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An Interphase Distance Relaying Algorithm for Series-Compensated Transmission Lines

Z. Y. Xu, Senior Member, IEEE, Z. P. Su, J. H. Zhang, A. Wen, and Q. X. Yang
AbstractA new interphase distance relaying algorithm for series-compensated transmission lines is proposed in this paper. The fault impedance can be correctively calculated using the proposed algorithm without requirement of the parameters of series capacitor device. The series capacitor can be simplied as a linearized impedance during the fault period, but its parameters can be used as variables in fault loop equations. The real-time digital simulator tests show that the proposed algorithm can obtain more accurate results than other traditional distance relaying algorithms for series-compensated transmission lines. Index TermsDistance relay, interphase faults, series-compensated transmission lines.

I. INTRODUCTION ERIES capacitors (SCs) have been widely used in power transmission to increase power transfer capability, improve transient stability and damp power oscillations. The metal oxide arrestor (MOV) was applied as an overvoltage protection device on the series capacitors itself for years. Distance relay is widely used as main or backup protection of transmission lines including series-compensated transmission lines, but the reliability of traditional distance relay is affected by the incorrectly measured fault impedance caused by highly nonlinear characteristic of MOV [1]. To eliminate the inuence of nonlinearity caused by MOV a series of simplied and approximated models of SC/MOV device for distance relay have been discussed [2][6]. However, in the methods based on the calculation of voltage across SC/MOV to eliminate the effect of series capacitor discharging gap (GAP) was not considered, which must be set to discharge in order to protect the SC/MOV in severe internal faults on the protected lines. Actually, GAP is an important part of modern SC/MOV devices and it is impossible to accurately calculate the voltage across SC/MOV without considering GAP discharging. The enhancement for directional and pilot protection on series-compensated lines has been proposed in [7], [8], but it cannot be used in fault impedance calculation of step distance
Manuscript received April 07, 2013; revised July 07, 2013, August 16, 2013; accepted September 02, 2013. Date of publication September 26, 2013; date of current version nulldate. Paper no. TPWRD-00382-2013. Z. Y. Xu, Z. P. Su, J. H. Zhang, and Q. X. Yang are with the School of Electrical Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing 102206, China. Z. Y. Xu and Q. X. Yang are also with Beijing Sifang Automation Co. Ltd., Haidian, Beijing 100085, China (e-mail: xuzhenyu@sf-auto.com). A. Wen is with China Southern Power Grid Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, China Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2281067

relay. The wavelet transform technique [9], [10] has also been presented to improve the performance of protection on series-compensated transmission lines; in [11] a neural network scheme has been suggested. However, their performance needs further evaluation and improvement. A scheme based on high-frequency signals have been proposed in [12], in which a specialized measurement unit consisting of stack tuner and line trap is used to capture the high-frequency components of the fault signal. In order to evaluate the performance of this scheme more test cases were required. In this paper a new algorithm is proposed for the distance relay on series-compensated transmission lines, which is deduced from time domain fault location method [13], [14]. In the proposed algorithm, the effect of series capacitor on measured fault impedance is avoided because the series capacitor parameters are only used as variables in the fault loop equations, which are not required to be known. A signicant merit of proposed algorithm is that all operating states of series capacitance device can be modeled as a linearized equivalent impedance. Meanwhile, the operating states of SC/MOV/GAP, the parameters of SC/MOV/GAP, the relative fault position with respect to SC/MOV/GAP and the iterative calculations are unnecessary. This makes the algorithm simpler and more accurate than other algorithms. This paper mainly investigates the algorithm for interphase faults. The algorithm for single phase to ground faults is being reviewed in another paper. Validation tests have been performed using RTDS to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. II. MODEL ANALYSIS The voltage-current characteristics of MOV are designed as highly nonlinear. This can signicantly affect the traditional distance relaying. The general characteristics of MOV conduction by IEC standard [15] is expressed by a single exponential curve as given in the Appendix. Fig. 1 shows the structure of modern SC/MOV/GAP device and its equivalent circuit. Three different operating states incorporate the SC/MOV/GAP different protection functions for different fault conditions. The three operating states are as follows: 1) SC/MOV is bypassed by GAP discharging in 23 ms after fault inception. 2) Capacitor operates without MOV and GAP action. 3) Capacitor operates with MOV action and without GAP discharging. Actually, all these three operating states can be represented as a linearized equivalent circuit in series with resistance for the SC/MOV/GAP as shown and capacitive reactance

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Fig. 1. SC/MOV/GAP equivalent circuit for analysis. (a) FSC, (b) Equivalent circuit.

Fig. 2. Series-compensated transmission line.

Fig. 3. SC/MOV equivalent circuit for interphase fault.

in Fig. 1(b). This is the basis of the proposed algorithm in this study as shown below: For the rst state the fault location is always internal in seriescompensated transmission lines and the fault is severe. The GAP is set to discharge in order to protect SC/MOV as quickly as possible after fault inception. It is easy to understand that and are equal to zero and the linearized model is applicable. For the second state, the fault is not severe and it is always external. The voltage of SC is below the designed protective level is zero and is still and thus the MOV does not conduct. The constant during the fault period. Obviously the SC/MOV/GAP can be represented by a linearized impedance in such state. For the third state, various simulations on RTDS were carried out to conrm that a linearized equivalent impedance model is reasonable for the SC/MOV coordination action during fault period. The test model used is a 500 kV 300 km long series-compensated transmission line as shown in Fig. 2. The line reactance of 60% is compensated by two series capacitors C1 (30%) and C2 (30%) that are located at two ends of protected line. MOVs are simulated in detail with a single exponential model [15]. Faults are initiated at 0.4 s. The three-line equivalent circuit of an interphase fault is also indicated in Fig. 3.

Fig. 4. SC/MOV device waveform under CA solid fault at 180 km away from bus M with MOV conduction. (a) SC voltage. (b) Relay current. (c) MOV current. (d) SC current. (e) Calculated SC/MOV equivalent impedance.

Fig. 4 shows the current and voltage waveforms in SC/MOV device for a solid CA fault located at 180 km away from bus M. In this case the series capacitor operates with corresponding MOV conducting during fault period, and the GAP is set not to discharge. As shown in Fig. 4(b)(d), the following characteristics can be found: 1. Voltage across SC is lagging 90 degrees from its current. When voltage reaches its protective level the phase angle of current owing through SC is always in 90 to 180 degree or 270 to 360 degree; 2. For every power frequency period when MOV conducts the initial phase-angle and magnitude of fault current of SC/MOV have already appeared, so that the initial phase-angle and magnitude of power frequency fault

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XU et al.: AN INTERPHASE DISTANCE RELAYING ALGORITHM FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED TRANSMISSION LINES 3

current owing through SC/MOV is not affected by MOV conduction; 3. When MOV conducts the voltage across SC/MOV is limited to a constant value and the fault current is transferred to MOV branch. In this stage because of the nonlinear characteristic of MOV, the fault current is still a part of sinusoidal waveform, as shown in Fig. 4(c), and the power frequency component of fault current measured by relay is completely sinusoidal due to that. As shown in Fig. 4(a), the initial phase-angle and magnitude of fault voltage across SC are also constant during fault period. According to the analysis above, the SC/MOV can also be represented by a linearized impedance regardless of the high nonlinear characteristics of MOV. Fig. 4(e) shows the calculated SC/MOV equivalent impedance during such fault period. It is apparent that the equivalent impedance is a capacitive constant. The transient process of impedance in Fig. 4(e) is caused by the transient current and voltage. Meanwhile, Fig. 5 shows the current and voltage waveforms of SC/MOV device for the same fault without MOV conduction. It is clear from Figs. 4(e) and 5(d) that the transient process with MOV conduction after fault inception is much shorter than that of fault without MOV conduction. This is the reason of the attenuation of MOV/SC equivalent resistance. In summary, all three operating states of SC/MOV/GAP device can be represented with a linearized impedance, which is the basis of the algorithm proposed in this paper. III. ALGORITHM FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED LINES Based on the analysis above, a new interphase distance relay algorithm for series-compensated transmission line is proposed below. The following analysis neglects the shunt capacitance of transmission lines to simplify the algorithm. The error caused by this will be discussed later. As shown in Fig. 3, when an interphase fault occurs on the series-compensated transmission at relay location line, the interphase voltage of fault phase can be obtained as (1) are resistance and inductance of fault line. where Combining the resistance items, (2) can be obtained (2) . where Differentiating (2) with respects to t, (3) can be obtained (3) by applying a simplied notation as follows:
Fig. 5. SC/MOV waveform under CA solid fault at 180 km away from bus M without MOV and GAP conduction. (a) Relay current. (b) SC voltage. (c) SC current. (d) Calculated SC/MOV equivalent impedance.

Equation (3) can be rewritten as (4) (4) where N is a sequence sampling number, (4) should be satised for each sampling instant. In (4), there are three unknown variables. It means that arbitrary three discontinuous sampling points can be selected to satisfy the (5) as follows:

(5)

According to the (5), and because , and are constant and resistance during the fault period, the fault reactance

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can be obtained from (6) and (7), without any requirement of series capacitor parameters. is a variable, which is not required is any phase of AB, BC, or CA. to be solved, and IV. DIGITAL VERIFICATION A test model of a 500 kV series-compensated transmission line is shown in Fig. 2. The detailed parameters are presented in the Appendix of this paper. The studied rst-zone interphase distance relay is set to protect 85% of the 300 km transmission line (i.e., 255 km). RTDS is used for the simulation of power system, series-compensated transmission line, CTs and CVTs. MATLAB is used for the calculations of the new algorithm. Source M leads source N by the angles between 0 (no load) and 30 (heavy load). Faults are initiated at 0.4 s. The sampling rate of 80 samples per cycle (for 50 Hz system) is used and Butterworth low-pass lter with 120 Hz cut-off frequencies is selected to lter out the high order harmonic components. Equations (6) and (7), shown at the bottom of the page, are employed to calculate the fault impedance from the relay location to the fault point for interphase faults. In order to verify and evaluate the new algorithm, some comparison results are shown between the new algorithm and the traditional distance relaying algorithm [16] which is widely used in distance relay of transmission lines. The traditional algorithm for interphase fault is given as (8) Fig. 6 shows the current waveform owing through SC/MOV/GAP, the phase voltages, currents and the interphase fault impedance loci measured at two ends for a solid BC fault located at 240 km away from bus M which is inside the reach of rst-zone. As shown in Fig. 6(a), in this case the series capacitor operates corresponding to MOV conduction during fault period and the GAP is not triggered. As shown in Fig. 6(b), for the relay at end M, the calculated fault reactance using traditional algorithm (8) reached to 28 ohm (100 km) and instable due to the series capacitor in the fault loop. For the new algorithm the accurate fault impedance is obtained within a cycle (20 ms) following the fault occurrence. As shown in Fig. 6(c), for the relay at end N MOV/SC is bypassed by GAP triggering discharge, the series capacitor is not

in the fault loop and the calculated fault impedance with the traditional algorithm (8) had an error of 10%. However, for the new algorithm the accurate fault impedance is obtained in 18 ms following the fault occurrence. Fig. 7 shows the currents owing through SC/MOV, the impedance loci and the comparison results between the new algorithm and traditional algorithm (8) for an ABC three-phase fault, which occurs at 150 km away from end M within the reach of rst-zone of the distance relay at both ends. As shown in Fig. 7(a), in this test the SC/MOV is bypassed by GAP discharging in 2.5 ms after fault occurs. As shown in Fig. 7(b) the calculated fault impedances with traditional algorithm are nearly the same as the proposed algorithm. This is because the series capacitor in fault loop is bypassed by GAP. The proposed algorithm can always correctly calculate the fault impedance. Fig. 8 shows the currents owing through SC/MOV, the impedance loci and the comparison results between the new algorithm and the traditional algorithm (8) when an ACG two-phase to ground solid fault occurs at 270 km away from end N. This point is beyond the reach of rst-zone of the distance relay at end N. As shown in Fig. 8(a), the series capacitor operates with MOV action during fault period, because the voltage across SC/MOV is too small to conduct MOV in deep nonlinear zone. As shown in Fig. 8(b) the calculated fault impedance with traditional algorithm is instable and inside the rst-zone due to the series capacitors in fault loop. The proposed algorithm can correctly calculate the fault impedance. The error of the calculated fault reactance is derived by using (9) % (9)

where is the actual fault reactance of the line. is the calculated fault reactance. To further verify the new algorithm, the comparisons between the new algorithm and the traditional algorithm are given under various typical fault conditions. Fig. 9 shows the comparison results between the new algorithm and the traditional algorithm (8), when BCG solid grounded faults occur along the series capacitor compensated transmission line with MOV conduction. The faults are simulated with (heavy load, source M leads source N) under different fault locations. As shown

(6)

(7)

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XU et al.: AN INTERPHASE DISTANCE RELAYING ALGORITHM FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED TRANSMISSION LINES 5

Fig. 6. SC/MOV/GAP waveform and estimated fault impedance under BC solid fault at 240 km from bus M. (a) Current waveform through SC/MOV at end M. (b) Current and impedance loci measured at end M. (c) Current through SC/GAP and impedance loci measured at end N.

Fig. 7. SC waveform and estimated fault impedance under ABC fault at 150 km away from bus M. (a) Current waveform though SC/MOV/GAP and relay. (b) Fault impedance loci measured at end M and N.

in Fig. 9, the errors of new algorithm are much smaller than

those of the traditional algorithm. The relay with the new algorithm can operate correctly under this condition; however, the

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Fig. 9. Estimated fault reactance errors for BCG solid grounded fault with the under different fault locations. condition of

compensation degree, we have . As for the solid interphase fault occurring at the end of the series-compensated line, following equations can be obtained. (11) (12) is the increasing resistance due to the series comHere, pensation capacitor. According to the typical parameters of 500 kV line in the Appendix, is 6.6 ohm. Substituting the parameters into (12) the increasing resistance can be expressed as (13) Even the series compensation degree is 70%, the increasing maximum resistance will be 15.7 ohm. The increasing resistance of interphase distance relay should not be neglected for the reach settings of resistance component when MOV acts in practical engineering. However, the arc resistance of interphase fault is much smaller than that of single-phase to ground faults and 20 ohm interphase arc resistance is the limitation value in practical engineering [17]. So that 50100 ohm is the suitable value for the reach settings of interphase distance relay. As to the other two cases the increasing resistance is zero like singe phase to ground faults. The equivalent resistance shown in Fig. 4(e) demonstrates the correct analysis here. VI. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS It is necessary to analyze the sensitivity of the proposed algorithm for the inuential factors. A. Impact of Shunt Capacitance The proposed algorithm is derived based on neglecting the shunt capacitance of transmission lines. As shown in Figs. 6 to 9, the simulation is carried out using distributed parameter line models. The maximum relative error is less than 3.0%. The result shows the errors of proposed algorithm including the impact of shunt capacitance is less than 3.0% for the 500 kV typical series-compensated transmission line, therefore the shunt capacitance impact on proposed algorithm can be neglected for practical applications. B. Impact of Fault Resistances and Load Currents It can be concluded that the accuracy of the new algorithm can be affected by the fault resistance and load current according to

Fig. 8. SC/MOV waveform and estimated fault impedance under CAG solid fault at 270 km from bus N. (a). Current waveform though SC/MOV. (b) Fault impedance loci measured at both ends.

relay with the traditional algorithm may over-reach. As shown in Fig. 9, the maximum error of the new algorithm is less than 3.0%, while the traditional algorithms error reaches 80%. As shown in Figs. 6(b), 8(b) the impedance loci of traditional algorithm is instable in early 0.6 s after the fault occurs due to the impact of SC/MOV. For the proposed algorithm, the errors exist due to that the shunt capacitance of transmission lines is neglected, while the test used the distributed parameter model. V. REACH SETTINGS FOR RESISTANCE COMPONENT As (1) concerning an interphase fault on a series-compensated transmission line, the measured fault resistance R is expressed as follows. (10) According to the [5], the maximum equivalent resistance Rcmax equals 0.34Xco when MOV acts. Xco is the original capacitive reactance of series capacitance. If k is the series

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XU et al.: AN INTERPHASE DISTANCE RELAYING ALGORITHM FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED TRANSMISSION LINES 7

Fig. 10. Estimated fault reactance errors under CA faults with fault resistance 030 at 150 km away from bus M.

For instance, the capacitance series oscillation with line reactance may introduce low frequency transient component, the capacitance series oscillation with transformer reactance may introduce sub-harmonic component; and the capacitance series oscillation with turbine generator may introduce sub-synchronous component. The sub-harmonic, low frequency transient and sub-synchronous components including decayed d.c. component also satisfy the differential equation (1). It is still valid to solve the fault impedance with (6) and (7). Such kinds of low frequency components have no impact on the algorithm proposed in this paper. As explained in Section IV only a butterworth low-pass lter is needed to lter out the high-order harmonics. VII. CONCLUSION A new algorithm has been developed for the distance relay of interphase faults on series-compensated transmission lines. The algorithm can eliminate the effect of nonlinear characteristics of MOV and can satisfy all the operating states of series capacitor devices. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it does not require any parameters of series capacitor device, and it is not necessary to know the operating state of SC/MOV/GAP during fault period. The overreach and under-reach of distance relaying caused by MOV conduction are eliminated. Another advantage of the algorithm is that its calculation is simple and non-iterative. The study has shown that the shunt capacitance does not have any impact on proposed algorithm. The other inuential factors such as fault resistance, load level and SIR effect are also investigated in this paper. Numerical simulations are carried out on RTDS, showing that the accuracy and reliability of the new algorithm proposed in this paper are satisfactory. APPENDIX 1) Parameters of 300 km, 500 kV Bergeron Model lines: Positive/negative sequence parameters

Fig. 11. Estimated fault reactance errors under BC solid faults at 80% away of series-compensated line length from bus M.

the derived formulas (6)(7). Figs. 6 to 8 show the new algorithm functions perfectly for a solid interphase fault. In practice the fault resistance for the two phases fault may be relatively smaller. A simulation is given under the extreme conditions of (heavy load) and fault resistance 030 for CA inter-phases fault. As shown in Fig. 10, the errors of the new algorithm are much smaller than those of the traditional algorithm. C. Impact of SIR (System Impedance Ratio) SIR reects the ratio of the system equivalent impedance and the relay reach impedance. For a fault on a series-compensated transmission line, lower SIR means a larger fault current, which will cause different equivalent impedance and resistance . This section will illustrate the impact of SIR for the proposed algorithm. A series of solid interphase faults at 80% away from end M of the series-compensated transmission line under different SIRs are simulated. Errors of fault reactance for proposed algorithm are shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 11 shows that the proposed algorithm performances soundly when a solid interphase fault occurs under different SIRs. The simulation is given under the extreme conditions of (the series capacitor is included in the line impedance) and (heavy load). As shown in Fig. 11, the maximum errors of the proposed algorithm is less than %, therefore the SIR impact on proposed algorithm is insignicant. D. Impact of Low Frequency Components The proposed algorithm is based on the power frequency components that satisfy the differential equation (1). In series-compensated transmission system, sub-harmonic, low frequency, and sub-synchronous components may appear.

Zero sequence parameters

System parameters Source M parameters: 500 kV

Source N parameters 500 kV

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2) MOV parameters: REFERENCES

[1] M. Adamiak and R. Patterson, Protection requirements for exible AC transmission system, in Proc. CIGRE, Paris, France, 1992. [2] F. Ghassemi, J. Goodarzi, and A. T. Johns, Method to improve digital distance relay impedance measurement when used in series compensated lines protected by a metal oxide varistor, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen. Transm. Distrib., Jul. 1998, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 403508. [3] A. Girgis, A. Sallam, and A. K. Ei-Din, An adaptive protection scheme for advanced series compensated (ASC) transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 414420, Apr. 1998. [4] M. M. Saha, B. Kasztenny, E. Rosolowski, and J. Izykowski, First zone algorithm for protection of series compensated lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 200207, Apr. 2001. [5] D. L. Goldsworthy, A linearized model for MOV-protected series capacitors, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. PWRS-2, no. 4, pp. 953958, Nov. 1987. [6] V. H. Makwana and B. R. Bhalja, A new digital relaying scheme for series-compensated double-circuit line during open conductor and ground fault, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 910917, Apr. 2012. [7] T. S. Sidhu and M. Khederzadeh, Series compensated line protection enhancement by modied pilot relaying scheme, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 11911198, Jul. 2006. [8] P. Jena and A. K. Pradhan, A positive-sequence directional relaying algorithm for series compensated line, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 22882297, Oct. 2010. [9] U. B. Parikh, B. Das, and R. P. Maheshwari, Combined wavelet-SVM technique for fault zone detection in a series compensated transmission line, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 17891794, Oct. 2008. [10] A. I. Megahed, A. M. Moussa, and A. E. Bayoumy, Usage of wavelet transform in the protection of series-compensated transmission line, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 12131221, Jul. 2006. [11] Q. Y. Xuan, Y. H. Song, A. T. Johne, R. Morgan, and D. Willians, Performance of an adaptive protection scheme for series compensated EHV transmission system using neural networks, Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5766, Jan. 1966. [12] J. A. S. B. Jayasinghe, R. K. Aggarwal, A. T. Johns, and Z. Q. Bo, A novel non-unit protection for series compensated EHV transmission line based on fault generated high frequency voltage signals, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 405413, Jan. 1998. [13] McInnes and Morrison, Real time calculation of resistance and reactance for transmission line protection by digital computer, Inst. Elect. Eng. Trans. EE, vol. EE7, no. 1, pp. 1623, 1971.

[14] M. S. Sachdev and M. A. Baribeau, A new algorithm for digital impedance relays, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-8, no. 6, pp. 22322240, Nov. 1979. [15] Series Capacitor for Power SystemPart 2 Protective Equipment for Series Capacitor Banks, IEC International Standard, 1994-07, IEC 60143-2. [16] User Manual of SF-Auto. CSC101 Distance Protection, 2011. [17] Z. Y. Xu, S. F. Huang, L. Ran, J. F. Liu, Q. X. Yang, and J. L. He, A distance relay for a 1000-kV UHV transmission line, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 17951804, Oct. 2008.

Z. Y. Xu (M08SM10) was born in 1963. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China, in 1996. Currently, he is a Professor at North China Electric Power University. When he was with Sifang Automation Co. Ltd., he designed a series of extremely high voltage/ultra-high voltage transmission-line protection relays, which have been widely used on 220 kV1000 kV transmission lines in China. His research interests include power system protection and control.

Z. P. Su was born in China in 1987. He received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from North China Electrical University and is an Engineer with Wuhu Power Supply Company, Anhui Electric Power Company, Wuhu, China. His research interests include power system protection and control.

J. H. Zhang was born in China in 1983. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. His research interests include power system protection and control.

A. Wen was born in China in 1965. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the University of Manchester, Manchester. U.K., in 1992. Currently, he is a Senior Technical Specialist with China Southern Power Grid Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China. His research interests include power system protection and control.

Q. X. Yang was born in China in 1937. Currently, he is a Chinese academician of Engineering and a Professor at North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. His research interests include power system protection and control, and substation automation.