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Experimental verification of Bernoulli Equation

Aranda Andres Gomaa Ahmed Carleton Robert

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate and verify Bernoullis Equation. The test apparatus consisted of a tube with decreasing and then increasing diameter. Along the length of the tube were vertical manometer pipes used to measure the height the water travelled up the tube, as it directly relates to the pressure at that point in the test apparatus. In this experiment we were able to verify the conclusions of the Bernoulli equation.

Introduction
Bernoullis equation can be used to compare velocity, pressure or height differences at different points along a pipe. The form of Bernoullis equation used in this lab is as follows:

, where is the pressure, and is the velocity at each specific point along the pipe. In this experiment, the pipe is setup horizontally on a table, and therefore , and can both be removed from the equation. The equation is then simplified to:

, which is further simplied by showing that it is constant:

This means that as increases, there will be an associated decrease in . This constant is important because as the fluid moves through the pipe apparatus, the velocity and pressure will change relative to the changing diameter, and this will predict the corresponding pressure head as read on the manometer. The flow rate is held constant during each reading, and is measured directly from the outflow. Using the following equation, we can calculate the velocity at all points along the pipe apparatus:

At the entry point to each manometer, there exists a stagnation point where the flow equals zero. Using the height that the water is at in the tube, we can obtain the pressure at that stagnation point using the equation . Rearranging this equation gives us the following:

and, in conjunction with the Bernoulli Constant equation:

The values calculated in this manner can be compared directly with the heights read on the manometer tubes for each point along the pipe.

Methods and Materials


The apparatus is used in conjunction with the hydraulic bench; it consists of a converging diverging conduit with pressure tapping through its wall. These tapings are connected to manometers that measure the pressure head at that location. The total head is measure using a Pitot tube7. In its simplest form, it consists of a tube with an opening at the end. It is positioned such that it faces the flowing fluid, hence bringing the flow velocity at the opening of the tube to zero (stagnation point). At the stagnation point the dynamic head is converted to pressure head (static).

The following procedure was used to obtain the basic experimental data: 1. Level the apparatus on the hydraulic bench. 2. Connect the apparatus inlet to the bench flow supply and position the outflow above the volumetric tank. 3. Purge the air from the pressure tapping points in the manometer by closing the bench control valve and rig flow control valve and opening the air bleed screw and the adjacent air valve. Open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometers to purge all the air from them. 4. All some air back into the manometers till the level is half of the length manometer 5. Pull the total head probe (Pitot tube) out of the test section. Be careful not to bend it or take completely out of the apparatus. 6. Increase the flow rate to obtain the maximum difference between the readings of the very first manometer and that of the monometer corresponding to throat area (smallest diameter section) 7. While the probe is retracted out of the test section, close the valve at the bottom of the volumetric tank (the location of the valve depends on the model). Record the time required to collect 15 Liters of water. Record the reading of manometers A-F in the orange, and 1-6 & 8 in the yellow. 8. record the reading of the manometer connected to it. 9. Repeat the above procedure for two additional flow rates, medium, and low.

Results Theoritical Tab C

pressure head Velocity head Velocity head Pressure head 1 0.395 0.019703457 0.011919375 0.402784082 0.414703 2 3 0.075 0.315255308 0.0476775 0.342577808 0.390255 Diameter (m) 1 2 3 0.028 0.014 Q (m^3/s) 0.000382653 0.000382653 v (m/s) 0.621440063 2.485760252 Theortical velocity 0.483342271 0.966684543

Tab

Totla heads vs tab number


3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 1 2 Series1 3 Series2 4 Series3 5 6

Discussion
The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging diverging pipe section. Another objective is to validate Bernoullis assumptions and theorem by experimentally proving that the sum of the terms in the Bernoulli equation along a streamline always remains constant. This experiment uses the Bernoullis theorem apparatus to achieve these objectives. This instrument was used with a venture meter pad of manometer tubes. The flow rates through the venture meter can be related to pressure measurements by assuming the Bernoullis equation. This experiment has four runs where the pressure head and velocity head are to be found. The pressure heads are to be calculated during the mechanical operation. The head velocities are found using the diameters and flow rates. The first run involves a flow rate of 0.0003096 m^3/s for tab one to tab three. The second run has a flow rate of 0.000279 m^3/s, the third run is 0.000206 m^3/s, and the last run at 0.000383 m^3/s. The apparatus has a movable steel probe which is used in order to read the manometer in tube 1 and tube 7. Each point has different diameters. For tab 1 the diameter is 0.028 m, for tab 2 is 0.021 m, and for tab 3 the diameter is 0.014 m. Different calculations were made in order to achieve the objectives. The readings coming from the manometer tubes were gathered in each point and written under the column of the measured static head. Theoretical velocity heads and pressure heads values were calculated for every tab during the four different runs. The theoretical pressure head is calculated and compared with the actual pressure head to define the pressure head difference. The apparatus has a hand pump air which is used to increase the air pressure inside the manometer. If air is pumped into the manometer top chamber, air pressure in the manometer will increase and the water level will be lower and vice versa. And if the valve control valve of the apparatus is slightly closed, the pressure of the system will increase. As any other experiment, there might be some flaws in this experiment because of some errors that have happened during the experiment For example, when taking the reading of the manometer tube, the eye position of the reader could not be parallel scale.

Conclusion
Bernoullis theorem experiment is done to demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging pipe section. In this experiment all the results were calculated as accurate as possible to obtain the desirable and expected results. The theoretical velocity, actual head, theoretical head were calculated using the provided formulas along with the finding data obtained during the experiment.

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