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LI GII MT S BI TP
TON CAO CP 2
Li gii mt s bi tp trong ti liu ny dng tham kho. C mt s bi tp do mt
s sinh vin gii. Khi hc, sinh vin cn la chn nhng phng php ph hp v n
gin hn. Chc anh ch em sinh vin hc tp tt
BI TP V HNG CA MA TRN
Bi 1:
Tnh hng ca ma trn:
2 4 3 1 0
1 2 1 4 2 1
2
1) A =
0 1 1 3 1
1 7 4 4 5
1 2 1 4
2 4 3 1
0 1 1 3
1 7 4 4
2
0
1
5
1 2 1 4 2
0 0 1 9 4
2 3
0 1 1 3 1
0 5 3 0
3
1 2 1 4 2
0 1 1 3 1
0 0 1 9 4
0 5 3 0
3
2(5)+4
1 2 1 4 2
0 1 1 3 1 3(2)+ 4
0 0 1 9 4
0 0 2 15 8
1 2 1 4 2
0 1 1 3 1
0 0 1 9 4
0 0 0 33 0
h1(2)+2
1(1)+4
( ) = 4
2)
A=
0 2 4
1 4 5
1 2
3 1
7
0 5 10
2 3
0
1
2
1 4 5
0 2 4 1(3)+ 3
1( 2 )+ 4
3 1
7
0 5 10
2 3
0
1 4
5
2
11
+
3
(
)
0
1
2 2( 5)+ 4
2(5)+ 5
0 11 22
0
5 10
0 5 10
1 4
5
0
2
4
0 11 22
0
5 10
0 5 10
1 4 5
0 1 2
0 0 0 ( ) = 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 1 3 2 4 1(2)+2 2 1 3 2 4
1)+3
2) A = 4 2 5 1 7 1(
0 0 1 5 1
2 1 1 8 2
0 0 2 10 2
2 1 3 2 4
0 0 1 5 1 ( ) = 2
0 0 0 0 0
h2(-2)+3
3)
A=
1 3 5 1
2 1 5 4
5 1 1 7
7 7 9 1
1( 2)+2
( 5)+3
1
1( 7 )+4
1 3
5 1
0 7 15 6
0 0
1
0
0 0
4 6
3
6
1 3
5 1
( 2 )+3
2
0 7 15 6 2( 2)+4
0 14 24 12
0 14 26 6
4 4 +4
( )
1 3
5 1
0 7 15 6
0 0
1
0
0 0
0 6
1 3
5 1
0 7 15 6
0 0
6
0
0 0
4 6
( ) = 4
4)
A=
3
5
1
7
1 3 2
3 2 3
3 5 0
5 1 4
5
4
7
1
3
1
1
5
3
7
3 5 0 7 1( 5)+2
)+3
1( 3
3 2 3 4 1
( 7 )+4
1 3 2 5
5 1 4 1
1 3 5 0 7
( 3)+3
2
0 4 9 1 8 2
( 4 )+4
0 12 27 3 31
0 16 36 4 48
1 3 5 0 7
0 4 9 1 8 = 3
( )
0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 0
3 2
2
16
+ 4
7
5)
1 3 5 0 7
0 12 27 3 31
0 8 18 2 16
0 16 36 4 48
1 3 5 0 7
0 4 9 1 8
0 0 0 0 7
0 0 0 0 16
A=
2 2 1 5 1
1 0 4 2 1
2 1 5 2 1 1 2
1 2 2 6 1
3 1 8 1 1
1 2 3 7 2
1 0 4 2 1
2 2 1 5 1
2 1 5 2 1
1 2 2 6 1
3 1 8 1 1
1 2 3 7 2
1( 2)+ 2
1( 2)+ 3
1+ 4
1(3)+ 5
1( 1)+ 6
1 0
4 2 1
0 2 7 9 3
0 1 3 2 1
2 3
0 2 6 8 2
0 1 4 5 2
0 2 7 9 3
2( 2)+ 3
2( 2)+ 4
2+ 5
2(2)+ 6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 4 2 1
1 3 2 1
0 1 3 1
0 0 4 0
0 1 3 1
0 1 3 1
3+ 5
3( 1)+ 6
1 0 4 2 1
0 1 3 2 1
0 2 7 9 3
0 2 6 8 2
0 1 4 5 2
0 2 7 9 3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 4 2 1
1 3 2 1
0 1 3 1 = 4
( )
0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
6)
A=
1 1 2 3
4
2 1 1 2
0 1(2)+ 2
1+ 3
1 2 1 1
3
1(1)+ 4
1(3)+ 5
1 5 8 5 12
3 7 8 9 13
2 3
1 1 2
3
4
0 3 5 4 8
0 1
1
3
7
0 6 10 8 16
0 4 2
0
1
1 1 2
3
4
0 1
1
3
7 2(3)+ 3
2(6)+ 4
0 3 5 4 8
2( 4)+ 5
0 6 10 8 16
0 4 2
0
1
h3( 1)+ 4
3+ 5
1 1 2
3
4
0 1 1
3
7
5( 4)+ 3
0 0 8 13 29
0 0 0
0
0
0 0 2 1
0
1 1 2
3
4
0 1
1
3
7
0 0 8 13 29
0 0 16 26 58
0 0
6
12
29
1 1 2 3
4
0 1 1 3
7
0 0 0 9 29
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 2 1 0
4 3
h5
1 1 2
3
4
0 1 1
3
7
0 0 2 1 0 ( ) = 4
0 0 0 9 29
0 0 0 0
0
7)
A=
3 2 7 8
1 0
5 8 1 2
4 2 2 0
1 0
3 7
2(1)+ 3
1
0
0
0
0 5 8
2 22 32
0 0
0
0 8
1
1 0
5 8
1(3)+
3 2 7 8 1(4)+ 3
1+ 4
4 2 2 0
1 0
3 7
3 4
1
0
0
0
1 0
5
8
0 2 22 32
0 2 22 32
0 0
8
1
0 5 8
2 22 32 ( ) = 3
0 8 1
0 0
0
8)
A=
1 3 3 4
1( 4)+ 2
4 7 2 1
1( 3)+ 3
1( 2)+ 4
3 5 1 0
2 3 0 1
2+ 3
2+ 4
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
5
1 3 3 4
1
3
0 5 10 15
4
1
0 4 8 12 4 3
0 3 6 9
1 3 3 4
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
3 4
2 3 ( ) = 2
0 0
0 0
9)
A=
1
7
17
3
3
1
1
4
2(1)+ 3
2(1) 4
10)
1 6
1(7)+ 2
3 10 1(17 )+ 3
1(3)+ 4
7 22
2 10
1 3 1 6
1
0 20 4 32 2 4
1
0 50 10 80 3 10
0 5 1 8
1 3 1 6
0 5 1 8 ( ) = 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 3 1 6
0 5 1 8
0 5 1 8
0 5 1 8
A=
0 1 10 3
2 0 4 1
16 4 52 9
8 1 6 7
1 2
2 0 4
2( 4 )+ 3
0 1 10
2+ 4
0 0 20
0 0 0
Bi 2:
Bin lun theo tham s
3 1 1
4 10
A
=
1)
1 7 17
2 2 4
1
3
5
0
2 0
4 1
0 1 10
3
0 4 20 17
0 1 10 3
( ) = 3
hng ca cc ma trn:
3 1
4
1 2 4 2 2
3
1 7
4
1
2
h1
1
4
3
1
3
2
1 2
4
2
0 1
5
5
0 7 15 5
0 2
6 2
2 4 2
1 1 3
7 17 1
4 10
1 8 + 3
( )
1( 4 )+ 4
2 0 4 1
0 1 10 3
16 4 52 9
8 1 6 7
1( 4)+2
( 3)+3
1
1( 1)+4
1
4
17
10
4
1
3
1
4
1
1 2
4
2
0 7 15 5
0 1
5
5
0 2
6 2
2
7
+3
(
)
2 2 +4
( )
1
0
0
0
4
1
3
1
1 1 3
2 4 2
7 17 1
4 10
2 4
2
1 5
5
0 20 40
0 4 + 8
1 2 4
2
0 1 5 5
0 0 20 40
0 0 0
Vy :
- Nu = 0 th r(A) = 3
- Nu 0 th r(A) = 4
1
3 + 4
5
2) A =
1
2
1 1 4
4 10 1 2 4
7 17 3
2 4 3
3
2
1
1 1 4
2 4 3 1 4
7 17 3
4 10 1
4
3
3
1
1 1 3
2 4 2
7 17 1
4 10
2
c1
1
2
7
4
4 1 3
3 4 2
3 17 1
1 10
1( 2)+2
( 7 )+3
1
1( 4)+4
1 4 1 3
0 5 2 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
Vy:
- Nu = 0 th r(A) = 2
- Nu 0 th r(A) = 3
2( 5)+3
2( 3)+4
A
=
3)
4 1 3 3
0 6 10 2 2 4
1 4 7 2
6 8 2
h1( 4 )+3
1( 6 )+4
4) A =
3
0
1
3
3
1
1
2 2
4
3
1
0
4
6
2 7 4
2 10 6
3 3 1
2 8
1 2
7
4
0 1
5
3
0 5 25 15
0 10 50 24
1 2 7
4
0 1 5 3
0 0 0 +6
0 0 0
0
th r(A) = 2
th r(A) = 3
9 14 1
6 10 2 2 4
4 7 2
1 2
h1(3)+3
1( 3)+4
1 4 1 3
0 5 2 4
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
3 3 1
2 10 6
2 7 4
2 8
1 2
7
4
0 2
10
6
0 5 25 15
0 10 50 24
1 2 7
4
0 1 5
3
0
0 0 0
0 0 0 + 6
Vy:
- Khi + 6 = 0 = 6
- Khi + 6 0 6
2(5)+ 3
2(10 )+ 4
4
3
4
0
1
6
1 4
1
3
0 5 2
4
0 25 10 20
0 15 6 12
3
0
1
3
1 2
7
4
0 2 10
6
0 7
35
21
0 4 20 12
1 14 9
2 10 6 1 3
2 7 4
2 1
1
2
1
0
3
3
2 7 4
2 10 6
1 14 9
2 1
1 2
7
4
0 1
5
3
0 7
35
21
0 4 20 12
h2( 7 )+3
2( 4 )+4
Vy :
-
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
7 4
5 3 3 4
0 0
Nu = 0 th r(A) = 2
Nu 0 th r(A) = 3
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
7 4
5 3
0
0 0
BI TP V MA TRN NGHCH O
V PHNG TRNH MA TRN
Bi 1:
Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn sau:
3 4
1) A =
5 7
Ta c:
1
5
1 3
1
0
1 + 2 3 4
3 4 1 0
3
2(3) 1
(A I)=
0 1 5 1
5 7 0 1
0
3
3
4 1
0
3 3
1 5 3
4
2 + 1
1 0 7 4
7 4
3
1
0 1 5 3
5 3
1 2
2) A =
4 9
Ta c:
1
9 2 9 2
1
1
A = 1 2 =
=
=
1.(9) (2).4 4 1 4 1
4 9
1
3) A =
Ta c:
(A I) =
3 4 5
2 3 1
3 5 1
3 4 5 1 0 0
2 3 1 0 1 0
3 5 1 0 0 1
1 1 4 1 1 0
2(1) + 1
2 3 1 0 1 0
3 5 1 0 0 1
1 1 4
1 1 4 1 1 0
1 1 0
1( 2)+2
2) + 3
1
0 1 7 2 3 0 2(
0 1 7 2 3 0
( 3)+3
0 2 13 3 3 1
0 0 1 1 3 1
1 1 4 1 1 0
1 1 0 3 11 4
3
7
+2
( )
1)
2(
0 1 7 2 3 0 3
0 1 0 5 18 7
( 4)+1
0 0 1 1 3 1
0 0 1 1 3 1
1 0 0 8 29 11
2+1
0 1 0 5 18 7
0 0 1 1 3 1
Vy ma trn A l ma trn kh nghch v A = 5
1
-1
2
4) A = 3
1
Ta c:
2
(A I)= 3
1
29
18
3
11
7
1
7 3
9 4
5 3
1 5 3 0 0 1
7 3 1 0 0
31
9 4 0 1 0
3 9 4 0 1 0
5 3 0 0 1
2 7 3 1 0 0
1 5 3 0 0 1
0 6 5 0 1 3
0 3 3 1 0 2
1( 3)+2
1( 2 )+3
1 5 3 0 0 1
32
0 3 3 1 0 2
0 6 5 0 1 3
1 5 3 0 0 1 2 1 1 5 3 0 0
3
1
h2(-2)+3
0 3 3 1 0 2 0 1 1
0
3
0 0 1 2 1 1
0 0 1 2 1
1 5 0 6 3 2
5
1
0 1 0
1
3
3
0 0 1 2 1
1
h3( 1)+2
3( 3)+1
7
1
0
0
5
5)+1
2(
0 1 0
3
0 0 1 2
7
1
3
3
1
5
1 =
1
3
3
1
2 1
1 2 2
5) A = 2 1 2
2 2 1
Ta c:
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
1 2 2 1 0 0 h1( 2 ) + h 2 1 2 2 1 0 0
h1( 2 ) + h 3
A = 2 1 2 0 1 0
0 3 6 2 1 0
2 2 1 0 0 1
0 6 3 2 0 1
1
h 2
1 2 2 1 0
3
1 2 2 1 0 0
1
h 3
2
1
h 2( 2 ) + h 3
9
0 3 6 2 1 0 0 1 2
3
3
0 0 9 2 2 1
2
2
0 0 1
9
9
5 4
2
1 2
1 2 0 9 9 9
1 0 0 9 9
h 3( 2 ) + h 2
2 1
2 h 2( 2 ) + h1
2 1
h 3( 2 ) + h1
0 1 0
0 1 0
9 9
9
9 9
0 0 1 2 2 1
0 0 1 2 2
9
9 9
9
9
2
1 2
9 9
9
2 1
2
1
A =
9 9
9
2 2 1
9 9
9
Bi 2
Gii cc phng trnh ma trn sau
1 2
3 5
1)
X =
3 4
5 9
1 2
3 5
t A =
; B =
3 4
5 9
Ta c: AX = B X = A1 B
1
2
1 2
4 2
1 d b
1
A =
=
= 3
ad bc c a 1.4 2.3 3 1
3 4
2
2 1
3 5 1 1
X = 3 1
=
5 9
2 3
2
2
3 2 1 2
2) X
=
5 4 5 6
1
10
1
1
9
2
9
3 2
1
t A =
; B =
5 4
5
Ta c: XA = B X = BA1
1
2
3 2
4 2
1 d b
1
A =
=
= 5
ad bc c a 3.(4) 5.(2) 5 3
5 4
2
2 1
1 2 = 3 2
X =5
3
5 6 5 4
2
2
1
1 2 3
1 3
3) 3 2 4 X = 10 2
2 1 0
10 7
Gii:
1 2 3
1
t A = 3 2 4 ; B = 10
2 1 0
10
Ta c: AX = B X = A1 B
7
8
3 0
2 7
7 8
Bng phng php tm ma trn nghch o ta c:
4 3 2 1 3 0 6 4
Suy ra: X = 8 6 5 10 2 7 = 2 1
7 5 4 10 7 8 3 3
5 3 1 8 3 0
4) X 1 3 2 = 5 9 0
5 2 1 2 15 0
5 3 1
8 3 0
t A = 1 3 2 ; B = 5 9 0
5 2 1
2 15 0
1
Ta c: XA = B X = BA
Bng phng php tm ma trn nghch o ta c:
11
4 3 2
A = 8 6 5
7 5 4
2
3
1
1
3
2
1
3
1
19 19 19
9
10
11
1
A =
19
19
19
13 25 18
19
19
19
Suy ra:
8 3 0 19
9
X = BA1 = A = 5 9 0
2 15 0 19
13
19
3
19 1 2 3
11
= 4 5 6
19
7 8 9
18
19
1
19
10
19
25
19
3 1 5 6 14 16
5)
X
=
5 2 7 8 9 10
3 1
5 6
14 16
t A =
; B =
; C =
5 2
7 8
9 10
Ta c: AXB = C X = A1CB 1
1
3 1
2 1
A =
=
5 2
5 3
1
4 3
5 6
1
B =
5
= 7
7 8
2
2
Suy ra:
4 3
4 3
2 1 14 16
19 22
1 2
X =
=
5 =
5
7
7
3 4
5 3 9 10
43 50
2
2
2
2
1
12
BI TP V
H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH
Bi 1:
Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
7 x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 = 15
1) 5 x1 3 x2 + 2 x3 = 15
10 x 11x + 5 x = 36
2
3
1
Gii:
Ta c:
7
2 3 15
2 5 1 0
2 5 1 0
h 2( 1)+ h1
h1( 2)+ h 2
5 3 2 15 1 13 0 15
( A B ) = 5 3 2 15
h 2( 2) + h 3
10 11 5 36
0 5 1 6
0 5 1 6
1
2
0
h 2(5) + h 3
0
0
h1 h 2
13 0 15
1 13 0 15
1 13 0 15
h1( 2) + h 2
h3(6) + h 2
5 1 0 0 31 1 30
0 1 7 6
0 5 1 6
5 1 6
0 5 1 6
13 0 15
1
7 6
0 36 36
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi h phng trnh:
x1 13 x2 = 15
x1 = 2
x2 + 7 x3 = 6 x2 = 1
36 x = 36
x = 1
3
3
2 x1 + x2 2 x3 = 10
2) 3x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 = 1
5 x + 4 x + 3 x = 4
1
2
3
Gii:
Ta c:
2 1 2 10 h1( 1)+ h 2 2 1 2 10
1 1 4 9
h1( 2)+ h 3
h1 h 2
( A B ) = 3 2 2 1 1 1 4 9 2 1 2 10
5 4 3 4
1 2 7 16
1 2 7 16
1 1
4 9
1 1
4 9
h 2+ h 3
0 1 10 28 0 1 10 28
0 1
0 0 7 21
3 7
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi h phng trnh:
h1( 2) + h 2
h1( 1) + h 2
13
x1 + x2 + 4 x3 = 9
x1 = 1
x2 10 x3 = 28 x2 = 2
7 x = 21
x = 3
3
3
x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 3
3) 2 x1 + 5 x2 4 x3 = 5
3x + 4 x + 2 x = 12
2
3
1
Gii:
Ta c:
1 2 1 3
1 2 1 3
1 2 1 3
h1( 2)+ h 2
h 2(2) + h 3
0 1 2 1
0 1 2 1
( A B ) = 2 5 4 5
h1( 3) + h 3
3 4 2 12
0 2 5 3
0 0 1 1
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi h phng trnh:
x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 3 x1 = 2
x2 2 x3 = 1 x2 = 1
x = 1
x = 1
3
3
2 x1 + x2 3x3 = 1
4) 5 x1 + 2 x2 6 x3 = 5
3 x x 4 x = 7
3
1 2
Gii:
Ta c:
2 1 3 1
1 2 1 6
1 2 1 6
h3( 1)+ h1
h1( 1)+ h 2
1 4 2 9
0 2 1 3
( A B ) = 5 2 6 5
h 3( 2) + h 2
h1(3) + h 3
3 1 4 7
3 1 4 7
0 5 1 11
1 2 1 6
1 2 1 6
1 2 1 6
h 2 h3
h 2( 2)+ h3
0 2 1 3 0 1 3 5 0 1 3 5
0 1 3 5
0 0 7 7
0 2 1 3
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi h phng trnh:
x1 + 2 x2 + x3 = 6
x1 = 3
x2 = 2
x2 3 x3 = 5
7 x = 7
x = 1
3
3
h 2( 2) + h 3
2 x1 + x2 2 x3 = 8
5) 3x1 + 2 x2 4 x3 = 15
5 x + 4 x x = 1
2
3
1
14
Gii:
Ta c:
2 1
( A B ) = 3 2
5 4
h 2+ h 3
0
0
2 8
1 1 2 7
1 1 2 7
h 2( 1) + h1
h1(3) + h 2
4 15
3 2 4 15
0 1 2 6
h 2( 2) + h 3
h1( 1) + h3
1 0 7 29
0 1 5 22
1 1
1 2 7
1 2 6
0 7 28
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi h phng trnh:
x1 x2 + 2 x3 = 7
x1 = 1
x2 = 2
x2 + 2 x3 = 6
7 x = 28
x = 4
3
3
x1 + 2 x2 3x3 = 1
6) 2 x1 + 5 x2 8 x3 = 4
3 x + 8 x 13 x = 7
2
3
1
Gii:
Ta c:
1 2 3 1
1 2 3 1
1 2 3 1
h1( 2)+ h 2
h 2( 2) + h 3
0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2
( A B ) = 2 5 8 4
h1( 3) + h 3
3 8 13 7
0 2 4 4
0 0 0 0
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi h phng trnh:
x1 = 3 x3
x1 = 3 t
x1 + 2 x2 3 x3 = 1
x2 = 2 + 2 x3 x2 = 2 + 2t ( t R )
x2 2 x3 = 2
x tu
x = t
3
3 y
Bi 2:
Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
2 x1 + 2 x2 x3 + x4 = 4
4 x + 3x x + 2 x = 6
1
2
3
4
1)
8 x1 + 5 x2 3 x3 + 4 x4 = 12
3x1 + 3 x2 2 x3 + 2 x4 = 6
Gii:
Ta c:
15
4
A B) =
8
2
3
5
3
h2( 3) + h3 0
( 2 ) + h2
1 4 h1
1
1
2 2
h1( 4 ) + h3
h1 3 + h4
2 6
0 1
1
0
2
0 3
4 12
1
0
2 6
0 0 1/ 2 1/ 2
2
1
1
4
2 2 1
1
1
0 2 h3( 1/4)+ h4 0 1 1
0 0 2
0
2
0
2
0 1/ 2 1/ 2 0
0 0 0
1
1
3
2
2 x1 + 2 x2 x3 +
x2 +
x3
Khi (1)
2 x3
T (4) x4 = 1
Th x4 = 1 vo (3) x3 = 1
Th x3 vo (2) ta c: x2 = 1
Th x3, x2, x4 vo (1) ta c: x1 = 1
x4 =
1
1
x4 =
2
2
( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
2
4
0
1
4
0
2
0
2
1/ 2 1/ 2
( 4)
x1 = 1
x = 1
2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
hay (1, 1, -1, -1)
x
=
1
3
x4 = 1
2 x1 + 3x2 + 11x3 + 5 x4 = 2
x + x + 5x + 2 x = 1
1 2
3
4
2)
2 x1 + x2 + 3x3 + 2 x4 = 3
x1 + x2 + 3x3 + 4 x4 = 3
Gii:
Ta c:
2 3 11 5 2
1
1 1 5 2 1 h1 h2 2
( A / B) =
2
2 1 3 2 3
1 1 3 4 3
1
1 5 2 1
3 11 5 2
1 3 2 3
1 3 4 3
16
0
0
1
1
1 1 1 0 h2+ h3 0
0
1 7 2 5
0 2 2 4
0
h3(-3) + h4 0
1
1
h1( 2 ) + h2
h1( 2 ) + h3
h1( 1) + h4
1
1
1 1 1 0 h3 h4 0
0
0 6 1 5
0 2 2 4
0
1 1 1 0
0 2 2 4
0 6 1 5
0
0 2 2 4
0 0 7 7
(1)
x1 + x2 + 5 x3 + 2 x4 = 1
x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
(2)
Suy ra: (2)
2 x3 + 2 x4 = 4
(3)
7 x4 = 7
(4)
T (4) x4 = 1
Th x4 = 1 vo (3) x3 = 1
Th x3, x4 vo (2) ta c: x2 = 0
Th x3, x2, x4 vo (1) ta c: x1 = 2
5
1
2
1
x1 = 2
x = 0
2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
x3 = 1
x 4 = 1
hay (-2, 0, 1, -1)
2 x1 + 7 x2 + 3 x3 + x4 = 6
3) 3x1 + 5 x2 + 2 x3 + 2 x4 = 4
9 x + 4 x + x + 7 x = 2
1
2
3
4
2 7 3 1 6
1 2 1 1 2
h2(-1)+ h1
3 5 2 2 4
( A / B ) = 3 5 2 2 4
9 4 1 7 2
9 4 1 7 2
1 2 1 1 2
1 2 1 1 2
h2(-2)+ h3
0 11 5 1 10
0 11 5 1 10
0 22 10 2 20
0 0 0 0 0
Phng trnh a cho tng ng vi phng trnh:
h1(3)+h2
h1(3)+h3
17
(1)
x1 + 2 x2 + x3 x4 = 2
11x2 + 5 x3 x4 = 10 (2)
(2) : x4 = 11x2 + 5 x3 10
(1) x1 + 2 x2 + x3 ( 11x2 + 5 x3 10 ) = 2 x1 = 9 x2 4 x3 + 8
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l:
x1 = - 9t - 4 s + 8
x1 = 9 x2 4 x3 +8
x = t
x tu
2
2 y y
( t , s R )
hay
x
=
s
x
tu
y
y
3
2
x =11t + 5s 10
x
=
11
x
+
5
x
10
4
2
3
4
3x1 5 x2 + 2 x3 + 4 x4 = 2
4) 7 x1 4 x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 5
5 x + 7 x 4 x 6 x = 3
2
3
4
1
Ta c:
3 5 2 4 2
3 5 2 4 2
h1(-2) + h2
( A / B ) = 7 4 1 3 5 1 6 3 5 1
5 7 4 6 3
5 7 4 6 3
1 6 3 5 1 h1( 3) + h 2 1 6 3 5 1
h1( 5) + h 3
h1 h 2
3 5 2 4 2
0 23 11 19 1
5 7 4 6 3
0 23 11 19 2
1 6 3 5 1
h 2( 1) + h 3
0 23 11 19 1
0 0
0 0 1
x1 + 6 x2 3 x3 5 x4 = 0
Suy ra: (4) 23 x2 + 11x3 + 19 x4 = 1
0 = 1
2 x1 x2 + x3 x4 = 1
2 x x
3 x4 = 2
1 2
5)
x3 + x4 = 3
3 x1
3 x1 + 2 x2 2 x3 + 5 x4 = 6
18
h v nghim
2 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 2 1
1) + h 3
hh 2(
2( 1) + h 4
2 1 0 3 2 h 2( 1) + h1 2 1 0 3 2
( A B ) 3 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 5
3 2 2 5 6
0 3 2 8 8
1 1 1 4 5
1 1 1 4 5
2 1 0 3 2 h1( 2) + h 2 0 3 2 11 12
h1 h 3
0 0 1 2 1
0 0 1
2 1
0 3 2 8 8
0 3 2 8 8
1 1 1 4 5
0 3 2 11 12
h 2+ h 4
0 0 1
2 1
0 0 0 3 4
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 = 0
x = 2
x1 + x2 x3 + 4 x4 = 5
2
3 x + 2 x 11x = 12
5 4
2
3
4
x3 = 5 hay 0, 2, ,
x3 + 2 x4 = 1
3 3
4
3 x4 = 4
x4 =
3
x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 + 4 x4 = 11
2 x + 3x + 4 x + x = 12
1
2
3
4
6)
3 x1 + 4 x2 + x3 + 2 x4 = 13
4 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 3 x4 = 14
Giai
1 2 3 4 11
1 2
3
4 11
h1( 2) + h 2
2 3 4 1 12 h1( 3) + h3 0 1 2 7 10
( A B ) = 3 4 1 2 13
h1( 4) + h 4
0 2 8 10 20
4 1 2 3 14
0 7 10 13 30
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 7
h 2( 2) + h 3
h 2( 7) + h 4
0 0 4 4
0 0 4 36
11
1 2 3 4 11
10 h3+ h 4 0 1 2 7 10
0 0 4 4 0
0
40
0 0 0 40 40
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
19
x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 + 4 x4 = 11
x1 = 2
x 2 x 7 x = 10
x2 = 1
2
3
4
hay
4x3 + 4 x4 = 0
x3 = 1
x4 = 1
40x4 = 40
( 2,1,1,1)
x1 2 x2 + 3x3 4 x4 = 4
x2 x3 + x4 = 3
7)
3x4 = 1
x1 + 3x2
7 x2 + 3 x3 + x4 = 3
Giai
1 2 3 4 4
1 2 3 4 4
0 1 1 1 3 h1( 1) + h 3 0 1 1 1 3
( A B ) = 1 3 0 3 1 0 5 3 1 3
0 7 3 1 3
0 7 3 1 3
1 2 3 4 4
1 2 3 4 4
0 1 1 1 3 h 3(2) + h 4 0 1 1 1 3
h 2( 5) + h 3
h 2(7) + h 4
0 0 2 4 12
0 0 2 4 12
0 0 4 8 24
0 0 0 0 0
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 = 8
x1 = 8
x1 2 x2 + 3x3 4 x4 = 4
x = x + 3
2
x2 = t + 3
4
x2 x3 + x4 = 3
( t R)
x3 = 2 x4 + 6
x3 = 2t + 6
2x3 4 x4 = 12
x4 tu
x4 = t
y y
3 x1 + 4 x2 + x3 + 2 x4 = 3
8) 6 x1 + 8 x2 + 2 x3 + 5 x4 = 7
9 x + 12 x + 3x + 10 x = 13
2
3
4
1
Giai
3 4 1 2 3
3 4 1 2 3
3 4 1 2 3
h1( 2)+ h 2
h 2( 4) + h3
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
( A B ) = 6 8 2 5 7
h1( 3) + h 3
9 12 3 10 13
0 0 0 4 4
0 0 0 0 0
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 = 1 3t 4s
x3 = 1 3 x1 4 x2
x = t
3 x1 + 4 x2 + x3 + 2 x4 = 3
x4 = 1
2
( t, s R )
x3 = s
x4 = 1
x ,x tu
1 2 y y
x4 = 1
20
9 x1 3 x2 + 5 x3 + 6 x4 = 4
9) 6 x1 2 x2 + 3x3 + 4 x4 = 5
3 x x + 3 x + 14 x = 8
3
4
1 2
Giai
9 3 5 6 4
3 1 3 14 8
3 1 3 14 8
h 3 h1
h1( 2)+ h 2
0 0 3 24 21
( A B ) = 6 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5
h1( 3) + h 3
3 1 3 14 8
9 3 5 6 4
0 0 4 36 28
3 1 3 14 8
3 1 3 14 8
h 3+ h 4
0 0 1 8 7 0 0 1 8 7
0 0 1 9 7
0 0 0 1 0
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
1
13
1 13
x1 = x2 +
x1 = t +
3 x1 x2 + 3 x3 + 14 x4 = 8
3
3
3
3
x tu
x3 + 8 x4 = 7 2 y y
x2 = t
x3 = 7
x3 = 7
x4 = 0
x4 = 0
x4 = 0
1
h 2
3
1
h 3
4
( t R)
3 x1 2 x2 5 x3 + x4 = 3
2 x 3 x + x + 5 x = 3
1
2
3
4
10)
4 x4 = 3
x1 + 2 x2
x1 x2 4 x3 + 9 x4 = 22
Giai
3 2 5 1 3
1 2 0 4 3
2 3 1 5 3 h1 h 3 2 3 1 5 3
( A B ) = 1 2 0 4 3 3 2 5 1 3
1 1 4 9 22
1 1 4 9 22
1 2 0 4 3
1 2 0 4 3
h1( 2) + h 2
0 7 1 13 3 h 3( 1)+ h 2 0 1 6 0 9
h1( 3) + h 3
h1( 1) + h 4
0 8 5 13 12 h 3( 1)+ h 4 0 8 5 13 12
0 3 4 13 25
0 5 1 0 13
1
0
h 2(8) + h 3
h 2( 5) + h 4
0
2 0 4 3
1
h 4 1 h 3
1 6
0 9
0
29
0
0 43 13 60
0 29 0 58
21
2 0 4 3
1 6 0 9
0 1 0 2
0 43 13 60
1 2 0 4 3
0 1 6 0 9
h 3(43) + h 4
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 0 13 26
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 2 x2 4 x4 = 3 x1 = 1
x + 6 x = 9
2
x2 = 3
3
x3 = 2
x3 = 2
13 x4 = 26
x4 = 2
11)
x1 + x2 6 x3 4 x4 = 6
3x x 6 x 4 x = 2
1 2
3
4
2 x1 + 3 x2 + 9 x3 + 2 x4 = 6
3x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 + mx4 = 7
Giai
1 1 6 4 6
1 1 6 4 6
h1( 3) + h 2
3 1 6 4 2 h1( 2) + h 3 0 4 12 8 16
( A B ) = 2 3 9 2 6
h1( 3) + h 4
0 1 21 10 6
3 2 3 8 7
0 1 21 20 25
1 1 6 4 6
1 1 6 4 6
1
h 2
0 1 3 2 4
0 1 3 2 4
h 2+ h3
4
0 1 21 10 6 h 2( 1) + h 4 0 0 24 12 10
0 1 21 20 25
0 0 18 18 21
1 1 6 4 6
1 1 6
0 1 3 2 4 h 3( 2) + h 4 0 1 3
0 0 6 6 7
0 0 6
0 0 12 6 5
0 0 0
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
1
1
h 4 h 3
3
2
22
4 6
2 4
6 7
6 9
x1 = 0
x1 + x2 6 x3 4 x4 = 3 x = 2
2
x + 3 x + 2 x = 4
2
3
4
x3 = 1
6
x
+
6
x
=
7
3
4
3
6 x4 = 9
3
x4 =
2
2 x1 x2 + x3 x4 = 1
2 x x 3x = 2
1 2
4
12)
3 x1 x3 + x4 = 3
2 x1 + 2 x2 2 x3 + 5 x4 = 6
Giai
2 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1
h1( 1) + h 2
2 1 0 3 2 h1( 1) + h 3 0 0 1 2 1
( A B ) = 3 0 1 1 3
h1( 1) + h 4
1 1 2 2 4
2 2 2 5 6
0 3 3 6 7
1 1 2 2 4
1 1 2 2 4
0 0 1 2 1 h1 ( 2) + h 2 0 0 1 2 1
h1 h 3
2 1 1 1 1
0 3 5 5 9
0 3 3 6 7
0 3 3 6 7
1 1 2 2 4
1 1 2 2 4
0 0 1 2 1 h 2 h 3 0 3 5 5 9
h 3+ h 4
0 3 5 5 9
0 0 1 2 1
0 0 2 1 2
0 0 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 4
0 3 5 5 9
h 3( 2 ) + h 4
0 0 1 2 1
0
0
0
3
4
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 = 0
x = 2
x
+
x
2
x
+
2
x
=
4
1 2
3
4
2
3 x + 5 x 5 x = 9
2
3
4
x3 = 5
3
x3 2 x4 = 1
3x4 = 4
4
x4 =
3
23
3 x1 + 5 x2 3 x3 + 2 x4 = 12
4 x 2 x + 5 x + 3 x = 27
1
2
3
4
13)
7 x1 + 8 x2 x3 + 5 x4 = 40
6 x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3 + 3 x4 = 41
Giai
3 5 3 2 12
3 5 3 2 12
h1( 1) + h 2
4 2 5 3 27 h1( 2) + h 3 1 7 8 1 15
( A B ) = 7 8 1 5 40
h1( 2) + h 4
1 2 5 1 16
6 4 5 3 41
0 6 11 117
1 2 5 1 16
1
1 7 8 1 15 h1( 1)+ h 2 0
h1 h 3
3 5 3 2 12 h1( 3) + h 3 0
0 6 11 117
0
1
h 2(2) + h 3
0
h 2( 1) + h 4
0
2 5
1 16
5 3
0 1
11 18 1 36
6 11 1 17
2 5
1 16
1 2 5
1 16
5 3
0 1 h 2 h 4 0 1 8 1 18
0 1 12 1 38
1 12 1 38
1 8 1 18
0 1
0 5 3
1 2 5
1 16
1
h 3 1
0 1 8
1 18
h 2+ h3
2
0
h 2( 5) + h 4
0 0 4 2 20
0
0 0 37 5 91
0
1 2 5 1 16
1 2
0 1 8 1 18 h3 h 4 0 1
h 3( 18 ) + h 4
0 0 2 1 10
0 0
0 0 1 23 89
0 0
2 5
1 16
1 8 1 18
0
2
1 10
0 37 5 91
5 1 16
8 1 18
1 23 89
2 1 10
1 2 5 1 16
0 1 8 1 18
h 3(2) + h 4
0 0 1 23 89
0 0 0 47 188
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 2 x2 + 5 x3 + x4 = 16
x1 = 1
x + 8 x x = 18
2
x2 = 2
3
4
x3 + 23x4 = 89
x3 = 3
47 x4 = 188
x4 = 4
24
4 x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3 + 5 x4 = 0
2 x
+ 3 x3 x4 = 10
1
14)
= 10
x1 + x2 5 x3
3 x2 + 2 x3
=1
Giai
Ta co:
4 4 5 5 0
1 1
2 0 3 1 10
2 0
h1 h 3
( A B ) = 1 1 5 0 10
4 4
0 3 2 0 1
0 3
1 1 5 0 10
1
0 2 13 1 30 h 4+ h 2 0
h1( 2) + h 2
h1( 4) + h 3
0 0 25 5 40
0
0 3 2 0 1
0
1 1 5 0 10
1
h 3 1
0 1 15 1 31
0
h 2( 3) + h 4
5
0 0 25 5 40
0
0 0 43 3 92
0
1
0
h 3(9) + h 4
0
1
0
h 3( 5) + h 4
0
1 5 0 10
1
h 4 1 h 3
1 15 1 31
0
2
0
0 5 1 8
0 2 12 20
5 0 10
3 1 10
5 5 0
2 0 1
1 5 0 10
1 15 1 31
0 25 5 40
3 2 0 1
1 5 0 10
1 15 1 31
0 5
1 8
0 43 3 92
1 5 0 10
1 15 1 31
0 1 6 10
0 5 1 8
1 5 0 10
1 15 1 31
0 1
6 10
0 0 29 58
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 + x2 5 x3 = 10
x1 = 1
x + 15 x x = 31
2
x2 = 1
3
4
x3 + 6 x4 = 10
x3 = 2
29 x4 = 58
x4 = 2
25
2 x1 x2 + 3x3 + 2 x4 = 4
3 x + 3 x + 3 x + 2 x = 6
1
2
3
4
15)
3 x1 x2 x3 2 x4 = 6
3 x1 x2 + 3 x3 x4 = 6
Gii:
2 1 3 2 4
1 4 0 0 2
h 2( 1)+ h1
3 3 3 2 6 h 2( 1)+ h3 3 3 3 2 6
A
B
=
( ) 3 1 1 2 6 h 2( 1)+h 4 0 4 4 4 0
3 1 3 1 6
0 4 0 3 0
1 4 0 0 2
1 4
h 3 1 h 2
0 9 3 2 0
0 1
h1(3) + h 2
4
h 3( 1) + h 4
0 4 4 4 0
0 9
0 0 4 1 0
0 0
0
1
3
4
0 2
1 0
2 0
1 0
1 4 0 0 2
1 4 0 0 2
0 1 1 1 0 h 4h 3 0 1 1 1 0
h 2(9) + h 3
0 0 12 11 0
0 0 4 1 0
0 0 4 1 0
0 0 12 11 0
1 4 0 0 2
0 1 1 1 0
h 3( 3) + h 4
0 0 4 1 0
0 0 0 8 0
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 4 x2 = 2
x1 = 2
x + x + x = 0
2 3 4
x2 = 0
4 x3 + x4 = 0
x3 = 0
8 x4 = 0
x4 = 0
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 3x4 = 1
3 x x x 2 x = 4
1 2 3
4
16)
2 x1 + 3 x2 x3 x4 = 6
x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 x4 = 4
Gii:
26
1 1 2 3 1
1 1
2
3 1
h1( 3) + h 2
3 1 1 2 4 h1( 2)+ h3 0 4 7 11 7
( A B ) = 2 3 1 1 6
h1( 1) + h 4
0 1 5 7 8
1 2 3 1 4
0 1 1 4 5
1 1
2
3 1
1 1 2
3 1
h 2 h3
h 2(4) + h 3
0 1 5 7 8
0 1 5 7 8
0 4 7 11 7 h 2( 1) + h3 0 0 27 39 39
3 3
0 1 1 4 5
0 0 6
0
0
1 2 3 1
1 1 2 3 1
1 5 7 8 h 4( 5)+ h 3 0 1 5 7 8
0 0 1 8 8
0 9 13 13
0 2 1 1
0 0 2 1 1
1 1 2 3 1
0 1 5 7 8
h 3(2) + h 4
0 0 1 8 8
0 0 0 17 17
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 3x4 = 2
x1 = 1
x 5 x 7 x = 8
2
x2 = 1
3
4
x3 + 8 x4 = 8
x3 = 0
17 x4 = 17
x4 = 1
1
h 3
3
1
h 4
3
x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 + 4 x4 = 5
2 x + x + 2 x + 3x = 1
1 2
3
4
17)
3 x1 + 2 x2 + x3 + 2 x4 = 1
4 x1 + 3x2 + 2 x3 + x4 = 5
Gii:
1 2 3 4 5
1 2
3
4 5
h1( 2)+ h 2
2 1 2 3 1 h1( 3) + h3 0 3 4 5 9
( A B ) = 3 2 1 2 1
h1( 4) + h 4
0 4 8 10 14
4
3
2
1
5
0
10
15
25
1 2 3
4 5
1 2 3 4 5
0 1 4
5 5 h 2(4) + h 3 0 1 4 5 5
h 3( 1) + h 2
h 3( 1) + h 3
0 4 8 10 14 h 2 + h 4 0 0 8 10 6
0 1 2 5 11
0 0 2 0 6
27
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
0 1 4 5 5 h 3( 4) + h 4 0 1 4 5 5
h 3 h 4
0 0 2 0 6
0 0 2 0 6
0 0 8 10 6
0 0 0 10 30
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 + 2 x2 + 3x3 + 4 x4 = 5 x1 = 2
x + 4x + 5x = 5
2
x2 = 2
3
4
2 x3 = 6
x3 = 3
10 x4 = 30
x4 = 3
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 2
x + 2 x + 3x + 4 x = 2
1
2
3
4
18)
2 x1 + 3x2 + 5 x3 + 9 x4 = 2
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 7 x4 = 2
Gii:
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2
1
h1( 1)+ h 2
1 2 3 4 2 h1( 2)+ h 3 0 1 2 3 0 h 2( 1)+ h 3 0
( A B ) = 2 3 5 9 2
h1( 1) + h 4
0 1 3 7 2
0
0 0 1 6 0
1
1
2
7
2
0
1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 0
h 3( 1) + h 4
0 0 1 4 2
0 0 0 2 2
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 2
x1 = 2
x + 2 x + 3x = 0
2
x2 = 9
3
4
x3 + 4 x4 = 2
x3 = 6
2 x4 = 2
x4 = 1
Bi 3:
Gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht sau:
28
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
1
1 2
3 0
4 2
6 0
2x 1 + x 2 4 x 3 = 0
1) 3x 1 + 5x 2 7 x 3 = 0
4 x 5x 6 x = 0
1 2 3
2 1
( A / B ) = 3 5
4 5
49
1
h2 - + h3
28
0
0
4 0
1 11 5 0 h1(-3)+h2 1 11 11 0
h3(-1) + h2 +h1
h1(-4)+h3
7 0
3 5 7 0
0 28 8 0
4 5 6 0
0 49 14 0
6 0
11 11 0
28 8 0
0
0 0
Ta c: (1)
x1 + 11x 2 11x 3 = 0 (1)
28x 2 + 8x 3 = 0 (2)
T (2) x3 =
28
x2
8
55
28
x2
Th x3 vo (1), ta c: x1 = 11x2 + 11 x2 =
2
8
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l:
55
x
=
x2
1
y
x 2 tuy
28
x3 = x 2
8
3x 1 + 5x 2 + 2x 3 = 0
4 x + 7 x + 5x = 0
1 2 3
2)
x 1 + x 2 4x 3 = 0
2x 1 + 9x 2 + 6x 3 = 0
29
4
( A / B ) =
1
5 2
7 5
1 4
9 6
1
0
0
0
1 1 1
h 2 , h 3 , h 4
3 2 7
0
1
0 h1h3 4
3
0
0
2
1 4
1 7
1 7
1 2
1 4
7 5
5 2
9 6
0
1
h 2( 1) + h 3
0 h 2( 1) + h 4 0
0
0
0
0
0 h1( 4 ) + h2 1
( 3) + h3
0 h1
0
h1( 2 ) + h4
0
0
0
0
1 4
1 7
0 0
0 5
1
3
2
7
4
21
14
14
0
1
0 h3 h 4 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 4 0
1 7 0
0 5 0
0 0 0
x1 + x2 4 x3 = 0
x2 + 7 x3 = 0 x1 = x2 = x3 = 0
Ta c: (2)
5 x3 = 0
2 x1 x2 + 3x3 + 7 x4 = 0
3) 4 x1 2 x2 + 7 x3 + 5 x4 = 0
2 x x + x 5x = 0
4
1 2 3
Giai
2 1 3 7 0
2 1 3
7 0
2 1 3 7 0
h1( 2) + h 2
h 2(2) + h3
0 0 1 9 0
0 0 1 9 0
( A B ) = 4 2 7 5 0
h1( 1) + h 3
2 1 1 5 0
0 0 2 12 0
0 0 0 6 0
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x2 = 2 x1
x1 = t
2 x1 x2 + 3 x3 + 7 x4 = 0
x = 0
3
x2 = 2t
x
9
x
=
0
( t R)
3
4
x
=
0
x
=
0
3
x4 = 0
x1 tu
y y x4 = 0
x1 + 2 x2 + 4 x3 3x4 = 0
3 x + 5 x + 6 x 4 x = 0
1
2
3
4
4)
4 x1 + 5 x2 2 x3 + 3 x4 = 0
3 x1 + 8 x2 + 24 x3 19 x4 = 0
Giai
30
3
A B) =
4
3 0
1 2
4
3 0
h ( 3) + h 2
4 0 h ( 4) + h 3 0 1 6
5 0
5 2 3 0 h ( 3) + h 4 0 3 18 15 0
8 24 19 0
0 2 12 10 0
2
5
4
6
1 2 4 3 0
0 1 6 5 0
h 2( 3) + h 3
h 2(2) + h 3
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
He phng trnh a cho tng ng vi he phng trnh:
x1 = 8t 7 s
x1 = 8 x3 7 x4
x1 + 2 x2 + 4 x3 3x4 = 0
x2 = 6t + 5s
x2 = 6 x3 + 5 x4
x2 6 x3 + 5 x4 = 0
x ,x tu
x3 = t
3 4 y y
x4 = s
BI TP V NH THC
Bi 1
Tnh cc nh thc cp 2:
1) D =
2) D =
3) D =
4) D =
= 5.3 7.2 = 15 14 = 1
= 3.5 8.2 = 15 16 = -1
n +1
n 1
= (n+1)(n-1) n2 = n2 - 1 - n2 = -1
cos
sin
sin
cos
= cos2
+sin2 = 1
Bi 2:
Tnh cc nh thc cp 3:
1) D =
2) D =
3) D =
2
5
1
1
3
4
3
2
3
3
2
2
5
1
3
4
3
1
3
2
7
= 18+2+60-9-16-15 = 40
= 30+18+8-15-36-8 = -3
5
8
5
= 40-24-105+10+224-45=100
31
( t, s R )
4) D =
5) D =
3
4
5
2
1
2
4
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
=-9-20-32+20+12+24= -5
= 12 + 3 + 3 2 9 6 = 1
a b c a b
6) D = b c a b c
c a b c a
= acb + bac + cba c 3 a 3 b3 = 3abc c3 a 3 b3
7) D =
0
b
0
a
c
e
0
d
0
=0
a x x a x
8) D = x b x x b
x x c x x
= abc + x 3 + x 3 bx 2 ax 2 cx 2 = abc 2 x 3 x 2 ( a + b + c )
a+x
x
x a+x x
b+ x
x
x b+x
9) D = x
x
x
c+x
x
x
= ( a + x ) ( b + x ) ( c + x ) + x3 + x3 x 2 ( b + x ) x 2 ( a + x ) x 2 ( c + x )
= ( ab + ax + bx + x 2 ) ( c + x ) + x 3 + x 3 bx 2 x 3 x 2 a x 3 x 2c x 3
= abc + abx + acx + ax 2 + bcx + bx 2 + cx 2 + x 3 + x 3 + x 3 bx 2 x 3 x 2 a x 3 x 2c x 3
= abc + abx + acx + bcx
32
10) D =
a
b
b
c
c
b+c
2
1
a
c+a
2
b
1
= ( a + b + c) 1
1
c
a
a
b
c+a
2
M 31
c 3+ c 2 + c1
4
3
c
4
4
3
4
2
4
3
3
2
1
1
2
3
2
4
3
2
4
3
M 34
1
1
b
1
a+b
1
2
1
2 h3
3+1
(1) a M 31 b M 32 + c M 33 d M 34
d
3
2
4
3
M 33
a
c+a
2
c
a
a +b
1
2
M 32
b
c
1
1=0
3
2
1
a +b+c
b+c+a
b
1 c + a + b
a+b
1
a+b+c
2
c
1
c
a
Bi 3
Tnh cc nh thc:
2 3
4 2
1) D =
a b
3 1
*
1
1
4
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
= -27 -8 -8 + 3 +24 + 24 = 8
= 18 + 24 + 16 9 16 48 = -15
= -12 18 4 + 6 +4 +36 = 12
= -16 -27 16 + 24 + 6 +48 = 19
Vy: D = 8a+15b+12c-19d
1
3 c 2
2 +1
( 1) a M 21 b M 22 + c M 23 d M 24
2
4
5 a 2
4 b 4
2) D =
2 c 3
4 d 5
*
*
M 12
M 22
=
=
4
2
4
3
3
2
5
2
4
2
3
5
1
2
4
= -48 32 30 + 36 + 40 + 32 = -2
= -60 -16 10 + 12 + 50 +16 = -8
33
M 32
M 42
5
4
4
2
4
5
5
4
2
2
4
3
1
3
4
1
3
2
= -80 24 20 + 16 + 75 + 32 = -1
= -40 -12 12 + 8 + 45 + 16 = 5
Vy: D = - (-2a + 8b c - 5d) = 2a - 8b + c + 5d
a
0
D=
1
0
3
b
2
0
0
0
c
0
5
a 3 0
2 h4
4 +1
( 1) ( d M 44 ) = d 0 b 0 = abcd
3
1 2 c
d
1
2
4) D =
3
d
0
0
c
0
2
b
4
0
a
0 2 a
0 h4
4 +1
(1) d M 41 = d 0 b 0 = abcd
5
c 4 5
0
3)
Bi 4
Tnh cc nh thc sau:
1 1 1 1
h1( 1) + h 2
1 1 1 1
h1( 1) + h 3
1) D =
h1(1)+h4
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 2 0 0
= 1 ( 2) (2) ( 2) = 8
0 0 2 0
0 0 0 2
2)
0
1
D=
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1 0
1 c1 c 2
0 1
1
1 1
0
1 1
1
1
0
1
1
1 0 1 1
1 h1( 1)+ h 3
0 1 1 1
h1(1)+h4
1
0 1 1 0
0
0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0
= ( 1 + 1 + 1) = 3
3)
34
2 5 1
3 7 1
D=
3 9 2
4 6 1
2
1 5 2
4 c1c 3
1 7 3
7
2 9 3
2
1 6 4
2
1 5 2
h1+ h 2
4 h1( 2) + h 3
0 2 1
h1(1)+h4
7
0 1 1
2
0 1 2
2
6
3
0
2 1 6 2 1
= 1 1 1 3 1 1
1 2 0 1 2
= ( 3 + 12 6 12 ) = 3
4)
3 3 5 8
1 0 0 2
h1( 3) + h 2
3 2 4 6 h 4+ h1 3 2 4 6 h1( 2) + h 3
D=
h1(4) +h4
2 5 7 5
2 5 7 5
4 3 5 6
4 3 5 6
2 4 12
1 2 6 1 2
= 1 5 7 9 = 1 2 5 7 9 5 7
3 5 14
3 5 14 3 5
= 2 ( 98 + 54 + 150 126 45 140 ) = 2 ( 9 ) = 18
5)
3 9 3 6
1 4 0 4
h 3+ h1
5 8 2 7
1 3 1 5
h 3+ h 2
D=
h 3(1) +h 4
4 5 3 2
4 5 3 2
7 8 4 5
3 3 1 3
1 4
0
4
7 1 9 7 1
0 7 1 9
= 1 21 3 18 21 3
h1(3)+h4
0 21 3 18
15 1 15 15 1
0 15 1 15
h1+ h 2
h1( 4) + h 3
= 315 270 + 189 405 126 + 315 = 18
6)
35
1 0 0
2
0 2 4 12
0 5 7 9
0 3 5 14
1
0
D= 1
1
1
0
1
2
0
1
1 1 2
1 2 1 h1( 1)+ h3
h1+ h 4
1 0 1 h1+h 5
1 0 2
1 1 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
1 1 2
1
1 2 1
2
0 1 1 = 1
0
2 1 4
1
2 0 3
1 2 1
0 1 1
2 1 4
2 0 3
1 1 2 1
2 3 1 2 3
0 2 3 1
h1( 2) + h 2
= 1 2 1 4 2 1
h1(1)+h3
0 2 1 4
1 2 4 1 2
0 1 2 4
= 8 12 4 + 1 16 + 24 = 1
7)
0 0 5
0
0 2 0 2
D = 1 3 18 6
4 17 9 15
19 20 24 3
0
1 3 18 6
0
0 2 0 2
h1 h 3
2 0 0 5
0
2
4 17 9 15
5
19 20 24 3
1 3
18
6
2
0 2
0
2
0
h1( 4) + h 4
5
0
0 = 1
h1(19)
0 0
+h5
0 5
63
9
6
0 37 318 117 33
h2
( 1)
2 +1
2
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
5
63
9
6
37 318 117 33
2
2
0
2 2
9
6 5
9
5 M 22 = 5 5
37 117 33 37 117
= 5 ( 594 444 + 1404 330 ) = 5 36 = 180
8)
36
2
0
0
2
5
1 2
1 3
D= 0 5
0 0
0 0
1
2
3
2
0
5
0
h1( 1) + h 2
0
0
4 10
5 3
h1( 1) + h 2
7 9
3 7
3 15
1
2
2
0
1 2
0 5
0 5
0 0
0 0
1 7
6 16 h 2( 1)+ h 3
3 7
3 15
5
0
0
0
1
1
3
2
0
4 10
5
1 7
5
7 9 = 1
0
3 7
0
3 15
1
3
2
0
1 7
7 9
3 7
3 15
7
16 h 3+ h 4
9
15
5
0
0
0
1 1 7
2 6 16
0 3 9
0 0 6
1 1
2 6
0 3
0 3
= 5 2 (3) 6 = 180
9)
7 3
8 9
D=
7 2
5 3
2
4
7
3
6
7
3
9 hh1(1( 1)1) ++ hh 32
1 12
h1(1)+h4
3
0 5
4
2 6
2 6
1 12
2 3
7
3
h1 h 2
5 3
0 5
1 2
2 6
2 3
2 6
5 3
1 2
1 12 2
3
87 12 15
29 4 5 29 4
0 87 12 15
h1( 7) + h 2
= 1 5
5
3 = 3 5 5 3 5 5
h1(2)
+h 4
0 5
5
3
30 5
4
30 5 4 30 5
0 30 5
4
= 3 ( 580 360 + 125 750 + 435 80 ) = 3 (50) = 150
37
BI TP V H PHNG TRNH KRAMER
Gii h phng trnh bng phng php Kramer:
+ x3 = 1
2 x1
1) x + 4 x + 2 x = 7
1
2
3
5 x2 + x3 = 5
Ta c:
*
*
*
*
V D
0
4
5
1
2
1
Dx1 =
1
7
5
0
4
5
1
2
1
= - 4 + 35 20 + 10 = 21
Dx2 =
2
1
0
1
7
5
1
2
1
= 14 + 5 20 +1 = 0
Dx3 =
2
1
0
0
4
5
D=
2
1
0
= 8 + 5 20 = -7
1
7
5
= 40 5 -70 = -35
0 nn h c nghim duy nht:
Dx 1 21
x1 = D = 7 = 3
Dx 2 0
x
=
= =0
2
D
7
Dx 3 35
x
=
=
=5
3
D
7
x 1 x 2 + 3x 3 = 6
2)
4x 2 5x 3 = 13
3x 2 x = 1
3
1
Ta c:
*
D=
1
0
3
1
4
0
3
5
2
= - 8 +15 36 = -29
38
*
*
*
V D
1
4
0
Dx1=
6
13
1
3
5
2
Dx2 =
1
0
3
6
13
1
3
5
2
Dx3 =
1
0
3
1
4
0
6
13
1
= - 48 +5 -12 + 26 = -29
= 26 90 + 117 +5 = 58
= 4 + 39 72 = -29
0 nn h c nghim duy nht:
Dx 1 29
x
=
1 D = 29 = 1
Dx 2 58
= = 2
x2 =
D
29
Dx 3 29
x
=
3 D = 29 = 1
=2
x1 + 4 x2 x3
2 x2 3 x3 5 x4 = 8
3)
x3
=5
2 x1
x1 2 x2
3x4 = 0
Ta c:
1 4 1 0
1 4 1 0
2 3 5 2 3
0 2 3 5 h1( 2) + h 3 0 2 3 5
D=
======
= 1 8 1 0 8 1
2 0 1 0 h1( 1) + h 4 0 8 1 0
6 1 3 6 1
1 2 0 3
0 6 1 3
= 6 + 40 30 + 72 = 76
2 4 1 0
8 2 3 5 c1c 3
Dx1 =
====
5 0 1 0
0 2 0 3
1 4 2 0
1 4
2
0
3 2 8 5 h1( 3) + h2 0 10 14 5
=====
1 0 5 0 h1( 1) + h3 0 4
3
0
0 2 0 3
0 2
0 3
10 14 5 10 14
= 1 4
3
0 4 3
2
0 3 2 0
= ( 90 30 + 168 ) = 228
39
1 2 1 0
1 2 1 0
8 3 5 8 3
h1( 2) + h3
0 8 3 5
0 8 3 5
Dx2 =
======
= 1 1 1 0 1 1
2 5 1 0 h1( 1) + h4 0 1 1 0
2 1 3 2 1
1 0 0 3
0 2 1 3
= 24 5 10 9 = 0
1 4 2 0
1 4 2 0
2 8 5 2 8
h1( 2 ) + h3
0 2 8 5
0 2 8 5
Dx3 =
======
= 1 8 1 0 8 1
2 0 5 0 h1( 1) + h4 0 8 1 0
6 2 3 6 2
1 2 0 3
0 6 2 3
= 6 80 30 + 192 = 76
1 4 1 2
1 4 1 2
2 3 8 2 3
h1( 2) + h3
0 2 3 8
0 2 3 8
Dx4 =
======
= 1 8 1 1 8 1
2 0 1 5 h1( 1) + h4 0 8 1 1
6 1 2 6 1
1 2 0 0
0 6 1 2
= 4 + 18 + 64 48 2 + 48 = 76
V D 0 nn h c nghim duy nht:
Dx1 228
x1 = D = 76 = 3
x = Dx2 = 0 = 0
2
D
76
hay (3,0,1,1)
x = Dx3 = 76 = 1
3
D
76
Dx4 76
x4 =
=
=1
D
76
3 x3 + x4 = 2
x1
2 x x
x4 = 0
1 2
4)
2 x2 5 x3 + 2 x4 = 5
3x2
x4 = 4
Ta c:
1 0 3 1
1 0 3 1
1 6 3
2 1 0 1 h1( 2) + h 2 0 1 6 3
D=
======
= 1 2 5 2
0 2 5 2
0 2 5 2
3 0 1
0 3 0 1
0 3 0 1
= 5 + 36 45 + 12 = 2
40
2 0 3 1
1 0 3
0 1 0 1 c1c 4
1 1 0
Dx1 =
======
5 2 5 2
2 2 5
4 3 0 1
1 3 0
2
h1+ h2
0 h1( 2 ) + h3
======
5 h1+ h4
4
1 0 3
0 1 3
0 2 1
0 3 3
1 3 2
= 1 2 1 1 = ( 6 9 12 6 3 + 36 ) = 0
3 3 6
1
2
Dx2 =
0
0
2 3 1
1 2 3 1
4 6 3
0 0 1
0 4 6 3
h1(2) + h 2
= 1 5 5 2
5 5 2
0 5 5 2
4 0 1
4 0 1
0 4 0 1
= 20 + 48 60 + 30 = 2
1 0 2 1
1 0 2 1
1 4 3
2 1 0 1 h1( 2) + h 2 0 1 4 3
Dx3 =
======
= 1 2 5 2
0 2 5 2
0 2 5 2
3 4 1
0 3 4 1
0 3 4 1
= 5 24
1
2
Dx4 =
0
0
24 + 45 + 8 8 = 2
0 3 2
1 0 3 2
1 6 4
1 0 0 h1( 2) + h 2 0 1 6 4
======
= 1 2 5 5
2 5 5
0 2 5 5
3 0 4
3 0 4
0 3 0 4
= 20 + 90 60 48 = 2
V D 0 nn h c nghim duy nht:
Dx 1 0
x
=
1 D = 2= 0
x = Dx 2 = 2 = 1
2 D 2
x = Dx 3 = 2 = 1
3 D
2
Dx
2
x4 = 4 = = 1
D
2
41
2
2
1
6
BAI TAP BIEN LUAN THEO THAM SO
Bai 1:
Giai va bien luan:
3x1 + 2 x2 + 5 x3 + 4 x4 = 3
2 x + 3 x + 6 x + 8 x = 5
1
2
3
4
x1 6 x2 9 x3 20 x4 = 11
4 x1 + x2 + 4 x3 + x4 = 2
Giai:
4
3
3 2 5
1 6 9 20 11
2 3 6
8
5 h1 h 3 2 3 6
8
5
( A B ) = 1 6 9 20 11 3 2 5 4 3
2
4
2
4 1
4 1
11
1
h 2 1
27
0
3
1
20 32
64
36 h 3 4 0
25 40 + 80 46
0
1 6 9 20 11
1
0 5 8 16
9 h 3 h 4 0
h 2( 1) + h 3
h 2( 5) + h 4
0 0 0
0
0
0
1
0 0 0
0
x1 6 x2 9 x3 20 x4 = 11
(1)
5 x2 + 8 x3 + 16 x4 = 9 (2)
x4 = 1
0
0
0
h1( 2) + h 2
h1( 3) + h 3
h1( 4) + h 4
6 9
15 24
20
48
6 9
5 8
11
9
5 8
16
9
25 40 + 80 46
6 9 20 11
5 8 16
9
0 0
0 0
0
0
1 + 3 t 4
x1 = 5
x = 1 9 + 8 t + 16
1) Khi 0 : (2) 2
5
( t R)
x3 = t
x = 1
4
1x1 6 x2 9 x3 20 x4 = 11
2) Khi = 0 : (3) 15 x2 + 24 x3 + 48 x4 = 27
: hevonghie
m
0 = 1
Bai 2:
Cho he phng trnh:
42
20
16
2 x1 x2 + 3 x3 + 4 x4 = 5
4 x 2 x + 5 x + 6 x = 7
1
2
3
4
6 x1 3 x2 + 7 x3 + 8 x4 = 9
mx1 4 x2 + 9 x3 + 10 x4 = 11
a) Tm m e he phng trnh co nghiem
b) Giai he phng trnh khi m = 10
Giai:
a) Ta co:
2 1 3 4 5
1 4
4 2 5 6 7 c1c 4 c1 2 6
( A B ) = 6 3 7 8 9 3 8
m 4 9 10 11
4 10
2 5
4 7
7 6 9
9 m 11
3
5
1 4 3
4 5
1 4 3
4 5
h1( 2) + h 2
0 2 1
0 3 h 2( 2) + h 3 0 2 1
0 3
h1( 3) + h 3
h1( 4) + h 4
0 4 2
0 6 h 2( 3) + h 4 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 m 8 0
0 6 3 m 8 9
1 4 3
4 5
0 2 1
0 3
h 3 h 4
0 0 0 m 8 0
0 0
0 0 0
Ta thay: m R : r ( A B ) = r ( A ) < 4 . Suy ra he co nghiem vi moi gia tr cua
m
b) Giai he khi m = 10:
Bien oi s cap tren hang ta co:
4
5
2 1 3 4 5
2 1 3
4 2 5 6 7
0 1 6 10 14
...
( A / B ) =
0 0 2 4 6
6 3 7 8 9
0
0
10 4 9 10 11
0 0 0
x1 = 0
2 x1 x2 + 3 x3 + 4 x4 = 5
x = 4 2t
(1) x2 6 x3 10 x4 = 14 2
( t R)
2 x 4 x = 6
x3 = 3 2t
3
4
x4 = t
Bai 3
Giai va bien luan he phng trnh sau theo tham so :
43
( + 1) x1 + x2 + x3
x1 + ( + 1) x2 + x3
x1 + x2 + ( + 1) x3
Giai:
Ta co
+1 1
D=
1
1
=1
=
= 2
+3 +3 +3
1 1
1
+ 1 1 1
+1
1 = ( + 3) 1 + 1
1
1
+1
1
1
+1
1 1
+1
1
h 3+ h 2 + h1
1 1 1
2
h1(1)+h3 ( + 3) 0 0 = ( + 3)
0 0
h1( 1) + h 2
1
Dx1 =
2
1
1
1
1
h1( ) + h 2
+ 1 1 h1( 2 )+h
1
0
3
1
+1
0 1 2
1
1
1
= 1
1 2
2 + + 1
1
2 + + 1
= 2 + + 1 ( 1 2 ) ( 1 ) = 2 + + 1 1 + + 2 3 = 3 + 2 = ( 2 2 )
+1 1
1
1
1
c1 c 3
Dx2 = 1
1 1
2
1
+1
+1 2
+1
1
1
1
1
+1
1
h1( ( +1))+ h
2
3
1 2 2
2
2
0 1 2
h1( 1) + h 2
= ( 1) ( 2 2 ) ( 2 1) ( ) = 3 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 2
= 2 2 = ( 2 1)
+1 1
1
1
+1 1
c1 c 2
Dx3 = 1
+ 1 + 1 1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2 2
1
2
1 = 1
0 2
h1( 1) + h 3
2 1
0
2 1
h1( ( +1)) + h 2
+2
1
1
2 1
= ( + 2 ) ( 2 1) + 1 = ( 3 + 2 2 1)
Ta thay:
44
3
2
(1) D = ( + 3) 0
Khi o he co nghiem duy nhat:
0
2
Dx1 ( 2 )
2 2
x1 =
=
=
D ( + 3 ) 2 ( + 3)
Dx2 ( 2 1)
2 1
=
=
x2 =
2
D
( + 3) ( + 3 )
Dx
3 + 2 2 1
x3 = 3 =
D
( + 3)
(2) Neu = 3 th Dx1 = 3(2 9) = 21 0 : He vo nghiem
(3) Neu = 0 th he tr thanh:
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
x + x + x = 0
1 2 3
He vo nghiem
Bai 4
Giai va bien luan he phng trnh sau theo tham so :
5 x1 3 x2 + 2 x3 + 4 x4 = 3
4 x 2 x + 3x + 7 x = 1
1
2
3
4
8
x
6
x
5
x
2
3
4 =9
1
7 x1 3x2 + 7 x3 + 17 x4 =
Giai
2
5 3 2 4 3
1 1 1 3
4 2 3 7 1 h 2( 1)+ h1 4 2 3
7
1
( A B ) = 8 6 1 5 9
h 2( 2) + h 3
0 2 7 19
7
h 2( 1) + h 4
7 3 7 17
3 1 4 10 1
2
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 3 2
7
h1( 4) + h 2
h 2+ h3
0 2 7 19
0 2 7 19 7
h1( 3) + h 4
0 2 7 19
7 h 2( 1) + h 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 7 19 7
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 3 2
0 2 7 19 7
h 4 h 3
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
He phng trnh tng ng vi he:
45
x3 3 x4 = 2
x1 x2
2 x2 + 7 x3 + 19 x4 = 7
0=
Ta thay:
(1) Khi 0 th he vo nghiem
(2) Khi = 0 th he tr thanh:
(1)
x1 x2 x3 3x4 = 2
2 x2 + 7 x3 + 19 x4 = 7 (2)
7
19
(2) : x2 = x3 x4 7
2
2
7
19
5
13
(1) x1 + x3 + x4 + 7 x3 3 x4 = 2 x1 = x3 x4 5
2
2
2
2
Vay nghiem cua he khi o la:
5
13
x1 = 2 x3 2 x4 5
7
19
x2 = x3 x4 7
2
2
y y
x3 , x4 tu
Bai 5
Giai va bien luan he phng trnh sau theo tham so
3x1 + 2 x2 + 5 x3 + 4 x4 = 3
2 x + 3 x + 6 x + 8 x = 5
1
2
3
4
6
x
9
x
20
x
2
3
4 = 11
1
4 x1 + x2 + 4 x3 + x4 = 2
Gii
Ta c:
3 2 5
4 3
1 6 9 20 11
2 3 6
8 5 h 3 h1 2 3 6
8 5
( A B ) = 1 6 9 20 11 3 2 5 4 3
2
2
4 1 4
4 1 4
0
0
0
h1( 2) + h 2
h1( 3) + h 3
h1( 4) + h 4
6
15
20
25
9 20 11
1 6 9 20 11
h 3 1 h 2
24
48 27
0 5 8
16
9
4
0 15 24
32
64 36
48 27
0 25 40 + 80 46
40 + 80 46
46
1 6
0 5
h 2( 3) + h 3
h 2( 5) + h 4
0 0
0 0
Khi :
(1) Nu 0 th
9 20 11
1 6 9 20 11
8 16 9 h3 h 4 0 5 8 16 9
0 0 0
0
0 0
1
0 0 0
0
1
0 0
r ( A B ) = r ( A ) = 3 < 4 : h c v s nghim (tm nghim nh bi
trn)
(2) Nu = 0 th :
r ( A B ) = 3
r ( A B ) r ( A ) : h v nghim
r ( A ) = 2
Bai 6
Giai va bien luan he phng trnh sau theo tham so
( + 1) x1 + x2 + x3 = 2 + 3
3
2
x1 + ( + 1) x2 + x3 = + 3
4
3
x1 + x2 + ( + 1) x3 = + 3
Giai
Ta co:
+1 1
1
+3 +3 +3
1 1
1
h 3+ h 2 + h1
D= 1
+ 1 1 1
+1
1 = ( + 3) 1 + 1
1
1
1
+1
1
1
+1
1 1
+1
1 1 1
2
h1(1)+h3 ( + 3) 0 0 = ( + 3 )
0 0
h1( 1) + h 2
2 + 3
1
1
( + 3)
3
2
Dx1 = + 3 + 1
1 = 2 ( + 3)
4 + 3 3
1
+ 1 3 ( + 3)
1
1
h1( 2 )+ h
( + 3) 0
3
0 1 2
h1( ) + h 2
+ 1 1 = ( + 3) + 1 1
1
+1
2
1
+1
1
1
2 + + 1
= ( + 3) 1
1 2
2 + + 1
= ( + 3) 2 + + 1 ( 1 2 ) ( 1 ) = ( + 3) 2 + + 1 1 + + 2 3
= ( + 3) 3 + 2 = 2 ( + 3) ( 2 2 )
47
+ 1 2 + 3
1
+ 1 ( + 3)
3
2
Dx2 = 1
+ 3
1 = 1
2 ( + 3)
1
4 + 3 3 + 1
1
3 ( + 3)
1
1
( + 3) 1
+1 2
c1 c 3
= ( + 3 ) 1
1
+1 1
1 = ( + 3) 1
+1
1
2
1
1
+1
+1
1
1
+1
h1( 1) + h 2
1 h1( ( +1))+ h
1
( + 3) 0
3
2
1
0 1 2 2
2 1 2 2
= ( + 3) ( 1) ( 2 2 ) ( 2 1) ( )
= ( + 3) 3 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 2
= ( + 3) ( 2 2 + ) = 2 ( + 3) ( 2 1)
+1 1
2 + 3
+1 1
( + 3)
+1 1
1
3
2
2
Dx3 = 1
+ 1 + 3 = 1
+ 1 ( + 3) = ( + 3) 1
+1
4
3
3
1
1
+ 3
1
1
( + 3)
1
1
2
1
+1 1
1
1
h1( ( +1)) + h 2
2
h1(1)+ h3
( + 3) + 1 1
( + 3) 0 2
2
1
1
c1 c 2
1
1
2 1
+2
1
2 2
1
2
= ( + 3 ) 1
=
+
3
(
)
1
2 1
2 1
= 2 ( + 3) ( + 2 ) ( 2 1) + 1 = 2 ( + 3) ( 3 + 2 2 1)
Ta thay:
0
D 0 . Suy ra he co nghiem duy nhat:
(1) Khi:
3
2
2
Dx ( + 3) ( 2 )
x1 = 1 =
= 2 2
2
D
( + 3)
2
Dx2 ( + 3) ( 2 1)
x
=
=
= 2 1
2
2
D
+
3
(
)
2
3
2
x = Dx3 = ( + 3) ( + 2 1) = 3 + 2 2 1
3
D
( + 3) 2
= 0
D = 0 va Dx1 = Dx2 = Dx3 = 0 suy ra he co vo so nghiem
(2) Khi
= 3
48
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