CCB 2092 Unit Operation Laboratory I

May 2013

Experiment Group Group members

: 4. Pipe Network : 13 : Mohd Ikmal Hisham Bin Azhari Mohd Eshar Bin Abdul Halim Teh Jason Nur Shamimi bt Abdul Rahim Nuralia Syairah Bt Osman 15640 15638 15438 15576 15669

Lab Instructor

: Mr. Zahid Majeed

Date of Experiment : 6/06/2013

Introduction Pipe network analysis involves the determination of the pipe flow rates and pressure heads at the outflows points of the network. As a fluid flows through a pipe, it will experience a pressure drop due to several factors. Friction is major factor. Besides that, height changes across the length of a pipe also contribute to pressure drops. Pressure drop can be related to head loss.

Pipe network works with two basic principle which are continuity and energy principle. The flow rate and pressure heads must satisfy the continuity and energy equations. Pipes in series When pipes of different diameters are connected end to end to form pipe line, it will call in series. The total loss of energy will be the sum of the losses in each pipe plus minor loses at connections. Bernoulli equation can be written as follows:

P V P V 1 z1 1 2 z2 2 H L12 g 2 g g 2g

Pipes in parallel

Figure 2: Pipelines in parallel Figure 2: Pipelines in parallel

A combination of two or more pipes connected between two points so that the discharge divides at the first junction and rejoins at the next is known as pipes in parallel. Here the head loss between the two junctions is the same for all pipes.

Applying the continuity equation to the system;

Q1 = Qa + Qb = Q2
The energy equation between point 1 and 2 can be written as;

P V P V 1 z1 1 2 z2 2 H L g 2 g g 2g
The head losses throughout the system are given by;

HL1-2=hLa

hLb

The pressure loss is the same in all pipes: dp = dp1 = dp2 = .... = dpn The total mass flow is the sum of the flow in each pipe: m = m1 + m2 + .. + mn

Summary
OBJECTIVE Experiment : 4d) 4e) To determine the pressure in four in series of piping connected for a given flow rate To determine the pressure in four in parallel of piping connected for a given flow rate To determine the pressure in three elements parallel/Series of piping connected for a given flow rate.

4f)

EXPERIMENT RESULT 1. By increasing the flow rates, the pressure drops in the fluid also increase. It proven that flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop. 2. The result for experiment 4E and 4Fis consistent compared to experiment 4D. 3. Gradient of experiment 4E is lowest compared to experiment 4D and 4F. 4. It shows that in parallel arrangement, even the flow rate increase, the pressure drop is small.

CONCLUSION 1. As the flow rate increase, the pressure drop also increases. 2. Among many network conditions, the most suitable network is four in Parallel of piping.

Results

EXPERIMENT 4D WITH CONSTANT VOLUME OF 1000CM3

flow rate(L/m) 1.62 7.55 8.81 9.61 9.62 Pressure(mbar) 13.13 50.77 71.99 83.66 82.73

90 80 70 Pressure (mbar) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

Graph of Pressure(mbar) vs Flowrate(L/min) -4 elements in series

y = 8.6037x - 3.5729

6 Flow Rate (L/min)

10

12

EXPERIMENT 4E WITH CONSTANT VOLUME OF 1000CM3

flow rate(L/m) 2.02 10.67 14.79 17.61 18.49 Pressure(mbar) 9.76 19.84 24.59 30.09 30.1

Graph of Pressure(mbar) vs Flowrate(L/min) -4 element in parallel

35 30 Pressure (mbar) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 Flow Rate (L/min) 15 20 y = 1.2602x + 6.8509

EXPERIMENT 4F WITH CONSTANT VOLUME OF 1000CM3

flow rate(L/m) 2.22 8.91 11.94 12.67 13.03 Pressure(mbar) 11.01 29.01 39.07 41.78 43.27

Graph of Pressure(mbar) vs Flowrate(L/min) - 3 elements parallel/series

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 y = 2.9643x + 3.9138

Pressure (mbar)

Flow Rate (L/min

10

12

14

Discussion The experiment was carried out with variables of flow rates. Observations had been done by increasing the flow rates by turning the knob for a fixed amount of times which is (1/4, 3/4, 1, 3, 5) turns for all experiments in this pipe network experiment. This experiment relates to theory of Bernoulli. Bernoulli equation states that as the flow rate of a fluid increases the pressure drop that occur in the fluid increases as well. Therefore, this experiment was to prove that flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop.

From experiment 4D and 4E, we can see that the graph 4D is fluctuating. The manometer that was used to read the pressure also malfunctioned several times and give some fluctuating reading, so we had to off/on the manometer several times to calibrate it again. The graph shown above for 4D didnt really follow the Bernoulli equation as stated theoretically due to the inconsistent reading we got. However, from that graph, we can still see that as the flow rate increases, the pressure drop increases. We did not relay on the flow meter for the flow rates because it is faulty giving no readings at all. Therefore, we had to calculate the flow rates by starting the water flow process and we collected the samples of out coming water in a 1000mL measuring cylinder while the time taken to fill up the cylinder was recorded. We then calculated the flow rate manually using the formula, which is:

For the experiment 4E and 4F, we started to get a more consistent reading. As a result, the graph for 4E and 4F is more linear compared to 4D. From the linear equation, the gradient for 4E is the lowest compared to 4D and 4F. This shows that the pressure drop in parallel arrangement is the lowest compared to the others when the flow rate is increased.

The errors that are considered in this experiment are a faulty flow meter, inconsistency of the flow rates manually adjusting the knob and fluctuation of the manometer readings. 1) Malfunctioning of flow meter - The faulty the flow meter leaded us to calculate flow rates manually. The flow meter is located at the inlet point of the pipe network; however the only drain point with a connected hose is located at the outlet of the pipe network. In other words, we relayed on flow rate readings from the pipe network outlet point and not the inlet point. This affected the result as the outlet flow rate is not equal to the inlet flow rate. It is because as the water travels from the inlet to the outlet, it passes through certain

boundaries such as head loss which affected the flow rates throughout the water flow where it gives a lower flow rate at the outlet compared to the inlet of the water. 2) Human Errors (Reaction Time) - The time taken for the 1000mL should be recorded since the flow meter is not working. The problem is the time that we recorded might not be exactly the same with the water level. Besides, we also take turn among our group members. Thus, the reaction time is not same between all of us. 3) Malfunctioning of manometer - The fluctuation of the manometer in using the manometer has also influenced the results obtained which may not be consistent, accurate and precise readings. The fluctuation of readings could be due to the no continuous water flow in the manometer. Besides, less experience in using the digital manometer also give us some errors at the beginning of the experiment.

To overcome those problems that may lead to inaccurate results, we find some recommendations that should be taken into action which are: 1. The faulty apparatus should be replaced with a good quality one. 2. All the equipment should be checked by the laboratory technician first so that it working without giving any errors. 3. The same person should be assigned to record the time because different person have different reaction time.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, all except for Four in Series of Piping (experiment 4D), of this piping network experiment exhibited the same characteristic as per suggested in the theory of Bernoullis equation. As the flow rate increases the differential pressure also increases. It shows that flowrate is directly proportional to pressure. After comparing the three piping configurations used during the experiments we done, it has been conclude that the experiment (4E) is the most efficient. Four Elements with Parallel by pass of piping (4E) is the choice as even if the flow rate is higher in the inlet, the pressure drop is smaller compared to others. This is exactly what is wanted in all the industrial transportation especially, the oil and gas industry. The errors involved were malfunctioning of flow meter, inconsistency of handling of the experiment and fluctuation of the manometer. In overall, the objective of the experiment is achieved.

References: F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman, A. S. Lavine. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith, P. Harriott. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2005. Green D. and Perry R.H., Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007.

Appendix

Sample calculation

1.90476 L/min