1 Single Carrier modulation with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) (iu ch n sng mang cn bng trong min tn s )

Hnh 1 Mt b cn bng s b li phn mo tuyn tnh gy ra do truyn sng a ng. Vicc knh bng rng, cc b cn bng trong min thi gian thng thng l khng th thc hin do p ng xung kim ca knh rt di trong min thi gian. Cn bng trong min tn s (Frequency Domain Equalization : FDE) l kh thi hn trong trng hp ny. Cn bng knh thng thng l vic lc nghch o mo tuyn tnh gy ra do truyn sng a ng. Vi mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian, vic lc tuyn tnh l mt php tch chp trong min thi gian v l php nhn trong min tn s. Bin i Fourier bin i cc tn hiu trong min thi gian sang min tn s m c th thc hin cn bng bng cch chia cho mt c tnh p ng tn s ca knh. Hnh 1 ch ra php ton c bn ca vic cn bng trong min thi gian (tch chp) v cn bng trong min tn s (php nhn). S dng Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), vic cn bng trong min tn s c th d dng c thc hin bng cch s dng mt b x l tn hiu s hin i. Do kch thc DFT khng tng tuyn tnh theo di ca p ng knh nn phc tp ca FDE thp hn so vi b cn bng trong min tn s cho cc knh bng rng. iu ch n sng mang vi cn bng trong min tn s (SC/FDE) l mt k thut kh thi gim nh hiu ng fading chn lc tn s. N to ra hiu nng ging nh OFDM vi cng mt phc tp, k c vi cc p ng xung kim ca knh di. Mt b iu ch SC/FDE pht cc k hiu iu ch lin tip nhau. N

chia chui cc k hiu iu ch thnh cc khi v thm vo tin t tun hon (Cyclic Prefix : CP) vo u mi khi. CP l bn sao ca phn cui cng ca cc khi. Nh trong OFDM, CP gip trnh nhiu xuyn khi. N cng m bo rng tch chp ca p ng xung kim ca knh vi cc k hiu iu ch c dng tch chp vng. iu ny thch hp vi vic x l tn hiu c thc hin bi knh vi vic x l tn hiu c thc hin bi FDE do php nhn trong min DFT tng ng vi tch chp vng trong min thi gian. Bi ton dung ha vic x l tn hiu ti my thu vi vic chuyn i tn hiu gy ra bi knh l mt bi ton tng qut cho vic cn bng trong min tn s s dng cc php bin i ri rc. Khi tn hiu c truyn qua knh, n c nhn tch chp tuyn tnh vi p ng xung kim ca knh. Do mt b cn bng knh lun c gng thc hin nghch o li p ng xung kim ca knh, n nn thc hin cng mt kiu tch chp ging nh knh, hoc tch chp tuyn tnh, hoc tch chp vng. Cch gii quyt bi ton ny l thm mt CP my pht lm cho vic lc knh ging nh mt php tch chp vng v thch hp n vi FDE da trn DFT. Mt my thu SC/FDE chuyn i tn hiu thu c sang min tn s bng cch s dng thut ton DFT. Sau khi thc hin cn bng trong min tn s, thut ton IDFT chuyn i tn hiu n sng mang sang min thi gian v b tch sng thc hin khi phc cc k hiu iu ch ban u. Ngc li, OFDM s dung mt b tch sng ring bit cho tng sng mang con. So snh OFDM vi SC/FDE OFDM v SC/FDE kh ging nhau v cc phn t trong h thng. Tuy nhin, cc im khc bit c bn gia chng l cc b cn bng. SC/FDE thc hin c 2 thut ton DFT v IDFT my thu, trong khi OFDM thc hin IDFT my pht v DFT my thu. Ti my thu, OFDM thc hin tch d liu trn tng sng mang con trong min tn s trong khi SC/FDE thc hin tch d liu trong min thi gian sau khi thm thut ton IDFT. Chu k ca cc k hiu iu ch trong min thi gian c m rng trong trng hp ca OFDM khi truyn dn ng thi cc khi d liu trong sut chu k thi gian c gin ra. H thng c rng bng tn BsHz c chia thnh nhiu sng mang c rng bng tn nh hn v d liu c lp c truyn ti trn mi sng mang con

SC/FDE c nhng u im vt tri hn so vi OFDM nh sau: o PAPR thp hn do iu ch n sng mang ti my pht. o t nhy cm vi dch tn s sng mang. o phc tp thp ti my pht, to nhiu thun li cho cc thit b u cui di ng trong truyn thng ng ln. 2 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) (a truy cp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang) Trong cc ng dng thng tin di ng, OFDMA c u im quan trng l khng nh hng bi truyn dn a ng. Kh nng ny t c l nh s dng OFDM pht thng tin trn N sng mang con hot ng ti tc bit ch bng 1/N tc bit ca thng tin cn truyn, tuy nhin c nhc im l Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) cao. Mt nhc im na ca OFDM trong h thng thng tin di ng l cn dch cc tn s hoa tiu i vi cc u cui pht ng thi. Dch tn ph hoi tnh trc giao ca cc cuc truyn dn OFDMA, ngha l xy ra nhiu a truy nhp. khc phc nhc im ny, 3GPP xut s dng phng php a truy nhp ng ln trong truyn dn DFTS-OFDM v c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) v c p dng cho LTE. Tng t OFDMA, cc my pht trong h thng SC-FDMA s dng cc tn s trc giao khc nhau (cc sng mang con) pht cc k hiu thng tin, nhng cc k hiu ny khng pht song song m pht ln lt. V th, khng nh OFDMA, cch sp xp ny lm gim ng k s thay i ng bao ca tn hiu ca dng sng pht. Nh vy, cc tn hiu SCFDMA c PAPR thp hn cc tn hiu OFDMA xt trc. Tuy nhin, trong h thng thng tin di ng b nh hng ca truyn dn a ng, nn tn hiu FDMA nhn ti trm thu pht gc (BTS) b nhiu gia cc tn hiu kh hn. BTS s dng b cn bng thch ng min tn s loi b nhiu ny. Cch t chc ny ph hp cho cc h thng thng tin di ng, n cho php gim yu cu i vi b khuch i cng sut tuyn tnh trong cc my di ng (MS) vi vic tr gi bng thch ng min tn s phc ti ti BTS.

Hnh 2 M t nguyn l hot n ca SC-FDMA a/ n nh bng thng bng nhau; b/ n nh bng thng khc nhau

Hnh 2a m t trng hp a truy nhp ca 2 u cui c n nh bng thng bng nhau (P1=P2), cn hnh 2b m t trng hp a truy nhp ca 2 u cui c n nh bng thng khc nhau (P1#P2). Bng cc dch cc u ra ca DFT n cc u vo thch hp ca IFFT, h thng c th pht tn hiu vo ng v tr min tn s c quy nh theo lp biu.

Hnh 3 Th d minh ha s khc nhau trong vic truyn cc k hiu s liu theo thi gian i vi OFDMA v SC-FDMA (OFDMA truyn song song, SC-FDMA truyn ni tip)

Hnh 3 cho thy s khc nhau trong qu trnh truyn cc k hiu s liu theo thi gian. Trn hnh ny ta gi thit rng, mi ngi s dng c 4 sng mang con (P=4) vi bng thng bng 15KHz, trong mi k hiu OFDMA hoc SCFDMA truyn 4 k hiu s liu c iu bin QPSK cho mi ngi s dng. Hnh 3 cho thy vi OFDMA, 4 k hiu s liu ny c truyn ng thi vi bng con cho mi k hiu bng 15KHz trong khong thi gian hiu dng TFFT ca 1 k hiu OFDMA, cn i vi SC-FDMA 4 k hiu s liu ny c truyn ln lt trong khong thi gian bng 1/P (1/4) thi gian hiu dng k hiu SC-FDMA vi bng thng bng P x 15KHz = 4 x 15KHz cho mi k hiu. Ging nh OFDMA, thng lng SC-FDMA ph thuc vo cch sp xp cc k hiu thng tin ln cc sng mang con. C 2 cch phn b sng mang con gia cc my u cui nh sau: a/ SC-FDMA khoanh vng (LFDMA) SC-FDMA khoanh vng (LFDMA: Locallized SC-FDMA) hay cn gi l DFTS-OFDMA khoanh vng (locallized DFTS-OFDMA): mi u cui s dng 1 tp sng mang con lin k pht i k hiu ca mnh. V th bng thng truyn dn ca LFDMA bng 1 phn bng thng h thng

b/ SC-FDMA phn b (DFDMA) SC-FDMA phn b (DFDMA: Distrubuted FDMA) hay cn gi l DFTSOFDMA phn b (Distrubuted DFTS-OFDM): cc sng mang con dnh cho 1 u cui c phn b trn ton b bng tn tn hiu. Mt phng n ca SC-FDMA phn b c gi l SC-FDMA an xen (IFDMA: Interleaved SC-FDMA), trong cc sng mang c chim bi mt u cui cch u nhau v cc sng mang con gia chng rng dnh cho cc u cui khc.

Hnh 4 Cc phng php n nh sng mang con cho nhiu ngi s dng Hnh 4 cho thy 2 cch sp xp ni trn vi 3 u cui, mi u cui pht i cc tn hiu trn 4 sng mang con trong 1 h thng 12 sng mang con. Hnh 4a vi cch sp xp IFDMA (u cui 1 s dng 4 sng mang con gm 0,3,6,9; u cui 2 gm 1,4,7,10; u cui 3 gm 2,5,8,11); trong cch sp xp LFDMA, hnh 4b (u cui 1 s dng cc sng mang con 0,1,2,3; u cui 2 gm 4,5,6,7; u cui 3 gm 8,9,10,11)

Hnh 5 Hai kiu sp xp cc phn b sng mang con Xt v kh nng khng i vi li truyn dn (iu ny nh hng ln thng lng), SC-FDMA phn b (DFDMA) c kh nng khng phading chonk lc tn s tt hn SC-FDMA khoanh vng (LFDMA), v thng tin cn truyn c tri rng trn ton b bng tn tn hiu pht. Do , n cung cp kh nng phn tp tn s tt. Tri li, SC-FDMA khoanh vng (LFDMA) cho php t c phn tp a ngi dng khi xy ra phading chn lc tn s nu n n nh cho tng ngi s dng phn bng tn, trong ngi s dng ny c c trng truyn dn tt nht ( li knh cao). Phn tp a ngi s dng da trn vic phading c

lp i vi cc my pht khc nhau. H thng cng cn c b tp biu theo knh (CDS: Channel Dependent Scheduler) cho cc sng mang. CDS i hi h thng gim st cht lng knh truyn ph thuc tn s cho tng u cui v thch ng nh sng mang con thay i p ng tn s knh ca tt c cc u cui.