate
1-Ethyl-1-nitrosourea
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Furan
Glycidaldehyde
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorbutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
-Hexachlorocyclohexane
-Hexachlorocyclohexane
-Hexachlorocyclohexane
-Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachloroethane
Hexachlorophene
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Indenol(1.2.3-cd)pyrene
Iodomethane
Iron(II)
Isobutanol
Isophorone
Isoprene
Isosafrole
Kepone
Lasiocarpine
Lead
Malathion

C
3
H
5
ClO
C
2
H
6
O
C
4
H
10
O
2

C
4
H
8
O
2

C
8
H
10

C
6
H
14
O
3

C
2
H
4
Br
2


C
6
H
14
O
2
C
2
H
4
O
C
3
H
6
N
2
S
C
3
H
8
O
3
S
C
3
H
7
N
3
O
2

C
16
H
10

C
13
H
10

CH
2
O

CH
2
O
2

C
4
H
4
O

C
3
H
4
O
2

C
10
H
5
Cl
7
C
10
H
5
Cl
7
O
C
6
Cl
6

C
4
Cl
6
C
5
Cl
6

C
6
H
6
Cl
6

C
6
H
6
Cl
6

C
6
H
6
Cl
6

C
6
H
6
Cl
6

C
2
Cl
6

C
13
H
6
Cl
6
O
2

C
6
H
14
H
4
N
2

CHN
H
2
S
C
22
H
12

CH
3
I
Fe
C
4
H
10
O

C
9
H
14
O
C
5
H
8
C
10
H
10
O
2
C
10
Cl
10
O
C
21
H
33
NO
7

Pb
C
10
H
19
O
6
PS
2




P








P





P

P
P
P




P





P



P




C








C





C

C
C
C




C





C



C










N








N





N

N
N
N




N
N




N
N




N
N





H



H

H


H
H








H

H
H
H




H

H
H

H




H




H

106-89-8
64-17-5
110-17-5
141-78-6
100-41-4
111-90-0
106-93-4

111-76-2
75-21-8
96-45-7
62-50-0
759-73-9
206-44-0
86-73-7
50-00-0
64-18-6
110-00-9
765-34-4
76-44-8
1024-57-3
118-74-1
87-68-3
77-47-4
319-84-6
319-85-7
58-89-9
319-86-8
67-72-1
30-70-4
110-54-3
302-01-2
74-90-8
7783-06-4
193-39-5
74-88-4
15483-31-0
78-83-1
78-59-1
78-79-5
120-58-1
143-50-0
303-34-4
7439-92-1
121-75-5

92.53
46.08
90.14
88.12
106.18
134.2
187.88

118.2
44.06
102.17
124.17
117.13
202.26
166.22
30.03
46.03
68.08
72.1
373.3
389.3
284.76
260.74
272.75
290.82
290.82
290.82
290.82
236.72
406.89
86.17
32.06
27.03
34.08
276.34
141.94
55.85
74.14
138.23
68.11
162.2
490.6
411.55
207.19
330.38

6.00*10
4

6.52*10
4
1.00*10
6

7.40*10
4
1.52*10
2

4.30*10
3

1.00*10
6
3.80*10
8
2.00*10
3
3.69*10
5

3.31*10
8

2.06*10
-1

1.69
4.00*10
5

1.00*10
6

9.90*10
3
1.70*10
8

1.80*10
-1

3.50*10
-1

6.00*10
-3
2.00
1.80
1.63
2.40*10
-1
7.80
3.14*10
4.20*10
4

4.00*10
-3


3.41*10
8

1.00*10
6
4.13*10
3

5.30*10
-4
1.40*10
4

7.29*10
4

1.04*10
4

1.09*10
3
7.60
1.60*10
3


1.45*10
2

20
20

35
20

20


20



25
25


20

25
25
25
20
25
25
25
25
25
20





25
20

20
20


24


20
J
T
F
J
J

J

F
B
F
B
B
J
C


T
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
F

B


C
J

K
V

B
J
B

J
Ap suat bay hi
mmHg
o
C S
He so
khuech tan
trong
khong kh
cm
2
/s S
Hang so Henrys H*
(atm m
3
)/mol;T(K)
A B S
K
oc
mL/g S
logK
ow
S
Thong so
Freundlich
pH K, 1/n
mg/g S
BCF
cua ca
L/kg S
1.20*10 20 J
1.50*10 30 J
3.80 20 J
1.15*10
2
30 J
7.00 20 J
5.20*10
-2
16 V
1.17*10 20 J

6.00*10
-1
20 J
1.10*10
3
20 J

2.06*10
-1
B

5.00*10
-6
25 C
7.10*10
-4
20 C
3.88*10
3
25 Y
3.50*10 20 J
6.02*10
2
25 Y
1.97*10 B
3.00*10
-4
25 C
3.00*10
-4
25 C
1.90*10
-5
20 C
1.50*10
-1
20 C
8.00*10
-2
25 J
2.50*10
-5
25 J
2.80*10
-7
20 C
1.70*10

20 C
4.00*10
-1
20 J


1.60*10

20 J
6.20*10
2
20 J
1.52*10
4
26 P
1.00*10
-1
20 C
4.00*10
-2
25 J
1.00*10 2040 I
1.04*10

25 Y
3.80*10
-1
20 C
4.93*10
2
20 J
3.36

66 V


1.00*10

1160 I
4.00*10
-5
20 J

0.1273 U

0.09005 U
0.0707 U




-4.99*10
3
1.19*10 Z

-3.88*10
3
5.70 Z




















-2.55*10
3
3.74 Z

-7.53*10
3
2.53*10 Z




1.00*10


2.20


1.10 C

4.40*10

C


2.20
6.70*10
3.80
1.10*10
-1

3.80*10
4
C
7.30*10
3

3.60


1.00*10
-1

1.20*10
4
C
2.20*10
2
G

3.90*10
3
C
2.90*10
4
C
4.80*10
3
C
3.80*10
3
C
1.08*10
3
G
6.60*10
3
C
2.00*10
4
C
9.10*10
4


1.00*10
-1



1.60*10
6
C
2.30*10



9.30*10
5.50*10
4

1.76*10



0.15 B
-0.32 J
0.00 F
0.73 Y
3.15 A

1.76 B

0.00 F
-0.22 B
-0.66 J
0.21 B

4.90 A

0.35 Y
-0.54 F
1.34 Y
-1.55 B
4.40 C
2.70 C
5.23 A
4.78 A
5.04 A
3.90 C
3.90 C
3.90 C
4.10 C
4.60 C
7.54 F

-3.08 B
-2.5 0*10
-1
F

6.50 C
1.69 J

0.76 Y
2.22 Y

2.66 B
2.00 B
0.99 B

2.89 J

5.3


7.3 53 0.79 O








5.3 664 0.61 O
5.3 330 0.28 O




5.3 1220 0.95 O
5.3 1038 0.70 O
5.3 450 0.60 O
7 360 0.63 O
5.3 370 0.17 O




5.3 97 0.38 O









5.5 32 0.39 O




37.5 H





0 F


1150 H
1300 G
0 F
0 F


15.700H
14.400G
8690 H
2.8 H
4.3 H
130 H
130 H
130 H
130 H
87 H



0 F









8400 G
49 H
0 F
Phu luc:Tnh chat hoa ly cua chat o nhiem













o hoa tan trong
nc

Ten hoa hoc
Cong thc hoa
hoc
P C N H CASRN
Khoi lng
phan t,
g/mol mg/l
o
C S
Manganese
Mercury
Methanol
2-Methoxyethanol
2-Methyl aziridine
4,4-Methylene(bis)-
chloroaniline
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methylnitrosourea
Methyl parathion
Methylvinylnitrosamine
Muastard gas
1-Naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine
Nickel
Nickel cyanide, (solid)
Nitric oxide
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen dioxide
N-nitrosopiperidine
N-nitrosopyrrolidine
Osmium tetroxide
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachloronitro benzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenanthrene
Phenolbarbital
Phenol
m-phenylenediamine
Phenyl mercuric acetate
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Propyl benzene
Pyrene
Pyridine
Safrole
Selenious acid
Selenium
Silver
Strychine
Styrene



Mn
Hg
CH
4
O
C
3
H
8
O
2

C
3
H
7
N

C
13
H
12
Cl
2
N
2

C
4
H
8
O
C
6
H
12
O
C
5
H
8
O
2

C
2
H
5
N
3
O
2

C
8
H
10
NO
5
PS
C
3
H
6
N
2
O
C
4
H
8
Cl
2
S
C
10
H
9
N
C
10
H
9
N
Ni
C
2
N
2
Ni
NO
C
6
H
5
NO
2
NO
2
C
5
H
10
N
2
O
C
8
H
8
N
20

O
4
Os
C
6
HCl
5

C
6
Cl
5
NO
2

C
6
HCl
5
O
C
14
H
10

C
12
H
12
N
2
O
3

C
6
H
5
OH
C
6
H
8
N
2

C
8
H
8
HgO
2

NA
C
9
H
12
C
16
H
10
C
5
H
5
N
C
10
H
10
O
2

H
2
O
3
Se
Se
Ag
C
12
H
22
N
2
O
2
C
8
H
8






















P






P
P






P








C











C






C
C






C






C






N
N

N

N


N
N



N

N
N

N
N
N
N






N
N
N




N
H

H

H

H
H
H
H









H





H
H


H


H








H
7439-96-5
7439-97-6
67-56-1
109-86-4
75-55-8

101-14-4
78-93-3
108-10-1
80-62-6
684-93-5
298-00-0
4549-40-0
505-60-2
134-32-7
91-59-8
7440-02-0
557-19-7
10102-43-9
98-95-3000
10102-44-0
100-75-4
930-55-2
20816-12-0
608-93-5
82-68-8
87-86-5
85-01-8
50-06-6
108-95-2
108-45-2
62-38-4
1336-36-3
103-65-1
129-00-0
110-86-1
94-59-7
7783-00-8
7782-49-2
7440-22-4
57-24-9
100-42-5

54.94
200.59
32.05
76.11
57.11

267-17
72.12
100.18
100.13
103.1
263.23
86.11
159.08
143.2
143.2
58.71
110.75
30.01
123.12
46.01
114.17
100.14
254.2
250.32
295.32
266.32
178.24
232.26
94.12
108.16
336.75
NA
120.21
202.26
79.11
162.2
128.98
78.96
107.87
334.45
104.16



Total
1.00*10
6

9.44*10
5



3.50*10
5

1.72*10
4

1.28*10
4

6.89*10
8

1.72*10
7.60*10
5

8.00*10
2

1.46*10
3

5.86*10
2


5.15*10


1.90*10
3


1.90*10
6

7.00*10
6


2.40*10
-1

7.11*10
-2

1.40*10
1.00
1.00*10
3

8.20*10
4

3.51*10
5

1.67*10
3

3.10*10
-2


1.30*10
-1
1.00*10
6

1.50*10
3




1.43*10
2

3.00*10
2




20




10
20
20

20


20


18

20




22

20
15
25
20
25

25

25






20


T

B


J
V
V
B
F
B
B
K
B

V

J

B
B

J
B
J
J
C
T
J

C

C
F
B



E
J




Ap suat bay hi
mmHg
o
C S
He so
khuech tan
trong
khong kh
cm
2
/s S
Hang so Henrys H*
(atm m
3
)/mol;T(K)
A B S
K
oc
mL/g S
logK
ow
S
Thong so
Freundlich
pH K, 1/n
mg/g S
BCF
cua ca
L/kg S
1.00 1292 P
2.00*10
-3
25 P
1.00*10
2
21 P
6.20 20 J
1.18*10
2
20 V


7.75*10 20 K
1.56*10 21 V
2.80*10 20 J

9.70*10
-6
E
1.23*10 B
1.70*10
-1
B
1.00 104 P
1.00 108 P
1.00 1810 P

1.00*10 -178 J
1.50*10
-1
20 J
4.00*10
2
80 P
1.40*10
-1
B
1.10*10
-1
B
1.00*10 26 P

1.30*10
-2
25 P
1.10*10
-4
20 J
9.60*10
-4
25 C

2.00*10
-1
20 J
1.00 100 P

7.70*10
-5
25 C

2.50*10
-6
25 C
2.00*10 25 J
1.00 64 P
2.00 15 P
1.00 356 P
1.00*10 1540 I
5.01 270 V
5.12 20 V


0.16686 U




0.09485 U





















0.08924 U


0.5571 U








0.0746 U







-2.31*10
3
-4.84*10 Z





















-4.66*10
3
1.13*10 Z



-3.68*10
3
7.84 Z




2.30


4.50

8.40
1.00*10
-1

4.60*10
2



2.50
1.10
6.10*10
1.30*10
2



3.60*10 C

1.50
8.00*10
-1


1.30*10
4

1.90*10
4

5.30*10
4
C
1.40*10
4
C

9.80*10


1.42*10 C


5.30*10
5
C

3.80*10
4
C

7.80*10




2.40



- 0.77 Y

- 0.48 B


0.26 A
1.19 Y
0.79 F
- 3.18 B
1.19 F
- 0.23 B
1.37 B
2.07 B
2.07 B


1.85 D


- 0.49 B

- 1.06 B

5.19 F
5.45 B
5.00 C
4.46 A

- 0.19 B
1.46 A


6.04 C

4.88 A
0.66 F
2.53 B




2.95 Y
5.3 190 0.36 O
5.3 115 0.37 O


7.1 318 0.12 O

5.3 1 0.51 AB

5.3 651 0.92 O

7.2 200 0.26 O


5.3 376 0.70 O









7 1 2.90 O
7-9 220 0.35 O

7.1 181 0.57 O
7 11 0.37 O
7.1 34 0.44 O




5.3 0 1.84 AB
5.4 24 0.57 O

5.3 11,300 150 O

242 H





0 F
48 G

28 H




0 F

1 H
44 H







5.3 H
87.6 H








6.8 H
0 H
0.63 H







Ap suat bay hi
mmHg
o
C S
He so
khuech tan
trong
khong kh
cm
2
/s S
Hang so Henry H*
(atm m
3
)/mol;T(K)
A B S
K
oc
mL/g S
logK
ow
S
Thong so
Freundlich
pH K, 1/n
mg/g S
BCF
cua ca
L/kg
1.00*10
-1
25 P

1.00*10
-6
25 C
5.00 20 J
6.00*10 190 J

1.50*10
-1
20 J
1.00 825 P
1.00*10 517 P
0.00 E



2.20*10 20 J
1.00*10
-1
J
4.00*10
-1
25 C
5.60*10 25 J
2.90*10
-1
25 C
1.00*10
2
20 J
3.20*10

30 J
6.00*10 20 J
7.80*10
-6
20 J

6.67*10
2
25 C
4.00*10
-2
25 B
1.20*10
-2
25 C

2.00 20 J

2.70*10
2
J




1.00*10 78 P
2.66*10
3
20 W
1.00*10 20 W
1.00*10 20 W
1.00*10 20 W
1.00*10 20 W
0.00 D




0.07729 U
0.07729 U








0.08301 U













0.08329 U







0.11375 U



0.07597 U






1.25*10

4.92*10
3
AA








-3.02*10
3
5.13 Z



-4.03*10
3
7.36 Z
9.78 4.13*10
3
AA

1.44*10

4.78*10
3
AA


-3.51*10
3
9.48 Z







-3.24*10
3
9.65 Z
-3.63 *10
3
7.24 Z




7.39 3.29*10
3
AA
-3.34*10
3
6.28 Z
-3.22*10
3
5.54 Z
-3.52*10
3
6.93 Z






1.60*10
3

3.30*10
6

5.40*10
3.64*10
2

9.80*10
4.90*10
3





1.60
4.10*10
2

3.00*10
2
C
2.20*10
9.64*10
2


C
1.16*10
2
C
9.20*10
3
C
1.52*10
2
C
5.60*10 C
1.26*10
2
C
6.10

1.59*10
2
C
8.90*10

2.20*10
3
C






3.10*10
2

1.20*10
2


5.70*10


2.40*10
2


4.67 F

6.72 A
3.03 Y
2.60 A
4.10 F



-0.46 J
-1.14 G
2.88 B
2.73 A
1.29 J
3.30 C
2.40 C
4.30 C
2.50 C
2.47 A
2.38 A
2.29 A

2.53 D
3.72 A
3.87 A




2.00 F


4.12 B
-1.09 B

1.38 A
2.95 F
3.26 F
3.15 F
3.26 F






5.3 51 0.56 O







5.6 26 0.44 O



5.3 157 0.31 O
5.3 2 0.34 O
5.3 5.6 0.24 O



5.3 5.6 0.24 AB

3 219 0.29 O








* 11 0.63 O




7.3 85 0.19 O

1125 H

5000 H

31 H
240 H






10.7 H

13.100H

2800 G
5.6 H
5 H
10.6 H



110 H
150 H







2.7 G




1.17 H

47 H



o hoa tan trong
nc

Ten hoa hoc
Cong thc hoa
hoc
P C N H CASRN
Khoi lng
phan t,
g/mol mg/l
o
C S
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-
p-dioxin
1,1,1,2- Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
2,4,4,6- Tetrachlorophenol
Tetraethyl lead
Thallium
Thallium chloride
Thallium sulfate
Thioacetamide
Thiourea
Tolidine
Toluene
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
Toxaphene
Tribromomethane
1,2,4- Trichlorobezene
1,1,1- Trichloroethane
1,1,2- Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorfon
Trichlorofluoromethane
2,4,5- Trichlorophenol
2,4,6- Trichlorophenol
2,4,5- Trichlorophenoxy-
acetic acid
1,2,3,- Trichloropropane
1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
Trifluoroethane
1,3,5- Trimethylbenzene
n- Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Cis(2,3-dibromopropyl)
phosphate
Racli mustard
rethane
Vinyl chloride
-Xylene
-Xylene
-Xylene
Xylene
Zinc





C
6
H
2
Cl
4


C
12
H
4
Cl
4
O
2

C
2
H
2
Cl
4

C
2
Cl
4

C
6
H
2
Cl
4
O
2

C
8
H
20
Pb
TI
TICl
TI
2
O
8
S
C
2
H
5
NS
CH
4
N
2
S
C
14
H
16
N
2

C
7
H
8
C
7
H
9
NClH

C
10
H
10
Cl
8
(approx)
CHBr
3

C
6
H
3
Cl
3
C
2
H
3
Cl
3

C
2
H
3
Cl
3

C
2
HCl
3

C
4
H
8
Cl
3
O
4
P
CCl
3
F
C
6
H
3
Cl
3
O
C
6
H
3
Cl
3
O

C
8
H
5
Cl
3
O
3

C
3
H
5
Cl
3

C
2
Cl
3
F
3

C
9
H
12

C
7
H
5
N
3
O
6

C
9
H
15
Br
6
O
4
P
C
8
H
11
Cl
2
N
3
O
2

C
3
H
7
NO
2

C
2
H
3
Cl
C
8
H
10
C
8
H
10

C
8
H
10

C
8
H
10

Zn



P










P

P
P
P
P
P




P











P















C

C
C
C
C
C



C
C











C









N

N
N









N

N
N
N
N
N


N
N
N


N





N


N














H

H

H

H



H
H











H
H
H
H
H


95-94-3

1746-01-6
630-20-6
127-18-4
58-90-2
78-00-2
7440-28-0
7791-12-0
7446-18-6
62-55-5
62-55-6
119-93-7
108-88-3
636-21-5
8001-35-2
75-25-2
120-82-1
71-55-6
79-00-5
79-01-6
52-68-6
75-69-4
95-95-4
88-06-2

93-76-5
96-18-4

76-13-1
108-67-8
118-96-7

126-72-7
66-75-1
51-79-6
75-01-4
108-38-3
95-47-6
106-42-3
1330-20-7
7440-66-6

215.88

321.96
167.84
165.82
231.88
323.47
204.37
239.82
504.8
75.14
76.13
212.32
92.15
143.63
413.8
252.75
181.44
133.4
133.4
131.38
257.44
137.36
197.44
197.44

255.48
147.43

187.37
120.21
227.15

697.67
252.12
89.11
62.5
106.18
106.18
106.18
106.18
65.37
3.00*10
-1

2.00*10
-4

2.90*10
3

1.10*10
2

1.00*10
3

8.00*10
-1


2.90*10
3

4.88*10
4

9.18*10
5

7.35*10
5.15*10
2

1.50*10
4
5.00*10
-1

3.19*10
3
3.00*10
4.40*10
3

4.50*10
3

1.10*10
3

1.54*10
5
1.10*10
3

1.19*10
3

8.00*10
2


2.06*10
2

1.90*10
3

1.70*10


2.00*10
2

8.00
6.41*10
2


4.27*10
3

1.75*10
2

1.30*10
2
1.98*10
2

1.98*10
2

22

25
20
25

20


21

13

20

25
30
25
20
20
25
20
20
25
25

20
20

20

15

24


20
20
20
20
F

C
J
J
F
J

E
V

J
B
J
J
C
J
C
J
J
J
V
T
J
J

V
T

T

J

J
B

W
J
W
W
F
Bang 1: Nhiet dung rieng theo nhiet o ( gia tr ap suat khong oi) cua mot so chat
C
p
{J/(mol.
0
C)} hoac {J/(mol.K)} = a + bT+ cT
2
+ dT
3


Hp chat Cong thc Trang
thai
*

n v
nhiet o
a b * 10
2
c * 10
5
d * 10
9
Khoang nhiet o
Acetone
Air
Benzene
Carbon
tetrachloride
Cumene
Formaldehyde
n-Hexane
Hydrogen sulfide
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Methyl
cyclopentane
Toluene

Nc
CH
3
COCH
3


C
6
H
6


CCl
4

C
9
H
12

CH
2
O
C
6
H
14

H
2
S
CH
4

CH
3
OH

C
6
H
12

C
7
H
8


H
2
O
l
g
l
g
l
g
g
l
g
g
g
l
g
l
l
l
o
C
o
C


K
o
C
K
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
K
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
123.0
28.94
62.55
74.06
93.39
139.2
34.28
216.3
33.51
34.31
19.87
75.86
82.59
98.83
148.8
181.2
75.4
18.6
0.4147
23.4
32.95
12.98
53.76
4.268

1.547
5.469
5.021


45.857

0.3191

- 25.20

- 39.79
0.0000

0.3012
0.3661
1.268


- 30.44

- 1.965

77.57

120.5
- 8.694

- 3.292
- 11.00
-11.00


83.81
- 30 - 60
0 1500
279 350
0 1200
273 343
0 1200
0 1200
20 100
0 1500
0 1200
273 1500
0
40
0 1200
0
100
0 100
Chu y:
*
l = long ; g = kh
Nguon : cap nhat t Feble.R.M va R.W.Rousscau : Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes , 2
nd
cd ., John Wiley & Sons
, New York.1986 .

Bang 2: Nhiet nong chay 1 atm va bay hi tai nhiet o bay hi
Hp chat Cong thc Nhiet o
nong chay,
o
C
Nhiet nong chay,
cal/g
Nhiet o bay hi,
o
C
Nhiet hoa hi,
cal/g
Acetone
Benzene

Benzole acid
Carbon tetrachloride


Chlorobenzene
Cresol (p -)
Cyclohexane

Dibromobenzene (o-)
Diphenyl amine
Ethyl amine
Ethylbenzene

Methane
Methanol


Naphthalene
Toluene

Urethane
C
3
H
6
O
C
6
H
6


C
7
H
8
O
2

CCl
4



C
6
H
5
Cl
C
7
H
8
O
C
6
H
12


C
6
H
4
BR
2

C
12
H
11
N
C
2
H
7
N
C
8
H
10


CH
4

CH
4
O


C
10
H
8

C
7
H
8


C
3
H
7
NO
2

- 95.5
5.533

122.45
_


_
34.6
6.67

1.8
52.98
_
- 94.950

- 182.48
- 97.8


80.0
- 94.991

48.7
23.42
30.100

33.90
_


_
26.28
7.569

12.78
25.23
_
20.629

14.03
23.7


36.0
17.171

40.85
56
25
80.10
_
0
76.75
200
130.6
202
25
80.74
_
_
15
25
136.19
- 161.6
0
64.7
100
218
25
110.62
_
124.41
103.57
94.14
_
52.06
46.42
32.73
77.59
100.58
93.81
85.6
_
_
145.97
95.11
81.0
121.87
284.29
262.79
241.29
75.49
98.55
86.8
_
Nguon: Petty.R.H ,and D.W.Green ,eds : Perrys Chemical EngineerS Handbook ,7
th
ed ,McGraw-Hill ,New York ,pp.2-154
to 2-160 ,1997.
1 cal/g*0.004184 = KJ/g.




Bang 3: nhiet ot chay oi vi mot so chat thai tai ieu kien tieu chuan *
Chat nguy hai Nhiet chay,
kcal/g
Chat nguy hai Nhiet chay,
kcal/g
Trichloromonofluoromethane
Tribromomethane
Dichlorodiflouromethane
Tetrachloromethane
Tetranitromethane
Hexachloroethane
Dibromomethane
Pentachloroethane
Hexachloropropene
Chloroform
Chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde)
Cyanogen bromide
Trichloromethanetiol
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene)
Cyanohen chloride
Formic acid
Iodomethane
Tetrachloroethane, N.O.S
1,1,1,2- Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2- Tetrachloroethane
1,2-Dibromomethane
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Bromomethane
Dichloromethane
Trichloroethene
(Trichloroethylene)
Hexachlorobenzene
bis(chloromethyl) ether
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Kepone
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
Dichlorophenylaraine
Decachlorobiphenyl
Endosulfan
Nonachlorobiphenyl
Toxaphene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Bromoaceton
Dichloroethylene, N.O.S.
1,1- Dichloroethylene
Chlordane
Heptachlor epoxide
Phenylmercury acetate
Dichloropropane, N.O.S.
1,2-Dichloropropane
Methylparathion
Uracil mustard
Amitrole
Dimethoate
Tetraethyl lead
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol and salt
0.11
0.13
0.22
0.24
0.41
0.46
0.50
0.53
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.81
0.84
1.12

1.19
1.29
1.32
1.34
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.43
1.48
1.62
1.70
1.70

1.74
1.79
1.97
1.99
1.99
2.05
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.15
2.23
2.31
2.33
2.50
2.50
2.61
2.66
2.70
2.70
2.71
2.71
2.71
3.99
3.99
4.00
4.00
4.01
4.02
4.04
4.06
Octachlorobiphenyl
Acetyl chloride
Trichloropropane,N.O.S.
1,2,3- Trichloropropane
Dichloropropanol, N.O.S
Dimethyl sulfate
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-Trichlophenol
2,4,6-Trichlophenol
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
Heptachlorobiphenyl
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
trans-1,2-Dichloroethane
Phenyl dichloroarsine
N-Nitrosoarcosine
Azaserine
2-Fluoroacetamide
Chloromethane
Hexachlorobiphenyl
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-
1,4,4a,5,7,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-
endo,endo-dimethanonaphthalene
Benzenearsonic acid
Maleic anhydride
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
TCDD
Dichloropropene,N.O.S
1,3- Dichloropropene
Endrin
Chloromethyl methyl ether
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide and
hydrochloride salts
Parathion
2,4-D
Pentachlorobiphenyl
1,3-Propane sultone
Methyl methanosulfonate
Aldrin
Nitroglycerine
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Hexachlorophene
Tripan blue
Benzotrichloride
Cycasin
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
Cyclphosphamide
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)
propionaldehyde-o-
(methylcarbonyl) oxime 2-sec-
Butyl-4,6 dinitrophenol (DNBP)
p-Nitroaniline
Chlorobenzilate
Dieldrin
2,4,5-TP
Methoxychlor
2.72
2.77
2.81
2.81
2.84
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.88
2.89
2.98
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.12
3.19
3.21
3.24
3.25
3.28
3.38



3.38
3.40
3.40
3.40
3.43
3.44
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.52

3.56
3.61
3.62
3.66
3.67
3.74
3.75
3.79
3.81
3.82
3.84
3.90
3.92
3.92
3.97


5.34
-5.46
5.50
5.50
5.56
5.58
N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
Mustard gas
Maleic hydrazide
Dinitrobenzene, N.O.S.
N-Nitroso-N-methylurethane
1,2-Dichloro-2-butene
Nitrogen mustard and hydrochloride salt
Tetrachlorobiphenyl
Hydrazine
Vinyl chloride
Formaldehye
Saccharin
3-Chloropropionitrile
DDT
Thiourea
1-Acetyl-2- Thiourea
Thiosemicarbazide
Dichlorobenzene, N.O.S.
Ethyl cuanide
bis (2-chloroethoxy) methane
2,4- Dinitrotoluene
Isocyanicacid, methyl ester
7-Oxabicyclo (2.2.1)-heptane-2,3-
dicarboxylic acid
Ethyl carbamate
5-(Aminomethyl)-3-isoxazolol
Methylthiouracil
4,4-Methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline)
bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether
4-Nitrophenol
DDE
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
p-Chloro-m-cresol
Dichloromethylbenzene
Trichlorobiphenyl
DDD
Dimethylnitrosoamine
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Dietylarsine
Phthalic anhydride
1-(o-chlorophenyl) thiourea
N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
di-n-octyl phthalate
Reserpine
Methyl hydrazine
Cyanogen
Ethylene oxide
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
2-Chlorophenol
N-phenylthioerea
Acrolein
2-butanone peroxide
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
1,4-Naphthoquinone
3-(alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxy-
coumarin and salts (wafarin)
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
N-Nitrosopiperidine
N-Nitrosonomicotine
Phenacetin

4.06
4.06
4.10
4.15
4.18
4.27

4.28
4.29
4.44
4.45
4.47
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.51
4.55
4.55
4.57
4.57
4.60
4.68
4.69

4.70
4.73
4.78
4.79

4.84
4.93
4.95
5.05
5.08
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.14
5.14
5.14
5.25
5.29
5.30


6.64
7.67
6.70
6.78
6.79
6.86
6.86
6.89
6.93
6.96
6.96
6.97
6.97


4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
Diallate
Daunomycin
Ethylenebisdithiocarbamate
3.3-Dichlorobenzidine
Pronamide
Aflatoxins
Disulfoton
Diepoxybutane
Dimethyl phthalate
Glycidylaldehyde
Acrylamide
3,3-Dimethyl-1-(methylthio)-2-
butanone-0-(methylamino)
carbonyl oxime
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Thiuram
Methanethiol
Tolulene diisocyanate
Chlorambucil
Thioacetamide
Ethylenethiorea
Malononitrile
5-Nitro-o-toluidine
Notrobenzene
3,4-Dihydroxy-alpha-
(methylamino)methyl benzene
alcohol
Benzoquinone
N-Nitrosomethylethylamone
p-Chloroaniline
Benzyl chloride
Resorcinol
Propylthiouracil
Paraldehyde
Dichlorobiphenyl
Diethyl phthalate
Dioxane
2-Methylacetonitrile
N-Nitrosopyrrolidone
Methyl methacrylate
Chlorobenzene
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
Cresylic acid
Cresol
Toluene diamine
Acetophenone
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Ethyl cyanide
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Benzenethiol
N-Nitrosodi-N-nutylamine
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Indenol(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Diethylstilbestrol
1-Naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine
Methacrylonitrile
Isobutyl alcohol
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
5.59
5.59
5.62
5.70
5.70
5.72
5.72
5.73
5.73
5.74
5.74
5.74
5.75


5.82
5.84
5.85
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.95
5.98
5.98
5.98
6.01


6.05
6.07
6.13
6.14
6.18
6.19
6.28
6.30
6.36
6.39
6.41
6.43
6.43
6.52
6.60
6.63
8.07
8.09
8.18
8.24
8.26
8.29
8.32
8.42
8.43
8.46
8.51
8.52
8.54
8.54
8.54
8.55
8.62
Ethyl metacrylate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
Acetonitrile
4-aminopyridine
2-Chloronaphthalene
2-Propyn-1-o1
1-Naphthyl-2-thiourea
Isosafrole
Dihydrosafrole
Safrole
Auramine
Crotonaldehyde
Akyl alcohol
Monochlorobiphenyl
Phenol
Phenylenediamine
Di-n-propylnitrosoamine
Pyridine
Ethyleneeimine
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
2-Acetylaminofluorine
Acrylonitrile
Methapyrilene
Strychnine and salts


7.00
7.02
7.04
7.07
7.17
7.27
7.34
7.36
7.37
7.37
7.37
7.43
7.50
7.62
7.66
7.68
7.69
7.73
7.75
7.75
7.78
7.81
7.83
7.83
7.86
7.87
7.87
7.91
7.82
7.93
7.93
8.03
2-picoline
Aniline
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
3,3-dimethoxybenzidine
7N-Dibenzo (c.g) carbazole
Benz(c)acridine
Nicotine & salt
4-Aminobiphenyl
Diphenylamine
2-Methylaziridine
Benzidine
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(j)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
Fluoranthene
Benz(a)anthracene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
(Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene)
Dibenz(a,h)acrisdine
Dibenz(a,j)acrisdine
alpha,alpha-Dimethyl-
phenethylamine
3-Methylcholanthrene
n-Propylamine
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Naphthlene
Benzene
Toluene

8.68
8.72
8.73
8.73
8.81
8.90
8.92
8.92
9.00
9.09
9.09
9.18
9.25
9.25
9.25
9.33
9.33
9.33
9.35
9.39

9.40
9.53
9.53

9.54
9.57
9.58
9.61
9.62
10.03
10.14

Nguon: US.EPA:Hazardous Waste Incinerator Inspection Manual,1989.
* Ghi chu: ieu kien tieu chuan = 298.15
o
K va 101.325 kPa

Bang 4: nhiet tao thanh va nang lng t do e tao thanh
Hp chat Trang thai Nhiet tao thanh 25
0
C,
Kcal/mol
Nang lng t do tai
25
0
C, kcal/mol
Cyclohexan

Benzene
Ethylene
Acetone
Isobutanol
SO
SO
2

SO
3


CO
CO
2

NO
N
2
O
Kh
Long
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
Long
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
-29.43
-37.34
19.820
12.496
-51.79
-69.05
19.02
-70.94
-94.39
-103.03
-26.416
-94.052
21.600
19.55
7.59
6.39
30.989
16.282
-36.45
-38.25
12.75
-71.68
-88.59
-88.28
-32.808
-94.260
20-719
24.82
Nguon: Perry.R.H..and D.W.Green. eds: Perry s Chemical Engineer sHandbook 7

th ed.. McGraw- Hill,New York.Table 2-
220 and 2-221,1997.


TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Michael D.LaGrega, Phillip L. Buckingham, Jeffrey C. Evans and Environmental
Resources Management Hazardous Waste Management Mc Graw Hill, 1
st
Edition 1994
and 2
nd
Edition 2001.
2. Harry M. Freeman Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal
Mc Graw Hill, 2
nd
Edition 1998
3. Calvin R. Brunner, P.E., D.E.E Hazardous Waste Incineration Mc Graw Hill, 2
nd

Edition 1993
4. U.S. Department of Transportation 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
1997
6. Chris Kent Basics of Toxicology John Wiley &Sons, INC 1998
7. M. Ruchirawat, R.C. Shank Environmental Toxicology Vol. 1,2,3 Chulabhorn
Research Institute 1996
8. Abu Baker Che Man, David Gold An Toan Va Sc Khoe Khi S Dung Hoa Chat Tai Ni
Lam Viec Bo Lao ong Thng Binh Xa Hoi
9. Nguyen c an, Nguyen Ngoc Nga Tac Hai Nghe Nghiep Bien Phap An Toan Tap
1. Nha Xuat Ban Xay Dng 1996
10. The Ngha Ky Thuat An Toan Trong San Xuat Va S Dung Hoa Chat Nha Xuat Ban
Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat, 2000
11. Tran Kim Tien Ky Thuat An Toan Trong Phong Th Nghiem Hoa Hoc Nha Xuat Ban
Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat, 2001
12. Trnh Th Thanh oc Hoc Moi Trng Va Sc Khoe Con Ngi Nha Xuat Ban ai
Hoc Quoc Gia Ha Noi, 2000
13. Hoang Van Bnh oc Chat Hoc Cong Nghiep Va D Phong Nhiem oc Nha Xuat
Ban Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat, 2002
14. Quy Che Quan Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai, ban hanh kem theo quyet nh so 155/1999/Q-
TTg ngay 16/07/1999 cua Thu Tng Chnh Phu.
15. TCVN 6705,6706,6707 -2000
16. Uy Ban Nhan Dan Tnh ong Nai Qui nh An Toan Ve Thu Gom, Lu Gi, Van
Chuyen, X Ly Va Tieu Huy Chat Thai Nguy Hai Tren a Ban Tnh ong Nai 7/2001
17. Tai lieu khoa tap huan Quan Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai do USEPA va Cong Ty Sonadezi
to chc, 2002
18. Nguyen Ngoc Chau So Tay Hng Dan Nhng Van e Chung Ve Chat Thai Nguy
Hai S Khoa Hoc Cong Nghe Va Moi Trng Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh, 2002.
19. GS.TS Nguyen c Khien Quan Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai, Nha Xuat Ban Xay Dng,
2003.
20. Trnh Th Thanh, Nguyen Khac Kinh Quan Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai, Nha Xuat Ban ai
Hoc Quoc Gia Ha Noi, 2005.