Column a rigid, relatively slender, upright support, composed of relatively few pieces.

a decorative pillar, most often composed of stone and typically having a cylindrical or polygonalshaft wit h a capital and usually a base. Pillar An upright, relatively slender shaft or structure, usually of brick or stone, used as a building support or standing alone as a monument. Post A stiff vertical support, esp. a wooden column in timber framing. Compression members, such as columns, are mainly subjected to axial forces. The principal stress in a compression member is therefore the normal stress,

The failure of a short compression member resulting from the compression axial force looks like,

However, when a compression member becomes longer, the role of the geometry and stiffness (Young's modulus) becomes more and more important. For a long (slender) column, buckling occurs way before the normal stress reaches the strength of the column material. For example, pushing on the ends of a business card or bookmark can easily reproduce the buckling.

For an intermediate length compression member, kneeling occurs when some areas yield before buckling, as shown in the figure below.

In summary, the failure of a compression member has to do with the strength and stiffness of the material and the geometry (slenderness ratio) of the member. Whether a compression member is considered short, intermediate, or long depends on these factors. More quantitative discussion on these factors can be found in the next section. Foundation The lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground. Designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its load directly to the earth. Shallow foundation A foundation system placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and transferring building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure. Footing The part of a foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the frost line and enlarged to distribute its load over a greater area. Passive earth pressure The horizontal component of resistance developed by a soil mass against the horizontal movement of a vertical structure through the soil. Active earth pressure The horizontal component of pressure that soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining structure. Soil pressure The actual pressure developed between a footing and the supporting soil mass, equal to the quotient of the magnitude of the forces transmitted and the area of contact. Also called Contact pressure. Allowable bearing pressure The maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on a supporting soil mass. Allowable bearing pressures for various soil classifications are conservative values permitted by building codes in the absence of geotechnical investigation and testing of the soil. Also called allowable bearing capacity, allowable soil pressure.

Settlement The gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading. Consolidation The gradual reduction in the volume of a soil mass resulting from the application of a sustained load and an increase in compressive stress. Primary consolidation A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to a squeezing out of water from the voids within the mass and a transfer of the load from the soil water to the soil solids. Also called primary compression. Secondary consolidation A reduction in volume of a soil mass under the action of a sustained load, due chiefly to adjustment to the internal strcture of the soi l mass after most of the load has been transferred from the soil water to the soil solids. Differential settlement The relative movement of different parts of a structure caused by uneven settlement or failure of its foundation. Overllaping soil stresses may be caused by closely spaced footing or by adjacent footings located as different levels. Foundation wall A wall occurring below the floor nearest grade, designed to support and anchor the superstructure. Ground slab A concrete slab placed over a dense or compacted base supported directly by the gound, usually reinforced with welded wire fabric or a grid of reinforcing bars to control any cracking caused by drying, shrinkage or thermal stresses. Separate or integral footings are required for heavy or concentrated loads. Over problem soils, the slab must be designed as am at or raft foundation. Also called slab on grade. Base course A later of coarse granular materials placed and compacted on undisturbed soil or prepared fill to prevent the capillary rise of moisture to a concrete ground slab. Substratum Something that underlies or serves as a base or foundation. Also called substrate. Spread footing A concrete footing extended laterally to distribute the foundation load over a wide enough are that the allowable bearing capacity of the supporting soil is not exceeded. Strip footing The continuous spred footing of a foundation wall.

Isolated footing A single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier. Continuous footing A reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of columns. Grade beam A reinforced concrete beam supporting a superstructure at or near ground level and transferring the load to isolated footings, priers, or piles. Also called ground beam. Combined footing A reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load. Cantilever footing A reinforced concrete footing connectiod by the tie beam to another footing in order to balance an asymmetrically imposed load, as the perimeter of a building site. Also called strap footing. Stepped footing a continuous or strip footing that changes levels in stages to avcommodate a sloping site or bearing stratum. Floating foundation A foundation used in yielding soil, having for as footing a raft placed deep enaufgr that the weight if the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the weight of the construction supported. Raft A mat providing a footing on yielding soil, usually for an entire building, placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weght of the constuction. Grillage A framework of crossing beams for spreading heavy loads over the large areas. Also called grid. Mat A thick, slablike footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an entire building. Ribbed mat A mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab. Cellular mat A composite structure of reinforced concrete slabs and basement walls serving as a mat foundation. Not yet copied page 102- 103 foundation Wla pa pictures. </3