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Components of Bridge EGCE 406 Bridge Design II. Bridge g Types yp

deck bearings

Substructure

Superstructure

Foundation F d (Pile/ (P l / Spread S d Footing) F ) Pier (Column) Abutment

Any structures above A b bearing b which support the roadway Wearing g Surface

pier

Praveen Chompreda
Mahidol University First Semester, 2007
foundation

abutment

Components of Bridge
Superstructure Substructure Abutment Abutment Roadway Deck

Components of Bridge
Bearing

Superstructure

Roadway Deck

Substructure

Pier Abutment

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Components of Bridge Components of Bridge
Superstructure

Pin Joint Bearing Cap Beam

Bearing C B Cap Beam

Pier

Span Length
span length

single span

T Types of f Bridge B id
Types by Kinds of Traffic Types by Traffic Position Types by Material and Fabrication Types by Structural System

span multi lti span

Span > 6 m Bridge Span < 6 m Culvert

Short span: 6-30 m Medium span: 30-100 m Long span: > 100 m

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Types of Bridge by Traffic

Types: Highway Bridge

Highway bridge (trucks, cars) Pedestrian bridge (pedestrians, bicycles) Railway y bridge g (trains) ( ) Transit guideway (city trains, monorail) Other types (pipelines (pipelines, utilities utilities, industrial industrial, aqueduct aqueduct, airport structure)

Golden Gate Bridge California, USA

Avon Mouth Bridge Bristol, UK

Types: Pedestrian Bridge

Types: Railway Bridge

El Alam illo Bridge Seville, Spain 200m span Mount ain Creek Bridge ( 1880) Canada Japan Bridge ( 1994) Paris, France 100m span St oney Creek Bridge ( 1894) Canada 325ft span

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Types: Transit Guideway Types: Others

R Roman A Aqueduct d t Spain

BTS System Bangkok, Thailand

Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (circa 19 BC) N Nimes, France F

Types: Others

Types: Others

Navigational Canal Netherlands Runway at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) g USA Los Angeles,

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Types: Deck Type

Deck type

Structural components under the deck Preferred by drivers (can clearly see the view) Requires space under the bridge Structural components above the deck Obstructed view (not a problem for railway bridges) No structure under the bridge
Henry Hudson Bridge (1936)

Through type
Rhone Bridge France

Half-through type

Types: Through Type

Firth of Forth Bridge (1890) Scotland 521m span

Types: Through Type

Tonegawa River Bridge (1972) Japan

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Types: Half Half-Through Through Types by Material & Fabrications

Materials

Fabrications

Masonry (brick, M (b k rock) k) Timber Reinforced Concrete (RC) Prestressed Concrete (PC) Iron Steel Aluminum Composites Plastics Etc Etc

Precast (RC/PC) P Cast-in-place (RC/PC) Pretensioned (PC) Posttensioned (PC) Prefabricated ( (steel) ) Rivet (steel) Bolted (steel/ timber) Welded (steel) Etc

Types by Material & Fabrications

Types by Material & Fabrications

Leonardo L d Da D Vinci V Bridge B d (2001) Norway 40 m Span Glue-laminated Timber Bridge

Timber Bridge probably built in place?

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Types by Material & Fabrications
Steel P f bi Prefabricated d (probably with precast slab)

Types by Material & Fabrications

Prestressed & Precast & Pretensioned (most likely with precast concrete slab)

Types by Material & Fabrications

Prestressed Segmental Bridge Precast & Post-Tensioned Post Tensioned

Types of Bridge by Structure

Arch Beam Cantilever Cable-Stayed Suspension Others

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Types: Arch Bridge Types: Arch Bridge

Semi-circle (has vertical reaction f force only) l ) Flat arch (has vertical and horizontal forces at the support) Tied arch (tie resists tension force) )

Forces Along the Arch

Reaction Forces

Reaction Forces

Types: Arch Bridge

hingless

Types: Arch Bridge

Hinge changes the degree of i d indeterminatcy i i in the h structure

2 hinged hi d

3 hinged keystone

tie

Hinge Detail at the top of an arch bridge

voussoir

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Types: Arch Bridge Types: Masonry Arch Bridge
Ponte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, Italy

Ponte dei Salti Bridge (circa 1st century AD) Switzerland Masonry Arch

The arch Th h construction i was invented during the Roman empire

M Materials i l

Masonry Timber Concrete (Reinforced/ Prestressed) Steel

Types: Masonry Arch Bridge

Types: Masonry Arch Bridge

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Types: Masonry Arch Bridge Types: Concrete Arch Bridge

Bixby Bridge (1932) California, USA 97.5 m span Concrete arch

Types: Concrete Arch Bridge

Types: Prestressed Concrete Arch

Enz Bridge (1961) Mlacker, Germany 46 m span Concrete arch

Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge (1994) Tennessee, USA 502 m span

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Types: Steel Arch Bridge Types: Steel Arch Bridge

Construction of Sydney y y Harbor Bridge g

Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938) Sydney, Australia parabolic arch 503 m span

Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Vertical Loads from Traffic

Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Common Materials

The most basic type of bridge Typically consists of a beam simply supported on each side by a pier and can be made continuous later Typically inexpensive to build

ROADWAY DECK BEAM

PIER

PIER

Timber Truss RC Beam Steel Plate Girder/ Box Girder Steel Truss Girder Prestressed Concrete Girders

I-Beam, U-Beam, T-Beam Segmentally Prestressed Box Beam

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simple cantilever continuous

Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g

Currently, C l most of f the h b beam bridges b id are precast (in (i case of f RC and d PC) or prefabricated Most are simply-supported Some are made continuous on site

Mountain Creek Bridge (1880) Canada Timber

Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g

Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g

Steel Box Gi d Girder Bridge

hot-rolled

box sections

plate girder

Steel sections may be hot-rolled shapes (for short-span bridge), Box section (medium span), or Plate Girder (medium span)

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Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g

Upper: Steel Plate Girder Bridge Lower: Prestressed Concrete I-Girder Bridge

Steel Plate Girder

Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g

Types: yp Beam/Girder Bridges g

6'9"

8"

Prestressed Concrete P Precast t (and ( dP Pretensioned) t i d) sections are usually of Ishape p

54" 28 o 0.5" strands

6@2" =12" 13@2" @ =26"

Steel Plate Girder (C ti (Continuous) )

AASHTO T T Type IV Girder. i d

Typical Cross-Section of Pretensioned AASHTO Type IV girder

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Precast Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridge Si l S Simply-Supported dB Beam

Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete are often found in the form of segmentally t ll precast t members b

Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Segmental construction may be constructed t t di in 2 ways

Cantilever Construction construct from the p pier equally q y on both sides Span-by-Span Construction finish one span at a time

Span-by-Span

Cantilever

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Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Some types of truss bridges can also be considered as a beam bridge when h looked l k d globally l b ll

Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Types: Beam/Girder Bridges

Steel Truss can be of beam type, arch type, or cantilever type depending on the primary mechanisms Components of Truss

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Types: Cantilever Bridges

Types: Cantilever Bridges

In a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed out from the pier in two di ti directions at t th the same ti time so th that t the th weight i ht on both b th sides id counterbalance t b l each other Notice the larger section at the support to resist negative moments

Types: Cantilever Bridges

Types: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridge

Steel Truss Cantilever Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam

350'

150'

1700'

Firth of Forth Bridge (1890), Scotland 521m span

Firth of Forth Bridge (1890) Scotland 521m span

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Types: Cantilever Bridges

Prestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam

Columbia River Bridge USA 1950 ft span

Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

TOWER/ PYLON TOWER/ PYLON

Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

Vertical Loads from Traffic

Cable-stayed bridge uses the prestressing principles but the prestressing tendons are external of the beam All the forces are transferred from the deck through the cables to the pylon

ROADWAY DECK

PIER

PIER

Roadway deck can be:

(Prestressed) Concrete Box Deck Steel Box Deck Steel Truss Deck

Reaction Force

Reaction Force

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Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

Harp Type

Fan Type

Steel Box Beam

I-Shaped Cross Beam

P Precast t Concrete Panel Roadway

Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

Millau Viaduct France

Cable-Stayed Bridge
Rama IX Bridge Bangkok p 450m span

I d Industrial i l Ring Ri R Road dB Bridges id Bangkok, Thailand

Tatara Bridge Japan 890m span

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Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

Construction sequence

Construct Pylons

Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

Erect the deck away from the pylon in both of the pylons.

Join the cable-stayed sections with the back piers (back piers helps resist tension forces)

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Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge Types: Cable Cable-Stayed Stayed Bridge

The concrete roadway deck is laid as the deck structure is erected

Finally, join the two cantilevers at the midspan

Types: Suspension Bridge

Types: yp Suspension p Bridge g

Suspension bridge needs to have very strong main cables Cables are anchored at the abutment abutment has to be massive

TOWER/ PYLON

TOWER/ PYLON

Vertical Loads from Traffic

Forces in Main Cable

ROADWAY DECK ABUTMENT PIER PIER

Reaction Force Reaction Force

ABUTMENT

Reaction Forces

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Types: Suspension Bridge

Types: yp Suspension p Bridge g

London Tower Bridge (1894) London, UK

3-Hinged Suspension Bridge Tension member is a truss

Anchor of a suspension bridge

Types: Suspension Bridge

Types: Suspension Bridge

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span

Mackinac Bridge (1957) Mi hi Michigan, USA 1158 m span

Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) Washington, USA 2800 ft f span

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Millennium F b id Footbridge (2002) London, UK 144m span

Types: yp Suspension p Bridge g

Types: Suspension Bridge

Types: yp Others

Pontoon (Floating) Bridge

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Types: Others Types: Others

The bridge can rotate to allow ships to go under

Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000) Gateshead, UK 126m span

Charing g Cross Bridge g (middle ( - truss) ) and Golden J Jubilee Bridges (outer cable-stayed).

Which type should I use?

Consider the followings: Span length Bridge length Beam B spacing i Material available Site Sit conditions diti (foundations, (f d ti height, h i ht space constraints) t i t) Speed of construction Constructability Technology/ Equipment available Aesthetics Cost Access for maintenance

Span Length
st eel suspension st eel rib arc h st eel t russ arc h c onc ret e arc h Type s st eel t russ c able- st ay ed st eel
Type s slab concret e girder st t eel l girder i d cable- st ayed concret e cable- st ayed st eel st eel t russ concret e arch st eel t russ arch st eel rib arch st eel suspension m in 0 10 10 90 90 90 90 250 120 300 m ax 12 220 270 250 350 550 300 500 370 2000

c able- st ay ed c onc ret e st eel girder c onc ret e girder slab l b 0 200 400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Spa n Le ngt h ( m )

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Span Length Cost vs. Span Length

The span length may be influenced by the cost of superstructure ( t/ t ) and (cost/meter) d substructure bt t (cost/pier) ( t/ i ) If the substructure cost is about 25% of total cost shorter span is more cost effective cost-effective If the substructure cost is about 50% of total cost longer spans are more economical

Cost vs. Span Length

Access for Maintenance

Total Cost = Initial Cost + Maintenance Cost Bridge should be made easy to inspect and maintain Maintenance cost may yg govern the selection of bridge g

Steel bridge needs a lot of maintenance in coastal regions Concrete bridge g usually y require q the least maintenance

Substructure here is expensive compared with the superstructure

If the water is shallow, p substructure is inexpensive compared with the superstructure

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Beam Spacing

Materials

Beam spacing determine the number of girders Large Spacing

Steel Concrete

Fewer girder (faster to erect) Deeper and heavier girder (can it be transported?) Reduced redundancy Thicker slab More girder Smaller girder More redundancy (but more beams to inspect) Thinner slab

Cast-in-place Precast

Smaller Spacing

Material choice depends p on the cost of material at the bridge g site Shipping S pp g cost from o fabricators ab cato s

Speed of construction

Site Requirement

In urban areas, the construction of bridge may disrupt traffic

Prefabricated/ Precast member are the only choice Substructure construction may disrupt traffic more than the superstructure erection i may consider id longer l spans

Is the bridge straight or curved

Precast I-Girder cannot be curved d Segmental prestressed can have slight curve Cast-in-place
Segmental pieces may be easier to ship in narrow urban streets

Shipping of prefabricated pieces to site Is shipping shi in channel re required? ired? Is the temporary falsework required? i d? C Can it i be b done d with ih the site conditions?

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Site Requirement Site Requirement

Requirement for shipping channel leads to long span bridge

In the Millau Aqueduct, the superstructure was completed inland and pushed into the span

Site Requirement

Aesthetics

An ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable, and inexpensive, is not a good bridge Long span bridge over a river can be a landmark; thus, aesthetics should be an important factor Bridge g should blend with the environment Smooth transition between members Avoid unnecessary decorations Bridge should have an appearance of adequate strength

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Aesthetics

Aesthetics

Determinant of bridges appearance (in order of importance)

Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to surrounding topography and other structures S Superstructure type: arch, h girder, i d etc Pier placement Ab t Abutment t placement l t Superstructure shape, parapet and railing Pier shape Abutment shape Color surface texture, Color, texture ornamentations Signing, Lighting, Lanscaping

Aesthetics

Aesthetics