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CH S BN VNG MI TRNG ESI

I. Tng quan v ch s ESI 1. Khi nim, thnh phn

Ch s bn vng mi trng l mt ch s tng hp c tnh tonh da trn cc ch th chn lc c trng cho tnh bn vng v mt mi trng. Ch s ESI l mt thc o ca s tin b tng th pht trin theo hng bn vng v mi trng. Gi tr ca ch s ESI dao ng trong khong 0 100. Gi tr ny cng cao, tnh bn vng mi trng cng cao. Cc thnh phn c a ch s ESI bao trm cc lnh vc:ti nguyn thin nhin, mc nhim mi trng, qun l mi trng, cam kt tm quc t v bo v mi trng, v nng lc x hi thc hin bo v mi trng Thnh phn: - Ch s bn vng MT nm 2001 c thc hin da trn 67 thng s ca 22 ch th. Cc ch th ny c phn chia theo 5 nhm c bn: Cc h thng mi trng Cc p lc mi trng Kh nng gy tn thng n con ngi Kh nng nh hng ca cc nh ch v x hi Th ng ca quc gia trong quan h ton cu - ESI 2005 c thc hin da trn 76 thng s ca 21 ch th thuc 5 nhm ch : Cc h thng mi trng Mc gim p lc mi trng Mc gim ri ro cho con ngi Nng lc th ch v x hi Qun l mi trng ton cu - ESI 2007 ca n c tnh ton bng cch tng hp 44 thng s ca 15 ch th. Cc ch th ny cng c chia thnh 5 thnh phn c bn, c quy v cng th nguyn trong qu trnh tnh ton: p lc dn s

p lc mi trng Hin trng mi trng Tc ng ln mi trng v sc khe Chnh sch qun l

Ch s bn vng mi trng cp quc t bao gm 21 thnh phn, vi 76 tiu thc phn nh thc trng mi trng v cc yu t lin quan n mi trng bn vng. 21 thnh phn gm: Cht lng khng kh; a dng sinh hc; t; cht lng nc; tng lng nc; gim nhim khng kh; gim h sinh thi; gim dn s; gim cht thi v sc p tiu dng; gim cng thng v nc; ngun lc thin nhin; sc khe mi trng; tnh trng dinh dng v tip cn nc sch; gim tnh d b tn thng do thm ha thin tai mi trng; qun tr nh nc v mi trng; tnh hiu qu sinh thi; khu vc t nhn; khoa hc v cng ngh; tham gia vo cc n lc quc t; kh gy hiu ng nh knh; gim p lc mi trng xuyn bin gii. Ch s bn vng mi trng khi tnh cho quc gia th cc thnh phn v cc ch tiu c th c cc quc gia la chn theo tnh ph hp ca tng ch tiu i vi tng quc gia, cht lng v tnh c sn s dng ca s liu trong thi gian di. 2. Mc ch, ngha Ch s ESI c ngha to ln trong vic nh lng ha s bn vng ca mi trng. Vic nh gi mc bn vng thng qua mt con s tnh ton r rng v c c s khoa hc s gip cho cc nh lnh o, cc c quan hoch nh chnh sch, cc chuyn gia mi trng v ton th cng chng c mt ci nhn trc quan v chnh xc v hin trng cng nh xu th din bin ca mi trng trong tng lai. Do vy, khi la chn cc ch th bn vng mi trng ph hp v p dng phng php tch hp hiu qu, khoa hc th ch s ESI s tr thnh mt ch s chun m c th d dng s dng nh gi mi trng v hoch nh chnh sch ti u. Ch s tng hp phn nh tnh bn vng i vi mi trng trn gc chung c tng hp t nhiu ch tiu c th. o mc t c mc tiu ra i vi cc vn m mt quc gia quan tm, xc nh cc u tin v chnh sch trong nc v khu vc, theo di xu hng mi trng, nh gi (lng ha) cc

kt qu ca cc chnh sch v chng trnh, v nghin cu mc tng tc ca mi trng v pht trin kinh t v cc yu t khc nh hng n mi trng. 3. Phng php xy dng ch s bn vng mi trng Hin nay trn th gii c kh nhiu t chc, quc gia v ang ng dng ch s ESI tnh ton cho tng i tng c th vo tng thi im nht nh. Tuy nhin t chc i u v c nhiu ng gp ni bt trong lnh vc nghin cu pht trin ca ESI chnh l Trung tm Lut v Chnh sch mi trng Yale - i hc Yale kt hp vi trung tm quc t nghin cu Mng li thong tin khoa hc tri t (CIES i hc Columbia v Din n Kinh t th gii. Cc t chc ny lien kt xut bn cc Bn bo co tng hp ch s ESI thng nin t nm 1999 n nm 2005. Trong bo co ESI gn nht ca i hc Yale v Columbia nm 2005, b ch th nh gi tnh bn vng v mi trng c trnh by trong bng di y Nh vy, ch s bn vng mi trng c xy dng da trn 76 ch th th 21 ch th chnh thuc 5 ch . Tn ch Cc h thng mi trng stt Tn ch th st M bin Bin s mi t s trng Cht lng khng kh 1 2 3 4 NO2 SO2 TSP Nng NO2 o ti th Nng SO2 o ti th Nng bi o ti th

INDOR Mc nhim khng kh trong nh do s dng nhin liu rn. ECORI SK T l din tch quc gia nm trong vng sinh thi b e da nguy him

a dng sinh hc

PRTBR T l cc loi chim b e do

D 7 PRTM AM

trong tng s cc loi chim nui bit ti mi quc gia T l cc loi ng vt c v trong tng s cc loi ng vt c v sinh bit ti mi quc gia T l cc loi ng vt lng c b e da trong tng s cc loi ng vt lng c bit ti mi quc gia Ch s a dng sinh hc quc gia

PRTA MPH

9 3 t 1 0 1 1

NBI

ANTH1 T l % tng din tch t (gm 0 c cc ngun nc ni a) chu tc ng rt yu ca con ngi ANTH4 T l % tng din tch t (gm 0 c cc ngun nc ni a) chu tc ng mnh nht ca con ngi WQ DO Nng oxy ha tan WQ EC dn in WQ PH Nng phospho WQ SS WATA Cht rn l lng Lng nc ngt sn c/u

Cht lng nc

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

Tr lng

nc

6 1 7

VIL GRDA VIL COAL KM NOXK M SO2K M VOCK M

ngi Lng nc ngm ni a sn c/u ngi Mc tiu th than /din tch t c tr Lng pht thi NO2 do hot ng con ngi/din tch t c tr Lng pht thi SO2 do hot ng con ngi/din tch t c tr Lng pht thi VOC do hot ng con ngi/din tch t c tr

Mc gim p lc mi trng

Gim nhim khng kh

1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2

CARSK S xe c ang s dng/ din tch M t c tr FORES T ACEX C GR205 0 TFR EFPC Tc thay i che ph rng trung bnh hng nm t 19002000 Mc ma axit ha do sa lng lu hunh t hot ng ca con ngi vt tiu chun T l % thay i dn s d bo trong thi k 2004-2050 Tc sinh tng cng Du vt sinh thi/u ngi

Gim sc p ln h sinh thi

2 3 2 4

Gim p lc dn s

2 5 2 6

Gim sc 2 p tiu th 7

v x thi

2 8 2 9

RECYC Tc ti s dng cht thi LE HAZW ST BODW AT Tc pht sinh cht thi nguy h i Pht thi nc thi cng nghip nhim cht hu c/ lng nc ngt c sn

10

Gim sc p ln ngun nc

3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3

FERTH Lng phn bn ha hc s A dng/hecta t hoa mu PESTH A WATS TR Lng thuc BVTV s dng/hecta t hoa mu T l % quc gia b sc p gay gt v cp mc

11

Qun l ti nguyn thin nhin

3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8

OVERF nh bt c vt qu nng sut SH FORCE T l % tng din tch rng NT c cng nhn l qun l bn vng WEFS UB IRRSA L AGSU B iu tra ca din n kinh t th gii v mc tr cp T l % din tch t b nhim mn do thy li/ tng din tch hoa mu Cc tr cp v nng thn

Mc 12 S lnh ri ro cho mnh ca con mi

3 9 4

DISINT T l t vong do bnh ly nhim ng rut DISRE T l tr em t vong do cc

ngi

trng

0 4 1

S U5MO RT UND_ NO WATS UP DISCA S DISEX P

bnh h hp T l tr em di 5 tui t vong/1000 tr s sinh T l % s ngi suy dinh dng/tng dn s T l % dn s c tip cn ngun nc sch mi nng cp S ngi cht trung bnh do l lt, lc xoy, hn hn/triu ngi Ch s tip xc i vi cc mi nguy hi v mi trng

13 Ngun sng c bn ca con ngi 14 Gim ri ro mi trng v thit hi do thin tai Nng lc th ch v x hi 15 Qun l mi trng

4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2

GASPR T l gi xng so vi gi trung bnh th gii GRAFT nh gi mc tham nhng GOVEF Hiu lc ca chnh ph F PRAPE A WEFG OV LAW AGEN DA21 T l % tng din tch t ngc c bo v Kho st ca din n kinh t TG v qun tr mi trng Cc quy nh ca php lut Cc sng kin Ageda 21 a phng/ 1 triu ngi dn

53 CIVLIB

Quyn t do chnh tr v cng dn

54 CSDMIS T l % bin s cn thiu do Nhm t vn v cc ch th PTBV thuc Ban iu hnh t Hi ngh Rio de Janero n Hi nh Johaneshburg khuyn ngh 55 IUCN S lng t chc thnh vin trong Hip hi Bo tn Thin nhin TG/triu ngi dn

56 KNWLD Pht minh tri thc v khoa G hc, cng ngh v chnh sch mi trng 57 POLITY nh gi mc dn ch 16 Hiu qu sinh thi 58 ENEFF 59 RENPC Hiu qu nng lng T l % nng lng thy in v ti to trn tng s lng nng lng tiu th Ch s bn vng o Jon Gi tr i mi sinh thi trung bnh tnh trn c cng ty vn phng ti mi quc gai S lng cc cng t ng dng ISO 14001/t la GDP

17

Phn ng ca khu vc t nhn

60 DJSGI 61 ECOVA L 62 ISO14

63 WEFPRI Kho st ca din n kinh t TG v ci tin mi trng trong khu vc t nhn

64 RESCA RE

Mc tham gia vo cc Chng trnh Thc hin Trch nhim ca Hip hi cc Nh sn xut ha cht Ch th i mi cng ngh Ch th truy cp thng tin T l hon thnh chng trnh ph cp gio dc s cp chi n gii T l huy ng tr em n lp c 3 cp S nh nghin cu/triu dn S lng cc thnh vin tham gia vo cc t chc mi trng a quc gia Mc ng gp vo Qu cc d n mi trng v vin tr pht trin song phng ha a phng

18

Khoa hc v cng ngh

65 INNOV 66 DAI 67 PECR

68 ENROL 69 RESEA RCH Qun lsy mi trng ton cu 19 Mc 70 EIONU tham gia M vo n lc hp tc 71 FUNDI quc t NG

72 PARTIC Mc tham gia vo cc cam IP kt quc t v mi trng 20 Mc pht thi kh thi nh knh Gim p 73 CO2GD P 74 CO2PC Mc pht thi kh thi cacbon/triu l GDP Mc pht thi kh thi cacbon/u ngi

21

75 SO2EXP Mc xut khu kh SO2

lc mi trng ton cu

76 POLEX P

T l % hng ha v nguyn liu th nhim nhp khu/ tng khi lng hng ha v dch v nhp khu

Phng php xy dng ch s bn vng mi trng - Bc 1: Thu thp s liu v la chn ch th - Bc 2: Chun ha s liu Chun ha s liu theo cng thc Z-core: Z = (x - )/ Trong : X = gi tr ca bin = gi tr trung bnh = lch chun - Bc 3: Chuyn i cc bin - Bc 4: X l s liu chuyn i v chun ha - Bc 5: Tch hp ch th Tng hp cc ch th vi trng s bng nhau. Ii =

p j 1

WiXj

i=1,2,,n

Trong : Ii: ch s ca ch th th i Wi : trng s ca ch th th cp th j Xj: l gi tr ca ch th th cp th j ESI =

i 1

WiIi

Trong : ESI: ch s bn vng mi trng Wi: trng s ca ch th th i Hay c th vit khi qut nh sau: ESI= 100* ( Trong :

1 k

Jk
k K j Jk

Xj j ) j

: gi tr lch chun ngc K: s lng ch th J s lng ch th th cp


Xj j l gi tr chun ha ca ch th th cp j j

4. u, nhc im ca ch s ESI u im: Xc nh cc vn mi trng quc gia ni cho bit kt qu vt qu haykhng t s mong i. Gip hoch nh chnh sch theo di xc nh xem vng, khu vc thnh cng hay tht bi trong cng tc qun l mi trng theo hng bnvng; To thc o chun v hiu qu qun l ca mi trng; Xc nh k hoch hnh ng tt nht; Nghin cu s tng tc gia cc hot ng mi trng v hot ng kinh t x hi. Xc nh Ch s bn vng mi trng l mt kha cnh nh trong ch s pht trin bn vng. Nhc im: y l mt ch s tng hp v s pht trin b vng nhng cha cp ti s pht trin ca con ngi. ESI kt hp 76 yu t ca mi trng, k c ti nguyn thin nhin, nhim, c gng qun tr mi trng, ng gp bo v mi trng ton cu, kh nng ci thin mi trng. V bao gm qu nhiu yu t, cng thc ESI tr nn khng thc tin hng dn thit thc vic hoch nh chnh sch (policymaker) cho quc gia Phng php tch hp ch s ESI 2005 p dng n thun ch l tnh ton trung bnh cng gi tr ca cc thng s ch th, ngha l mc ng gp ca tng nhm ch vo im s ESI l ngang nhau, khng tnh n trng s. Phng php ny cn c xem xt kim chng khi p dng trong iu kin c th ca tng quc gia cho kt qu tnh ton chnh xc v ph hp vi chnh quc gia nghin cu Ch s ESI kh trin khai p dng hon chnh vo cc iu kin thc tin ca nc ta hin nay, do c nhiu ch th rt kh nh lng ho v o lng, bn cnh mt thc t l chng ta cn thiu ht cc hng dn k

thut v phng php o lng v tnh ton c th ch s, cc ch th, thng s ca ESI trong nghin cu v thc tin 5. M hnh cu trc ch s ESI

Hnh 1 : M hnh thit k cu trc khi tnh ton thang im ca ch s nh gi tnh bn vng v mi trng (ESI).

V nguyn tc ch s nh gi pht trin bn vng v mi trng (ESI) c tnh ton v so snh theo 02 phng php : tnh trc tip t 21 ch th v tnh gin tip t 5 ch th tng hp ca 5 ch chnh. Tuy nhin, vn cha c tip cn ti cc thng tin c th v cc phng php tnh ton, kim chng v so snh thang im ESI ny. II. ng an ch c a th gi i, h 1. Tng quan ESI th gii nm 2005: c c c nh n c

Ch s bn vng v mi trng (Environmental Sustainability Index - ESI) mi nht c a ra, vi s sp xp cc i lng xc nh tnh cht bn vng ca mi trng ca 146 quc gia trong Din n Kinh t Th gii, t chc Davos, Thy S, thng 1 nm 2005. Trong s 146 nc (tnh c cc quc gia v vng lnh th), Phn Lan ng u do c ti nguyn di do v mt dn s thp, ng cui bng l Cng ho dn ch nhn dn Triu tin. Tuy nhin, khng c quc gia no t im tuyt i v tt c cc ch s, Marc Levy, thnh vin nhm nghin cu cho bit. Chng hn, Brazil, ng th 11 trong bng xp hng, nhng vn phi i mt vi nguy c mt a dng sinh hc do vic ph rng. Bng 1. Xp hng im ESI 5 nc hng u.

Xp hng im ESI 1 2 3 4 5

Tn nc Phn Lan Na Uy Urugoay Thy in Aixlen

im ESI 75,1 73,4 71,8 71,7 70,8

Ngun: Ch s bn vng v mi trng nm 2005 - Tiu ch Cnh bo Mi trng Quc gia Bng 2. Xp hng im ESI 5 nc cui cng Xp hng im ESI 142 143 144 145 146 Tn nc Udbkistan I Rc Turkmnistan i Loan Bc Triu Tin im ESI 34,4 33,6 33,1 32,7 29,2

Ngun: Ch s bn vng v mi trng nm 2005 - Tiu ch Cnh bo Mi trng Quc gia im s cao phn nh kh nng bo v mi trng trong nhiu thp k ti. N cho mi trng c th trong tnh trng tt, v nh nc sch, khng kh trong lnh, a dng sinh hc cao... Bng 3. Xp hng im ESI cc nc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng Xp hng im ESI 13 Tn nc xtrylia im ESI 61,0

14 30 38 68 73 75 79 85 101 114 122 125 127 131 133 145 146

Niu Diln Nht Bn Malaixia Campuchia Thi Lan Indonexia Sri Lanka Npan n Bnglat Hn Quc Philippin Vit Nam Pakistan Trung Quc i Loan Bc Triu Tin

60,9 57,3 54,0 50,1 49,7 48,8 48,5 47,4 45,2 44,1 43,0 42,3 42,3 39,9 38,6 32,7 29,2

Ngun: Ch s bn vng v mi trng nm 2005 - Tiu ch Cnh bo Mi trng Quc gia Bn nh gi mi trng mang tn 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index: Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship, c thc hin bi cc nh nghin cu thuc Trung tm Php lut v Chnh sch Mi trng, i hc Yale, v Trung tm Mng Thng tin Quc t v Khoa hc Tri t ti i hc Columbia, M, cng vi s hp tc ca cc nh lnh o quc t thc hin nhim v mi

trng ca tng lai ca Din n Kinh t Th gii v Trung tm Nghin cu Chung ca y ban chu u. Theo Bo co, "Ch s bn vng v mi trng l mt ch s phc hp, nh gi tp hp cc ch s kinh t x hi, mi trng v th ch khc nhau, c trng cho v tc ng n tnh bn vng ca mi trng quy m quc gia". Nghin cu nh gi kh nng bo v mi trng ca cc nc trong vi chc nm ti da trn c s 21 ch s c phn chia thnh cc phm tr sau: cc h thng mi trng, gim stress cho mi trng, gim tn hi cho con ngi do stress ca mi trng, nng lc ca x hi v cc th ch p ng vi cc thch thc ca mi trng v hot ng cnh bo trn ton cu. C tt c 68 bin s c s dng xc nh cc yu t nu trn, nh s tr em t vong do bnh h hp, pht thi natri ioxyt, t l phn trm t ai c bo v, v.v Trong 146 quc gia, Phn Lan xp th nht, tip theo l Na Uy, Urugoay, Thy in v Aixlen. Xp hng cui cng l Bc Triu Tin; i Loan, Turkmnistan, I Rc v Udbkistan xp cc hng gn cui cng. M ng hng th 45, l th hng c ci thin ng k so vi hng th 51 ca nm 2002, tuy nhin vn ng sau Nga v hu ht cc nc chu u. Trong s cc nc thuc vnh ai chu - Thi Bnh Dng, xtrylia v Niu Diln ng hng th nht v th hai, sau l Nht Bn v Malaixia. Trong th Vit Nam ng th 127/146 nc. Kt qu cc ch s ESI cho thy c s khc bit r v tnh cht bn vng ca mi trng gia cc quc gia. Mt s c trng chung ca cc quc gia ng hng u l 1) Ngun ti nguyn thin nhin di do, 2) Mt dn s thp v 3) Qun l tt mi trng v cc vn pht trin. Cc nc tin tin phi i mt vi cc vn lin quan n cng nghip ha, nh vn suy gim ti nguyn thin nhin v nhim; cc nc ang pht trin ang gp nhng thch thc v pht trin dn s qu mc v khng c s cam kt v bo v mi trng. Cn cc nc km pht trin th phi i mt vi nhng vn do ngho i gy ra. Tuy nhin, khng c mt quc gia no thc hin tt tt c 21 ch s, iu ny cho thy, cc quc gia cn c th ci thin tnh hnh v cn hc hi kinh nghim tt ca cc nc khc. Ch s ESI l mt trong s rt t phng php thc nghim ch trng vo vn mi trng. Ch s ESI c coi l mt cng c cc k gi tr nh gi hiu

qu bo v mi trng v kh nng pht trin hi ha gia pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng ca mt quc gia. Ch s ny kt hp cc yu t a din nh hng n tnh bn vng ca mi trng, bao gm c cc vn ca t nhin v do con ngi gy ra v l cch tip cn lng ha v c tnh h thng, h tr cho cng tc hoch nh chnh sch mi trng. Phn tch ny cng cho thy nhiu yu t rt quan trng tc ng n hiu qu bo v mi trng ca mt quc gia. Cc yu t ny l mt dn s, kh nng pht trin mnh kinh t v cht lng ca cng tc qun l. Vic so snh gia cc nc thuc ph hiu qu rt khc nhau s dn n vic xy dng cc bin php tt nht cho cc nn kinh t mong mun ui kp. 2. ESI ca ASEAN Trong nm 2005, Hi ng PTBV LHQ (UN/CSD) pht hnh Bng ch s bn vng mi trng (ESI) cho 7 nhm khu vc quc gia trn thgii. Tc gi ch xin gii thiu Bng ch s pht trin bn vng mi trng ca ccnc khu vc ASEAN nh trong bng 1.2 di y: Bng 1.2. Ch s pht trin bn vng mi trng ca cc nc ASEAN 2005 Xp hng Tn nc im ESI Xp hng Tn nc im ESI Xp Tn hng nc im ESI

1 2 3

Malaixia 54,0 Mianma Lo 52,8 52,4

4 5 6

Campuchia 50,1 Thi Lan Indonexia 49,7 48,8

7 8

Philippin 42,3 Vit Nam 42,3

Ngun: Thng t s 10/2009- BTNMT Nh vy, ch s pht trin bn vng ca Vit Nam ng th 8/8 trong s cc nc ASEAN. Mi trng VN km bn vng nht ng Nam . Xt v an ton ca mi trng, Vit Nam ng cui bng trong s 8 nc ASEAN, v xp th 98 trn tng s 117 nc ang pht trin.

Bn nh gi bn vng mi trng, mu cng nht, bn vng cng thp. Nu tnh c 29 quc gia pht trin thuc T chc pht trin v hp tc kinh t (OECD), th th hng ny ca Vit Nam cn thp hn na. Nh c c n c ph t trin : Nhm cc nc pht trin c nghin cu bao gm Thu in; Vng Quc Anh (Chu u) v Hoa K (M). Cc nc ny c phng php xy dng B ch th theo tnh h thng thng nht v hi ho gia kinh t - x hi - th ch v mi trng, d kin ph hp cho thc tin nc ta thi k sau nm 2020. V d, Thy in c 30 tiu ch pht trin bn vng thuc 4 nhm ch , trong c cc tiu ch sau y lin quan n ti nguyn v mi trng: - Cht thi. - Pht thi CO2 - Cc loi qu him c nguy c tit chng. - Khai thc c trch bin Bantic. - Din tch rng c bo v. - Tng nhu cu tiu th nng lng theo GDP. Qua nhng dn liu trn c th thy rng tu thuc mc pht trin v tnh hnh thc t ca mi nc, b tiu ch v s lng cc tiu ch pht trin bn vng c th khc nhau, song cc tiu ch v ti nguyn v mi trng u theo nhng ch chnh ging nhau v tng ng vi nhng tiu ch do T chc UN/CSD xut. 3. Nh c c n c ang ph t trin ln cn :

Nhm ny bao gm Philippin; Indonexia; Thi Lan (ASEAN) v Trung Quc c phng php xy dng B ch th theo thnh phn ti nguyn v mi trng quan tm, kh ph hp cho thc tin nc ta hin nay v nh hng n nm 2020. (1). Philippin Trong b tiu ch pht trin bn vng ca nc ny c mt s tiu ch lin quan n thay i kh hu ton cu (xem bng 3). Bng 3. Tiu ch pht trin bn vng ca Philippin Tiu ch pht trin bn vng Tiu dng bnh qun u ngi sn phm c tc ng n tng ozone. Kh hu Tiu dng bnh qun u ngi nng lng ho thch ca phng tin giao thng Chi ph bo v mi trng tnh theo GDP (%) Thay i che ph ca T trng nhp khu hng ho c tc ng ti mi t trng (2). Indonesia Nm 1999 Indonesia la chn 21 tiu ch pht trin bn vng cp quc gia, trong c 4 tiu ch lin quan trc tip n ti nguyn v mi trng: - Pht thi kh CO2 - Din tch rng so vi din tch t nhin. - S ngi c s dng nc sch. - T l s h c phng tin x l cht thi hp v sinh. (3). Thi lan Thi Lan la chn 16 ch tiu pht trin bn vng ch yu, trong s c 2 ch tiu v ti nguyn v mi trng: - Tip cn nc sch - Tip cn v sinh (4). Trung Quc B ch th PTBV ca Trung Quc c trnh by trong cc bng 4, 5 di y. Bng 4. Cc ch th nh gi tnh bn vng v ti nguyn ca Trung Quc. Ch th Nc Stt 63 64 65 66 Bin s Ti nguyn nc/u ngi Lng nc s dng khi to ra 100 triu NDT GDP Ti s dng nc X l nc thi cng nghip Vn ton cu

Ch th t Rng Bin Tho nguyn Khong sn Nng lng

Stt 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Bin s t trng trt/u ngi Mc tch t t phi nng nghip/u ngi che ph ca rng T l khai thc/Tr lng g S dng thu sn nui trng S dng t ngp mn T l c nh bt/tr lng Din tch ng c/u ngi Mc khai thc ng c T l khai thc khang sn ch yu/tr lng Tiu dng nng lng to ra 100 triu NDT GDP Mc nng lng s dng/tr lng cc dng nng lng chnh Mc nng lng sch/Tng nng lng s dng Mc ti ch cht thi cng nghip

Bng 5. Cc ch th nh gi tnh bn vng v mi trng ca Trung Quc. Ch th nhim nc K hiu 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Bin s Ch s nhim cc sng chnh Ch s nhim cc sng, h thnh ph Mc x nc thi cng nghip/Mi n v lnh th T l sa mc ho T l t nhim mn T l t ngp nc T l t b xi mn Ch s cht lng khng kh trong cc thnh ph Mc pht thi/n v lnh th Cht thi rn/n v lnh th X l rc thi S dng phn ho hc/n v lnh th S ngi mc bnh/Tng s dn T l cc loi b e da T l din tch t bo tn thin nhin/Tng din tch t Din tch cy xanh thnh ph/u ngi

Khng kh Cht thi rn Bnh tt a dng sinh hc Bo v mi trng

4. Vit Nam n thng 8/2009, B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng Vit Nam ban hnh Thng t s 10/2009/TT-BTNMT v B ch th mi trng quc gia i vi mi trng khng kh, nc mt lc a, nc bin ven b. B ch th mi trng quc gia l cn c nh gi, theo di din bin cht lng mi trng, lp bo co hin trng mi trng, hoch nh chnh sch, chin lc mi trng. B ch th bao gm Danh sch b ch th mi trng y , danh sch b ch th mi trng rt gn i vi khng kh, nc mt lc a v nc bin ven b. B ch th ny th hin kh y v cc thong s ch th cht lng mi trng khng kh v nc ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, v nc ta ch mi bc u nghin cu v xut b ch th mi trng p dng trong giai on 2010 -2020 nn ngun s liu thng k theo b ch th ny n nay vn cha y v cha trin khai cng tc cp nht c s d liu theo di cc ch th hng nm **M hnh c trc (1) V PTBV TNTN

Hnh 3 : M hnh thit k cu trc khi tnh ton thang im ca ch s nh gi tnh bn vng v ti nguyn ti Vit Nam (ESIVN).

(2) V PTBV Mi Trng

Hnh 4 : M hnh thit k cu trc khi tnh ton thang im ca ch s nh gi tnh bn vng v mi trng ti Vit Nam (ESIVN).

(3). V PTBV Ti nguyn v Mi trng

Hnh 5 : M hnh thit k cu trc khi tnh ton thang im ca ch s nh gi tnh bn vng v ti nguyn v mi trng ti Vit Nam (ESIVN).

III.

h n l i, h h n tr ng thc hi n gi i c a i t Na n i ri ng 1. Thun li, kh khn ca th gii a. Thun li

c ti

ch

c a th

- Nhn chung, tm quan trng v nhn thc ca cc quc gia trn th gii v vn pht trin bn vng c nng cao, t y mnh n lc ci thin mi trng v gim p lc mi trng ton cu l iu kin thun li ln nht c th thc hin cc mc tiu ca ch s ESI. - Bn cnh , trnh khoa hc cng ngh ca th gii ngy cng pht trin gip gii quyt cc vn v mi trng d dng hn. - Ngun ti nguyn thin nhin di do cng l mt trong nhng thun li gip ta thc hin c cc mc tiu ca ch s ESI. b. Kh khn: Th gii ang phi i mt vi nhiu kh khn ln: - Th nht l vn dn s, dn s th gii hin nay l hn 7 t ngi, trong khi ti nguyn thin nhin l c hn v ang cn kit dn. y l thch thc ln nht i vi mi trng hin nay. - Th hai,vic pht trin kinh t v cng nghip ha ca cc nc gy nhim mi trng nghim trng, c bit l ti cc quc gia tin tin.

- Th ba, i vi cc quc gia km pht trin th phi i mt vi nhng vn do ngho i gy ra. - Vic pht trin ng dng cc bng xp hng ESI ca UN/CSD, hoc ca t chc OECD v t chc cc nc nm ngoi OECD l mt trong nhng n lc mi nhm trin khai mc tiu thin nin k v PTBV, vi k vng s cho php xy dng mt b tiu chun PTBV thng nht trn th gii nhm thc y vic trin khai hin thc ho PTBV mt cch kh thi mi quc gia v ton cu, l mt nhu cu thc tin rt bc xc hin nay. - Tuy c mt s quc gia ng dng cc bng xp hng ca UN/CSD, t chc OECD (t chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t) v t chc cc nc nm ngoi OECD (in hnh khu vc ASEAN l Philippin) vo vic phn tch v hoch nh chnh sch PTBV v ti nguyn v mi trng, song c bn cc bng ESI ny cn cha c tng thch cao, cho thy vn xy dng B ch s, ch th, ch th PTBV v ti nguyn v mi trng trn th gii cn cha c gii quyt trit , cha thng nht v cn phi tip tc hon thin. 2. Thun li kh khn ca Vit Nam trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu a. Thun li - Vit Nam c nhiu thun li trong vic nng cao xp hng ch s bn vng mi trng. - Ngun ti nguyn khong sn nc ta v cng phong ph: ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn thy hi sn, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn v ti nguyn du lch. - Mc gim p lc mi trng Vit Nam tuy cn cha thc s hiu qu tuy nhin cng c cng nhn vi vic qun l ti nguyn c hiu qu hn, tc sinh gim tuy cha cao.

- S a dng sinh hc vi nhiu loi ng thc vt qu him, bn cnh l nng lc th ch v x hi v qun l mi trng ngy c nng cao thng qua vic thnh lp Lut Bo v mi trng t nm 1993 v c sa i nm 2005, v h thng vn bn quy phm php lut v bo v mi trng, t cc chnh sch v bo v mi trng c thc thi rng ri, i vo chiu su, trnh khoa hc v cng ngh ngy cng tin b v s n lc tham gia vo cc hp tc quc t trong vic qun l mi trng ton cu l nhng yu t quan trng ci thin mi trng nc ta. b. Kh khn Bn cnh nhng thun li trn, nhng kh khn m Vit Nam phi i mt cng l nhng hn ch ca nhiu nc ang pht trin khc: - Vn suy gim ti nguyn thin nhin v nhim do vic cng nghip ha mang li: S dng khong sn - loi ti nguyn khng ti to, cha tun th nh hng chnh l khai thc, s dng hp l v tit kim: Nhiu loi khong sn a i xut khu ch yu dng qung th, qung nguyn khai, hoc mi qua s tuyn. Vic qun l xut khu nhiu loi khong sn th cha c hiu qu. Mi trng sau khai thc m khong sn cha c kp thi hon phc, l him ho tn ph t rng v ti nguyn rng, gy nhim nc u ngun bng cc cht c hi. - nhim mi trng t, mi trng nc v khng kh ngy cng gia tng v mc v din phn b. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do con ngi: tn ph rng u ngun, s dng ha cht nng nghip ba bi. - Qun l mi trng Vit Nam cn nhiu bt cp: hiu qu ngn nga nhim, gim nh tc ng n ti nguyn vn thp do cha c ch ti mnh.

- Ging vi hu ht cc nc ang pht trin khc, Vit Nam cng ang phi i mt vi thch thc v pht trin dn s qu mc gy p lc ln i vi mi trng. - B ch s, ch th, ch th PTBV v ti nguyn v mi trng nhn chung rt kh trin khai p dng hon chnh vo cc iu kin thc tin ca nc ta hin nay, do c nhiu ch th rt kh nh lng ho v o lng, bn cnh mt thc t l chng ta cn thiu ht cc hng dn k thut v phng php o lng v tnh ton c th ch s, cc ch th, ch th ESI trong nghin cu v thc tin. IV. K t lun

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