351 - 13-03 - Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition - 05-16: in which we solve problems 5-16.

chapter 13, problem 8: In Fig. 13-33, three 5.00

kg spheres are located at distances d1 = 0.300 m
and d2 = 0.400 m. What are the (a) magnitude and
(b) direction (relative to the positive direction of the
x-axis) of the net gravitational force on sphere B
due to spheres A and C?

Using F = GmM/r
2
, we find that the topmost mass pulls upward on the one at the origin with 1.9 10
8
N, and
the rightmost mass pulls rightward on the one at the origin with 1.0 10
8
N. Thus, the (x, y) components of the
net force, which can be converted to polar components (here we use magnitude-angle notation), are

( ) ( )
8 8 8
net
1.04 10 , 1.85 10 2.13 10 60.6 . F

= Z

(a) The magnitude of the force is 2.13 10
8
N.

(b) The direction of the force relative to the +x axis is 60.6.

chapter 13, problem 10 (||12): Two dimensions. In Fig. 13-34, three point particles A B and C are fixed in
place in an xy-plane. Particle A has mass m
A
, particle B has mass 2.00m
A
, and particle C has mass 3.00m
A
. A
fourth particle D, with mass 4.00m
A
, is to be placed near the other three particles. In terms of distance d, at
what (a) x-coordinate and (b) y-coordinate should particle D be placed so that the net gravitational force on
particle A from particles B,C, and D is zero?

The net gravitational force upon A due to B, C, and D is,

1 2.00
2
3.00/1.5
2 2
tan quad-3
2
2 2 2 2 2
( )
cos56
3.00 2.00
2.4
sin56 (1.5 )
A C A B
A AB AC AD AD
AB AC
C B A A A
AD AB AC A A
AC AB
m m m m
G y G x
r r
x
m m m m Gm
Gm x y Gm x y
y r r d d d

e
= + + = = + +
| | | | | |
= = = =
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

F F F F 0 F
F F F
(0.1)

This is the direction of
AD
F . HOWEVER, it is NOT the LOCATION of particle D! Very important concept for
work with Coulombs Law in Physics II. Basically, (0.1) tells us the angle at which this particle D must be
placed, but not the distance from the origin! We must have
2
A D
m m
AD
r
G = F , which will tell us the distance from
the origin of particle D. Then, we must have,
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
4.00 4.00
2.4 cos56 sin56 2.4 1.29 ;
2.4
A D A A A A
AD
Gm m Gm Gm Gm m
x y r d d
r d d r
= = = = = F (0.2)

This means r

= (1.29d Z 56.3); this is the location-vector of particle-D. Resolving this into components,

(a) In (x, y) notation, the x coordinate is x = 0.716d. (b) Similarly, the y coordinate is y = 1.07d.

chapter 13, problem 12: In Fig. 13-36a, particle A is fixed in place at x = 0.20 m on the x axis and particle
B, with a mass of 1.0 kg, is fixed in place at the origin. Particle C (not shown) can be moved along the x-axis,
between particle B and x. Figure 13-36b shows the x component F
net
, x of the net gravitational force on particle
B due to particles A and C, as a function of position x of particle C. The plot actually extends to the right,
approaching an asymptote of
10
4.17 10 N

as x . What are the masses of (a) particle A and (b) particle C?

(a) We are told the value of the force when particle C is removed (that is, as its position x goes to infinity),
which is a situation in which any force caused by C vanishes (because Eq. 13-1 has r
2
in the denominator).
Thus, this situation only involves the force exerted by A on B. Since m
B
= 1.0 kg and 0.20 m
AB
r = , then this
yields,

2 2 10
10
net, 2 11 3 2
(0.20 m) (4.17 10 N)
4.17 10 0.25 kg
(6.67 10 m /kg s )(1.0 kg)
A B AB AB
x AB A
AB B
Gm m r F
F F N m
r Gm

= = = = = =

(0.3)

(b) We note (from the graph) that the net force on B is zero when x = 0.40 m. Thus, at that point, the force
exerted by C must have the same magnitude (but opposite direction) as the force exerted by A (which is the one
discussed in part (a)). Therefore,

2
(0.40 m)
C B
Gm m
= 4.17 10
10
N m
C
= 1.00 kg.

chapter 13, problem 13 (||16): Figure 13-37 shows a spherical hollow of diameter R inside a lead sphere of
radius R = 4.00 cm; the surface of the hollow passes through the center of the sphere and touches the right
side of the sphere. The mass of the sphere before hollowing was M = 2.95 kg. With what gravitational force
does the hollowed-out lead sphere attract a small sphere of mass m = 0.431 kg that lies at a distance d = 9.00
cm from the center of the lead sphere, on the straight line connecting the centers of the spheres and of the
hollow?

If the lead sphere were not hollowed the magnitude of the force it exerts on m would be F
1
= GMm/d
2
. Part of
this force is due to material that is removed. Superposition: We calculate the force exerted on m by a sphere that
just fills the cavity, at the position of the cavity, and subtract it from the force of the solid sphere.

Compute the mass of the hollowed-out sphere: The cavity has a radius r = R/2. The material that fills it has the
same density (mass to volume ratio) as the solid sphere, that is, M
c
/r
3
= M/R
3
, where M
c
is the mass that fills the
cavity. The common factor 4t/3 has been canceled. Thus, the mass is,

3 3 3
4 1
2 3 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3
4
1 1 1 3
( )
;
8
R R V R M
M M M M M
V R R R
t

t
= = = = = = (0.4)

The center of the cavity is d r = d R/2 from m, so the force it exerts on m is

( )
1
8 1 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
1
1 2
2
; ;
m m
G Mm GM m GM m GMm
F F
r d r
d R
= = = =

(0.5)

The force of the hollowed sphere on m is,

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
11
9
2 2 2
4 10 m
2 9 10 m
1 1 1
= = = 1
8 8 1
(6.67 10 )(2.95 kg)(0.431 kg)
1
1 8.31 10 ;
(9.00 10 m)
8 1
R
d
m
kg
GMm
F F F GMm
d d
d R
N
N

| | | |
| |
| |

\ . \ .
| |

|
= =
|

\ .
(0.6)


chapter 13, problem 16: In Fig. 13-39, a particle of mass m
1
= 0.67 kg is a distance d = 23 cm from one
end of a uniform rod with length L = 3.0 m and mass M = 5.0 kg. What is the magnitude of the gravitational
force F on the particle from the rod?


Since the rod is an extended object, we cannot apply Equation 13-1 directly to find the force. Instead, we
consider a small differential element of the rod, of mass dm of thickness dr at a distance r from
1
m .


The gravitational force between dm and
1
m , using ( / ) dm M L dr = , is,
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
;
Gm m Gm Gm Gm M
dF d dm dr dr
r r r r L

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
,

where we have substituted / M L = since mass is uniformly distributed. The direction of dF is to the right
(see figure). The total force can be found by integrating over the entire length of the rod:
1 1 1
2
1 1
( )
L d
d
Gm M Gm M Gm M dr
F dF
L r L L d d d L d
+
| |
= = = =
|
+ +
\ .
} }
.

Substituting the values given in the problem statement, we obtain
11 3 2
10 1
(6.67 10 m /kg s )(0.67 kg)(5.0 kg)
3.0 10 N.
( ) (0.23 m)(3.0 m 0.23 m)
Gm M
F
d L d

= = =
+ +