Unit III - Chapter 5 Logical Database Design and the Relational Model

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Relational Database Model

Represents data in the form of tables. Consists of three components:
Data str ct re ! "ables with rows and col mns Data Manip lation Data #ntegrit$

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Relation
A relation is a named& two' two'dimensional table of data "able consists of rows (records) and col mns (attrib te or field) Re* irements for a table to * alif$ as a relation relation: : #t m st ha+e a ni* e name ,+er$ attrib te +al e m st be atomic (not m lti lti' ' +al ed& not composite) ,+er$ row m st be ni* e (can-t ha+e two rows with e.actl$ the same +al es for all their fields) Attrib tes (col mns) in tables m st ha+e ni* e names "he order of the col mns m st be irrele+ant "he order of the rows m st be irrele+ant

Also called the 1st Normal Form

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#s this a relation00
Employee_ID 122 Name A Department 3 Course Age %1 $rs& / 4544& months& 1% Research da$s /% $ears& : "a.& 9a+a months& %6 da$s /% $ears& : "a. months& %6 da$s

162

162

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Con+ersion to Relation...
Employee Age_ o Name Department Course Age_Year Age_Days _ID nths 122 122 162 162 A A 7 7 3 3 8 8 4544 Research "a. 9a+a
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%1 %1 /% /%

/ / : :

1% 1% %6 %6
;

QuestionIs this a relation? QuestionWhats the primary key?

AnswerYes: Unique rows and no multivalued attributes AnswerComposite: Emp_ID, Course_Title

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Correspondence with ,' ,'R Model

Relations (tables) correspond with entit$ t$pes Rows correspond with entit$ instances Col mns correspond with attrib tes <=",: "he word relation (in relational database) is <=" the same as the word relationship (in ,' ,'R model)

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>e$ ?ields
>e$s are special fields that ser+e two main p rposes rposes: : Primary keys are ni* e identifiers of the relation in * estion. estion. ,.amples incl de emplo$ee n mbers& social sec rit$ n mbers& etc. etc. This is how we can guarantee that all rows are unique Relationships between relations is accomplished thro gh Foreign keys keys. . Foreign Key is an attrib te in a relation that ser+es as a primar$ @e$ of another relation >e$s can be simple (a single field) or composite (more than one field) >e$s s all$ are sed as inde.es to speed p the response to ser * eries
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Relational 4chema

Primary Key

Foreign Key

Composite primary key

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=bCecti+es
Dhat is Relational 4chema Con+ert an ,R Diagram to Relational 4chema for f rther implementation Learn the process of <ormaliEation of a Relational 4chema

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Integrity Constraints
R les that facilitate acc rac$ and integrit$ of data in a database
Domain Constraints ,ntit$ #ntegrit$ Referential #ntegrit$ Action Assertions F 7 siness r les les. .

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Domain Constraints
Domain is the possible set of +al es that ma$ be assigned to an$ attrib te
Attri!ute Customer_ID Domain Name Customer_IDs Description "et o# all possi!le customer IDs "et o# all possi!le customer Names "et o# all possi!le cities
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Domain Character$ si%e 5

Customer_Name

Customer_Names

Character$ si%e &5

City

Cities

Character$ si%e &'

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Entity Integrity
<o 5rimar$ @e$ attrib te or its component can be <ULL Used to ens re that
,+er$ relation m st ha+e a primar$ @e$ Data +al es for that primar$ @e$ m st be +alid G arantees that e+er$ primar$ @e$ attrib te is not <ULL

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Referential #ntegrit$
Customer_ID 1222 1221 122% Name A 7 C Address A7C 38G 4"U City Delhi M mbai <oida "tate Delhi Maharashtra U.5 (ostal_Code 1%/6;: 1%:;6/ 11:;6/

Not (ossi!le to enter order *& *rder_ID =1 =% =/ *rder _Date April /& %21% April 6& %21% April 6& %21% Customer_ID ----------122% 12%2 <ULL
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I# e)ery order must ha)e a customer-mandatory relation *ptional +elationship

Referential #ntegrit$
"ables are associated sing ?oreign >e$s Referential #ntegrit$ r le states that if there is a foreign @e$ in one relation&
either each foreign @e$ +al e m st match a primar$ @e$ +al e in another relation (Mandator$ relations)or the foreign @e$ m st be <ULL for optional relations

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1;

Referential integrity constraints are drawn via arrows from dependent to parent table

1:

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7 siness R les
4tatements that define or constrain some aspect of the b siness Assert b siness str ct re ControlFinfl ence b siness beha+ior ,.pressed in terms familiar to end sers A tomated thro gh D7M4 software

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,ell,ell -"tructured +elations

A relation that contains minimal data red ndanc$ and allows sers to insert& delete& and pdate rows witho t ca sing data inconsistencies Goal is to a+oid anomalies
Insertion Anomaly!adding new rows forces ser to create d plicate data Deletion Anomaly!deleting rows ma$ ca se a loss of data that wo ld be needed for other f t re rows odi#ication Anomaly!changing data in a row forces changes to other rows beca se of d plication Mohit Agrawal @GU

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Insertion!can-t enter a new emplo$ee witho t ha+ing the emplo$ee ta@e a class Deletion!if we remo+e emplo$ee 162& we lose information abo t the e.istence of a "a. Acc class odi#ication!gi+ing a salar$ increase to emplo$ee 122 forces s to pdate m ltiple records
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Data Normali%ation
5rimaril$ a tool to +alidate and impro+e a logical design so that it satisfies certain constraints that avoid unnecessary

duplication of data
"he process of decomposing relations with anomalies to prod ce smaller& well well-structured relations

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Mapping ,R Diagrams to Relations F Logical 4chemas

"U((-IE+
"upplier_Name "upplier_City

"U((-Y Num!er /uantity

(A+.
(art_Num!er (art_color

Aim is to con+ert an ,R diagram to its logical schema e* i+alent so that it can be implemented later

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4teps in Con+ersion
4",5 1 ! Map Reg lar ,ntities
Composite Attrib tes M lti'Hal ed Attrib tes

4",5 % ! Map Dea@ ,ntities 4",5 / ! Map 7inar$ Relationships

=ne to Man$ Man$ to Man$ =ne to =ne

4",5 6 ! Map Associati+e ,ntities 4",5 ; ! Map Unar$ Relationships 4",5 : ! Map ternar$ Relationships
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