Telemetry is the highly automated communications process by which measurements are made and other data collected at remote

or inaccessible points and transmitted to receiving equipment for monitoring.[1] The word is derived from Greek roots: tele = remote, and metron = measure. Systems that need external instructions and data to operate require the counterpart of telemetry, telecommand.[2] Although the term commonly refers to wireless data transfer mechanisms (e.g., using radio, ultrasonic, or infrared systems), it also encompasses data transferred over other media such as a telephone or computer network, optical link or other wired communications like phase line carriers. Many modern telemetry systems take advantage of the low cost and ubiquity of GSM networks by using SMS to receive and transmit telemetry data. A telemeter is a device used to remotely measure any quantity. It consists of a sensor, a transmission path, and a display, recording, or control device. Telemeters are the physical devices used in telemetry. Electronic devices are widely used in telemetry and can be wireless or hard-wired, analog or digital. Other technologies are also possible, such as mechanical, hydraulic and optical.[3]

Applications[edit]
Meteorology[edit]
Telemetry has been used by weather balloons for transmitting meteorological data since 1920.

Defense, space and resource exploration[edit]

Telemetry is used in complex systems such as missiles, RPVs, spacecraft, oil rigs, and chemical plants since it allows the automatic monitoring, alerting, and record-keeping necessary for efficient and safe operation. Space agencies such as NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and other agencies use telemetry and/or telecommand systems to collect data from spacecraft and satellites. Telemetry is vital in the development of missiles, satellites and aircraft because the system might be destroyed during or after the test. Engineers need critical system parameters to analyze (and improve) the performance of the system. In the absence of telemetry, this data would often be unavailable.

Prasar bharti imp data RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

The Research Department is engaged in Research and Development work for incorporating state-of-art technology in Radio & Television Broadcasting. The technical activities undertaken in various AIR labs are as follows:

Telemetry System:

Telemetry System has been developed for controlling & monitoring of Medium Wave Transmitter from remote location. The system has been successfully tested at AIR Rohtak and AIR Kota. >>Know more...

FM Antennae:

Recently, Research Department has designed and developed Six bay circularly polarized 10 kW FM antenna, which has been tested successfully on full power at AIR Mysore. >>Know more...

Multilingual News Automation System:

AIR is having more than 40 Regional News Service Units spread all over India which produce and broadcast News bulletins in their respective regional languages. These units are functioning with set-up of manual working in the Newsroom. Research Department has developed Multilingual News Room Automation System has been developed to make work flow faster, easier and smoother. In this system, News items in the text form from agencies are captured directly on computer, edited and read from teleprompter like screen. Audio clips can be inserted and played back during News Bulletins. Provision of last minute changes in the news bulletin is also incorporated in the software.

Acoustic Test Facilities:

Acoustic laboratory of Research Department offers test facilities for carrying out various study projects, acoustic measurements, testing and evaluation of acoustic materials including electro-acoustic transducers. Recently measuring setup has been modernized by introducing new Sound/Noise Analyser

system to enhance the measuring facilities in the lab. This section of R&D has taken up the acoustic measurements on around 20 numbers of new acoustic materials and issued the standardized reports. This process also helped R&D to build-up a good database for studio design. >>Know more...

Interactive Radio Service (IRS):

The Interactive Radio Service (IRS) software is designed and developed to introduce live interactivity between listener and presenter in studio through telephone line. It is user-friendly software and being used successfully at around 34 installations of All India Radio network in the country. AIR Silchar, Khandwa, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Warrangal, Swaimadhopur, Ratnagiri, Bilaspur, Jodhpur, Suratgarh, Hyderabad & Raipur have recently benefited with this software. This software is very popular and custom specific to AIR needs. >>Know more...

Field Strength Surveys & Propagation Studies:

Study was carried out on the Influence of Towers on the Horizontal Radiation Pattern of VHF transmitting Antennas for FM at Jalandhar, Bhatinda and Bareilly. A Research document based on this study has been submitted to ITU, Geneva.

Field strength of an experimental 100W FM transmitter installed at Akashwani Bhawan was carried out for the evaluation of its primary coverage area for satisfactory reception and also for the evaluation of building penetration loss inside the high-rise buildings.

Experimental Studies on Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) has been undertaken to

study of the various parameters of DRM such as Coverage Area, Spectral Efficiency, Improvement in Audio Quality, Delivery of Value Added Services viz. data, text, etc. 250 KW Short Wave transmitters at HPT, Khampur has already been upgraded to carry out DRM transmissions in the Short Wave bands.

EWBS:

Radio is an ideal medium for the issue of warnings before the incoming cyclones, Tsunami and other disasters. Radio transmission in analog mode is in use for Early Warning System (EWS) in countries like Japan. Recently, Japan has developed an EWS system for use with Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting. Research

Department has undertaken a study of Early Warning System for AM and FM transmitters which will activate the special type of receivers followed by the Warning announcement.

KEY- TECHNOLGICAL PROJECTS :

After having built an impressive engineering infrastructure, All India Radio is now laying thrust on modernization and technological up-gradation. It has undertaken a massive digitalization programme covering both production and transmission. The analog equipment in many radio stations have been replaced by state-of-the- art digital equipment. At present programmes are being recorded and played back from digital audio workstations at almost all AIR stations. A scheme for providing high-end computer servers at 48 major stations is under implementation. Under 11 th Plan, it has been proposed to fully digitalize all major AIR stations ( all stations except local and non-local radio stations) by providing digital studio equipment like production consoles, on-air Consoles, switching consoles, digital audio workstations, DVD players, Digital OB equipment etc. All these stations are proposed to be networked for programme exchange and remote management of assets. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) has emerged as a non-proprietary open standard for migrating to digital transmission in the existing broadcasting bands below 30 MHz (MW and SW bands). Large nos. of Medium Wave/Short Wave DRM transmitters are being procured to introduce Digital Transmission in AIR network as a replacement for current analogue AM broadcasting. This would lead to significant improvement in audio quality of programmes in AM bands. New digital transmissions would co-exist with current AM broadcasts over a period of years so that expensively acquired and satisfactory transmission equipment is not suddenly made obsolete. To keep pace with the latest trends in Broadcasting AIR is planning to connect all its radio stations in the network with digital connectivity. For the networking of AIR stations with provision of Central server at Delhi and regional hubs at important regional stations is planned for transmission, programme production, news casting, archiving & exchange of programmes between various AIR stations. The central server will have expandable storage to meet future requirements. A disaster recovery site, with network connectivity, will be established so that the disaster site can seamlessly take over in case of failure of the central server. A broadband secured internet connectivity through VPN (Virtual Private Network) is proposed to be provided at all the AIR stations. This network will also cater to the requirements of the news exchange between Regional News Units. Internet access and office data exchange will also be carried out on this network. 21 AIR Radio Channels in different regional languages from various state capitals are now available countrywide through the Ku band Direct to home(DTH) platform of Prasar Bharati (DD+), facilitating easy access of the programmes of AIR to the listeners all over India.

Tv technology used in prasar bharati

Dvb transmission technology

Transmission[edit]
DVB systems distribute data using a variety of approaches, including:

Satellite: DVB-S, DVB-S2 and DVB-SH o DVB-SMATV for distribution via SMATV Cable: DVB-C, DVB-C2 Terrestrial television: DVB-T, DVB-T2 o Digital terrestrial television for handhelds: DVB-H, DVB-SH Microwave: using DTT (DVB-MT), the MMDS (DVB-MC), and/or MVDS standards (DVB-MS)

These standards define the physical layer and data link layer of the distribution system. Devices interact with the physical layer via a synchronous parallel interface (SPI), synchronous serial interface (SSI), or asynchronous serial interface (ASI). All data is transmitted in MPEG transport streams with some additional constraints (DVB-MPEG). A standard for temporally-compressed distribution to mobile devices (DVB-H) was published in November 2004. These distribution systems differ mainly in the modulation schemes used and error correcting codes used, due to the different technical constraints. DVB-S (SHF) uses QPSK, 8-PSK or 16-QAM. DVB-S2 uses QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-APSK or 32-APSK, at the broadcasters decision. QPSK and 8-PSK are the only versions regularly used. DVB-C (VHF/UHF) uses QAM: 16QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM or 256-QAM. Lastly, DVB-T (VHF/UHF) uses 16QAM or 64-QAM (or QPSK) in combination with (C)OFDM and can support hierarchical modulation. The DVB-T2 specification was approved by the DVB Steering Board in June 2008 and sent to ETSI for adoption as a formal standard. ETSI adopted the standard on September 9, 2009.[2] The DVB-T2 standard gives more robust TV reception and increases the possible bit rate by over 30% for single transmitters (as in the UK) and should increase the max. bit rate by over 50% in large single-frequency networks (as in Germany, Sweden). DVB has established a 3D TV group (CM-3DTV) to identify "what kind of 3D-TV solution does the market want and need, and how can DVB play an active part in the creation of that solution?". The CM-3DTV group held a DVB 3D-TV Kick-off Workshop in Geneva on January 25, 2010, followed by the first CM-3DTV meeting the next day.[3] DVB now defines a new standard for 3D video broadcast: DVB 3D-TV.

Content[edit]
Besides digital audio and digital video transmission, DVB also defines data connections (DVB-DATA - EN 301 192) with return channels (DVB-RC) for several media (DECT, GSM, PSTN/ISDN, satellite etc.) and protocols (DVB-IPTV: Internet Protocol; DVB-NPI: network protocol independent). Older technologies such as teletext (DVB-TXT) and vertical blanking interval data (DVBVBI) are also supported by the standards to ease conversion. However, for many applications more advanced alternatives like DVB-SUB for subtitling are available.

Prasar bhaati is using Mobile TV (DVB-H Transmission)

Doordarshan launched Mobile TV service (DVB-H transmission) in Delhi in May, 2007, as a pilot project, with a bouquet of 8 TV channels. The transmitter deployed is of 5KW power operating on ch#26 in UHF band, which is installed in Akashwani Bhawan, Parliament Street, New Delhi. The signal can be received on DVB-H enabled mobile phones within a range of about 10 Kms from the transmitter location. Number of TV channels has been increased from 8 to 16 using statistical multiplexing w.e.f. 1st August, 2008. Sixteen DD channels included in the DVB-H bouquet. The video format used for the service is: MPEG-4 (H.264 AVC

DVB-H technology is a superset of the successful DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial) system for digital terrestrial television, with additional features to meet the specific requirements of handheld, battery-powered receivers. In 2002 four main requirements of the DVB-H system were agreed: broadcast services for portable and mobile usage with 'acceptable quality'; a typical user environment, and so geographical coverage, as mobile radio; access to service while moving in a vehicle at high speed (as well as imperceptible handover when moving from one cell to another); and as much compatibility with existing digital terrestrial television (DVB-T), to allow sharing of network and transmission equipment.[6] DVB-H can offer a downstream channel at high data rates which can be used as standalone or as an enhancement of mobile telecommunication networks which many typical handheld terminals are able to access anyway. Time slicing technology is employed to reduce power consumption for small handheld terminals. IP datagrams are transmitted as data bursts in small time slots. Each burst may

contain up to two megabits of data (including parity bits). There are 64 parity bits for each 191 data bits, protected by Reed-Solomon codes. The front end of the receiver switches on only for the time interval when the data burst of a selected service is on air. Within this short period of time a high data rate is received which can be stored in a buffer. This buffer can either store the downloaded applications or playout live streams. The achievable power saving depends on the relation of the on/off-time. If there are approximately ten or more bursted services in a DVB-H stream, the rate of the power saving for the front end could be up to 90%. DVB-H is a technical system which was carefully tested by the DVB-H Validation Task Force in the course of 2004 (see ETSI Technical Report TR 102 401). DVB-SH improved radio performances and can be seen as an evolution of DVB-H.

DVB-H Frame structure

DVB-H is designed to work in the following bands:

VHF-III (170-230 MHz, or a portion of it) UHF-IV/V (470-862 MHz, or a portion of it) L (1.452-1.492 GHz)

DVB-SH now and DVB-NGH in the near future are expected to expand the supported bands. DVB-H can coexist with DVB-T in the same multiplex.

HDTV (High Definition Television)

High Definition Television (HDTV) is a broadcast system that transmits pictures with more lines per frame, thus providing significantly higher resolution than traditional Standard Definition formats. HDTV provides powerful viewing experience with crystal clear picture quality, wide screen picture and digital surround sound. Aspect ratio of HDTV pictures is 16:9 as against 4:3 for SDTV (Standard Definition Television). HDTV can provide real difference in the programmes having fast and random moving objects such as sports events, live concerts, music videos etc. The use of HDTV in International sports events is increasing day by day and mega sports events are being covered in

HDTV. The field of Cinema is also using HD format to store movies in digital form. HDTV is fast gaining popularity. Doordarshan has taken up a pilot project of HDTV field production with a 4 camera HDTV van, EFP camcorders and post production facilities. Doordarshan has the plans to set up HDTV studios in Delhi & Mumbai, and field production as well as post production facilities for HDTV in the four metro cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai. In addition, digital transmitters for transmission of HDTV programmes are planned to be set up at Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai. Also, an HDTV channel is proposed to be provided on DD Direct Plus free-to-air DTH service of Doordarshan. Implementation of above projects can be taken up after these are approved by the Government. HDTV is best viewed on HDTV sets. HD ready plasma & LCD monitors are available in India. The existing SDTV sets can continue to receive HDTV signals by connecting through an external HD receiver box, which will improve the picture quality but not provide the full benefit of HDTV. Media Asset Management System Doordarshan archives has huge and valuable media asset of archival value stored in different VTR tape formats. Most of them are on old analog tape formats. The playback VTRs of such old formats are out of production now. Before available playback VTRs become unserviceable, these content need to be digitalized and preserved. Preservation of existing content is of utmost importance and is the need of the hour. Taking advantage of digitalization, Doordarshan has installed Media Asset Management System equipped with state of art technology at DD Archives located at Akashwani Bhawan, Parliament Street, New Delhi. Main features of the above system are as under: a. Eight work stations for ingesting the content b. Six work stations for low resolution browsing c. Powerful metadata management capability for effective cataloguing & retrieval d. Web-based interface to the users with remote access capability. It also supports multilingual capability e. Powerful search engine enabling the user to search by using name of artist, metadata, keyword or unique ID f. System has also got Near-Line Storage and DVD authoring system

g. System has functionality of viewing the selected high-resolution material from their respective storage and can export the high-resolution material to VTR Training has been imparted to the concerned officials for ensuring effective utilization of the system.

Webcasting
Multimedia contents can be delivered to the viewer using Webcasting. The term Webcasting is used to describe the ability to use the Web to deliver live or delayed versions of sound or video broadcasts. The viewer can watch a programme live (or delayed live) using video streaming on internet. This is getting more and more popular with the spread of Broadband connectivity in India. This platform is especially very attractive for Music, Movie and News related content. Doordarshan is also webcasting its DD News channel which is available on website www.ddindia.com

Dth services

Satellite television is television programming delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic reflector generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tuner module built into a TV set. Satellite TV tuners are also available as a card or a USB peripheral to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers. Direct-broadcast satellite television comes to the general public in two distinct flavors analog and digital. This necessitates either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital satellite receiver. Analog satellite television is being replaced by digital satellite television and the latter is becoming available in a better quality known as high-definition television.

Technology[edit]

Satellite television dish in Malaysia.

Satellites used for television signals are generally in either naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of +/-63.4 degrees and orbital period of about 12 hours, also known as Molniya orbit) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km (23,000 mi) above the earths equator. Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder 'retransmits' the signals back to Earth but at a different frequency band (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the Cband (48 GHz) or Ku-band (1218 GHz) or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink. A typical satellite has up to 32 transponders for Ku-band and up to 24 for a C-band only satellite, or more for hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 MHz and 50 MHz. Each geo-stationary C-band satellite needs to be spaced 2 degrees from the next satellite (to avoid interference). For Ku the spacing can be 1 degree. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary C-band satellites and 360/1 = 360 geostationary Ku-band satellites. C-band transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while Ku-band transmission is affected by rain (as water is an excellent absorber of microwaves at this particular frequency). The latter is even more adversely affected by ice crystals in thunder clouds. Last but not least, there will be a sun outage when the sun lines up directly behind the geostationary satellite the reception antenna is pointing to. This will happen twice a year at around midday for a two-week period and affects both the C-band and the Ku-band. The lineup swamps out all reception for a few minutes due to the sun emitting microwaves on the same frequencies used by the satellite's transponders. This happens in the spring and in the fall.

The downlinked satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see inversesquare law), can be collected by using a parabolic receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dishs focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the flared front-end of a section of waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a probe or pickup connected to a low-noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the L-band range. The evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention. The original C-Band satellite TV systems used a Low Noise Amplifier connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal was then fed via very expensive and sometimes 50 ohm impedance gas filled hardline coaxial cable to an indoor receiver or, in other designs, fed to a downconverter (a mixer and a voltage tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled, typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a separate cable to the headend. But this design evolved. Designs for microstrip based converters for Amateur Radio frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz C-Band. Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, and technologically more easily handled block of frequencies (intermediate frequency). The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the indoor receiver with the satellite TV dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at L-Band and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at C-Band frequencies. The shift to cheaper technology from the 50 Ohm impedance cable and N-Connectors of the early C-Band systems to the cheaper 75 Ohm technology and F-Connectors allowed the early satellite TV receivers to use, what were in reality, modified UHF TV tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower intermediate frequency centered on 70 MHz where it was demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television DTH industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where receivers were built in low numbers and complete systems were expensive (costing thousands of Dollars) to a far more commercial one of mass production. Direct broadcast satellite dishes are fitted with an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. In the United States, service providers use the intermediate frequency ranges of 9502150 MHz to carry the signal to the receiver. This allows for transmission of UHF band signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. In some applications, (DirecTV AU9-S and AT-9) ranges the lower B-Band and upper 2250-3000 MHz, are used. Newer LNBFs in use by DirecTV referred to as SWM, use a less limited frequency range of 22150 MHz. The satellite receiver or set-top box demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.). Sometimes, the receiver includes the capability to unscramble or decrypt the received signal; the receiver is then called an integrated receiver/decoder or IRD. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNBF or LNB should be of the low loss type RG-6, quad shield RG-6 or RG-11, etc. RG-59 is not recommended for this

application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but will work in many circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire. A practical problem relating to satellite home reception is that basically an LNB can only handle a single receiver. This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different circular polarizationsright hand and left handand in the case of the K-band two different reception bandslower and upperto one and the same frequency band on the cable. Depending on which frequency a transponder is transmitting at and on what polarization it is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific desired program on a specific transponder. This is handled by the receiver using the DiSEqC protocol to control the LNB mode. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish a so-called multiswitch will have to be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multiswitch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers are to use several dishes (or several LNBs mounted in a single dish) pointing to different satellites. A common solution for consumers wanting to access multiple satellites is to deploy a single dish with a single LNB and to rotate the dish using an electric motor. The axis of rotation has to be set up in the north-south direction and, depending on the geographical location of the dish, have a specific vertical tilt. Set up properly the motorized dish when turned will sweep across all possible positions for satellites lined up along the geostationary orbit directly above the equator. The disk will then be capable of receiving any geostationary satellite that is visible at the specific location, i.e. that is above the horizon. The DiSEqC protocol has been extended to encompass commands for steering dish rotors.

Standards[edit]
Analog television distributed via satellite is usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in NTSC, PAL, or SECAM television broadcast standards. The analog signal is frequency modulated and is converted from an FM signal to what is referred to as baseband. This baseband comprises the video signal and the audio subcarrier(s). The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal. If the signal is a digitized television signal or multiplex of signals, it is typically QPSK. In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, are generally based on open standards such as MPEG and DVB-S or ISDB-S. The conditional access encryption/scrambling methods include NDS, BISS, Conax, Digicipher, Irdeto, Cryptoworks, DG Crypt, Beta digital, SECA Mediaguard, Logiways, Nagravision, PowerVu, Viaccess, Videocipher, and VideoGuard. Many conditional access systems have been compromised.

Categories of usage[edit]
This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (November 2010)

There are three primary types of satellite television usage: reception direct by the viewer, reception by local television affiliates, or reception by headends for distribution across terrestrial cable systems. Direct to the viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite or DBS and television receive-only or TVRO, both used for homes and businesses including hotels, etc.

Direct broadcast via satellite[edit]

Direct broadcast satellite, (DBS) also known as "Direct-To-Home" can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver DBS service or the actual television service. DBS systems are commonly referred to as "mini-dish" systems. DBS uses the upper portion of the Ku band, as well as portions of the Ka band. Modified DBS systems can also run on C-band satellites and have been used by some networks in the past to get around legislation by some countries against reception of Ku-band transmissions. Most of the DBS systems use the DVB-S standard for transmission. With Pay-TV services, the datastream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the Pay-TV technology is proprietary, often consisting of a Conditional Access Module and smart card. This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorised, paying subscribers have access to Pay TV content but at the same time can allow free-to-air (FTA) channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment (DBS receivers without the Conditional Access Modules) available in the market.

Television receive-only[edit]
The term Television receive-only, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was before there was a DTH satellite television broadcast industry. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by cable television networks rather than received by home viewers. Satellite TV receiver systems were largely constructed by hobbyists and engineers. In 1978 Microcomm, a small company founded by radio amateur and microwave engineer H. Paul Shuch, introduced the first commercial home satellite TV receiver. These early TVRO systems operated mainly on the C band frequencies and the dishes required were large; typically over 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. Consequently TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television. TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds of both television or audio from both C-band and Ku-band transponders on FSS-type satellites. The higher frequency Ku-band systems tend to be Direct To Home systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain. TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a C-band-only setup rather than a Ku

band-only setup. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of digital satellite signal reception, such as DVB/MPEG-2 and 4DTV. The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time. Simulsat or the Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a quasiparabolic satellite earthstation antenna that is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more C- and Ku-band satellites simultaneously.
Direct to Home television[edit]

Many satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the providers goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to the customer's television in a form that approximates the competition from cable TV. Unlike earlier programming, the providers broadcast is completely digital, which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality. Early satellite television services were broadcast in C-band radio, in the 3.7 GigaHertz (GHz) to 4.2 GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14 GHz). [2] [3]

Programming sources are simply the channels that provide television programming for broadcast. The provider (the DTH platform) doesnt create original programming itself. The broadcast center is the central hub of the system. At the broadcast center, the television provider receives signals from various programming sources, compresses these signals using digital video compression (encryption if necessary), and sends a broadcast signal to the proper satellite.

Prasar bharati news very imp

NEW DELHI: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs on Friday approved Rs 3,500 crore for infrastructure upgrade of Prasar Bharati network. The proposals include strengthening of AIR and Doordarshan network along the Indo-Nepal border to counter Chinese propaganda. Transmitters established under the proposals will also target 65% of Nepal's population. The other schemes approved by the Cabinet include proposals like expanding Doordarshan's DTH platform and establishing infrastructure for AIR. The CCEA gave its nod to some schemes of the 11th plan which are at different stages of implementation and also some new schemes, an official statement said.

Under the new schemes, eight terrestrial transmitters are proposed along the Indo-Nepal border and these are targeted to cover 65% of the population of Nepal, the statement said. As part of the 11th plan scheme, the capacity of DD's DTH is being expanded from 59 channels to 97 channels. In the 12th plan, it is proposed to be increased to 250 channels. Another proposal under the 12th plan is related to installation of 23 digital terrestrial transmitter (DTTs). Provisions have also been kept for modernization of existing equipment or facilities in studios and satellite uplinks which are essential to sustain ongoing activities and also for high definition television (HDTV) studio facilities in Chennai and Kolkata, the statement said. For AIR, FM expansion at 118 places besides eight FM broadcasting set-ups along the IndoNepal border, replacement of old FM transmitters at 77 locations and six MW transmitters by FM transmitters, digitalization of 29 studios and creation of archival facility at Guwahati are envisaged.