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1. Outline
TE CHNICAL GU IDE
A photoelectric sensor emits a light beam (visible or infrared) from its light-emitting element. A reectivetype photoelectric sensor is used to detect the light beam reected from the target. A thrubeam type sensor is used to measure the change in light quantity caused by the target crossing the optical axis.
Reective type
Light-emitting element Target
Light-receiving element
Thrubeam type
Transmitter Light beam Light-emitting element Target Receiver
Features
Non-contact detection Non-contact detection eliminates damage either to the target or sensor head, ensuring long service life and maintenance-free operation. Detection of targets of virtually any material Detection is based on the quantity of light received, or the change in the quantity of reected light. This method allows detection of diverse targets such as glass, metal, plastics, wood, and liquid. Long-detecting distance The reective-type photoelectric sensor has a detecting distance of up to 2 m 6.6', the thrubeam type has a detecting distance of up to 40 m 131.2', and the retro-reective type has a detecting distance of up to 50 m 164'. High response speed The photoelectric sensor is capable of a response speed as high as 20 s. Color differentiation possible The sensor has the ability to detect light from an object based on the reectivity of its color, thus permitting color detection and differentiation. Highly accurate detection A unique optical system and a precision electronic circuit allows highly accurate positioning and detection of minute objects.
Time
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Continuous emission This allows the sensor to continuously emit a preset quantity of light. However, This method does not provide a long-detecting distance, due to weak light beams resulting from the limited current level of the light-emitting element, and is also vulnerable to extraneous light. Its response speed is also higher than that of the pulse beam emission method.
Light-emitting quantity
Time
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Detection conguration
Features
Detection occurs when the target crosses the optical axis between transmitter and receiver. Long-detecting distance Stable detecting position Opaque objects detectable regardless of shape, color or material Powerful beam Detection occurs when the target crosses the optical axis between sensor head and reector. Reector allows installation in a limited space Simple wiring Longer detecting distance than the diffuse-reective sensor type Easily-adjustable optical axis Opaque objects detectable regardless of shape, color, or material
Transmitter
Receiver
Retro-reective
Target Reflector
Diffuse-reective
Target
Detection occurs when the light beam, emitted to the target, is reected by the target and received. Space-saving (requires installation of sensor unit only) Adjustment of optical axis not required Reective transparent objects detectable Color differentiation possible
Focused-beam reective
Target
Detection occurs when the beam spot, emitted to the target, is reected by the target and received. Minute objects detectable Target markings detectable Detection possible through narrow openings between machines Visible beam spot
Small-spot denitereective
Target
The transmitting and receiving portions are constructed at an angle, allowing detection within the limited area where the optical axes intersect. Effect of target background is minimal Low hysteresis Slight height differences are detectable Visible beam spot
Fixed-distance
Target
Detects the target at a specic distance according to the angle of the reected light beam. Unaffected by highly reective targets or backgrounds Stable detection of materials with varying reectance and color Highly accurate detection of minute objects Visible beam spot
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Luster recognition
Target
When the light beam hits a target, the beam reects differently according to the luster of the target. The sensor detects the difference in luster based on how the beam reects (specular or diffusive). On-line detection is possible. Detection is not affected by target color. Transparent targets can be detected.
The detecting area is formed by uniform parallel beams. When a target passes through this area, the received light quantity changes. Detection is performed based only on this change. Minute targets can be detected. Only moving targets are detected. Detection is less affected by dirt or dust on the lens.
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Photoelectric Sensors
2. Glossary
Glossary
Term
Thrubeam type
Transmitter Receiver
Conguration
Denition
Detecting distance
Retro-reective type
Reflector
The maximum distance from the transmitter to the receiver that permits the receiver to stably receive a light beam emitted from the transmitter (thrubeam type) or reected from the reector (retroreective type).
Detecting distance
Detecting distance
The maximum distance from the sensor head to a standard target that permits the sensor head to stably detect a light beam reected from the standard target.
Hysteresis
Hysteresis ON OFF t Light received Light shielded t t= Response time
For a reective-type photoelectric sensor, the difference between the reset distance and the detecting distance using a standard target. Hysteresis of photoelectric sensor is represented as a ratio to the detecting distance (X% of detecting distance). The reset distance refers to the distance from the light-receiving surface of a sensor head to the point at which sensor resets for subsequent detection.
Response time
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The minimum period of time required for a sensor to detect the presence of a light beam and output an ON signal, or to detect the absence of a light beam and output an OFF signal.
Receiver
LIGHT-ON
Reective type
Sensor head ON (with target)
An operating mode that allows the sensor head to output an ON signal when the prescribed light quantity, or more, is detected.
Receiver
DARK-ON
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Reective type
Sensor head
ON (without target)
An operating mode that allows the sensor head to output an ON signal when the prescribed light quantity, or more, is blocked by the target.
Ambient light
Transmitter
Receiver
The maximum amount of ambient light received by the lightreceiving surface of the sensor that allows a sensor to function normally.
Illuminance meter
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Self-diagnostic function
When optical misalignment or dirt or dust on the lens decreases the received light quantity, it results in unstable detection. An alarm output or indicator light is activated to inform the operator of a need for maintenance. Misaligned optical axis
Note: When several units are connected, the stability outputs of all the units are output from the main unit based on OR logic. PZ2 Series The stable operation indicator (green LED) of each sensor turns OFF when the received light quantity exceeds 70% or drops below 150% of the operating level. While the stable operation indicator is OFF, detection is unstable and erroneous detection may occur.
Relative level of 1.5 received light quantity
1 0.7
FS01 and PS01 Series When the received light quantity exceeds the detection level but does not exceed the stable operation level 31 times continuously or for 8 seconds continuously, the stability output is activated. Reset: When the stability output is activated, clean the front surface of the sensor head or realign the optical axis, so that the stable operation indicator (green LED) lights again. The stability output is reset when detection occurs with the stable operation indicator (green LED)
ON OFF ON OFF
Type
Features
Visible beam spot Color mark detection (Differentiating white, red or yellow color from black, blue or green color) Allows long-distance detection because light beam is powerful. Does not damage unexposed lm. Visible beam spot Suited for detection of subtle differences because light attenuation factor is high. Color mark detection (Differentiating white, yellow or orange color from black, green, red or blue color)
Model
FS01, FS2-60/62/65, PS-206/47/49, FS-V, PZ-V/M, PZ2, PZ-101, PZ-G, PX PX, PS, PQ, PG, PW, PZ-G
Red LED
Infrared LED
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1,000 1,050
Wavelength (nm)
Green LED
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4 Infrared semiconductor laser 1 Green LED 5 Infrared LED 2 Red LED 3 Red semiconductor laser
Allows minute targets to be detected due to an extremely small beam spot. Allows long-distance detection with LV, GV focused light beam. Red laser diode and infrared laser diode are available, and have the same features as red LED and infrared LED, respectively.
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Photoelectric Sensors
3. Shape
The optical ber sensors are divided into two categories: thrubeam and reective. The thrubeam type comprises a transmitter and a receiver. The reective type, which is a single unit, is available in 3 types: parallel, coaxial, and separate, according to the shape of the cross-section of the optical ber.
Type
Parallel
Approx. 60
Coaxial
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Optical ber types Plastic-ber The core of the plastic-ber consists of one or more acrylic-resin bers 0.25 to 1 mm 0.01" to 0.04" in diameter, encased in a polyethylene sheath. Plastic bers are light, cost-effective, and exible and are used for the majority of optical ber photoelectric sensors. Glass-ber The glass-ber consists of 10 to 100 m 0.39 to 3.94 Mil diameter glass bers encased in stainless steel tubing, allowing it to be used at high operating temperatures (350C (662F) max.).
High-precision type, consisting of a core (transmitter) and surrounding area (receiver). The operating position can remain the same regardless of the direction from which the target enters the detecting area. This type, containing several 10 m0.39 Mil glass bers in diameter, has separate areas for the transmitter and receiver.
Separate
4. Bend radius
Excessively bent optical ber will result in loss of light, causing reduced detection accuracy. KEYENCE bers are available with extra-small bending radius. Retention of light quantity vs. bend radius (typ.)
FU-6F plastic fiber (standard type) 100 Retention (%) Retention (%) 5 10 15 20 25 30 1.20" 0.39" 0.59" 0.79"0.98"1.18" Bend radius (mm inch) 90 80 70 60 50 0 FU-67 plastic fiber (tough-flex type) 100 90 80 70 60 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.04"0.08" 0.12"0.16 0.20"0.24" Bend radius (mm inch)
2. Features
Versatile installation A exible optical ber is employed for easy installation in areas such as small spaces between machines. Detection of small objects The light-emitting surface of the sensor head is extremely compact for stable detection of small objects.
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With FS2-60
With FS2-60G 2 4 6 8 10 6.6' 13.1' 19.7' 26.2' 32.8' Fiber length (m feet)
Tube-mountable type (FU-95) When the tube, to which the ber unit is mounted, contains no liquid, the emitted light is reected by the inside wall of the tube and returns back to the receiver because the refraction factor between the tube and air is large. On the other hand, when the tube contains liquid, most of the emitted light is radiated into the liquid and does not return back to the receiver because the refraction factor between the tube and liquid is small. The FU-95 detects presence or absence of liquid by using the above characteristics.
No liquid is contained. Liquid is contained.
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Red LED
Green LED
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Yellowish orange Orange Yellow Silver Gold Reddish purple Purple Yellowish green Green Greenish blue Bluish green Blue Dark blue Black
Yellowish orange Gold Orange Yellowish green Greenish blue Green Red Bluish green Reddish purple Blue Purple Dark blue Black
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TE CHNICAL GU IDE
Photoelectric Sensors
The received light level is a value which numerically expresses the light quantity received by the sensor. The previous chart contains sample colors. Note that they may differ slightly from those used in obtaining the data due to print quality. How to read the chart The chart shows the difference in received light quantity between the FS-T1 and FS-V1 (red LED) and the FS-T1G (green LED) manufactured by KEYENCE. Guide to color differentiation When the received light level of one colors is 110% or more of the intermediate value of the two colors to be differentiated, the sensor stably detects the light being received. When the received light level is 90% or less, the sensor stably detects the light being interrupted. Example: To differentiate red and white From the chart, the FS-T1 (red LED) shows similar received light levels for white and red; while the FS-T1G shows some difference. To calculate the excess gain of color differentiation, perform the following calculation:
Received light quantity with white target + Received light quantity with red target Intermediate value = 2 508 + 116 = 312 2 508 Excess gain of white color = x 100 = 162% 312 = The sensor stably detects the light being received. Excess gain of red color = 116 x 100 = 37% 312
The sensor stably detects the light being interrupted. Therefore, the FS-T1G can stably differentiate red and white targets.
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20 X 40 Y 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 3.94" 11.81" 19.69" 27.56" Distance X (mm inch)
0.79" 1.57"
Excess gain
Photoelectric Sensors
20
This graph shows the points, Ex. PZ-51(P)/51L(P) at various set distances, where the reective-type sensor can detect a standard 100 target traveling perpendicular to the optical axis when the maximum detecting distance is provided. The graph is used to conrm the detecting 10 distance of an object travelling perpendicular to the Stable optical axis. Operating level
1.5 1
0
Operating level
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 78.74" 236.22" 393.70" 551.18"
19.69" 15.75" 11.81" 7.87" 3.94" 3.94" 7.87" 11.81" 15.75" 19.69"
31.50"
600
23.62" Stable operating level is calibrated so that the detecting distance is 600 mm 15.75" for 200 mm square target. 23.62" 7.87"
This graph shows the effect of the size of a target (white mat paper) on the detecting distance. The area covered by the light beam can be veried for a given detecting distance. It is used to determine target size.
400
200
a a
7.87"
100 150 200 3.94" 5.91" 7.87" One side of target a (mm inch)
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Detecting area
Ex. FS2-65, FU-4F
Target: copper wire 2 Distance Y (mm inch) 1 0 1 2 0.5 Dia. 0.02" 0.3 0.01" 0.004" 0.1 0.03 0.001" X Y 0.08" 0.04"
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393.70"
This graph shows the permissible angle of the receiver to the optical axis of the transmitted beam for a thrubeam type sensor.
196.85"
0.04" 0.08"
2 0.08"
40
20
20 40 Operating angle ()
Interference area
Ex. FS2-60, FU-65
6 Operating area Distance Y (mm inch)
Hysteresis
Photoelectric sensors placed Ex. FS2-65, FU-4F side by side may detect light Detecting beams from other Hysteresis distance transmitters, resulting in 6 unstable detection. The problem may be solved by 5 ON OFF Target: 50 x 50 separating the sensors by a 1.97" x 1.97" 4 specied distance. This graph White mat paper is used to determine that 3 distance.
Hysteresis (mm inch) 2 1 0 10 20 30 0.39" 0.79" 1.18" Detecting distance X (mm inch)
This graph shows the level of hysteresis measured at various set distances.
0.24" 0.20" 0.16" 0.12" 0.08" 0.04"
0.24"
4 Interference area X 2 Y
White mat paper
0.16"
0.08"
2 0.08"
6. Connections
Parallel connection (OR logic circuit) and serial connection (AND logic circuit)
Example: OR logic circuit (for NPN open-collector output sensors)
Brown Black Blue Brown Black Blue Load 12 to 24 VDC Photoelectric Sensors Safety Light Curtains Ultrasonic Sensors Proximity Sensors Pressure Sensors Load N.C. Power supply PLCs Counters Barcode Readers Vision Systems Displacement Sensors Optical Micrometers Microscope Laser Markers Enclosure Rating Communication Method
Blue Connect the external relay as N.C. * For AND circuit, select the operation mode opposite of that actually required. If LIGHT-ON output is required, select the DARK-ON mode.
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Photoelectric Sensors
Solution
Position a light-shield so that the receiver will not detect a light beam travelling below the target.
Light-shield Target
Target
Thrubeam
The receiver may detect a light beam reected by the mounting surface.
A rough mounting surface may reect the light beam, causing unstable detection.
Target Target
Reective
Provide a background object of low reectance, such as a black wall, to prevent the sensor from detecting a reected light beam.
An object in the background may reect the light beam, causing unstable detection.
Provide distance
Provide as great a distance as possible between the target and background object.
The small-spot denite-reective type or xed-distance type, whose detection is not affected by background objects, is recommended in cases where the above solutions are not possible.
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When the horizontal component of the light wave strikes against the reflector, it scatters in all directions. Reflector The horizontal component of the light wave is emitted.
Transmitter
Receiver
When the polarized light wave strikes against a mirror-surfaced target, it does not scatter.
3. Mounting environment
Detecting shiny targets (retro-reective type) To detect mirror-surfaced targets, a retro-reective type sensor with the P.R.O. (polarized reective options) function (PZ2-61) is recommended. A sensor with the P. R.O. function has an optical system which is constructed so that the emitter emits only the horizontal component of the light wave and the receiver receives only the vertical component.
When using a retro-reective type sensor that is not equipped with P.R.O. function, install the sensor head so that the distance from the target (L) is as far as possible, and the optical axis is at 30 to 45 degree-angle to the target.
L
Target 30 to 45
Reflector
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Photoelectric Sensors
Interference When 2 or more sensors are installed side-by-side without sufcient distance between adjacent sensors, the receiver may detect a light beam emitted from the receiver of another unit, disturbing sensor operation. This phenomenon is called interference. Suggestions for eliminating interference 1. Use a sensor head with interference-prevention. (Interference-prevention type sensors can be mounted side-by-side.) 2. Use a sensor head that can be switched to an alternate frequency. (Can be closely mounted.) 3. Allow sufcient distance between sensor heads to prevent interference. For further information, refer to the Interference area characteristics chart for each model.
Distance Y Operation area
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Ambient light and effect of external light KEYENCE photoelectric sensors employ the pulse light emission method, which ensures stable operation when external light is strong. However, a strong light beam, emitted in the direction of the optical axis of the receiver, will cause the sensor to malfunction. To correct this, change the angle of the sensor head, or provide a light-shield to prevent an external light beam from being emitted directly to the receiver.
Light-shield Sensor head angle External light beam
Illumination
Illuminance (lux) Conditions 1000,000 Sunlight - clear sky 10,000 Sunlight - cloudy sky (32,000 lux) 1,000 Design ofce (1,000 to 1,500 lux)
100 Department stores (500 to 700 lux) 10 Candlelight at a distance of 30 cm 11.81" (15 lux)
4. For the thrubeam type sensor, alternate the placement of the transmitters and receivers.
Transmitter Receiver
4. Miscellaneous
When using a commercially available switching regulator, ground its chassis grounding and earth grounding terminals. Isolate the sensor wiring from power lines and high voltage lines; otherwise, the sensor may malfunction due to noise interference. Handle the photoelectric sensor carefully when mounting. Strong impact to the sensor head may damage the sensors waterproof capability.
Receiver
Transmitter
* Set the transmitters and receivers so that a light beam emitted from a transmitter will not be received by the receiver of the adjacent sensor.
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8. General Specications
Vibration: 10 to 55 Hz, 1.5 mm 0.06" double amplitude in X, Y, and Z directions, 2 hours respectively. FS-T, FS-M, FS-V, FS2, LV, CZ-K, CZ-V, PZ-V/M, PZ2, PS-T, PQ, PG, PI-G, PW, GV and PX Series. Shock: 500 m/s2 1640.4' (approx. 50 G) in X, Y, and Z directions, 3 times respectively FS-T, FS-M, FS-V, FS2, PS-T, PQ and CZ-K Series 1,000 m/s2 3280.8' (approx. 100 G) in X, Y, and Z directions, 6 times respectively PZ-V/M, PZ2 and PZ-G Series 300 m/s2 984.3' (approx. 30 G) in X, Y, and Z directions, 3 times respectively PI-G Series 100 m/s2 328.1' (approx. 10 G) in X, Y, and Z directions, 3 times respectively PW Series Power supply ripple (p-p): 10% max. All DC types
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