[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

February 11, 2014, 2014 GISC9216-D2 Mrs. Janet Finlay GIS-GM Program Coordinator Niagara College 135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON L0S 1J0 Dear Mrs. Finlay, RE: GISC9216-Deliverable 2-Prinicipal Component Anaylsis Please accept this cover letter as my formal submission of Deliverable 2: Principal Component Analysis for GISC9216-Digital Image Processing. The deliverable files are located in the X: drive under GISC9216\Assignment#2\PageNGISC9216D1. This assignment served to greatly further and encourage skills in ERDAS, specifically processing digital images; having zero background in remote sensing and very little in ERDAS, I found all the skills learned here very interesting. Should you have any questions regarding the enclosed documents, or if there are technical issues regarding the files please contact me at your convenience at nathanpage90@gmail.com. Thank you for your time and attention. I look forward to your comments and suggestions. Warm Regards,

Nathan Page BA, GIS-GM Certificate Candidate NP/np

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Contents
Question 1: Why transform original image bands to Principal Components? ........................................ 3 Question 2: Which bands have strong correlation? ................................................................................. 3 Question 3: Variance of PCA Result .......................................................................................................... 5 Question 4: Comparison to Original Data ................................................................................................. 6 Question 5: Results for PCA Unsupervised Classification & Original Image Unsupervised Classification 8 Question 6: Comparision of Results ........................................................................................................ 10

Figures
Figure 1: Bands 1 & 2 .................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Bands 1 & 3 .................................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Bands 2 & 3 .................................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 4: Bands 5 & 6 .................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 5: Original Data Correlations- Bands 1 & 2 ........................................................................................ 6 Figure 6: Original Data Correlations- Bands 1 & 3 ........................................................................................ 6 Figure 7: Original Data Correlations- Bands 2 & 3 ........................................................................................ 6 Figure 8: PCA Data Bands .............................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 9: PCA Unsupervised Classification Result ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 10 Original Image Classification Result .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 11: PCA ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 12: Original Subset ........................................................................................................................... 12

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Question 1: Why transform original image bands to Principal Components?

Principal Component analysis is done to streamline and reduce image data values. It is to identify and display the most common information of the image in fewer bands then originally needed. We perform the transformation in order to reduce redundant data, save file space and isolate certain bands which we are interested in for whatever reason that may be. For this assignment, transforming the original image bands to Principal Components allowed us to visualize the land use of our AOI in a different way, perhaps more detailed and accurate.

Question 2: Which bands have strong correlation?

A close examination of the histograms and Feature Space Images (scatterplots) of the original images bands reveals several correlations. As seen below in Figures 1 through 4, bands 1 and 2 are very strongly correlated, bands 1 and 3 are considerably correlated (not quite as strongly as 1 & 2), bands 2 & 3 are strongly correlated and lastly bands 5 & 6 are the least correlated of the bunch, but still have a visible correlation.

Figure 1: Bands 1 & 2

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Figure 2: Bands 1 & 3

Figure 3: Bands 2 & 3

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Figure 4: Bands 5 & 6

Question 3: Variance of PCA Result

Channel 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Sum Eigen Value 1602.694523 971.8782394 141.3667547 15.36895251 10.23358867 3.591531656 2745.13359 % of Explained Variance Total Percent 58.38% 98.94% 35.40% 5.15% 0.56% 0.37% 0.13%

The total percentage of variance explained by the first three channels was 98.94%, which means that 98.94% of the transformed data can be explained by the first three principal component channels. If we are to examine each individual component we find that the first component explains 58.38% of the data, the second channel explains 35.40% of the data. At this point, we could say that if we were to only take the first two components we would have an explained variance of 93% which would not totally be acceptable but is notably close as it only includes the first two components at that point.

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Question 4: Comparison to Original Data

Figure 5: Original Data Correlations- Bands 1 & 2

Figure 6: Original Data Correlations- Bands 1 & 3

Figure 7: Original Data Correlations- Bands 2 & 3

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Pictured above (Figures 5, 6, and 7) are the Feature Space Images for the original datas bands. As you can see the three bands have very strong correlation between each other; each of the three FSIs displays a clear pattern and are linear, communicating that there is a very strong correlation between these three bands. Comparatively, when one looks at the PCA data bands as pictured below, one can see that these three bands have a very weak relationship; the data points have a wide spread scatter and do not form any clearly visible linear patterns. The most notable attribute about these FSIs is that they are reasonably well spread out, indicating that each band has a wide variation of values within it.

Figure 8: PCA Data Bands

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Question 5: Results for PCA Unsupervised Classification & Original Image Unsupervised Classification

Figure 9: PCA Unsupervised Classification Result

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Figure 10 Original Image Classification Result

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

Question 6: Comparison of Results

When looking at the above two resulting classifications there arent many differences which immediately catch the eye. To notice the differences and changes in land use from the original image to the PCA one must take a closer look at specific areas on each image to notice how the Principal Component Analysis changed the bands and resulting land use/land cover image. A closer look (pictured below within the two images) reveals that the PCA results reduced the agriculture and increased the vegetation and urban bands (Circles labeled B). Furthermore, the agriculture was most clearly most affected; some areas were totally changed into vegetation (Circles labeled A). The PCA classification greatly increased the apparent amount of vegetation (Circles labeled C). Essentially, the PCA added data in certain areas that were originally just purely agricultural, transforming them into more diverse mixes of urban, vegetation as well as agriculture. What can be taken from this is that the PCA communicated more urbanization and vegetation but it isnt clear whether that accurately depicts the real world or not. In the real world farm fields can have random wood lots, bushes, trees, barns, sheds and such, so perhaps it is in fact a real world accurate depiction. To sort out these issues one would need to do ground truthing or look at real colour ortho-images to see if they would help discern what the land cover/use really is. In conclusion one must make note of one issue. That is that the Area of Interest chosen for this classification comparison is very dense as well as very diverse; there are many urban/vegetation/agricultural areas sporadically located throughout the bulk of this AOI. This results in images that are quite undefined; roads and significant features arent very noticeable at all. As well, the diversity and complexity may accidentally be exaggerated because of the large area that has a high diversity; there is more room for error. One way to offset this problem would have been to use a smaller area for my AOI, and further more to use an area which isnt so densely complex. All in all this classification method serves to point out very interesting aspects of land use/cover data and clearly can assist in further exploring aerial data & imagery.

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

A C

Figure 11: PCA

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]

A C

Figure 12: Original Subset

[135 Taylor Road Niagara-on-the-Lake Ontario L0S 1J0] [Nathan Page]