What is JDBC?

JDBC is Java application programming interface that allows the Java programmers to access
database management system from Java code. It was developed by JavaSoft, a subsidiary of Sun
Microsystems.

Definition
Java Database Connectivity in short called as JDBC. It is a java API which enables the java
programs to execute SQL statements. It is an application programming interface that defines how
a java programmer can access the database in tabular format from Java code using a set of
standard interfaces and classes written in the Java programming language.

JDBC has been developed under the Java Community Process that allows multiple
implementations to exist and be used by the
same application. JDBC provides methods for querying and updating the data in Relational
Database Management system such as SQL, Oracle etc.

The Java application programming interface provides a mechanism for dynamically loading the
correct Java packages and drivers and registering them with the JDBC Driver Manager that is
used as a connection factory for creating JDBC connections which supports creating and
executing statements such as SQL INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. Driver Manager is the
backbone of the jdbc architecture.

Generally all Relational Database Management System supports SQL and we all know that Java
is platform independent, so JDBC makes it possible to write a single database application that
can run on different platforms and interact with different Database Management Systems.

Java Database Connectivity is similar to Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) which is used for
accessing and managing database, but the difference is that JDBC is designed specifically for
Java programs, whereas ODBC is not depended upon any language.

In short JDBC helps the programmers to write java applications that manage these three
programming activities:

1. It helps us to connect to a data source, like a database.

2. It helps us in sending queries and updating statements to the database and
3. Retrieving and processing the results received from the database in terms of answering to
your query.

Product Components of JDBC

JDBC has four Components:
1. The JDBC API.
2. The JDBC Driver Manager.
3. The JDBC Test Suite.
4. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge.

1. The JDBC API.

The JDBC application programming interface provides the facility for accessing the relational
database from the Java programming language. The API technology provides the industrial
standard for independently connecting Java programming language and a wide range of
databases. The user not only execute the SQL statements, retrieve results, and update the data but
can also access it anywhere within a network because of it's "Write Once, Run Anywhere"
(WORA) capabilities.

Due to JDBC API technology, user can also access other tabular data sources like spreadsheets
or flat files even in the a heterogeneous environment. JDBC application programmming
interface is a part of the Java platform that have included Java Standard Edition (Java SE ) and
the Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) in itself.

The JDBC API has four main interface:

The latest version of JDBC 4.0 application programming interface is divided into two packages
i-) java.sql
ii-) javax.sql.

Java SE and Java EE platforms are included in both the packages.

2. The JDBC Driver Manager.

The JDBC Driver Manager is a very important class that defines objects which connect Java
applications to a JDBC driver. Usually Driver Manager is the backbone of the JDBC
architecture. It's very simple and small that is used to provide a means of managing the different
types of JDBC database driver running on an application. The main responsibility of JDBC
database driver is to load all the drivers found in the system properly as well as to select the
most appropriate driver from opening a connection to a database. The Driver Manager also
helps to select the most appropriate driver from the previously loaded drivers when a new open
database is connected.

3. The JDBC Test Suite.

The function of JDBC driver test suite is to make ensure that the JDBC drivers will run user's
program or not . The test suite of JDBC application program interface is very useful for testing
a driver based on JDBC technology during testing period. It ensures the requirement of Java
Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE.

4. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge.

The JDBC-ODBC bridge, also known as JDBC type 1 driver is a database driver that utilize the
ODBC driver to connect the database. This driver translates JDBC method calls into ODBC
function calls. The Bridge implements Jdbc for any database for which an Odbc driver is
available. The Bridge is always implemented as the sun.jdbc.odbc Java package and it contains a
native library used to access ODBC.

Now we can conclude this topic: This first two component of JDBC, the JDBC API and the
JDBC Driver Manager manages to connect to the database and then build a java program that
utilizes SQL commands to communicate with any RDBMS. On the other hand, the last two
components are used to communicate with ODBC or to test web application in the
specialized environment.

Understanding the JDBC Architecture

JDBC is an API specification developed by Sun Microsystems that defines a uniform interface
for accessing various relational databases. JDBC is a core part of the Java platform and is
included in the standard JDK distribution.

The primary function of the JDBC API is to provide a means for the developer to issue SQL
statements and process the results in a consistent, database-independent manner. JDBC provides
rich, object-oriented access to databases by defining classes and interfaces that represent objects
such as:

1. Database connections
2. SQL statements
3. Result Set
4. Database metadata
5. Prepared statements
6. Binary Large Objects (BLOBs)
7. Character Large Objects (CLOBs)
8. Callable statements
9. Database drivers
10. Driver manager

The JDBC API uses a Driver Manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent
connectivity to heterogeneous databases. The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct
driver is used to access each data source. The Driver Manager is capable of supporting multiple
concurrent drivers connected to multiple heterogeneous databases. The location of the driver
manager with respect to the JDBC drivers and the servlet is shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1 Layers of the JDBC Architecture

A JDBC driver translates standard JDBC calls into a network or database protocol or
into a database library API call that facilitates communication with the database.
This translation layer provides JDBC applications with database independence. If the
back-end database changes, only the JDBC driver need be replaced with few code
modifications required. There are four distinct types of JDBC drivers.

Type 1 JDBC Architecture

Type 1 JDBC-ODBC Bridge. Type 1 drivers act as a "bridge" between JDBC and
another database connectivity mechanism such as ODBC. The JDBC- ODBC bridge
provides JDBC access using most standard ODBC drivers. This driver is included in
the Java 2 SDK within the sun.jdbc.odbc package. In this driver the java
statements are converted to a jdbc statements. JDBC statements calls the ODBC by
using the JDBC-ODBC Bridge. And finally the query is executed by the database.
This driver has serious limitation for many applications. (See Figure 2.)
Type 2 Java to Native API. Type 2 drivers use the Java Native Interface (JNI) to make calls
to a local database library API. This driver converts the JDBC calls into a database specific call
for databases such as SQL, ORACLE etc. This driver communicates directly with the database
server. It requires some native code to connect to the database. Type 2 drivers are usually faster
than Type 1 drivers. Like Type 1 drivers, Type 2 drivers require native database client libraries
to be installed and configured on the client machine. (See Figure 3.)

Type 2 JDBC Architecture

Type 3 Java to Network Protocol Or All- Java Driver. Type 3 drivers are pure Java drivers
that use a proprietary network protocol to communicate with JDBC middleware on the server.
The middleware then translates the network protocol to database-specific function calls. Type 3
drivers are the most flexible JDBC solution because they do not require native database libraries
on the client and can connect to many different databases on the back end. Type 3 drivers can be
deployed over the Internet without client installation. (See Figure 4.)
Java-------> JDBC statements------> SQL statements ------> databases.

Type 3 JDBC Architecture

Type 4 Java to Database Protocol. Type 4 drivers are pure Java drivers that implement a
proprietary database protocol (like Oracle's SQL*Net) to communicate directly with the
database. Like Type 3 drivers, they do not require native database libraries and can be deployed
over the Internet without client installation. One drawback to Type 4 drivers is that they are
database specific. Unlike Type 3 drivers, if your back-end database changes, you may save to
purchase and deploy a new Type 4 driver (some Type 4 drivers are available free of charge from
the database manufacturer. However, because Type drivers communicate directly with the
database engine rather than through middleware or a native library, they are usually the fastest
JDBC drivers available. This driver directly converts the java statements to SQL statements.

(See Figure 5.)

Type 4 JDBC Architecture

So, you may be asking yourself, "Which is the right type of driver for your application?" Well,
that depends on the requirements of your particular project. If you do not have the opportunity or
inclination to install and configure software on each client, you can rule out Type 1 and Type 2
drivers.

However, if the cost of Type 3 or Type 4 drivers is prohibitive, Type 1 and type 2 drivers may
become more attractive because they are usually available free of charge. Price aside, the debate
will often boil down to whether to use Type 3 or Type 4 driver for a particular application. In this
case, you may need to weigh the benefits of flexibility and interoperability against performance.
Type 3 drivers offer your application the ability to transparently access different types of
databases, while Type 4 drivers usually exhibit better performance and, like Type 1 and Type 2
drivers, may be available free if charge from the database manufacturer.

JDBC Driver and Its Types

JDBC Driver Manager

The JDBC DriverManager class defines objects which can connect Java applications to a
JDBC driver. DriverManager has traditionally been the backbone of the JDBC architecture. It is
quite small and simple.

This is a very important class. Its main purpose is to provide a means of managing the different
types of JDBC database driver. On running an application, it is the DriverManager's
responsibility to load all the drivers found in the system property jdbc. drivers. For example, this
is where the driver for the Oracle database may be defined. This is not to say that a new driver
cannot be explicitly stated in a program at runtime which is not included in jdbc.drivers. When
opening a connection to a database it is the DriverManager' s role to choose the most appropriate
driver from the previously loaded drivers.

The JDBC API defines the Java interfaces and classes that programmers use to connect to
databases and send queries. A JDBC driver implements these interfaces and classes for a
particular DBMS vendor.

A Java program that uses the JDBC API loads the specified driver for a particular DBMS before
it actually connects to a database. The JDBC DriverManager class then sends all JDBC API calls
to the loaded driver.

JDBC Driver

This topic defines the Java(TM) Database Connectivity (JDBC) driver types. Driver types are
used to categorize the technology used to connect to the database. A JDBC driver vendor uses
these types to describe how their product operates. Some JDBC driver types are better suited for
some applications than others.

Types of JDBC drivers

This topic defines the Java(TM) Database Connectivity (JDBC) driver types. Driver types are
used to categorize the technology used to connect to the database. A JDBC driver vendor uses
these types to describe how their product operates. Some JDBC driver types are better suited for
some applications than others.

There are four types of JDBC drivers known as:

• JDBC-ODBC bridge plus ODBC driver, also called Type 1.

• Native-API, partly Java driver, also called Type 2.
• JDBC-Net, pure Java driver, also called Type 3.
• Native-protocol, pure Java driver, also called Type 4.

Type 1 Driver- the JDBC-ODBC bridge

The JDBC type 1 driver, also known as the JDBC-ODBC bridge is a database driver
implementation that employs the ODBC driver to connect to the database. The driver converts
JDBC method calls into ODBC function calls. The bridge is usually used when there is no pure-
Java driver available for a particular database.

The driver is implemented in the sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver class and comes with the Java 2
SDK, Standard Edition. The driver is platform-dependent as it makes use of ODBC which in turn
depends on native libraries of the operating system. Also, using this driver has got other
dependencies such as ODBC must be installed on the computer having the driver and
the database which is being connected to must support an ODBC driver. Hence the use of this
driver is discouraged if the alternative of a pure-Java driver is available.
Type 1 is the simplest of all but platform specific i.e only to Microsoft platform.

A JDBC-ODBC bridge provides JDBC API access via one or more ODBC drivers. Note that
some ODBC native code and in many cases native database client code must be loaded on each
client machine that uses this type of driver. Hence, this kind of driver is generally most
appropriate when automatic installation and downloading of a Java technology application is
not important. For information on the JDBC-ODBC bridge driver provided by Sun, see JDBC-
ODBC Bridge Driver.

Type 1 drivers are "bridge" drivers. They use another technology such as Open Database
Connectivity (ODBC) to communicate with a database. This is an advantage because ODBC
drivers exist for many Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) platforms. The Java
Native Interface (JNI) is used to call ODBC functions from the JDBC driver.

A Type 1 driver needs to have the bridge driver installed and configured before JDBC can be
used with it. This can be a serious drawback for a production application. Type 1 drivers cannot
be used in an applet since applets cannot load native code.

Functions:

1. Translates query obtained by JDBC into corresponding ODBC query, which is then
handled by the ODBC driver.
2. Sun provides a JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver. sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver. This driver
is native code and not Java, and is closed
source.
3. Client -> JDBC Driver -> ODBC Driver -> Database
4. There is some overhead associated with the translation work to go from JDBC to ODBC.

Advantages:

Almost any database for which ODBC driver is installed, can be accessed.

Disadvantages:

1. Performance overhead since the calls have to go through the JDBC overhead bridge to
the ODBC driver, then to the native database connectivity interface.
2. The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.
3. Considering the client-side software needed, this might not be suitable for applets.

Type 2 Driver - the Native-API Driver

The JDBC type 2 driver, also known as the Native-API driver is a database driver
implementation that uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver converts JDBC
method calls into native calls of the database API.

The type 2 driver is not written entirely in Java as it interfaces with non-Java code that makes the
final database calls.
The driver is compiled for use with the particular operating system. For platform interoperability,
the Type 4 driver, being
a full-Java implementation, is preferred over this driver.

A native-API partly Java technology-enabled driver converts JDBC calls into calls on the client
API for Oracle, Sybase, Informix, DB2, or other DBMS. Note that, like the bridge driver, this
style of driver requires that some binary code be loaded on each client machine.

However the type 2 driver provides more functionality and performance than the type 1 driver as
it does not have the overhead of the additional ODBC function calls.

Type 2 drivers use a native API to communicate with a database system. Java native methods are
used to invoke the API functions that perform database operations. Type 2 drivers are generally
faster than Type 1 drivers.

Type 2 drivers need native binary code installed and configured to work. A Type 2 driver also
uses the JNI. You cannot use a Type 2 driver in an applet since applets cannot load native code.
A Type 2 JDBC driver may require some Database Management System (DBMS) networking
software to be installed.

The Developer Kit for Java JDBC driver is a Type 2 JDBC driver.

Functions:

1. This type of driver converts JDBC calls into calls to the client API for that database.
2. Client -> JDBC Driver -> Vendor Client DB Library -> Database

Advantage

Better performance than Type 1 since no jdbc to odbc translation is needed.

Disadvantages

1. The vendor client library needs to be installed on the client machine.

2. Cannot be used in internet due the client side software needed.
3. Not all databases give the client side library.

Type 3 driver - the Network-Protocol Driver

The JDBC type 3 driver, also known as the network-protocol driver is a database driver
implementation which makes use of a middle-tier between the calling program and the database.
The middle-tier (application server) converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the vendor-
specific database protocol.
This differs from the type 4 driver in that the protocol conversion logic resides not at the client,
but in the middle-tier. However, like type 4 drivers, the type 3 driver is written entirely in Java.

The same driver can be used for multiple databases. It depends on the number of databases the
middleware has been configured to support. The type 3 driver is platform-independent as the
platform-related differences are taken care by the middleware. Also, making use of the
middleware provides additional advantages of security and firewall access.

A net-protocol fully Java technology-enabled driver translates JDBC API calls into a DBMS-
independent net protocol which is then translated to a DBMS protocol by a server. This net
server middleware is able to connect all of its Java technology-based clients to many different
databases. The specific protocol used depends on the vendor. In general, this is the most flexible
JDBC API alternative. It is likely that all vendors of this solution will provide products suitable
for Intranet use. In order for these products to also support Internet access they must handle the
additional requirements for security, access through firewalls, etc., that the Web imposes.
Several vendors are adding JDBC technology-based drivers to their existing database
middleware products.

These drivers use a networking protocol and middleware to communicate with a server. The
server then translates the protocol to DBMS function calls specific to DBMS.

Type 3 JDBC drivers are the most flexible JDBC solution because they do not require any native
binary code on the client. A Type 3 driver does not need any client installation.

Functions:

1. Follows a three tier communication approach.

2. Can interface to multiple databases - Not vendor specific.
3. The JDBC Client driver written in java, communicates with a middleware-net-server
using a database independent protocol, and then this net server translates this request into
database commands for that database.
4. Thus the client driver to middleware communication is database independent.
5. Client -> JDBC Driver -> Middleware-Net Server -> Any Database

Advantages

1. Since the communication between client and the middleware server is database
independent, there is no need for the vendor db library on the client machine. Also the
client to middleware need'nt be changed for a new database.
2. The Middleware Server (Can be a full fledged J2EE Application server) can provide
typical middleware services like caching (connections, query results, and so on), load
balancing, logging, auditing etc..
3. eg. for the above include jdbc driver features in Weblogic.
4. Can be used in internet since there is no client side software needed.
5. At client side a single driver can handle any database.(It works provided the middlware
supports that database!!)
Disadvantages

1. Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.

2. An extra layer added may result in a time-bottleneck. But typically this is overcome by
providing efficient middleware
services described above.

Type 4 - the Native-Protocol Driver

The JDBC type 4 driver, also known as the native-protocol driver is a database driver
implementation that converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol.

The type 4 driver is written completely in Java and is hence platform independent. It is installed
inside the Java Virtual Machine of the client. It provides better performance over the type 1 and
2 drivers as it does not have the overhead of conversion of calls into ODBC or database API
calls. Unlike the type 1 and 2 drivers, it does not need associated software to work.

A native-protocol fully Java technology-enabled driver converts JDBC technology calls into the
network protocol used by DBMSs directly. This allows a direct call from the client machine to
the DBMS server and is a practical solution for Intranet access. Since many of these protocols
are proprietary the database vendors themselves will be the primary source for this style of
driver. Several database vendors have these in progress.

As the database protocol is vendor-specific, separate drivers, usually vendor-supplied, need to be

used to connect to the database.

A Type 4 driver uses Java to implement a DBMS vendor networking protocol. Since the
protocols are usually proprietary, DBMS vendors are generally the only companies providing a
Type 4 JDBC driver.

Type 4 drivers are all Java drivers. This means that there is no client installation or configuration.
However, a Type 4 driver may not be suitable for some applications if the underlying protocol
does not handle issues such as security and network connectivity well.

The IBM Toolbox for Java JDBC driver is a Type 4 JDBC driver, indicating that the API is a
pure Java networking protocol driver.

Functions

1. Type 4 drivers are entirely written in Java that communicate directly with a vendor's
database through socket connections. No translation or middleware layers, are required,
improving performance.
2. The driver converts JDBC calls into the vendor-specific database protocol so that client
applications can communicate directly with the database server.
3. Completely implemented in Java to achieve platform independence.
 4. e.g include the widely used Oracle thin driver - oracle.jdbc.driver. OracleDriver which
connect to jdbc:oracle:thin URL format.
5. Client Machine -> Native protocol JDBC Driver -> Database server

Advantages

These drivers don't translate the requests into db request to ODBC or pass it to client api for the
db, nor do they need a middleware layer for request indirection. Thus the performance is
considerably improved.

Disadvantage

At client side, a separate driver is needed for each database.

JDBC Versions
1. The JDBC 1.0 API.

2. The JDBC 1.2 API.

3. The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API.

4. The JDBC 2.1 core API.

5. The JDBC 3.0 API.

6. The JDBC 4.0 API.

Features of JDBC 1.0 API

The JDBC 1.0 API was the first officially JDBC API launched consists of the following java
classes and interfaces that you can open connections to particular databases.

This version includes a completely redesigned administration console with an enhanced

graphical interface to manage and monitor distributed virtual databases.

Features of JDBC 1.2 API

1. It supports Updatabale ResultSets.

2. The DatabaseMetaData code has been refactored to provide more transparency with regard to
the underlying database engine.

3. New pass through schedulers for increased performance.

Features of the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API

1. The use of DataSource interface for making a connection.

2. Use of JNDI to specify and obtain database connections.

3. It allows us to use Pooled connections that is we can reuse the connections.

4. In this version the distributed transactions is possible.

5. It provides a way of handling and passing data using Rowset technology.

Features of the JDBC 2.1 core API.

1. Scroll forward and backward in a result set or has the ability to move to a specific row.

2. Instead of using SQL commands, we can make updates to a database tables using methods in
the Java programming language

3. We can use multiple SQL statements in a a database as a unit, or batch.

4. It uses the SQL3 datatypes as column values. SQL3 types are Blob, Clob, Array, Structured
type, Ref.

5. Increased support for storing persistent objects in the java programming language.

6. Supports for time zones in Date, Time, and Timestamp values.

7. Full precision for java.math.BigDecimal values.

Features of JDBC 3.0 API

1. Reusabilty of prepared statements by connection pools.

2. In this version there is number of properties defined for the ConnectionPoolDataSource. These
properties can be used to describe how the PooledConnection objects created by DataSource
objects should be pooled.

3. A new concept has been added to this API is of savepoints.

4. Retrieval of parameter metadata.

5. It has added a means of retrieving values from columns containing automatically generated
values.
6. Added a new data type i.e. java.sql.BOOLEAN.

7. Passing parameters to CallableStatement.

8. The data in the Blob and Clob can be altered.

9. DatabaseMetaData API has been added.

Features of JDBC 4.0 :

1. Auto- loading of JDBC driver class.

2. Connection management enhancements.

3. Support for RowId SAL type.

4. SQL exception handling enhancements.

5. DataSet implementation of SQl using Annotations.

6. SQL XML support

Features of JDBC 3.0 API

 Reusabilty of prepared statements by connection pools.
 In this version there is number of properties defined for the ConnectionPoolDataSource.
These properties can be used to describe how the PooledConnection objects created by
DataSource objects should be pooled.
 A new concept has been added to this API is of savepoints: One of the useful new features is
transactional savepoints. With JDBC 3.0, the transactional model is now more flexible. Now you
can start a transaction , insert several rows in it and then create a savepoint. This savepoint serves
as a bookmark. The application can rollback to the savepoint and then commit the group of
inserts as if the updates have never been attempted. For eg:

Statement st=connection.createStatement();
int rowcount=st.executeUpdate("insert into employee values("tim"));
int rowcoutn=st.executeUpdate("insert into salary values(20000.0);
Savepoint sv=connection.setSavePoint("savepoint"); //create save point for inserts
int rowcount=st.executeUpdate("delete from employee");
connection.rollback(sv); //discard the delete statement but keeps
the inserts
connection.commit(); //inserts are now permanent
 Retrieval of parameter metadata.
 It has added a means of retrieving values from columns containing automatically generated
values.
 Added a new data type i.e. java.sql.BOOLEAN.
 Passing parameters to CallableStatement.
 The data in the Blob and Clob can be altered: JDBC 3.0 introduces a standard mechanism
for updating BLOB and CLOB data.
 DatabaseMetaData API has been added.
 It allows stored procedure parameters to be called by name.

Features of JDBC 4.0

JDBC 4 is a major new release with a strong focus ease-of-use and programmer productivity.
JDBC 4's key priority is to make it easier for developers to work directly with the JDBC API.
The new features availble in J2SE 1.5 added ease-of-development features in JDBC 4

In addition to ease-of-use, JDBC 4 introduces several SQL 203 features, like Java specific
mapping for the new XML SQL type. Now in JDBC 4 every PreparedStatement is poolable by
default.

1. Auto- loading of JDBC driver class: In JDBC 4 invoking the getConnection() on

DriverManager will automatically load a driver. Upon loading the driver, an instance of
the driver is created and the registerDriver() method is invoked to make that driver
available to clients.
2. Connection management enhancements: In jdbc it may happen that a Connection is
lying idle or not closed in a pool, then it became stale over time. This will led to the
connection pool run out of resources due to stale connection. We know that the stale
connection doesn't mean that a connection is closed. Now in JDBC 4 Connection class
we have provided one method isValid(), which allows a client to query the database
driver if a connection is still valid. As database is a shared resource, so many application
can access the same data store. To maintain all the records of the client is a difficult task,
now in JDBC 4 an application can associate metadata with a database connection via the
setClientInfo() method, which takes a name/value pair, or a Properties object.
3. Support for RowId data type: JDBC introduces support for ROWID, a data type that
had been in use in database products even before it became part of the SQL.
4. SQL exception handling enhancements: JDBC 4 addresses the error handling
beautifully. As databases are often remotely accessible resources, problems such as
network failures is common and it can cause exceptions when executing a database
operation. SQL statements can also cause exceptions. Prior to JDBC 4, most JDBC
operations generated a simple SQLException.
5. SQL XML support
6. DataSet implementation of SQL using Annotations: The JDBC 4.0 specification
leverages annotations to allow developers to associate a SQL query with a Java class
without a need to write a lot of code to achieve this association.

New Features in JDBC 4.0

Introduction

Java database connectivity (JDBC) is the Java Soft specification of the API. It allows
Application Programs to interact with the Database to access the Relational Data. Typically the
JDBC API consists of a set of interfaces and classes written in the Java programming language.
The applications can be written to connect to databases using these standard interfaces and
classes and also to process the results by sending queries written in SQL. Furthermore the back-
end Database session can be connected by JDBC API which can execute the Queries to get the
Results.
Some of the new set of features which come along with Mustang is JDBC 4.0 are:

1. No need for Class.forName("DriverName")

2. Changes in Connection and Statement Interface
3. Better Pools
4. Using ResultSet Becomes More Flexible
5. More APIs Become Available

The three most important features of Driver and Connection Management in JDBC are
described below with some new features and enhancements.

1. Getting Connected Becomes Easier

This is one of the most important feature in JDBC that has relieved the developers from loading
the driver explicitly. Exactly, you got it right, no need to explicitly load the driver by calling
Class.forName anymore. So from now on don't bother to load the driver because the
DriverManager will automatically load the driver found in the application CLASSPATH while
your application tries to connect the database for the first time. However it is still preferred to
create an appropriate DataSource object to retrieve a connection. Since the properties of data
source instance can be modified which allows portability and transparency, there is no need to
modify any application code to connect to a different database instance. Hence to retrieve a
connection there is no need to change any application code to connect to a different database
instance that requires loading a different driver.

For example: Earlier the programmers used to manually load the drivers before making any
Database Calls. The code which was used by the programmers is:

Class.forName("FullyQualifiedNameOfTheDriverClass");

The disadvantage is that the code will be changed if the Database Driver vendor wants to change
the class name. Now this problem doesn't persist anymore. With the help of Service Provider
Mechanism available from Java 5, the Driver will be Loaded Automatically by the JVM
provided that the Jar files corresponding to the Driver Class are in the appropriate class path.

To understand this mechanism consider two entities, one is the service which contains a set of
interfaces and the other entity is the provider who gives a well-defined Implementation for the
Service. Now to maintain a directory structure, this service is packaged as a Jar by the provider.
The structure of a directory is:

\\META-INF\\services\\FullNameOfTheService

After maintaining the directory structure, if the JDBC Driver Provider wants to make his
implementation as a Service then he has to maintain the file name along with the directory
structure as,

\\META-INF\\services\\java.sql.Driver

Rememeber the file should only contain one entry that is the Name of the Provider Class. The
function of this entry is to implement the Driver. Also the name of the file is java.sql.Driver in
the above code. For instance the content of the file in My SQL would be,

File - Java.sql.Driver
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver # Class name of the Driver

Hence any Java program will automatically load the JDBC driver by the procedure. Moreover if
the application class-path contains multiple drivers then the preference will be given to the first
matching driver only ignoring the rest of the drivers.

2. Using ResultSet Becomes More Flexible

Several important features of ResultSet interfaces hierarchy are described below:

1. The ResultSet provided by the RowSet sub-interface is scrollable, updateable, and

offline-editable . The JDBC programming has become much more easier and flexible due
to the current version's support for the SQLXML data type along with these features.
2. Another feature of the ResultSet is the WebRowSet sub-interface. This interface
provides the ability to read data from database tables. Moreover it is used to serialize the
data to an XML document, and deserialize from XML back to result set.

More APIs Become Available

3. More APIs Become Available:

Some APIs and new methods have been added in JDBC 6.0.

More APIs have been added to this version of JDBC to provide access to commonly
implemented features of SQL:2003. In addition, several new methods have been added to
commonly used interfaces to support easier and better data manipulation.

Now, let's review some working code and discuss the result of the Example1 class below. It will
connect to an embedded Apache Derby database and display the query results in the console.
Although JDBC 4.0 has been out for several months now, I found Apache Derby is the only
database to provide a driver that even partially supports the JDBC 4.0 specification at the time of
this writing (March 2007). All examples in this article are developed using JDK 1.6 and Apache
Derby database version 10.2.2.0. For all code examples, I will show only snippets of the actual
Java source file that are relevant to the discussion. See the Resources section for complete
sample code discussed in this article.

EXAMPLE:

4. Changes in Connection and Statement Interface:

Some new features have been added to the Connection interface. However, first of all lets see the
methods which are already in use to check whether a Connection object is still valid/active or
not.

int tenSeconds = 10;

Connection.isValid(tenSeconds);

In the above code the argument that specifies the time duration taken by the API to check
whether the Connection is valid or not is Connection.isValid(int) that is
Connection.isValid(tenSeconds);. This argument is the Timeout value. The value false will be
returned if the timeout interval exceeds. And if the value returned is 0 for the time-out interval
that indicates an Infinite Time-out Duration. Moreover the methods which are used for
populating and retrieving the Client Information about a particular driver are:

Connection.getClientInfo()
Connection.setClientInfo(Properties) methods

also the methods which are used to retrieve the Client information individually are:

Connection.setClientInfo(String,String)
Connection.getClientInfo(String)

Now lets see the methods which have been added to the Statement interface.

1. Statement.isClosed() - If the Statement Object is closed it will return true by calling the
Statement.close() method.
2. Statement.setPoolable(boolean) - The call to Statement.setPoolable(true) will only act
as a request to the Implementation to pool this Statement Object for better performance.
3. Statement.isPoolable() - By default, only PreparedStatement and CallableStatement
are pooled by the Implementation. Not all the implementations may support this feature
and hence Applications should not depend on this feature always.

Enhanced SQL Exception Handling

5. Enhanced SQL Exception Handling:

A lot of improvement has been done regarding Exception handling in the following fields:

1. Iterable SQL Exception

2. Concreate Sub Classes for specific SQL Exception

Iterable SQL Exception

A new interface which is implemented by the java.sql.SQLException is Iterable<Throwable>

interface. To get the Next Set of Exceptions, this interface (Iterable<Throwable> interface) can
be iterated further. Not only this it can also be used in Enhanced For-Loops (available from Java
5.0).

For example:

try{

// Some Database Access Code

}catch(SQLException exception){

for(Throwable throwable: exception){

System.out.println(throwable.getMessage());

}
}

However earlier to get the next Exception the JDBC 4.0 applications used to rely on
SQLException.getNextException(). Unlike Iterable SQL Exception, the
SQLException.getNextException() used to loop over until it gets the null as a returned
exception.

try{

// Some Database Access Code

}catch(SQLException exception){

System.out.println(exception.getMessage());
SQLException nextException = exception.getNextException();

while (nextException != null){

System.out.println(nextException.getMessage());
nextException = nextException.getNextException();
}
}

Concreate Sub Class for specific SQL Exception

Another feature which is added to Java 6.0 is Sub Class for specific SQL Exception. Few SQL
Exception related Sub-Classes have been added to the API. These Exceptions which encapsulate
the State of the SQL Error are divided into three groups namely Transient, Recoverable and
Non-Transient which are described below.

Transient Exception: It is a kind of exception in which the program recovers from the
exception without altering the application. For example, during the program run-time any type of
SQL Exception occurs and if in another attempt the program recovers from the same exception
then this kind of exception is known as Transient Exception. The java.sql.TransientException
class represents this exception. In JDBC 4.0 API following are the identified Transient
Exceptions.

1. SQLTransientConnectionException
2. SQLTimeoutException
3. SQLTransactionRollbackException

Recoverable Exception: This exception is represented by java.sql.SQLRecoverableException.

It is a bit different from the Transient Exception in the sense that this exception can be recovered
by applying some Application Specific Recovery.

Non-Transient Exception: This exception is represented by java.sql.TransientException. This

exception signifies that no matter how many times the application Program tries to recover the
exception, it can never be recovered. The exceptions which belong to this group are:

1. SQLFeatureNotSupportedException
2. SQLNonTransientConnectionException
3. SQLDataException
4. SQLInvalidAuthorizationSpecException
5. SQLSyntaxErrorException
6. SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException

6. Support for SQL RowId

A Row Id is an unique Identifier which is supported by databases such as Oracle and DB2. It is
used to identify a Row. For instance, there are multiple records without having a unique
identifier column then to store the query output in a Collection (such Hashtable) that doesn't
allow duplicates ............................................................

The following piece of code shows how to retrieve the value of the Row Id for a particular Row.
String selectQuery = " select rowid from Employees where id ='123' ";
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("selectQuery");
java.sql.Rowid rowId = resultSet.getRowId();

The RowID interface was added to JDBC 4.0 to support the ROWID data type which is
supported by databases such as Oracle and DB2. RowId is useful in cases where there are
multiple records that don't have a unique identifier column and you need to store the query
output in a Collection (such Hashtable) that doesn't allow duplicates. We can use ResultSet's
getRowId() method to get a RowId and PreparedStatement's setRowId() method to use the
RowId in a query.

An important thing to remember about the RowId object is that its value is not portable between
data sources and should be considered as specific to the data source when using the set or update
methods in PreparedStatement and ResultSet respectively. So, it shouldn't be shared between
different Connection and ResultSet objects

Most of the popular Databases support the concept of a Row Id. A Row Id is an unique Identifier
which is used to identify a Row. Support for Retrieving and setting the Row Id for a row is made
available from JDBC 4.0 version. For example, consider the following piece of code, which will
retrieve the value of the Row Id for a particular Row.

String selectQuery = " select rowid from Employees where id ='123' ";
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("selectQuery");
java.sql.Rowid rowId = resultSet.getRowId();

The Row Id is represented by java.sql.RowId class. Before doing any kind of manipulation on
the Row Id, it is wise to check whether the under-lying Database implementation provides
Support for Row Id(s), as well as the Lifetime of the Row Id objects. The life-time of the Row Id
determines how long the Row Id is valid, whether the Row Id exists only for a particular Session
or for a Set of Transactions within a Session or Outside the Database Session etc. This
availability can be known with the help of DatabaseMetaData like the following,

RowIdLifeTime rowIdLifeTime = DatabaseMetaData.getRowIdLifetime();

if (rowIdLifeTime != ROWID_UNSUPPORTED){
// Row Id support is there for this Data source.
}

The returned RowIdLifeTime is an Enum which tells about the Life-Time of the Row Id object.
Possible values are ROWID_UNSUPPORTED, ROWID_VALID_FOREVER,
ROWID_VALID_OTHER, ROWID_VALID_SESSION, ROWID_VALID_TRANSACTION
and ROWID_VALID_FOREVER.

Wrapper
7.Wrapper

This new wrapper interface provides a mechanism for accessing an instance of a resource. This is
used by many JDBC driver implementations. Earlier the wrapper used to be data source specific
however now the developers can access these resources that are wrapped as proxy class
instances. The interface which the developers can use are as follows:

This interface describes a standard mechanism to access these wrapped resources represented by
their proxy, to permit direct access to the resource delegates.

isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface):

Returns true if this either implements the interface argument or is directly or indirectly a wrapper
for an object that does. Returns false otherwise. If this implements the interface then return true,
else if this is a wrapper then return the result of recursively calling isWrapperFor on the
wrapped object. If this does not implement the interface and is not a wrapper, return false. This
method should be implemented as a low-cost operation compared to unwrap so that callers can
use this method to avoid expensive unwrap calls that may fail. If this method returns true then
calling unwrap with the same argument should succeed.

unwrap(Class<T> iface):

Returns an object that implements the given interface to allow access to non-standard methods,
or standard methods not exposed by the proxy. If the receiver implements the interface then the
result is the receiver or a proxy for the receiver. If the receiver is a wrapper and the wrapped
object implements the interface then the result is the wrapped object or a proxy for the wrapped
object. Otherwise return the the result of calling unwrap recursively on the wrapped object or a
proxy for that result. If the receiver is not a wrapper and does not implement the interface, then
an SQLException is thrown

Conclusion

We have described some of the new features of Java 6.0 in this section. The enhancement in the
features like Automatic Driver Loading, SQL Exception Handling, Changes in Connection and
Statement Interface are of great help. All the features have been explained with the help of
examples to grasp the things more easily and quickly.

Difference between JDBC 3.0 & JDBC 4.0

Features of JDBC 3.0

1. Reusabilty of prepared statements by connection pools.

2. In this version there is number of properties defined for the ConnectionPoolDataSource.
These properties can be used to describe how the PooledConnection objects created by
DataSource objects should be pooled.
 3. A new concept has been added to this API is of savepoints: One of the useful new
features is transactional savepoints. With JDBC 3.0, the transactional model is now more
flexible. Now you can start a transaction , insert several rows in it and then create a
savepoint. This savepoint serves as a bookmark. The application can rollback to the
savepoint and then commit the group of inserts as if the updates have never been
attempted. For eg:

Statement st=connection.createStatement();
int rowcount=st.executeUpdate("insert into employee values("tim"));
int rowcoutn=st.executeUpdate("insert into salary values(20000.0);
Savepoint sv=connection.setSavePoint("savepoint"); //create save point for inserts
int rowcount=st.executeUpdate("delete from employee");
connection.rollback(sv); //discard the delete statement but keeps the inserts
connection.commit(); //inserts are now permanent
4. Retrieval of parameter metadata.
5. It has added a means of retrieving values from columns containing automatically
generated values.
6. Added a new data type i.e. java.sql.BOOLEAN.
7. Passing parameters to CallableStatement.
8. The data in the Blob and Clob can be altered: JDBC 3.0 introduces a standard
mechanism for updating BLOB and CLOB data.
9. DatabaseMetaData API has been added.
10. It allows stored procedure parameters to be called by name.

Features of JDBC 4

JDBC 4 is a major new release with a strong focus ease-of-use and programmer productivity.
JDBC 4's key priority is to make it easier for developers to work directly with the JDBC API.
The new features availble in J2SE 1.5 added ease-of-development features in JDBC 4

In addition to ease-of-use, JDBC 4 introduces several SQL 203 features, like Java specific
mapping for the new XML SQL type. Now in JDBC 4 every PreparedStatement is poolable by
default.

1. Auto- loading of JDBC driver class: In JDBC 4 invoking the getConnection() on

DriverManager will automatically load a driver. Upon loading the driver, an instance of
the driver is created and the registerDriver() method is invoked to make that driver
available to clients.
2. Connection management enhancements: In jdbc it may happen that a Connection is
lying idle or not closed in a pool, then it became stale over time. This will led to the
connection pool run out of resources due to stale connection. We know that the stale
connection doesn't mean that a connection is closed. Now in JDBC 4 Connection class
we have provided one method isValid(), which allows a client to query the database
driver if a connection is still valid. As database is a shared resource, so many application
can access the same data store. To maintain all the records of the client is a difficult task,
 now in JDBC 4 an application can associate metadata with a database connection via the
setClientInfo() method, which takes a name/value pair, or a Properties object.
3. Support for RowId data type: JDBC introduces support for ROWID, a data type that
had been in use in database products even before it became part of the SQL.
4. SQL exception handling enhancements: JDBC 4 addresses the error handling
beautifully. As databases are often remotely accessible resources, problems such as
network failures is common and it can cause exceptions when executing a database
operation. SQL statements can also cause exceptions. Prior to JDBC 4, most JDBC
operations generated a simple SQLException.
5. SQL XML support:
6. DataSet implementation of SQL using Annotations: The JDBC 4.0 specification
leverages annotations to allow developers to associate a SQL query with a Java class
without a need to write a lot of code to achieve this association.

Relational Database Concepts

An important part of every business is to keep records. We need to keep records of our
customers, the employees of our company, the emails etc. To keep all the data indivually is quite
difficult and hectic job, because whenever if we need the record of a particular customer or an
employee we need to search manually. It takes lot of time and still not reliable. Here comes the
concept of databases.

What is database?

A database is an organized collection of information. A simple example of a database are like

your telephone directory, recipe book etc.
A Relational model is the basis for any relational database management system (RDBMS). A
relational model has mainly three components:

1. A collection of objects or relations,.

2. Operators that act on the objects or relations.
3. Data integrity methods.

To design a database we need three things:

1. Table
2. Rows
3. Columns

A table is one of the most important ingredient to design the database. It is also known as a
relation, is a two dimensional structure used to hold related information. A database consists of
one or more tables.

A table contains rows : Rows is a collection of instance of one thing, such as the information of
one employee.
A table contains the columns: Columns contains all the information of a single type. Each
column in a table is a category of information referred to as a field.

One item of data, such as single phone number of a person is called as a Data Value.

ACID Properties:

ACID properties are one of the important concept for databases. ACID stands for Atomicity,
Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These properties of a DBMS allow safe sharing of data.
Without these properties the inaccuracy in the data will be huge. With the help of the ACID
properties the accuracy can be maintained.

Normalization:

Normalization is a design technique which helps the to design the relational databases.
Normalization is essentially a two step process that puts data into tabular form by removing
redundant data from the relational tables. A basic goal of normalization is to create a set of
relational tables that are free of redundant data and the data should be consistent. Normalization
has been divided into following forms.

1. First Normal Form: A relational table, by definition are in first normal form. All values
of the columns are atomic. It means that it contains no repeating values.
2. A relationl table is in second normal form if it is in 1NF and every non- key column is
fully dependent upon the primary key.
3. A relational table is in third normal form (3NF) if it is already in 2NF and every non- key
column is non transitively dependent upon its primary key. The advantage of having table
in 3NF is that it eliminates redundant data which in turn saves space and reduces
manipulation anomalies.

Understanding Common SQL statements

The commonly used SQL statements are:

1): Select
2): Insert
3): Update
4): Delete

SQL Select statement:

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a table.

Syntax: Select column_names FROM table_name;

The result from a SQL query is stored in a resultset. The SELECT statement has mainly three
clauses.

1). Select
2.) From
3). Where

The Select specifies the table columns that are retrieved. The From clause tells from where the
tables has been accessed. The Where clause specifies which tables are used. The Where clause is
optional, if not used then all the table rows will be selected.

We can see that we have used semicolon at the end of the select statement. It is used to separate
each SQL statement in database systems which helps us to execute more than one SQL statement
in the same call to the server.

SQL INSERT Statement:

This statement allows you to insert a single or multiple records into the database. We can specify
the name of the column in which we want to insert the data.

Syntax: Insert into table_name values (value1, value2..);

The Insert statement has mainly three clauses.

1). Insert: It specifies which table column has to be inserted in the table.
2). Into : It tells in which the data will be stored.
3). Values: In this we insert the values we have to insert.

We can also specify the columns for which we want to insert data.

The UPDATE Statement:

The Update statement is used to modify the data in the table. Whenever we want to update or
delete a row then we use the Update statement.

The syntax is :

UPDATE table_name Set colunm_name = new_value WHERE column_name =

some_name;

The Update statement has mainly three clauses.

1). UPDATE: It specifies which table column has to be updated.

2). Set: It sets the column in which the data has to be updated.
3). Where: It tells which tables are used.
SQL DELETE Statement:

This delete statement is used to delete rows in a table.

Systax:

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_name;

The Delete statement has following clauses.

1). Delete: It specifies which table column has to be deleted.

2). From: It tells from where the Table has been accessed.
3). Where: It tells which tables are used.

Important JDBC Concepts

Transactions: Whenever a connection is created by using the JDBC, then by default it is in
auto- commit mode. This means that SQL statement will be automatically committed
immediately after it is executed and it is treated as a transaction. But imagine a situation where
you want to execute a batch of statements, either they should commit at on go or they should get
failed together. For this we need to disable the auto- commit mode by using the method:

con.setAutoCommit(false).

After setting the auto- commit as false, no SQL statement will be committed until we call the
con.commit() method. If there arises any problem while committing then the set of statements
will be rollback, without committing.

Logging: on the server--->logging--->JDBC.

By this we can enable JDBC logging and specify a log file name for the JDBC log.

Attributes of Logging:

1) Enable JDBC Logging: It determines whether the server has a JDBC log file.

2) JDBC Log File Name: It is the name of the log file.

Isolation: The isolation is needed when there are concurrent transactions. Concurrent
transactions are transactions are transactions that occurs at the same time. In isolation one
transaction does not interfere with another. For setting the isolation level for a JDBC transaction,
use the

Connection.setTransaction(int level) method

By using the snapshot isolation level we can only see the snapshot of the data locked by other
transactions when running from inside the transaction with snapshot isolation level.

Some of the transaction level are given below:

1). TRANSACTION_NONE

2). TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITED

3. TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED

4. TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ

5. TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE

By setting the isolation levels you are having an impact on the performance of the transaction.
You can get the existing isolation level with:

getTransactionIsolation() method.

Concurrency: Database concurrency controls ensure that the transactions occur in an ordered
fashion.

Concurrency control deals with the issue involved with allowing multiple people simultaneous
access to shared entities.

Introduction to java.sql package

This package provides the APIs for accessing and processing data which is stored in the database
especially relational database by using the java programming language. It includes a framework
where we different drivers can be installed dynamically to access different databases especially
relational databases.

This java.sql package contains API for the following :

1 Making a connection with a database with the help of DriverManager class

a) DriverManager class: It helps to make a connection with the driver.

b) SQLPermission class: It provides a permission when the code is running within a Security
Manager, such as an applet. It attempts to set up a logging stream through the DriverManager
class.
c) Driver interface : This interface is mainly used by the DriverManager class for registering and
connecting drivers based on JDBC technology.
d). DriverPropertyInfo class : This class is generally not used by the general user.
2). Sending SQL Parameters to a database :

a). Statement interface: It is used to send basic SQL statements.

b). PreparedStatement interface: It is used to send prepared statements or derived SQL
statements from the Statement object.
c). CallableStatement interface : This interface is used to call database stored procedures.
d). Connection interface : It provides methods for creating statements and managing their
connections and properties.
e). Savepoint : It helps to make the savepoints in a transaction.

3). Updating and retrieving the results of a query:

a). ResultSet interface: This object maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of data. The
cursor is initially positioned before the first row. The next method of the resultset interface
moves the cursor to the next row and it will return false if there are no more rows in the
ResultSet object. By default ResultSet object is not updatable and has a cursor that moves
forward only.

4.) Providing Standard mappings for SQL types to classes and interfaces in Java
Programming language.

a). Array interface: It provides the mapping for SQL Array.

b). Blob interface : It provides the mapping for SQL Blob.
c). Clob interface: It provides the mapping for SQL Clob.
d). Date class: It provides the mapping for SQL Date.
e). Ref interface: It provides the mapping for SQL Ref.
f). Struct interface: It provides the mapping for SQL Struct.
g). Time class: It provides the mapping for SQL Time.
h). Timestamp: It provides the mapping for SQL Timestamp.
i). Types: It provides the mapping for SQL types.

5). Metadata

a). DatabaseMetaData interface: It keeps the data about the data. It provides information about
the database.
b). ResultSetMetaData: It gives the information about the columns of a ResultSet object.
c). ParameterMetaData: It gives the information about the parameters to the PreparedStatement
commands.

6). Exceptions

a). SQLException: It is thrown by the mehods whenever there is a problem while accessing the
data or any other things.
b). SQLWarning: This exception is thrown to indicate the warning.
c). BatchUpdateException: This exception is thrown to indicate that all commands in a batch
update are not executed successfully.
d). DataTruncation: It is thrown to indicate that the data may have been truncated.

7). Custom mapping an SQL user- defined type (UDT) to a class in the java programming
language.

a). SQLData interface: It gives the mapping of a UDT to an intance of this class.
b). SQLInput interface: It gives the methods for reading UDT attributes from a stream.
c). SQLOutput: It gives the methods for writing UDT attributes back to a stream.

Driver Manager Class

The JDBC Driver Manager

The JDBC Driver Manager is a very important class that defines objects which connect Java
applications to a JDBC driver. Usually Driver Manager is the backbone of the JDBC
architecture. It's very simple and small that is used to provide a means of managing the different
types of JDBC database driver running on an application. The main responsibility of JDBC
database driver is to load all the drivers found in the system properly as well as to select the
most appropriate driver from opening a connection to a database. The Driver Manager also
helps to select the most appropriate driver from the previously loaded drivers when a new open
database is connected.

The DriverManager class works between the user and the drivers. The task of the DriverManager
class is to keep track of the drivers that are available and handles establishing a connection
between a database and the appropriate driver. It even keeps track of the driver login time limits
and printing of log and tracing messages. This class is mainly useful for the simple application,
the most frequently used method of this class is DriverManager.getConnetion(). We can know by
the name of the method that this method establishes a connection to a database.

The DriverManager class maintains the list of the Driver classes. Each driver has to be get
registered in the DriverManager class by calling the method DriverManager.registerDriver().

By calling the Class.forName() method the driver class get automatically loaded. The driver is
loaded by calling the Class.forName() method. JDBC drivers are designed to tell the
DriverManager about themselves automatically when their driver implementation class get loads.

This class has many methods. Some of the commonly used methods are given below:

1. deregisterDriver(Driver driver) : It drops the driver from the list of drivers registered in the
DriverManager class.
2. registerDriver(Driver driver) : It registers the driver with the DriverManager class.
3. getConnection(String url) : It tries to establish the connection to a given database URL.
4. getConnection(String url, Sting user, String password) : It tries to establish the connection
to a given database URL.
5. getConnection(String url, Properties info) : It tries to establish the connection to a given
database URL.
6. getDriver(String url) : It attempts to locate the driver by the given string.
7. getDrivers() : It retrieves the enumeration of the drivers which has been registered with the
DriverManager class.

Understanding Data Source

The JDBC API provides the DataSource interface as an alternative to the DriverManager for
establishing the connection. A DataSource object is the representation of database or the data
source in the Java programming language. DataSouce object is mostly preferred over the
DriverManager for establishing a connection to the database.

DataSource object can be thought as a factory for making connections to the particular database
that the DataSource instance represents.

DataSource has a set of properties that identify and describe the real world data source that it
represents. The properties include information about the location of the database server, the
network protocol use to communicate with the server the name of the database and so on.

DataSource object works with JNDI (Java Naming and Directory interface) naming service so
application can use the JNDI API to access the DataSource object.

In short we can say that the DataSource interface is implemented to provide three kinds of
connections:

1). Basic DataSource class

This class is provided by the driver vendor. It is used for portability and easy maintence.

2). To provide connection pooling.

It is provided by the application server vendor or driver vendor. It works with

ConnectionPoolDataSource class provided by a driver vendor. Its advantage is portability, easy
maintenence and increased performance.

3). To provide distributed transactions

This class works with an XADataSource class, which is provided by the driver vendor. Its
advantages are easy maintenence, portability and ability to participate in distributed transactions.

Understanding Connection Object

A Connection object represents a connection with a database. When we connect to a database by
using connection method, we create a Connection Object, which represents the connection to the
database. An application may have one or more than one connections with a single database or
many connections with the different databases also.

We can use the Connection object for the following things:

1). It creates the Statement, PreparedStatement and CallableStatement objects for executing the
SQL statements.

2). It helps us to Commit or roll back a jdbc transactionn.

3). If you want to know about the database or data source to which you are connected then the
Connection object gathers information about the database or data source by the use of
DatabaseMetaData.

4). It helps us to close the data source. The Connection.isClosed() method returns true only if the
Connection.close() has been called. This method is used to close all the connection.

Firstly we need to to establish the connection with the database. This is done by using the
method DriverManager.getConnection(). This method takes a string containing a URL. The
DriverManager class, attempts to locate a driver that can connect to the database represented by
the string URL. Whenever the getConnection() method is called the DriverManager class
checks the list of all registered Driver classes that can connect to the database specified in the
URL.

Syntax:

String url = "jdbc: odbc: makeConnection";

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "userID", "password");

JDBC Steps – Basic steps in writing a JDBC

Application
This section gives you brief description of JDBC Steps for making connection with the
database, executing the query and showing the data to the user. In this application we have
connected to the MySQL database and retrieved the employee names from the database. Here are
the JDBC Steps to be followed while writing JDBC program:

• Loading Driver
• Establishing Connection
• Executing Statements
• Getting Results
• Closing Database Connection
Before explaining you the JDBC Steps for making connection to the database and retrieving the
employee from the tables, we will provide you the structure of the database and sample data.

Here is the sql script to create table and populate the table with data:

-- Table structure for table `employee`

CREATE TABLE `employee` ( `employee_name` varchar(50) NOT

NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`employee_name`) );

INSERT INTO `employee` (`employee_name`) VALUES ('Deepak

Kumar'), ('Harish Joshi'), ('Rinku roy'), ('Vinod Kumar');

Here is the code of java program that retrieves all the employee data from database
and displays on the console:

/*
Import JDBC core packages.
Following statement imports the java.sql package, which contains the JDBC
core API.
*/
import java.sql.*;

public class RetriveAllEmployees{

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Getting All Rows from employee table!");
Connection con = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String db = "jdbc";
String driver = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
String user = "root";
String pass = "root";
try{
Class.forName(driver);
con = DriverManager.getConnection(url+db, user, pass);
Statement st = con.createStatement();
ResultSet res = st.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM employee");
System.out.println("Employee Name: " );
while (res.next()) {
String employeeName = res.getString("employee_name");
System.out.println(employeeName );
}
con.close();
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e){
System.err.println("Could not load JDBC driver");
System.out.println("Exception: " + e);
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch(SQLException ex){
System.err.println("SQLException information");
while(ex!=null) {
System.err.println ("Error msg: " + ex.getMessage());
 System.err.println ("SQLSTATE: " + ex.getSQLState());
System.err.println ("Error code: " + ex.getErrorCode());
ex.printStackTrace();
ex = ex.getNextException(); // For drivers that support chained excep
tions
}
}
}
}

Explanation of JDBC Steps:

• Loading Driver
Loading Database driver is very first step towards making JDBC connectivity with
the database. It is necessary to load the JDBC drivers before attempting to connect
to the database. The JDBC drivers automatically register themselves with the JDBC
system when loaded. Here is the code for loading the JDBC driver:
Class.forName(driver).newInstance();

• Establishing Connection
In the above step we have loaded the database driver to be used. Now its time to make the
connection with the database server. In the Establishing Connection step we will logon to
the database with user name and password. Following code we have used to make the
connection with the database:
con = DriverManager.getConnection(url+db, user, pass);

• Executing Statements
In the previous step we established the connection with the database, now its time to
execute query against database. You can run any type of query against database to
perform database operations. In this example we will select all the rows from
employee table. Here is the code that actually execute the statements against
database:
ResultSet res = st.executeQuery( "SELECT * FROM employee" );

• Getting Results
In this step we receives the result of execute statement. In this case we will fetch the
employees records from the recordset object and show on the console. Here is the
code:
while (res.next()) {
String employeeName = res.getInt( " employee_name " );
System.out.println( employeeName );
}

• Closing Database Connection

Finally it is necessary to disconnect from the database and release resources being
used. If you don’t close the connection then in the production environment your
application will fail due to hanging database connections. Here is the code for
 disconnecting the application from database:
con.close();

Connecting to a MySQL Database in Java

In java we have been provided with some classes and APIs with which we can make use of the
database as we like. Database plays as very important role in the programming because we have
to store the values somewhere in the back- end. So, we should know how we can manipulate the
data in the database with the help of java, instead of going to database for a manipulation. We
have many database provided like Oracle, MySQL etc. We are using MySQL for developing
this application.

In this section, you will learn how to connect the MySQL database with the Java file. Firstly, we
need to establish a connection between MySQL and Java files with the help of MySQL driver .
Now we will make our account in MySQL database so that we can get connected to the
database. After establishing a connection we can access or retrieve data form MySQL database.
We are going to make a program on connecting to a MySQL database, after going through this
program you will be able to establish a connection on your own PC.

Description of program:

This program establishes the connection between MySQL database and java files with the help
of various types of APIs interfaces and methods. If connection is established then it shows
"Connected to the database" otherwise it will displays a message "Disconnected from database".

Description of code:

Connection:
This is an interface in java.sql package that specifies connection with specific database like:
MySQL, Ms-Access, Oracle etc and java files. The SQL statements are executed within the
context of the Connection interface.

Class.forName(String driver):
This method is static. It attempts to load the class and returns class instance and takes string type
value (driver) after that matches class with given string.

DriverManager:
It is a class of java.sql package that controls a set of JDBC drivers. Each driver has to be register
with this class.

getConnection(String url, String userName, String password):

This method establishes a connection to specified database url. It takes three string types of
arguments like:
 url: - Database url where stored or created your database
userName: - User name of MySQL
password: -Password of MySQL

con.close():
This method is used for disconnecting the connection. It frees all the resources occupied by the
database.

printStackTrace():
The method is used to show error messages. If the connection is not established then exception is
thrown and print the message.

Here is the code of program:

import java.sql.*;

public class MysqlConnect{

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("MySQL Connect Example.");
Connection conn = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName = "jdbctutorial";
String driver = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
String userName = "root";
String password = "root";
try {
Class.forName(driver).newInstance();
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url+dbName,userName,password);
System.out.println("Connected to the database");
conn.close();
System.out.println("Disconnected from database");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Creating a Database in MySQL

After establishing the connection with MySQL database by using the JDBC driver, you will
learn how we can create our database. A database is a large collection of data or information
stored in our computer in an arranged way. It helps us for accessing, managing and updating the
data easily. In this example we are going to create a database by MySQL and with the help of
some java methods and SQL statement. A RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
is a type of DBMS (Database Management System) which stores the data in the form of tables.
So, we can view and use the same database in many different ways.

Description of program:
Firstly this program establishes the connection with MySQL database and takes a database name
as its input in the database query and only after that it will create a new database and show a
message "1 row(s) affected" otherwise, it displays "SQL statement is not executed!".

Description of code:

CREATE DATABASE db_name;

Above code is used for creating a new database. It takes a database name and then a new
database is created by that name.

Here is the code of program:

import java.io.*;
import java.sql.*;

public class CreateDatabase{

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Database creation example!");
Connection con = null;
try{
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
con = DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jdbctutorial","root","root");
try{
Statement st = con.createStatement();
BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader
(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter Database name:");
String database = bf.readLine();
st.executeUpdate("CREATE DATABASE "+database);
System.out.println("1 row(s) affacted");
}
catch (SQLException s){
System.out.println("SQL statement is not executed!");
}
}
catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Creating a Database Table

Database: A database is a large collection of data or information to stored in our computer in an
arranged way. It helps us for accessing, managing and updating the data easily. In this example
we are using MySQL database, which is a RDBMS. A RDBMS (Relational Database
Management System) is a type of DBMS (Database Management System) which stores the data
in the form of tables. RDBMS is very powerful as it doesn't need to aware how the data is related
or how it is going to be extracted from the database. So, we can view the same database in many
different ways.

Table: A table is basic component of database (DB) that has number of rows and columns. All
tables are stored in a specific database.

Here we are providing you an example with code and it's description that helps you to create a
database table by using java file. Brief description given below:

Description of program:

Firstly in this program we are going to establish the connection with database and creating a
table with some fields. If table name already exists then we are displaying the message "Table
already exists!".

Description of code:

Statement:
It is a interface. Statement object executes the SQL statement and returns the result it produces.

createStatement():
It is a method of Connection interface. which returns Statement object. This method will
compile again and again whenever the program runs.

CREATE TABLE table_name(field_name):

An appropriate code used for creating a table with given field name.

executeUpdate(String table):
This method also executes SQL statement that may be INSERT, UPDATE OR DELETE
statement are used in the code. It takes string types parameters for SQL statement. It returns int.

Here is the code of program:

import java.sql.*;

public class CreateTable{

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Table Creation Example!");
Connection con = null;
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/";
String dbName = "jdbctutorial";
String driverName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
String userName = "root";
String password = "root";
try{
Class.forName(driverName).newInstance();
con = DriverManager.getConnection(url+dbName, userName, password);
try{
Statement st = con.createStatement();
 String table = "CREATE TABLE Employee11(Emp_code integer, Emp_name va
rchar(10))";
st.executeUpdate(table);
System.out.println("Table creation process successfully!");
}
catch(SQLException s){
System.out.println("Table all ready exists!");
}
con.close();
}
catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}