Laporan Praktikum Elektronika II

Modul 1 Digital Integrated Circuits : And, OR gates

Nama NPM Group Kawan Kerja Fakultas/Departement Tanggal Percobaan

: Ahmad Maulana : 1206242630 :1 : Ibrohim Hanifa : MIPA/Fisika : 3 Maret 2014

Jurusan Fisika Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Laboratorium Elektronika Universitas Indonesia

Modul I Digital Integrated Circuit

A. Objectives 1. To become familiar with the characteristics and symbols of AND gate and an OR gate 2. To determine experimentally the truth table of a combined AND/OR gate 3. To determine experimentally the truth table of a combined AND gate and OR gate B. Basic Information In preceding experiments you worked with linier Ics. In the remaining experiments you will study digital ICs. Digital ICs are logic circuits, the building blocks of digital computers and calculators. The basic digital circuits are rather simple and will serve as an introduction to digital ICs. Logic Circuits In digital electronic a gate is a logic circuit with one output and one or more inputs; an output signal occurs for certain combinations of input signals. In this experiment we examine the AND gate and the OR gate. Logic circuits can be in one of two states, such as on or off, high or low, magnetized or unmagnetized, and so on. A toggle switch is a simple example of a two-state device. AND gate Figure 42-1 shows a diode circuit with a switch input and a load resistor of 100 k. The supply voltage is +5V. When the switch is in the ground position, the diode is forwardbiased and approximately 0.7 B apperas across the diode. Therefore, the output voltage is low when the input is low. On the other hand, when the switch is at +5V, the net voltage across the diode-resistor combination is 0. As a result, the diode is nonconducting. Since there is no current through the load resistor, the output is pulled up to the supply voltage. In other words, the

VCC 5V VDD S1 D1 5V Key = Space output R1 1.0k

Fig 42-1. A forward-biased diode acts like a close switch

VCC 5V VDD S1 D1 5V Key = Space VDD S2 D2 5V Key = Space (a) U2A Input 74LS15D (c) Output Input 74LS21D (d) (b) U3A Output output 1 Input 2 7408J U1A output R1 1.0k

Fig. 42-2. AND gate (a)Diode Circuit; (b) two input; (c) three input output is high (+5V) when the input is high. Now look at the two-input AND gate of Fig. 42-2a. When both switches are in the ground position, both diodes are conducting and the output is low. If is switched to +5V and is left in the ground position, then the output is still low because still conducts. Conversely, if in the ground position and is at +5V, diode is conducting and the output is still low. The only way to get a high output an AND gate is to have all inputs high. If and are both at +5V, both diodes are nonconducting. In this case, the output is pulled up to the supply voltage because there is no current through the load resistor. By adding more diodes and switches, we can get three-input AND gates, four-input AND gates, and so on. Regardless of how many inputs an AND gate has, the operation is the same because it is an all-or-nothing gate. That is, all input must be high to get a high output. If any input is low, the output is low. Transistor, MOSFETs, and other devices can also be used in the construction of AND gates. Figure 42-2b shows the schematic symbol for a two-input AND gate of any design. Figure 42-2c shows the symbol for a three-input AND gate, while Fig. 42-2d is the four input AND gate. For these AND gates the action can be summarized like this: All inputs must be high to get a high output.

Truth Table for Two-Input AND gate The action of logic circuit is usually summarized in the form of truth tables. These are tables that show the outout for all combinations of the input signals. Table 42-1 shows the truth table for a two-input AND gate. Binary means two. Computers use the binary number system. Rather than having digits 0 to 9, a binary number system has only digits 0 and 1. This is better suited to digital electronics where the signals are low or high, switches are open or closed, lights are off or on and so on. In our experiments we will use postive logic; this means binary 0 represent the low state and binary 1 the high state. With this in mind, Table 42-2 is the truth table of two-input AND gate as it is usually shown. This gives the same information as Table 421, except it uses a binary code where 0 is low and 1 is high. On Gate and Truth Table Figure 42-3a shows a two-input OR gate. When both switches are in the ground position, the diodes are nonconducting, and the output is low. If either switch is set to +5V, then its diode conducts and the output is approximately +4,3 V. In fact, botg switches can be at +5V and the output will be around +4,3V (the diodes are in the parallel) Therefore, if either input is high or if both are high, the output is high.Table 42-3 summarizes the operation of a two-input OR gate in terms of binary 0s and 1s. As you see, if both inputs are low, the output is low. If either input is high, the output is high. If both inputs are high, the output is high. Unlike the AND gate where all inputs must be high to get a high output, the OR gate has a high output if any input is high. Figure 42-3b shows the symbol for a two-input OR gate. By adding more diodes to the gates, we can prodeuce three-input OR gates, four input OR gates and so on. Figure 42-3c and d show the schematic symbols for three and four input OR gates of any design.
VDD S1 D1 5V Key = Space VDD S2 D2 5V Key = Space (a) U2 Input OR3 (c) Output Input OR4 (d) R1 1.0k (b) U3 Output output 1 Input 2 74S32N U1A output

Fig. 42-3. OR gate. (a) Diode Circuit; (b) two-input; (c) three input; (d) four input

Inputs A Low Low High High B Low High Low High

Output Low Low Low High

Inputs A Low Low High High B Low High Low High

Output Low Low Low High

Table 42-1 Two input AND gate Combined AND-OR gate

Table 42-2 Two input OR gate

Combinations of AND and OR gates may be used to perform complex logic operation in

A B C Output

Fig. 42-4. AND-OR circuit Input Output A B C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Table 42-4. AND-OR circuit computers. Figure 42-4 is an example of combining AND and OR gates. To analyze this circuit, consider what happens for all possible inputs starting with all low, one low and so on. For instance, if all inputs are low, the AND gate has a low output; therefore, both inputs to the OR gate are low and the final output is low. This is the first entry shown in Table 42-4. Next, consider A low, B low, and C high. The OR gate has a high input; therefore, its final output is high. This is the seconde entry in Table 42-4. By analyzing the remaining input combinations, i can get the other entries shown in the truth table. Then, we get A low, B high

and C is low. The OR gate has a low input, because AND gate has a low output and C is low. So OR gates output is low. This is the third entry in table 42-4 and many mores entry options in table 42-4. IC gates Nowadays, most logic circuits are available as ICs. Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) became commercially available in 1964. Since then, it has become the most popular family of digital ICs. In this experiment you will work with TTL gates. Figure 42-5a shows a 7408, one of the many available ICs in the TTL family. As you see, this dual-in-line package contains four AND gates. For this reason, it is called quad two-input AND gate. Notice that pin 14 is the supply pin. For TTL devices to work properly, the supply voltage must be between +4.75 and +5.25 V. This is why +5V is the nominal supply voltage specified for all TTL devices. Notice also poin 7, the common ground for the chip. The other pins inputs and outputs. The four AND gates are independent of each other. In other words, they can be connected to each other or to other TTL devices such as the quad two-input OR gate shown in Fig 42-5b. Again, notice pin 14 connects to the supplt voltage pin 7 to ground.

Boolean Equations Boolean algebra is a special algebra used with logic circuits. In boolean algebra, the variables can have only one of two values : 0 or 1. Another thing that is different about boolean algebra is the meaning of the plus and times signs. In boolean algebra, the + sign stands for the OR operation. For instance, if the inputs to an OR gate are A and B, then the output Y is given by

Read this equation as Y equals A or B. Similarly, the *sign is used for the AND operation. Therefore, the output of two-input AND gate is written as

Or simply as

Read this as Y equals A AND B. These expressions can be combined to describe any logic circuit. For instance, the AND gate in Fig 42-4 can be expressed in boolean algebra as AB. This output supplies ane input to the OR gate whose output (and the final output of the circuit) is

Summary

1. Digital electronics deals with voltages that are in one of two states, either high or low. 2. Digital circuits are called logic circuits because certain combinations of inputs determine the output. 3. In positive logic, a binary 0 represent low voltage and a binary 1 is high voltage. 4. The simplest logic circuits are two-input OR gates and two-input AND gates. 5. All inputs must be high to get a high output from an AND gate 6. An OR gate has a high output if any input is high 7. A truth table is a concise summary of all input/output combinations 8. TTL is the most popular family of digital ICs

C. Procedure
AND gate 1. Connect the circuit of Fig 42-7 2. Set the switches as needed to get the different input combinations show in Table 42-6. Recored the state of the output as a 0 or 1 for each input possibility. OR gate 3. Connect the circuit of Fig 42-8 4. Measure the output voltage for each input combination of Table 42-7. Recod the results as 0s or 1s. Explain the reasons for the differences between Tables 42-6 and 42-7

5V

A U1 Y AND2

x Fig 42-7. Inputs Y A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Table 42-6. Two-input AND gate Inputs Y A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Table 42-7. Two-input OR gate

Combined AND-OR gate 5. Connect the circuit of Fig.42-9 6. Set the switches for each input shown in Table 42-8. Record the output states as 0s or 1s 7. Design a three input circuit with any combination of gates to get a high output onlu when all inputs are high. Draw the circuit 8. Verify the circuit experimentally. Record your result in a truth table. What is the boolean expression for this circuit? 9. Design a four-input OR gate using any combination of gates. Draw the circuit 10. Verify the circuit experimentally and record the result in a truth table. What is the boolean expression for this circuit?

5V

A U1 Y OR2 B

Fig 42-8

5V

A U2 B AND2 U1 Y OR2

Fig 42-9 A 0 Input B 0 Y C 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Table 42-8. AND-OR circuit

D. Self Test 1. No. Digital circuit are use binary number system has only 0 and 1. Linear circuit are use decimal circuit which has 9 digit number. 2. In a three-input AND gate all inputs must be high to get a high output. Because the boolean Equation from AND gate with three-inputs is And the table is like this A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Input B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Y C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

3. In a four input OR gate at least one input must be high to get a high output. Because the boolean Equation from OR gate with four input is

The explanation table is like this Input A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Y 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

4. With positive logic, a binary 0 represent low state and 1 the high state 5. TTL is the most popular family of digital ICs, two example being the 7408 and the 7432. The first is a quad two-input AND gate and the second is quad two-input OR gate. 6. The nominal supply voltage for TTL is +5V 7. Fig 42-6
A B C D E U1

AND3

U2 Y OR3

Input A 1 1 1 0 0 0

B 0 1 0 0 1 0 8.

Table 42-5 Information table of Fig 42-6 Y C D E 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Boolean equation expression for the circuit of Fig 42-6 Y=ABC+D+E

E. Data Pengamatan AND gate Inputs A 0 0 1 1 Inputs A 0 0 1 Y B 0 1 0 1 OR gate B 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Y 0 1 1 V 0,152 0,152 0,152 4,3 V 0,533 4,3 4,3

1 1 4,3 Combined AND-OR gate A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Input Y V B C 0 0 0 0,16 0 1 1 4,3 1 0 0 0,16 1 1 1 4,3 0 0 0 0,16 0 1 1 4,3 1 0 1 4,3 1 1 1 4,3 Percobaan 4 dari Asisten Praktikum

Input Y V A B C 0 0 0 0 0,152 0 0 1 0 0,152 0 1 0 0 0,152 0 1 1 0 0,152 1 0 0 0 0,152 1 0 1 1 4,3 1 1 0 0 0,152 1 1 1 1 4,3 Dari percobaan 4 didapatkan desain rangkaian :
A B

Dapat disederhanakan menjadi . Y=(AB+AC)*C Y=A(BC+CC) Y=A(BC+C) .

F. Tugas Akhir 1. Dengan tipe logic family pada percobaan, identifikasi tingkatan tegangan dari dua keadaan output! Pada keadaan on atau nilai biner , tegangan yang dihasilkan di AND maupun OR gates sama besarnya. Namun pada keadaan off atau nilai biner 0, OR gate menghasilkan tegangan yang lebih besar daripada AND gate 2. Untuk logic family, bisakah kita tidak memasang input ketika saklar terbuka? Tidak bisa, karena tidak ada sumber tegangan yang memberikan beban dikaki gates 3. Berapa banyak gates yang output single gate dapat cabangi? Hanya satu. G. Analisis Pada percobaan modul 1 yang berjudul digital integrated circuit : And, OR gates, bertujuan agar praktikan mengetahui sifat dan karakteristik dari komponen AND dan OR gates. Komponen AND gates dalam penggunaannya, empat komponen dikumpulkan menjadi satu kedalam IC berseri 7408 dengan nama quad two-input AND gates. Dan komponen OR gates dalam penggunaanya, empat komponen dikumpulkan menjadi satu kedalam IC berseri 7432 dengan nama quad two-input OR gates. Di percobaan kali ini ada 4 percobaan yang dilakukan, yaitu percobaan AND gate dengan IC 7408, OR gate dengan IC 7432, percobaan combined AND-OR gate dan percobaan tambahan yang diberikan oleh asisten praktikum. Pada percobaan AND gate hasil yang didapatkan sudah sesuai dengan teori. Pada percobaan ini IC 7408 di suplai dengan VCC 5V. Tegangan yang didapatkan ketika biner bernilai 1 adalah 4,3 V. Hal ini diakibatkan karena didalam AND gate dilambangkan terdapat dioda(gambar 42.2), dimana pada pendekatan kedua dioda mengurangi tegangan sebesar 0,7 V. Begitu juga hasil yang didapatkan pada percobaan OR gate. Pada hasil yang memiliki biner bernilai 1, tegangan yang didapat juga 4,3 V. Di OR gate juga terdapat dioda, namun pada Or gate forward biased dan AND gate Reverse Biased. Pada percobaan combined AND-OR gate, data yang didapatkan juga sesuai teori. Di percobaan ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa teori atau tabel kebenaran dari AND dan OR gate adalah benar. Di percobaan ke 4, asisten memberikan tambahan soal untuk dilakukan pada praktikum. Input yang digunakan tetap 3 kaki, yaitu A, B dan C. Soal yang diberikan adalah . Persamaan ini dapat disederhanakan menjadi Y=A*C. Penyerdehaan ini juga dibuktikan dengan hasil yang didapat. Y bernilai 1 ketika A dan C sama-sama bernilai 1. Pada percobaan ini data yang didapat sama dengan data yang didapat pada percobaan pertama yaitu AND gate, karena penyederhanaan yang didapat berbentuk rumus boolean AND gate.

H. Kesimpulan

1. Rumus boolean dari AND gate adalah 2. Rumus boolean dari OR gate adalah 3. Output dari AND gate dan OR gate yang bernilai satu dikurangi 0,7 V karena pendekatan kedua dari dioda 4. Pada AND gate, output high ketika semua input high 5. Pada OR gate, output high kalau salah satu input high I. Referensi 1. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/log50.gif diakses pada senin, 3 Maret pukul
6.46 WIB

2. commons.wikimedia.org dikases pada senin, 3 Maret pukul 6.50 WIB