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On the hybrid mean value of the Smarandache kn-digital sequence and Smarandache function 1
Chan Shi Department of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xian, Shaanxi, P.R.China E-mail: yongyuandexizhong@163.com
Abstract The main purpose of this paper is using the elementary method to study the hybrid mean value properties of the Smarandache kn-digital sequence and Smarandache function, and give an interesting asymptotic formula for it. Keywords Smarandache kn-digital sequence, Smarandache function, hybrid mean value, as -ymptotic formula, elementary method.
1. Introduction
For any positive integer k , the famous Smarandache kn-digital sequence a(k, n) is dened as all positive integers which can be partitioned into two groups such that the second part is k times bigger than the rst. For example, Smarandache 2n and 3n digital sequences a(2, n) and a(3, n) are dened as {a(2, n)} = {12, 24, 36, 48, 510, 612, 714, 816, } and {a(3, n)} = {13, 26, 39, 412, 515, 618, 721, 824, }. Recently, Professor Gou Su told me that she studied the hybrid mean value properties of the Smarandache kn-digital sequence and the divisor sum function (n), and proved that the asymptotic formula (n) 3 2 = ln x + O(1) a(k, n) k 20 ln 10
nx
holds for all integers 1 k 9. When I read professor Gou Sus work, I found that the method is very new, and the results are also interesting. This paper as a note of Gou Sus work, we consider the hybrid mean value properties of the Smarandache kn-digital sequence and Smarandache function S (n), which is dened as the smallest positive integer m such that n|m!. That is, S (n) = min{m : n|m!, m N }. In this paper, we will use the elementary and analytic methods to study a similar problem, and prove a new conclusion. That is, we shall prove the following: Theorem. Let 1 k 9, then for any real number x > 1, we have the asymptotic formula S (n) 3 2 = ln ln x + O(1). a(k, n) k 20
nx
1 This
Vol. 6
On the hybrid mean value of the Smarandache kn-digital sequence and Smarandache function
21
nx
Proof. For any real number x > 2, from [4] we have the asymptotic formula S (n) =
nx
2 x2 +O 12 ln x
x2 ln2 x
(1)
Then from Euler summation formula (see theorem 3.1 of [3]) we can deduce that S (n) n = = = 1 x 2 12 2 6 2 x2 +O 12 ln x x +O ln x x +O ln x x2 ln2 x + .
x
+
1
1<nx
2 t2 +O 12 ln t
x 1
t2 ln2 t
1 t2
dt
x ln2 x x ln2 x
2 x 13 2 + 12 ln x 12
1 dt ln2 t
This proves our Lemma. Now we take k = 2 (or k = 4), then for any real number x > 1, there exists a positive integer M such that 5 10M x < 5 10M +1 , then we can deduce that M= 1 ln x + O(1). ln 10 (2)
So from the denition of a(2, n) we have S (n) a(2, n) S (n) S (n) S (n) = + + + + a (2 , n ) a (2 , n ) a (2, n) n=1 n=5 n=50 +
510M nx 4 4 49 499 510M 1 n=510M 1
1nx
S (n) a(2, n)
S (n) a(2, n)
49 499
+
n=510M 1
S (n) + n (10M +1 + 2)
510M nx
S (n) n (10M +2 + 2)
(3)
22 and
2 24
Chan Shi
No. 4
1nx
S (n) a(4, n)
249
M 1 4 10 1
M 1 n= 1 4 10
S (n) a(4, n)
S (n) a(4, n)
24 249
+
M 1 n= 1 4 10
S (n) + n (10M + 4)
1 M 4 10 nx
S (n) . n (10M +1 + 4)
(4)
S (n) n (10k+1 + 2)
=
n510k 1 2
S (n) n (10k+1 + 2)
k k1
n510k1
= =
5 10 5 10 6 10k+1 + 2 1 3 2 1 +O 40 k k2
1 +O ln(5 10k )
Similarly,
k 1 4 10 1
k 1 n= 1 4 10
S (n) n (10k + 4)
=
1 n 4 10k 1
S (n) n (10k + 4)
1 n 4 10k1
= =
2 6
1 4
3 2 1 +O 80 k
1 k2
1kM
Vol. 6
On the hybrid mean value of the Smarandache kn-digital sequence and Smarandache function
23
From (2), (3) and (5) we have S (n) a(2, n) S (n) S (n) S (n) = + + + + a(2, n) n=5 a(2, n) n=50 a(2, n) n=1 +
510M nx M 4 49 499 510M 1 n=510M 1
1nx
S (n) a(2, n)
S (n) a(2, n)
M k=1
=
k=1 2
3 2 1 +O 40 k
1 k2
3 ln ln x + O(1). 40
1nx
24
249
M 1 4 10 1
M 1 n= 1 4 10
S (n) a(4, n)
S (n) a(4, n)
M k=1
=
k=1 2
3 2 1 +O 80 k
1 k2
3 ln ln x + O(1). 80
For using the same methods, we can also prove that the theorem holds for all integers k = 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. This completes the proof of our theorem.
References
[1] F. Smarandache, Sequences of Numbers Involved in Unsolved Problems, Hexis, 2006. [2] Gou Su, Smarandache 3n-digital sequence and its asymptotic properties, Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 6(2010), No. 39, 450-453. [3] Tom M. Apostol., Introduction to Analytical Number Theory, Spring-Verlag, New York, 1976. [4] Chen Guohui, New Progress on Smarandache Problems, High American Press, 2007. [5] Kenichiro Kashihara, Comments and topics on Smarandache notions and problems, Erhus University Press, USA, 1996. [6] Zhang Wenpeng, The elementary number theory (in Chinese), Shaanxi Normal University Press, Xian, 2007. [7] Wu Nan, On the Smarandache 3n-digital sequence and the Zhang Wenpengs conjecture, Scientia Magna, 4(2008), No. 4, 120-122. [8] Guo Xiaoyan, New Progress on Smarandache Problems Research, High American Press, Xian, 2010.