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University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Department of Physics and Electronics

Laboratory 5: Op- Amp Applications

Jorge L. Castro Torres Student Number: 842-10-1344 Eduardo Vega Lozada Student Number: 842-10-9186 FISI 4088- 001 March 13, 2014

Laboratory 5: Op- Amp Applications 1 Objective or Purpose


The objective of this experiment is to construct a zero/scale amplifier and a current to voltage converter using the LM741 operational amplifier.

2 Summary of Related Theory


Zero/Scale Amplifier: The zero scale amplifier is an inverting amplifier with variable resistors at the entrance and the offset to adjust the gain and offset respectively. If we think of an op-amp connected as an inverting amplifier with a controlled amount of voltage gain is shown in Figure #. The input signal is applied through a series input resistor Ri to the inverting (-) input. Also, the output is fed back through Rf to the same input. The non-inverting (+) input is grounded.

Figure 1: Inverting Amplifier.

In particular, the concept of infinite input impedance is great value. An infinite input impedance, then there must be no voltage drop between the inverting and non-inverting inputs. This means that the voltage at the inverting input terminal is referred to as virtual ground. This condition is illustrated n Figure 1a. Since there is no current at the inverting input, the current through Ri and the current through Rf are equal, as shown in Figure 1b.

Figure1: Virtual (a) and Iin =If and current t the inverting input (I1) is 0.

The voltage across Ri =Vin because the resistor is connected to the virtual ground at the inverting input of the op-amp. Therefore,

Also, the voltage across Rf equals Vout because of the virtual ground, and therefore,

Since If=Iin,

Rearranging the terms,

3 Materials and Equipment


A. Table 1: Materials and Equipment

Name Multimeter Power Supply Oscilloscope Breadboard Wave Generator

Manufacturer Hewlett Packard Hewlett Packard Hewlett Packard Global Specialties Hewlett Packard

Model 34401A E3631A 54600B PB- 505 33120A

Serial US36077916 MY51170062 US39150280

US36033305

Table 2: Materials Component LM471 Resistor Resistor Potentiometer Quantity 1 1 1 1 Value --------2k 150k 5k

4 Procedure and Diagrams

5 Calculations and Graphs 6 Error Analysis


Once the experiment was finished, the calculations required for getting the results were done. The theoretical and experimental results were practically even meaning that there were almost no errors in the values obtained. Since the ranges of voltage and current for this circuit were symmetrical, an offset adjustment was not required. We used a potentiometer to adjust the load resistance, bringing possible sources of error when calculating for a fixed value of the RL.

7 Conclusion
In this experiment we worked with the LM471 Operational amplifier as a voltage to current converter with floating load (not connected directly to ground). We calculated the output voltage taking into account that the voltage ranged from -1.5V to 1.5V and current from -5mA to 5mA. The symmetry of these ranges helped us to avoid other adjustments such as offset voltage. Add info about the output current obtain compared to the one calculated through RL.

8 Summary

9 Data sheets 10 References


1- Op-Amps. Retrieved from
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/elessonshtml/OpAmps/OpAmp2.html

on

March 12, 2014.


2- 2N3904. Retrieved from

http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/2N/2N3904.pdf March 12, 2014.

3- 2N3906. Retrieved from http://www.ece.rice.edu/~jdw/data_sheets/2N3906.pdf on March12, 2014. 4- Floating Load Amp. Retrieved from http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcoursecontents/IIT-ROORKEE/Analog%20circuits/lecturers/lecture_13/lecture13_page2.htm

on March12, 2014.

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