11

Alternating current
three-phase
circuits
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
22
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Three-phase systems characteristics
Generation of three-phase voltages
Three-phase loads
A-Y and Y-A transformation
Instantaneous power
Three-phase power: S, P and Q
Power measurement. Aaron connection
Power factor improvement
Electrical measurements
Exercises
CONTENTS:
33
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
THREE-PHASE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
44
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
THREE-PHASE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
The electricity grid is made up of four main components:
GENERATION: production of electricity from energy sources
such as coal, natural gas, hydropower, wind and solar.
TRANSMISSION: the transmission system carries the electric
power from power plants over long distances to a distribution
system.
DISTRIBUTION: the distribution system brings the power to the
customers.
COSTUMERS: these are the consumers of electric power
(industry, service sector and residential uses).
55
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
THREE-PHASE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Instantaneous electric power has a sinusoidal shape with double
frequency than voltage or current.
SINGLE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS: instantaneous electric power is
negative twice a period (power flows from the load to the
generator) and positive twice a period, falling to zero.
BALANCED THREE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS: instantaneous
electric power is constant. Three-phase power never falls to
zero.
Three-phase electric motors perform better than single-phase AC
motors.
Three-phase power systems allow two voltage levels (L-L, L-N).
When electric power is transmitted, three-phase AC systems
require 25% less Cu/Al than single-phase AC systems.
66
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE VOLTAGES
Three-phase generators contain three sinusoidal voltage sources
with voltages of the same frequency but a 120-phase shift with
respect to each other.
This is achieved by positioning three coils separated by 120
angles. There is only one rotor.
Amplitudes of the three phases are also equal.
The generator is then balanced.
77
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
INTRODUCTION
88
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
INTRODUCTION
R
S
T
N
N: neutral point
R S T (or A B C) direct sequence or sequence RST
V
RS
, V
ST
, V
TR
: line voltages or line-to-line voltages
V
RN
, V
SN
, V
TN
: line-to-neutral voltages
V
line
= V
line-to-neutral
3
R
S
T
N
V
V V
V
V
V
120
TN
SN
RS
TR
ST
RN
v
RN
(t) = V
0
cos(et + 90) V
v
SN
(t) = V
0
cos(et - 30) V
v
TN
(t) = V
0
cos(et +210) V
99
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
INTRODUCTION
50 Hz Usual system
V
phase
=V
line-to-neutral
230 volt
V
line
400 volt
Frequency 50 Hz

phase
N to line line
.V 3 V

=
R
S
T
N
V
V V
V
V
V
120
TN
SN
RS
TR
ST
RN
10 10
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
THREE-PHASE LOAD CLASSIFICATION
WYE (two voltages)
Balanced
3-wires
4-wires
Unbalanced
3-wires
4-wires
DELTA (one voltage)
Balanced
Unbalanced
Z Z
Z
R
N
S
T
O=N
I
R
I
N
I
T
I
S
Z Z
Z
R
S
T
O=N
R
S
T
Z
Z
Z
RS
TR
S
R
T
ST
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
S
T
R
S
T
Z
Z
Z
RS
TR
S
R
T
ST
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
S
T
RS
ST
TR
11 11
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
BALANCED WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
The wye or star connection is made by connecting one end of each of
the three-phase loads together.
The voltage measured across a single load or phase is known as the
phase voltage.
The voltage measured between the lines is known as the line-to-line
voltage or the line voltage.
In a wye-connected system, the line voltage is higher than the load
phase voltage by a factor of the square root of 3.
In a wye-connected system, the phase current and line current are the
same.
12 12
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
BALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
This connection received its name from the fact that a schematic
diagram of it resembles the Greek letter delta (A).
In the delta connection, the line voltage and phase voltage in the load
are the same.
The line current of a delta connection is higher than the phase current
by a factor of the square root of 3.
13 13
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
A-Y TRANSFORMATION
R
S
T
Z
Z
Z
1
2 3
13
23
12
Z
Z
Z
1
3
2
23 13 12
13 12
1

Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
=
23 13 12
23 12
2

Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
=
23 13 12
23 13
3

Z Z Z
Z Z
Z
+ +
=
Balanced loads: Z
Y
= Z
A
/3
) (
) (
) 1 (
23 13 12
23 13 12
2 1
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= +
Z between nodes 1 and 2:
) (
) (
) 2 (
23 13 12
23 12 13
3 1
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= +
) (
) (
) 3 (
23 13 12
13 12 23
3 2
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
+ +
+
= +
From expressions (1), (2) and (3) the result is:
) (
) (
23 13 12
23 13 12
2 , 1
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
+ +
+
= A
2 1 2 , 1 Z Z ZY + = Y:
A:
Z nodes 1-2:
Z nodes 1-3:
Z nodes 2-3:
(1) + (2) - (3) (1) - (2) + (3) -(1) + (2) + (3)
14 14
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
BALANCED THREE/FOUR-WIRE WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
Z Z
Z
R
N
S
T
O=N
I
R
I
N
I
T
I
S
Z Z
Z
R
S
T
O=N
0 ) I I I ( I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
T S R N
TN
T
SN
S
RN
R
= + + =
= = =

Q
lnia lnia
P
lnia lnia

lnia lnia
RN fase total
.sin .I .V 3 .cos .I .V 3
.I .V 3 I . V 3. S 3. S
*
R

j + =
= = =
The three currents are balanced.
Thus the sum of them is always zero.
Since the neutral current of a balanced, Y-
connected three-phase load is always zero,
the neutral conductor may be removed with
no change in the results.
15 15
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
BALANCED THREE/FOUR-WIRE WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
Z Z
Z
R
S
T
O=N
Example A three-phase, RST system (400 V, 50 Hz), has a
three-wire Y-connected load for which Z = 10
30
O Obtain the
line currents and the complex power consumption
A
3
40
10
3 400/

Z
V
I
60
30
90
RN
R = = =
A
3
40
10
3 400/

Z
V
I
60
30
30
SN
S

= = =
A
3
40
10
3 400/

Z
V
I
180
30
210
TN
T = = =
(VAr) j8000 (watt) .41 3856 1 VA 000 6 1
) 3 )(40/ 3 3(400/ I V 3 S 3 S
30
*
60 90
RN phase total
*
R
+ = =
= = = =
1watt 4 . 13856 30 cos
3
40
400 3 cos I V 3 P
l l total
= = =
VAr 8000 30 sin
3
40
400 3 sin I V 3 Q
l l total
= = =
VA 16000
3
40
400 3 I V 3 S
l l total
= = =
16 16
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
UNBALANCED FOUR-WIRE WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
Z Z
Z
R
N
S
T
O=N
R
S
T
I
R
I
N
I
S
I
T
0 ) I I I ( I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
T S R N
T
TN
T
S
SN
S
R
RN
R
= + + =
=
=
=
*
T
*
S
*
R
I V I V I V S TN SN RN total + + =
17 17
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
Z Z
Z
R
S
T
O=N
R
S T
I
R
I
S
I
T
0 I I I T S R = + +
T S R
T TN S SN R RN
T S R
T
TN
S
SN
R
RN
ON
Y Y Y
Y V Y V Y V
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
V
Z
V
Z
V
V
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
0
Z
V
Z
V
Z
V
T
TO
S
SO
R
RO
= + +
0
Z
V V
Z
V V
Z
V V
T
ON TN
S
ON SN
R
ON RN
=

18 18
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
Z Z
Z
R
S
T
O=N
R
S T
I
R
I
S
I
T
T
ON
TN
T
TO
T
S
ON
SN
S
SO
S
R
ON
RN
R
RO
R
Z
V V
Z
V
I
Z
V V
Z
V
I
Z
V V
Z
V
I 2)

= =

= =

= =
*
T
*
S
*
R
I V I V I V S 3) TO SO RO total + + =
T S R
T
TN
S
SN
R
RN
ON
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
V
Z
V
Z
V
V ) 1
+ +
+ +
=
19 19
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE WYE-CONNECTED LOAD
Example A three-phase, RST system (400 V, 50 Hz), has a three-wire
unbalanced Y-connected load for which Z
R
= 10
0
O, Z
S
= 10
0
O and Z
T
= 10
30
O Obtain the line currents and the total complex power consumption.
O = N
R
S
T
I
R
I
S
I
T
Z
R
Z
S
Z
T
V 40.93
1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0
0.1 230 0.1 230 0.1 230
Y Y Y
Y V Y V Y V
V
114.89
30 0 0
30 - 210 0 30 - 0 90
T S R
T TN S SN R RN
ON
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=

V
RO
= V
RN
V
ON
= 230
90
- 40.93
114.89
= 193.64
84.90
V
V
SO
= V
SN
V
ON
= 230
-30
- 40.93
114.89
= 264,54
-35.10
V
V
TO
= V
TN
V
ON
= 230
210
- 40.93
114.89
= 237,18
-140.10
V
I
R
= V
RO
/Z
R
= 193.64
84.90
/10
0
= 19,36
84.90
A
I
S
= V
SO
/Z
S
= 264.54
-35.10
/10
0
= 26,45
-35.10
A
I
T
= V
TO
/Z
T
= 237.18
-140.10
/10
30
= 23.72
-170.10
A
S
tot
= V
RO
I
R
* + V
SO
I
S
* + V
TO
I
T
* = 15619.56 W + j2812.72 VAr
1)
2)
3)
20 20
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
BALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
R
S
T
Z
Z
Z
RS
TR
S
R
T
ST
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
S
T
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
TR
TR
ST
ST
RS
RS
=
=
=

Q
lnia lnia
P
lnia lnia

lnia lnia
RS fase total
sin I V 3 cos I V 3
I V 3 I V 3 S 3 S
*
RS

j + =
= = =
ST TR T
RS ST S
TR RS R
I I I
I I I
I I I
=
=
=
21 21
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
UNBALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
R
S
T
Z
Z
Z
RS
TR
S
R
T
ST
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
S
T
RS
ST
TR
TR
TR
TR
ST
ST
ST
RS
RS
RS
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
=
=
=
ST TR T
RS ST S
TR RS R
I I I
I I I
I I I
=
=
=
*
TR
*
ST
*
RS
I V I V I V S TR ST RS total + + =
22 22
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
UNBALANCED THREE-WIRE A-CONNECTED LOAD
Example A three-phase, RST system (400 V, 50 Hz), has an unbalanced A-
connected load for which Z
RS
= 10
0
O, Z
ST
= 10
30
O i Z
TR
= 10
-30
O Obtain
the line currents and the complex power consumption
R
S
T
Z
Z
Z
RS
TR
S
R
T
ST
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
S
T
RS
ST
TR A 40
10
400
Z
V
I
A 40
10
400
Z
V
I
A 40
10
400
Z
V
I
90
30
120
TR
TR
TR
30
30
0
ST
ST
ST
120
0
120
RS
RS
RS

= = =
= = =
= = =
A 40.00 I I I
A 77.29 I I I
A 77.29 I I I
150
ST TR T
45
RS ST S
105
TR RS R

= =
= =
= =
43712.81VA
(VAr) j0 ) 43712.81(W I V I V I V S
*
TR
*
ST
*
RS
TR ST RS total
=
= + = + + =
R
S
T
N
V
V V
V
V
V
120
TN SN
RS
TR
ST
RN
23 23
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
POWER MEASURMENT. Four-wire load
Unbalanced wye-connected, four-wire load
Z Z
Z
R
S
T
O=N
N
W
R
S
T
W
W
R
S
T
W
R
= V
RN
I
R
cos( V
RN
- I
R
)
W
S
= V
SN
I
S
cos( V
SN
- I
S
)
W
T
= V
TN
I
T
cos( V
TN
- I
T
)
P
total
= W
R
+ W
S
+ W
T
Z Z
Z
R
S
T
O=N
N
W
Balanced wye-connected, four-wire load
P
total
= 3W
W= V
RN
I
R
cos( V
RN
- I
R
)
24 24
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
POWER MEASURMENT. ARON CONNECTION
General 3-wire load. Two-wattmeter method (ARON connection)
R
S
T
N
V
V V
V
V
V
120
TN
SN
RS
TR
ST
RN V
RT
V
ST
V
SR
) 30 cos( VI ) cos( I V W
) 30 cos( VI ) cos( I V W
S ST
R RT
I V S ST 2
I V R RT 1


+ = =
+ = =
cos VI 3 )] 30 cos( ) 30 cos( VI[ W W P
2 1 TOTAL
= + + + = + =
,
LOAD

in VI )] cos( ) cos( VI[ ] W [W Q

2 1 TOTAL
s 3 30 30 3 3 = + + = =
Demonstration done for a balanced 3-wire load
25 25
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
POWER MEASURMENT. BALANCED LOAD
,
LOAD
)
W W
W W
3 arctg(
2 1
2 1
+

=
) W (W 3 Q
W W P
2 1 total
2 1 total
=
+ =
Balanced load, general (Y/D, 3/4 wires). Two-wattmeter method
(ARON connection)
,
LOAD
Unbalanced wye/delta-connected, three-wire load
P
total
= W
1
+ W
2
BALANCED
UNBALANCED
26 26
Aron cyclic permutations
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
POWER MEASURMENT: THE TWO-WATTMETER METHOD
W 3 Q
TOT
=
W1 W2
V I V I
RT R ST S
SR S TR T
TS T RS R

W
V I
ST R
TR S
RS T
Q measurement: cyclic permutations
3
in I V ) os(90- I V ) cos( I V W
TOTAL
line line line line R ST
Q
s c
IR VST
= = = =
27 27
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
INSTANTANEOUS THREE-PHASE POWER
Single-phase load: cosAcosB = 05[cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)]
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = V
0
cos(wt +
V
)I
0
cos(wt +
I
)
p(t) =1/2V
0
I
0
cos(
V
-
I
) + 1/2V
0
I
0
cos(2wt +
V
+
I
) watt
Constant Oscillates at twice the mains frequency!
Three-phase wye balanced load:
p(t) = v
RN
(t)i
R
(t) + v
SN
(t)i
S
(t) + v
TN
(t)i
T
(t) =
= \2V
p
cos(wt +
V
) \2I
p
cos(wt +
I
)
+ \2V
p
cos(wt -120+
V
) \2I
p
cos(wt -120+
I
)
+ \ 2V
p
cos(wt +120+
V
) \2I
p
cos(wt +120+
I
)
=
V
p
I
p
cos(
V
-
I
) + V
p
I
p
cos(2wt +
V
+
I
)
+ V
p
I
p
cos(
V
-
I
) + V
p
I
p
cos(2wt -240+
V
+
I
)
+ V
p
I
p
cos(
V
-
I
) + V
p
I
p
cos(2wt +240+
V
+
I
)
= 3/2V
p
I
p
cos(
V
-
I
) = 3/2V
p
I
p
cos = constant!
28 28
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
INSTANTANEOUS POWER: SINGLE-PHASE LOAD
v(t)
i(t)
p(t)
Average power = P
29 29
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
INSTANTANEOUS THREE-PHASE POWER
v(t)
i(t)
p(t)
p
TOTAL
= p
R
(t) + p
S
(t) + p
T
(t)
30 30
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
POWER LOSSES: THREE-PHASE/SINGLE PHASE
Single-phase line
R1
R
N
LOAD
R1
Three-phase line
Supposing same losses
1p 3p
3p 1p
2 1
S
2
1
S
S S
2 R 2R = = =
l l

Single-phase line: 2 conductors of length l and section S
1p
Three-phase line: 3 conductors of length l and section S
3p
= 1/2S
1p
As a result: weight
3p-cables
= 3/4weight
1p-cables

2 2
2
load
1
2
1 losses
cos V
P
2R I 2R P = = V
V

2 2
2
load
2 2 2 2
2
load
2
2
2 losses
cos V
P
R
cos .V ) 3 (
P
3R I 3R P = = =
cos V
P
I
load

=
cos V 3
P
I
load

=
31 31
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Example 1
A
Balanced load 1
capacitive
C
K
C C
U
U
1
Z
L
Z
L
Z
L
R
S
T
A
1
W
1
Balanced load 2
inductive
A
2
W
2
Three-phase balanced RST system for which A
1
= 1.633 A, A
2
= 5.773 A, W
1
= 6928.2
W, W
2
= 12000 W, U = 6000 V and Z
line
=4+j3 O a) Obtain the complex power in the
loads, as well as the ammeter A and the voltmeter U
1
readings. b) Obtain the value of
C
A
to improve the loads PF to 1, assuming U = 6000 V.
48000VAr sin UI 3 Q
12 . 53
cos UI 3 W 36000 W 3 P
W 12000 cos UI 3 P
45
sin UI 3 VAr 12000 Q
VAr 12000 W 3 Q
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1
= =
=
= = =
= =
=
= =
= =

VA 60000 6000 3 j 48000 ) Q j(Q ) P (P S
36.87
2 1 2 1 2 1
= + = + + + =
+
A 774 . 5 773 . 5 633 . 1 I I I
85 . 36 90 12 . 53 90 45 90
2 1
+
= + = + =
TOTAL
6050V U 3 U V 97 . 3492
3
6000
) 3 4 ( 774 . 5 U Z . I U
phase 1, 1
90
90
85 . 36 90
phase L , 1
= = = + + = + =

j
phase
F 1.06 C
) .50.C 1/(2
(6000)
- r -36000/3VA Q/3 Q
2
, 1

t
= = = =
A
A
A C
R
S T
32 32
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Example 2
Three-phase 50 Hz system for which V = 400 V, W
1
= -8569.24 W, W
2
= -5286.36 W, A
S
= 21.56 A. Obtain a) the value of R. b) the reading of A
R.
c) the value of the inductance
L
2 2
1 1
W ' W
and
W ' W
=
=
O = = = + = 23.095 R : in resulting
R
400
2 W 13855.6 ' W ' W P a)
2
2 1 otal t
A 32 . 17
095 . 23
400
R
V
I A 32 . 17
095 . 23
400
R
V
I b)
60
60
RT
RT
60
60
SR
SR
+
+

= = = = = =
A 30 I - I I : results It
90
SR RT R
= =
L
90
L
180
60
L
TS 60
TS SR S
X
400
j j15 66 . 8
X
400
32 . 17
jX
V
32 . 17 I I I c) = = = =

H 0.2684 L : is result The
50L 2 84.308 X )
X
400
15 ( 8.66 A 21.56 I
L
2
L
2
S
=
= O = + = = t
A
R R
S
T
W
1
R L
W
2
R
A
S
A
T
V
R
S
T
R
S T
W
1
W
2
V I V I
RT R ST S
SR S TR T
TS T RS R
33 33
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Example 3
Varley phase-sequence indicator. Calculate the voltage in each element and deduce
the practical consequences Three-phase 400 V/50 Hz system
V 171.55
5290 / 1 5290 / 1 3183 / 1
/5290 230 /5290 230 /3183 230
Y Y Y
Y V Y V Y V
V
171.31
0 0 90
0 210 0 30 - 90 - 90
T S R
T TN S SN R RN
ON
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=

V
RO
= V
RN
V
ON
= 230
90
- 171.55
171.31
= 265.34
50.28
V
V
SO
= V
SN
V
ON
= 230
-30
- 171.55
171.31
= 394.78
-20.91
V
V
TO
= V
TN
V
ON
= 230
210
- 171.55
171.31
= 144.00
-101.86
V
Conductor R is situated where the capacitor is placed, conductor S
is situated where the brighter bulb is placed and T is the remaining
conductor.
C = 1F X
C
= 3183 O
R
2bulbs
= 2V
2
/P = 2230
2
/20 = 5290 O
R
S T
0
V
0N
V
R0
V
T0
V
S0
34 34
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Example 4
A 400 V and 50 Hz three-phase line feeds two balanced loads through a line which has
an internal impedance of Z
L
=0.5 + j1 O The A-connected load has phase impedances
whose values are 45+j30 , whereas the Y-connected load has phase impedances of
15j30 Determine: a) the reading of the ammeter A, b) the reading of the voltmeter
V and c) the readings of watt-meters W
1
and W
2.
R
S T
A 30 . 13
365 . 17
3 / 400
Z
V
I a)
875 . 82
125 . 7
90
TOT
RN
R
= = =
+
386.33V .7706) (13.3016 3 ) (IZ 3 V b)
//
= = =
1.154 313.30 ) W (W 3 Q
16.731 313.30 W W P c)
2
2 1 LOAD
2
2 1 LOAD
= =
= + =
The Aron connection results in:
W
1
=4616,1 W, W
2
=4262,5 W
O = + + + = + = + =
A
17.365 j1.154) (16.731 j1) (0.5 Z ) Z / / Z ( Z Z
7.125
// L Y L TOT
Z
Y
W1 W2
V I V I
RT R ST S
SR S TR T
TS T RS R

W
1
W
2
Z
L
Z
L
Z
L
A
V
R
S
T
35 35
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Example 5
Three-phase 400 V-50 Hz line. When switch K
2
is closed , W
A
= 4000 W. When K
1
and
K
3
are closed, W
A
= 28352.6 W and W
B
= -11647.4 W. Determine: a) R
2,
b) R
1
and c) A
T.
R
S T
j34.64A 60
10
400
10
400
R
V
R
V
I I I
60 180
1
RT
1
TS
RT TS T1
= = = =
R
S
T
N
WA
AT
WB
K1
C1 R1
R1 R2
K2 K3
AS
a) K
2
closed: W
A
=V
ST
I
S
cos(
VST
-
IS
)
4000 =400I
S
cos(0+30) I
S
=11.55 A
R
2
=V
SN
/I
S
=(400/\3)/11.55 =20 O
b) K
1
and K
3
closed:
P
TOT
=W
1
+W
2
=-W
B
+W
A
= 40000 W =2400
2
/R
1
+400
2
/R
2
R
1
= 10 O
c) K
1
and K
3
closed:
j0A 20
20
400
R
V
I
180
2
TS
T2
+ = = =
A 87.18 j34.64 -80 j0) (-20 j34.64) 60 ( I I I
-156.6
T2 T1 Ttotal
= = + + = + =
This results inA
T
= 87.18 A
W1 W2
V I V I
RT R ST S
SR S TR T
TS T RS R

36
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Question 1
An electrical lineman is connecting three single-phase transformers in a Y(primary)-
Y(secondary) configuration, for a businesss power service. Draw the connecting
wires necessary between the transformer windings, and those required between the
transformer terminals and the lines. Note: fuses have been omitted from this
illustration for simplicity.
37
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Question 2
Identify the primary-secondary connection configuration of these pole-mounted
power transformers (i.e. Y-Y, Y-Delta, Delta-Y, etc.).
HV
LV
R S
T
These transformers are connected in a Yy configuration.
38
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Question 3
Identify the primary-secondary connection configuration of these pole-mounted
power transformers (i.e. Y-Y, Y-Delta, Delta-Y, etc.).
These transformers are connected in a Yd configuration.
39
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Question 3
Identify the primary-secondary connection configuration of these pole-mounted
power transformers (i.e. Y-Y, Y-Delta, Delta-Y, etc.).
These transformers are
connected in open-delta
configuration.
Three single-phase transformers are not normally used because this is more
expensive than using one three-phase transformer.
However, there is an advantageous method called the open-Delta or V-
connection
It functions as follows: a defective single-phase transformer in a Dd three-phase
bank can be removed for repair. Partial service can be restored using the open-
Delta configuration until a replacement transformer is obtained.
Three-phase is still obtained with two transformers, but at 57.7% of the original
power.
This is a very practical transformer application for emergency conditions.
40
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Question 4
One of the conductors connecting the secondary of a three-phase power distribution
transformer to a large office building fails when open. Upon inspection, the source of
the failure is obvious: the wire overheated at a point of contact with a terminal block,
until it physically separated from the terminal. What is strange is that the overheated
wire is the neutral conductor, not any one of the line conductors. Based on this
observation, what do you think caused the failure?
After repairing the wire, what would you do to verify the cause of the failure?
Heres a hint (pista): if you were to repair the neutral wire and take current
measurements with a digital instrument (using a clamp-on current probe, for safety), you
would find that the predominant frequency of the current is 150 Hz, rather than 50 Hz.
This scenario is all too common in modern power systems, as non-linear loads such as
switching power supplies and electronic power controls have become more prevalent.
Special instruments exist to measure harmonics in power systems, but a simple DMM
(digital multimeter) may be used as well to make crude assessments.
41 41
Unit 3. AC THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
POWER MEASURMENT. ARON CONNECTION
General 3-wire load. Two-wattmeter method (ARON connection)
p(t) = v
RN
(t)i
R
(t) + v
SN
(t)i
S
(t) + v
TN
(t)i
T
(t)
p(t) = v
RN
(t)i
R
(t) + v
SN
(t)i
S
(t) + v
TN
(t)[-i
R
(t) - i
S
(t)]
p(t) = i
R
(t)[v
RN
(t) - v
TN
(t)] + i
S
(t)[v
SN
(t) - v
TN
(t)] = v
RT
(t)i
R
(t) + v
ST
(t)i
S
(t)
Mean value
P
total
= W
1
+ W
2
= V
RT
I
R
cos(V
RT
-I
R
) + V
ST
I
S
cos(V
ST
-I
S
)
,
LOAD