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B CNG THNG

TRNG H CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP HCM


KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
-------- --------

N MN HC

GVHD

: NGUYN TH THO MINH

SVTH

: TRN TH CM HNG

LP

: 01DHTP3

MSSV

: 2005100176

TP.H CH MINH, 2014

B CNG THNG
TRNG H CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP HCM
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
-------- --------

N MN HC

GVHD

: NGUYN TH THO MINH

SVTH

: TRN TH CM HNG

LP

: 01DHTP3

MSSV

: 2005100176

TP.H CH MINH, 2014

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy......thng.....nm.......

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

MC LC
MC

TRANG

Trang ba ...............................................................................................................................
Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn ..................................................................................... i
Mc lc .............................................................................................................................. ii
M u ............................................................................................................................. iii
Danh mc hnh .................................................................................................................. iv
Danh mc bng .................................................................................................................. v
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN........................................................................................ 1
1.1.

Tm hiu v hun khi ........................................................................................ 1

1.2.

Khi qut chung v nguyn liu c trch xng ............................................... 2

1.3.

Khi hun ........................................................................................................... 4

1.4.

Gia v v ph gia s dng trong sn xut ......................................................... 8

1.5.

Tiu chun ca sn phm c trch hun khi ..................................................... 9

1.6.

Phng php kim tra cc ch tiu ca sn phm c trch hun khi ............... 10

CHNG 2: QU TRNH SN XUT .................................................................. 13


2.1.

Quy trnh sn xut ........................................................................................... 13

2.2. Nguyn l cu to v vn hnh ca cc thit b chnh .................................... 48


CHNG 3: CC VN LIN QUAN KHC ................................................. 56
3.1.

Bin i ca c khi hun khi .......................................................................... 56

3.2.

Mt s yu t nh hng ti bn bo qun ca c hun khi ..................... 56

3.3.

Khuyt tt c th gp c hun khi ............................................................... 56

Kt lun ............................................................................................................................ 58
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................................... 58

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

ii

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

M U
Kinh t x hi ngy cng pht trin, i sng ca nhn dn ngy mt nng cao,
i hi phi c cung cp thc phm c cht lng cao, m bo an ton v sinh thc
phm v tin li. Xut pht t nhu cu thc t ca ngi tiu dng, i hi cc nh ch
bin thc phm phi n lc nghin cu ch bin c nhiu sn phm c cht lng
cao, t tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm song phi tin li. Sn phm hun khi l
mt trong cc mt hng p ng c yu cu ny. Hun khi l mt mt hng thc phm
rt ph bin cc nc cng nghip pht trin cng nh nhiu nc ang pht trin trn
th gii, v n cung cp y cht dinh dng cho con ngi, c bit l mt hng n
lin rt tin dng gip cho mi ngi tit kim thi gian trong s dng.
Tuy nhin t trc ti nay sn phm hun khi thng c ch bin t cc loi
tht khc nhau nh tht ln, tht b, tht g... mi loi c mt tnh cht c trng ring
bit. Nhng trong thi gian gn y phn ln ngi tiu dng Vit Nam, c bit cc
nc chu u c xu hng gim vic n tht v chuyn dn sang s dng c, do trong c
c cha t cholesterol m li cha nhiu cht khong, do vy hn ch c cc bnh v
tim mch, bo ph,... ng thi c cn cha cc cht nh: Albumin, globulin,
nucleopotin,... nn n nhiu c th c kh nng chng lo ho cao hn n nhiu tht.
i vi Vit Nam c l i tng c nhiu nh my ch bin quan tm, v
Vit Nam c khong trn 2000 loi c, trong c trch Vit Nam l loi c c gi tr
dinh dng cao. V vy s dng c trch l nguyn liu trong ch bin sn phm hun khi
s lm phong ph thm cc sn phm ca hun khi v p nhu cu th hiu ca ngi
tiu dng ngy cng cao. Bi li ch ca vic hun khi l to mu sc mi v c bit
cho sn phm v ngn nga s nhim trng, bo qun thc phm c lu hn.
C trch hun khi ngoi vic gip cho sinh vin ngnh thc phm c th tm
hiu, nm bt nhng thng tin v k thut hun khi, ti cng gp phn to ra mt mn
n c hng v hp dn, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm v gi c hp l trong cc
ba n ca ngi Vit Nam.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

iii

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1: C trch xng ................................................................................................... 2
Hnh 2.2: Phng tan gi theo m ..................................................................................... 22
Hnh 2.3: Thit b p mui (gia v) lin tc .................................................................. 26
Hnh 2.4: Xu c .............................................................................................................. 31
Hnh 2.5: Kho bo qun lnh ........................................................................................... 40
Hnh 2.7: Cu to my sy bng ti dng qut ................................................................ 49
Hnh 2.8: L hun khi Torry Kiln ................................................................................... 51
Hnh 2.9: Mt ct l hun khi Torry Kiln........................................................................ 51
Hnh 2.10: Phng hun khi .............................................................................................. 53
Hnh 2.11: My ht chn khng ...................................................................................... 54

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

iv

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c trch trong 100g............................................... 4
Bng 1.2: Loi g v thc vt dng hun khi .................................................................... 6
Bng 1.3: mn ca c theo lng mui ....................................................................... 8
Bng 1.4: Thang im cho cc ch tiu ca c hun khi ................................................. 10
Bng 2.1: Gii hn cho php i vi hm lng histamine v kim loi nng c trong sn
phm c ng lnh ............................................................................................................ 15
Bng 2.2: Gii hn cho php i vi vi sinh vt c trong c ng lnh.......................... 15
Bng 2.3: Tiu chun cm quan ca ng tinh luyn c s dng ............................. 16
Bng 2.4: Ch tiu ha l ca ng tinh luyn .............................................................. 16
Bng 2.5: Ch tiu vi sinh ng trng v ng tinh luyn........................................... 17
Bng 2.6: Tiu chun ca mui trong ch bin theo TCVN 3974 2007 ...................... 17
Bng 2.7: Tiu chun bt ngt theo TCVN 1459 2008 ................................................ 17
Bng 2.8: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin ........................................ 19
Bng 2.9: Ch tiu ha hc i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin .................................... 19
Bng 2.10: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin ...................................... 20
Bng 2.11: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin.................................... 20
Bng 2.12: Ch tiu ha hc i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin ................................ 20
Bng 2.13: Ch tiu vi sinh i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin .................................. 21
Bng 2.14: Tn tht ca sn phm c trch hun khi so vi u vo ca qu trnh ........ 42
Bng 2.15: K hiu nguyn liu u vo v u ra cc qu trnh .................................... 43

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN


1.1.

Tm hiu v hun khi

1.1.1. Khi nim


Hun khi l mt phng php ch bin c t lu i v pht trin rng ri trong
nhiu nc, nht l cc nc chu u.
Hun khi l qu trnh thm thu ca khi vo sn phm to ra cc sn phm c
mu sc v mi v c trng, thng thng sn phm hun khi c mu vng n vng
sm v c mi v thm ca khi. [4]
1.1.2. Cc phng php hun khi
Da vo nhit hun c th chia lm 2 phng php: [4]
-

Hun nng: Nhit hun > 400C.

Hun lnh: Nhit hun < 400C.

Trong hun nng li chia ra:


-

Hun m: Nhit hun t 400C 700C.

Hun nng: Nhit hun 800C 1700C.

i vi sn phm hun khi nng do nhit hun cao, thi gian hun ngn khong vi
gi, lng nc trong nguyn liu cn 60 70% v kt cu t chc mm mi.
i vi sn phm hun lnh c p mui trc, thi gian hun di hn nhiu so vi
hun khi nng, khong vi ngy, lng nc trong nguyn liu cn 40 50%, sn phm
cht ch, kh cng.
Da vo phng php hun c th chia ra:[4]
-

Hun khi ph thng: L phng php hun khi c s dng ph bin nht. Dng

ci hoc tru, mn ca ca g thch hp t trong l hun vi iu kin chy khng hon


ton. Khi to ra lng ng trn b mt nguyn liu v thm thu vo nguyn liu. Tu
theo quy m sn xut ngi ta c th dng l th cng hoc l c gii hun khi.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Hun tnh in: Da vo nguyn tc khi hun l h thng keo tan khng kh gm

cc th rn v lng mang in phn tn vo trong khng kh. Cng vi dng nhit lu


trong l hun cc ht khi trong mt in trng s chuyn ng theo mt hng v
lng ng li trn b mt nguyn liu.
-

Hun t: Nguyn liu sau khi phi hoc sy kh n m nht nh, em ngm

vo dung dch khi cc cht trong khi c thm thu vo sn phm.


1.2.

Khi qut chung v nguyn liu c trch xng

Hnh 1.1: C trch xng

Tn ting Anh: Gold stripe sardinella


Tn khoa hc: Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849).
1.2.1. c im hnh thi:
Chiu di thn gp 3.2 4.8 ln chiu cao thn, gp 3.6 4.4 ln chiu di u.
Chiu di u gp 3.2 4.8 ln chiu di mm, 3.2 4.1 ng knh mt.
Thn di, dp bn, nhn bn thn c hnh bu dc di. u tng i di. Mm di
va phi. Mt hi to, mng m mt pht trin. Ming tng i nh, mi dy. Hai hm
khng c rng. Khong cch gia hai mt rng, bng phng. L mi gn pha mt xng khu ci c rng rt nh. Khe mang rng. Xng np mang trn lin. Mng np
mang tch ri nhau v khng lin vi c. Lc mang di v nh. Mang gi rt pht trin.
Vy trn, d rng. Vy gai vin bng rt sc. Gc vy lng c vy b, gc vy ui
c hai vy di.
C mt vy lng, khi im vy lng trc khi im ca vy bng. Vy hu mn
di, hai tia vy cui cng ko di r rng, hai tia vy cui cng rt di v di hn cc tia
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

trc . Vy ngc to v thp. Vy bng nh, khi im ngang gia phn thn. Vy
ui dng ui n.
Hu mn ngay st khi im vy hu mn.
1.2.2. Mu sc
Mt trn lng mu xanh lc m, bn di lng c mt dc sc mu vng nht, mt
bng v di thn mu trng bc, cc vy hu mn v vy bng mu trng, vy ngc v
vy ui mu vng nht.
1.2.3. Vng phn b
n - Thi Bnh Dng, ng v Nam Chu Phi, bin Rp, Philippin, Thi Lan,
Trung Quc, Nht Bn.
Vng bin nc ta ngoi phn b vnh Bc B cn gp vnh Thi Lan.
1.2.4. c tnh sinh hc
Sng bin. Thng tp trung thnh n ln, c tnh cht n a phng, bi li
tng gia v tng trn mt. C c tnh hng quang mnh. Ngi ta pht hin c thng
sng ni c nhit nc l 18 230C v mui 28 33%. Thn c thng di t
100 180mm, nng 10 80g.
Ma c t thng 2 n thng 8. Thc n ca c l cc ng vt ni thuc b hai
chn, b chn mi cho, tm gi.
Ma c c hai v, v c t thng 3 n thng 7 (t Qung Ninh n Thanh Ho)
v v c con ln t thng 9 n thng 11 (t Qung Bnh n Ngh Tnh).
Ng c khai thc: Cc loi li vy, mnh, li ko y
1.2.5. Gi tr kinh t
Rt ln, l i tng khai thc ch yu ca ngh c ni ven b nc ta. Ring vng
bin Qung Ninh hng nm c th khai thc c 3 4 ngn tn.
Tht c th n ti, phi kh, ng hp, lm mm, lm bt c
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

1.2.6. Thnh phn dinh dng


Bng 1.1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c trch trong 100g
Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100g thc phm n c
Nng

Thnh phn chnh

Mui khong

Vitamin

lng Nc Protein Lipid Tro Calci Phospho St Natri Kali A


Kcal
124

g
75.3

17.5

Mg
6.0

1.2

80

240

3.0 -

B1

B2

g
-

PP
mg

20 0.02 0.15 10.1 0

1.2.7. Tnh cht cng ngh


C trch c hm lng cht bo cao gip cho vic hp ph khi din ra nhanh chng
(v m m hp ph khi nhanh hn m tht), tht c kh v dai hn sau khi hun khi.
1.3.

Khi hun

1.3.1. Thnh phn khi hun


Khi nhn c khi t chy khng hon ton g, l mt hn hp phc tp ca nhiu
cht ha hc khc nhau.
C khong 300 hp cht khc nhau trong thnh phn ca khi, thng l phenol, acid
hu c, ru, hydratcarbon v mt s thnh phn kh t nh CO2, CO, O2, N2, N2O,
-

Cc hp cht phenol:
C khong 20 hp cht phenol khc nhau trong thnh phn ca khi, nhiu nht l

guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, phenol, 4-ehtylguaiacol, o-crezol, m-crezol, p-crezol, 4propylguaiacol, vanillin, 4-vinylguaiacol.
Hp cht phenol c tc dng chng li qu trnh oxy ha, to mu, mi cho sn
phm v tiu dit vi sinh vt xm nhim vo thc phm.
-

Cc hp cht alcohol:
Nhiu loi ru khc nhau c tm thy khc nhau trong khi, ph bin v

n gin nht l methanol.


SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Ru tham gia trong vic to mi cho sn phm hun khi, c tc dng trong vic
tiu dit vi sinh vt. Nhng hm lng rt t v vy tc dng trn khng c th hin r.
-

Cc hp cht hydrocarbon:
Nhiu hp cht a vng c tm thy trong sn phm hun khi nh

benzanthracene, dibenanthracene, benzapyrene t nht hai hp cht trong l


benzapyrene v dibenanthracene c ghi nhn l gy ung th.
Khng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic bo qun v chng c tch ra trong
nhng pha hun khi c bit.
-

Cc hp cht cacbonyl:
Cc loi mch cacbon ngn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to mu, mi cho

sn phm.
-

Cc axit hu c:
Cc acid hu c n gin trong khi c mch cacbon dao ng t 1 10 nguyn

t cacbon, trong cc acid hu c c mch cacbon t 1 4 l nhiu nht.


VD. Acid formic, acid acetic, acid propionic, acid butyric, acid izobutyric cc
acid hu c hu nh khng to mi cho sn phm nhng chng c tc dng bo qun,
lm protein b mt sn phm ng t.
Khi t chy g 280 3500C th to ra nhiu cht bay hi mnh. nhit 350
4500C s phn hy cn mnh hn na, to ra nhng cht cao phn t v hp cht nhiu
vng. Nhng cht ny lm cho c tht c v ng. Khi hun cn phi trng. Khi en
cha nhiu mui khi, mui khi ny s bm trn c. Trong khi dy c to thnh khi
t chm g - c cha nhiu nha (hc n), nha ny lm cho tht c c mu ti v v
ng. nhit hun khi cao, c ph mt mu hung sng v nhit thp mu hung
ti.
Tc bm khi ca c ph thuc vo trng thi b mt ca c. Nu b mt c m th
khi bm vo rt nhanh, nhng da c tr nn ti. Khi b mt c kh th khi bm vo rt
chm, ng thi da c ph mt mu vng sng.
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Khi c tnh st trng mnh, ch yu l do phenol, acid formic, acid acetic, trong
khi. Ngoi tnh st trng, khi cn c mt tnh cht khc khng km phn quan trng,
l tnh cht chng oxy ha. Nhng cht c tnh chng oxy ha trong khi l
hydroquinon, hc n,
1.3.2. Nhin liu to khi
Nhin liu dng hun khi l cc loi g, khi t sinh ra khi hun v to nhit.
Loi g dng hun khi tt nht l nhng loi g cng, g cy n tri, g cy c l
rng nh: d, sn, h o, du, phong, trn, si.
Khi nhn c khi t chy g loi cy c l hnh kim, c nhiu nha nh g thng,
dng khng c dng hun khi c v khi ca chng s lm cho sn phm c v
ng, li mi axit trn sn phm, mu sc sm ti, lm gim gi tr sn phm v nhim
nhiu cht gy ung th. Nu nng cao hm m ca g th s gim c thnh phn nha
v phenol nhng s lm tng hm lng mui khi ng thi lm ngng t nhng cht
lm cho da c c mu sm v bi bn. Thng g ti c hm m t 45 55%, qua na
nm cn t 25 30%, qua mt nm ch cn 20%; ci, v bo, mn ca c gi l kh
nu hm m nh hn 25%, bn kh khi hm lng m 35% v m khi ln hn 35%.
Loi g dng hun khi nh hng rt ln n cht lng cm quan ca sn phm.
to thm nhng mi v tinh t cho sn phm ngi ta cn dng mt s cy nh v cy
hng tho kh hun khi vi s lng t nh: thch tho, hng tho, nguyt qu,
kinh gii, hng ty,... Theo mt s nghin cu, mu sc v mi v ca c hun khi thay
i tu thuc theo loi g c chn dng hun khi nh bng sau:
Bng 1.2: Loi g v thc vt dng hun khi
Loi

Mu sc

G si
G cng

G d
G h o

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

Vng m
n nu
Vng nht
Vng m
n nu

Hng v

Ghi ch

Tuyt vi

Khi m v tt

Rt tt
Rt tt

Thng trn vi g
si
To mu nhanh

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

G mm

G h

G cy n tri

Vng

Tt

Dng vi g khc

G trn b

Vng

Tt

Dng vi g khc

G nho

Nu ng

Kh c bit

Khi t m

G bulo, dng,

Khng r

liu
G tng qun

Vng ng

si

n nu

Thng

C nhiu b

thng

Cy nh
v cy
hng
tho

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

hng

Bnh thng
Rt tt
Cht c nha

Dng ln g d
Dng ln g d
Khng c dng

Bch

Nu ti

C mi l

Dng s lng t

Thch tho kh

Rt p

Rt c bit

t dng

Hng tho kh

Rt p

Nguyt qu kh
Kinh gii, hng

Rt p
Rt p

ty kh

Rt tinh t
c bit
Hng thm

Dng vi lng
nh
Dng vi lng
nh
Dng vi lng
nh

khi c cht lng tt nn t g nhit tng i khng cao (300 3500C)


v cho khng kh vo va phi. to khi trong thc t sn xut ca nc ta dng ch
yu l mn ca v g hng sc. Trong iu kin c bit c th dng tru thay th mn
ca (ng bng) hoc c th dng g mc to khi (min ni).
Mt s nc ngi ta dng li ng to khi thay cho mn ca. Tru, g mc, li
ng khi hun khi cng cho kt qu tng i tt.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

1.4.

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Gia v v ph gia s dng trong sn xut

1.4.1. Mui (NaCl)


Tc dng ca mui n (NaCl):
Lm cho tht c mn, nng cao tnh bn vng ca sn phm khi bo qun.
To p sut thm thu v gim m ca sn phm.
Gim t l oxy ha tan trong mi trng lm c ch vi sinh vt hiu kh.
Do cc loi c khc nhau c t l nc khc nhau nn ngi ta xc nh mn theo
lng mui v nc trong sn phm:
Bng 1.3: mn ca c theo lng mui
Mc

Nht

Trung bnh

Mn rt mn

Nng dung dch mui (%)

1.2 1.3

1.4

>1.5

Mc ngm ph thuc vo tnh cht tht c, nc mui, thi gian p, nhit . C


ti ngm nhanh hn c n. C gy ngm nhanh hn c bo do m m ngm mui
chm.
1.4.2. ng saccharose
C tc dng to v ngt cho sn phm, lm du v mui, lm mm tht. Ngoi ra
ng cn l cht ph gia lm gim hot tnh ca nc. ng cn kt hp vi mui n
lm tng p sut thm thu, km hm hot ng ca mt s vi sinh vt khi bo qun.
ng c kh nng lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hydro, bin nc t do thnh
nc lin kt gp phn lm gim hot tnh nc, c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
1.4.3. Bt ngt (monosodium glutamate)
Bt ngt c vai tr quan trng trong ch bin thc phm, to ra v ngt ging nh
tht, do n c s dng lm tng v ngt. Liu lng ti a l 10g/kg nguyn liu.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

1.4.4. Natri benzoate


Natribenzoat l dng bt trng, ha tan c trong nc, rt d tan trong nc nng.
Natribenzoat c kh nng chng vi sinh vt nh vi khun, nm men, nm mc, v vy n
c tc dng trong bo qun.
T chc Nng Lng ca Lin Hp Quc (FAO) v T chc Y t Th gii (WHO)
v cc nh khoa hc cc nc xc nh c mt s cht ha hc bo qun thc phm
nu dng ng liu lng s dit hoc hn ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt m li khng c
hi cho sc kho ngi tiu dng: c th i vi Natri benzoat (Sodium benzoat) dng
trong thc phm khng qu 1 g/kg.
1.4.5. Ti
C v hng cay, thm du, nng cao tnh cm quan cho thc phm.
Ngoi ra ti cn c tnh cht khng sinh nh c hot cht allycin.
C tnh khng sinh mnh vi 72 loi vi khun v nm mc gy bnh.
V vy n c s dng nh mt cht bo qun.
1.4.6. Tiu
C v cay nng, mi thm c bit, gip tng thm hng v v to s hp dn cho
sn phm.
Ngoi ra cn c tc dng tr tiu ha, gii c, khng khun v mt s tnh nng
khc.
1.5.

Tiu chun ca sn phm c trch hun khi [2]

1.5.1. Ch tiu cm quan


-

Sn phm c trch hun khi c mu vng thm ng u, v hi mn nhng khng

ng, c hng v c trng ca sn phm hun khi, khng c mi kht.


-

Tht c phi chc, b mt kh, sch, gi nguyn hnh dng ca c, sn phm

khng b v, b nt hay bin dng.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

1.5.2. Ch tiu ha l
-

Hm lng mui: 1.5 2%

Nc: 65 70%

Sn phm khng c cha c t, hm lng histamine trong mu khng c ln


hn 20mg/100g.

Lng formaldehyde khng vt qu 20mg%.

1.5.3. Ch tiu sinh hc


-

Khng c cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin trong cc iu kin thng thng.

Khng c c c t vi sinh vt c th gy hi cho sc khe ngi tiu dng.

1.6.

Phng php kim tra cc ch tiu ca sn phm c trch hun khi

1.6.1. Phng php cm quan nh gi cht lng sn phm c hun khi


Phng php cm quan l phng php nh gi cht lng cm quan sn phm v
cho im theo mt thang im quy nh. Phng php ny c quy nh trong tiu
chun Vit Nam (TCVN 3215-79). S dng h im 20 im, thang im 5 bc v im
cao nht cho mi ch tiu l 5 im. Cn c vo ch tiu cht lng ca sn phm c trch
hun khi v phng php nh gi cm quan xy dng thang im nh gi cht lng
cm quan ca sn phm. Cht lng cm quan ca sn phm c trch hun khi c xc
nh bi cc ch tiu trng thi, mu sc, mi, v.
Bng1.4: Thang im cho cc ch tiu ca c hun khi
Ch tiu

Thang
im

Trng thi

Mu sc

Mi
Mi thm c

Tht c dai, b mt lt

Tht c mu

trng ca khi,

ct mn.

vng nu u.

khng c mi
l.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

V
V c trng
ca khi hun,
khng c v l.

10

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

Tht c dai, b mt lt
4

ct mn, c vt nt
nh.

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Mi c trng

V c trng

Tht c mu

ca khi thm

ca khi hun t,

vng nu u.

nh, khng c

khng c v l.

mi l
Mi c trng

Tht c dai, b mt lt

Tht c mu

ct khng mn.

vng nu nht.

ca khi hun

Khng c v

km thm,

c trng ca

khng c mi

khi hun.

l.

Tht c km dai, b
mt lt ct khng mn.

Tht c b, b mt lt
ct khng mn.
Tht c b, lt ct b

ri ra khi ct lt,
khng bng mn.

Tht c mu
vng nht,
khng u.
Tht c vng
nht, khng
u.
Tht c c mu
nu xm.

Mi c trng
ca khi hun

C v ng v

km thm, ln

chua

mi l.
Khng c mi
c trng ca

Xut hin nhiu

khi hun, c

v l.

mi l.
Khng mi
thm, mi l
kh chu.

V l rt kh
chu

1.6.2. Cc ch tiu ho hc
-

Xc nh hm lng nc bng phng php sy n khi lng khng i

(TCVN 3700 1990).


-

Xc nh hm lng nit tng s bng phng php Kjeldah (TCVN 3705

2009).
-

Xc nh hm lng Lipid bng phng php Soxlet (TCVN 3703 1990)

Xc nh hm lng tro bng phng php nung (TCVN 5105 2009).

Xc nh hm lng mui bng phng php Morh (TCVN 3701 2009).

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

11

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

1.6.3. Ch tiu vi sinh


-

Phn tch ch s tng vi khun hiu kh (TCVN 4884:2005).

Phn tch ch s Coliform (TCVN 6848:2007).

Phn tch ch s E.coli (TCVN 6846:2007).

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

12

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

CHNG 2: QU TRNH SN XUT


2.1.

Quy trnh sn xut

2.1.1. S quy trnh


C trch
ng lnh
R ng
Nc
X l
Mui, gia v
Nc mui
long

p mui- gia v
Kh mui
ro
Xu c
Sy

Hun khi
ngui
Bao b

ng gi
Bo n

Sn phm

Hnh 2.1: S quy trnh sn xut c trch hun khi nng


SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

13

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

2.1.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh


2.1.2.1. Tip nhn c nguyn liu
Mc ch
-

Cn v kim tra khi lng nguyn liu u vo

Xc nh trng lng, mc ti n, mu sc, gi tr cm quan ca c theo

ng yu cu m x nghip t ra.
Thao tc:
Nguyn liu cn ti hoc qua cp ng. Cn tnh khi lng nguyn liu cn
cho sn xut, kch thc nguyn liu ng u trong mt m ch bin th qu trnh hun
khi cng rt ngn, cht lng sn phm ng u.
C ng lnh c vn chuyn theo TCVN: 2012 CAC/RCP 8 1976, Rev.3 2008)
-

Vn chuyn c ng lnh c thc hin trong cc thit b cch nhit ph hp

nhm duy tr nhit sn phm l 180C hoc lnh hn.


-

C c ch bng cc xe ti hoc container c lm lnh s b trc khi cht

c ln. Cc xe lun c gim st nhit v nng sut lnh.


-

Ngi s dng xe ti hoc container phi bo m:

Gim st nhit sn phm ti thi im cht hng;

Xp gn hng trong xe ti hoc container hng khng tip xc vi nhit

xm nhp t bn ngoi.

Vn hnh hiu qu b phn cp lnh trong qu trnh vn chuyn, gm c vic t

iu chnh nhit ;

C phng php thch hp d hng ti im n (nht l tn sut v khong

thi gian ca m);

Bo dng b phn cch nhit v h thng cp lnh;

Lm sch xe ti hoc container.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

14

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Phn phi c ng lnh nhanh phi c thc hin sao cho vic nhit sn phm

m ln hn 180C l ti thiu trong gii hn quy nh ca c quan chc nng v trong


bt c trng hp no cng khng c nhit sn phm trong bao gi m nht, m
hn 120C bo m cht lng sn phm. Sau khi d hng, nhit sn phm phi
nhanh chng gim xung 180C.
-

Vic cht hng ln v d hng ra khi xe ti, vic cht hng vo hoc d hng ra

khi kho lnh phi c thc hin nhanh, phng php c s dng phi gim ti a s
tng nhit .
Yu cu
Nguyn liu c nhp v l dng c trch ng lnh nguyn con, c loi b ni
tng v ra sch.
Nguyn liu t yu cu v sinh theo TCVN 5289 2006:
Bng 2.1: Gii hn cho php i vi hm lng histamine v kim loi
nng c trong sn phm c ng lnh
Ch tiu
1. Hm lng histamine, mg/kg
2. Hm lng Asen, mg/kg
3. Hm lng ch (Pb), mg/kg
4. Hm lng thy ngn metyl, mg/kg
5. Hm lng cadimi (Cd), mg/kg

Mc ti a
100
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1

Bng 2.2: Gii hn cho php i vi vi sinh vt c trong c ng lnh


Tn ch tiu
1. Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh trong 1g sn phm
2. S E.Coli trong 1g sn phm
3. S S.aureus trong 1g sn phm
4. S Cl. Perfringens trong 1g sn phm
5. S Salmonella trong 25g sn phm
6. S V. parahaemolyticus trong 1g sn phm

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

Mc ti a
106
102
102
102
0
102

15

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Nguyn ph liu
Ch tiu cht lng ca tng nguyn liu nh sau:
ng
Bng 2.3: Tiu chun cm quan ca ng tinh luyn c s dng
(TCVN 6958:2001)
Cc ch tiu

Yu cu

Hnh dng

Dng tinh th mu trng, tng i u, ti kh, khng vn cc

Mi v

Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng trong nc ct c v ngt, khng


c mi v l
Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh. Khi pha trong dung dch nc ct th

Mu sc

thu c dch trong sut

Bng 2.4: Ch tiu ha l ca ng tinh luyn (TCVN 6958:2001)


STT

Tn ch tiu

Mc

Pol,(Z 0 ) (khng nh hn)

99.80

4
5
6

Hm lng ng kh, % khi lng (m/m)


(khng ln hn)
Tro dn in, % khi lng (m/m) (khng ln
hn)
S gim khi lng khi sy 105 0 C trong 3h,
% khi lng (m/m) (khng ln hn)
mu,n v ICUMSA (khng ln hn)
D lng

so2 ppm(khng ln hn)

0.03

0.03

0.05
30
70

Asen mc ti a

1 mg/kg

ng mc ti a

2 mg/kg

Ch mc ti a

0.5 mg/kg

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

16

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Bng 2.5: Ch tiu vi sinh ng trng v ng tinh luyn (TCVN


7270:2003)
Tn ch tiu

Yu cu

1.Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, CFU/10g(khng ln

200

hn)
2. Nm men ,CFU/10g (khng ln hn)

10

3. Nm mc,CFU/10g (khng ln hn)

10

Mui
Bng 2.6: Tiu chun ca mui trong ch bin theo TCVN 3974 2007
Tn ch tiu

Yu cu

Mu sc

Trng, trong

Mi

Khng c mi

Dung dch mui 5% c v mn thun khit,


khng c v l

Dng bn ngoi

Kh ro, ti u, trng sch

C ht

1 15mm

Hm lng NaCl theo % khi lng kh

> 97%

Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc tnh < 25%


theo % khi lng kh

Bt ngt
Bng 2.7: Tiu chun bt ngt theo TCVN 1459 2008
Tn ch tiu

Yu cu

Trng thi

Tinh th trng hoc bt kt tinh trng

Mu sc

Trng

Mi

Thm khng ln mi chua, khng tanh, khng


c mi l khc

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

Ngt c trng ca bt ngt

17

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Clorua

< 0.2%

pH ca dung dch

6.6 7.2

Hm lng natriglutamate

>99%

Asen

< 2mg/kg

Ch

< 5 mg/kg

Kim loi nng

< 10 mg/kg

Ti
Tiu chun v ti (tiu chun ca UNECE FFV 18: Ti - 2011)
Yu cu ti thiu:
Ti phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
Khng b h hng.
Sch v hu nh khng c cc cht gy hi tim n.
Khng ln cc su b gy hi.
Chc.
Ti khng mc mm.
Khng c mi hay v l.
Yu cu c th i vi ti loi 1:
Ti loi 1 l loi ti c cht lng tt, ngoi nhng yu cu ti thiu trn cn m
bo nhng yu cu:
C ti phi cn nguyn vn.
C ti c hnh dng bnh thng.
C ti c v mng.
Tiu
Tiu chun ht tiu en (b tiu chun TCVN 7036:2002)
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

18

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Ch tiu cm quan:
Mi v: khi nghin thnh bt c mi thm c trng ca ht tiu en, cay, khng
c mi v l.
Khng c c nm mc, cn trng v cc phn xc ca cn trng nhn thy c
bng mt thng.
Ch tiu vt l:( i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin)
Bng 2.8: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin
n v tnh

Tn ch tiu

Mc yu cu

Tp cht l

0.2
% khi lng

Ht lp

2.0

Ht u inh hoc ht v

1.0

Khi lng theo th tch

g/l

600

Ch tiu ha hc ca ht tiu en:


Bng 2.9: Ch tiu ha hc i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin
Mc yu cu
n v

Cc ch tiu

Ht tiu
ch bin

% khi lng (khng ln hn)

Cht

chit

ether

khng

bay hi

% khi lng cht kh (khng

Piperin

nh hn)

X th
Tro khng tan
trong acid

% khi lng cht kh (khng


ln hn)

Tro
Du bay hi

% (ml/100g) tnh trn cht kh

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

Ht tiu bt

12.5

12.5

6.0

6.0

4.0

4.0

17.5

1.2

6.0

6.0

2.0

1.0
19

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

(khng nh hn)

Ch tiu vi sinh (i vi ht tiu ch bin)


Bng 2.10: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin
n v

Tn ch tiu

Mc gii hn
102

Coliform
S vi khun trong 1g sn

E.Coli

phm

Streptococcus aureus

102

S khun lc trong 25g sn

Salmonella

phm

Tiu chun ht tiu trng (b TCVN 7037:2002)


Ch tiu cm quan: ging ht tiu en
Ch tiu vt l (i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin)
Bng 2.11: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin
n v tnh

Tn ch tiu

Mc yu cu

Tp cht l

0.2
% khi lng

Ht v

3.0

Ht en

10.0

Khi lng theo th tch

g/l (khng nh hn)

600

Ch tiu ha hc
Bng 2.12: Ch tiu ha hc i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin
Mc yu cu
n v

Cc ch tiu

Ht tiu
ch bin

% khi lng (khng ln hn)

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

13

Ht tiu bt
12.5
20

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

Cht

chit

ether

khng

bay hi

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

% khi lng cht kh (khng


nh hn)

Piperin
X th
Tro khng tan
trong acid

% khi lng cht kh (khng


ln hn)

Tro

% (ml/100g) tnh trn cht kh

Du bay hi

(khng nh hn)

6.5

6.5

4.0

4.0

6.5

0.3

3.5

3.5

2.0

1.0

Ch tiu vi sinh (i vi ht tiu trng ch bin)


Bng 2.13: Ch tiu vi sinh i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin
n v

Tn ch tiu
Coliform

S vi khun trong 1g sn

E.Coli

phm

Streptococcus aureus
Salmonella

S khun lc trong 25g sn


phm

Mc gii hn
102
0
102
0

2.1.2.2. Qu trnh tan gi (r ng)


Tan gi hay r ng l qu trnh chuyn nc ang trng thi rn (tinh th ) trong
sn phm ng lnh sang dng lng m vn gi nguyn thuc tnh ca sn phm
trc khi lm lnh ng.
Mc ch
Chun b: lm thay i trng thi tht c t dng cng rn sang dng mm thc
hin cc bc sau.
Cch tin hnh
S dng thit b tan gi bng qut gi lm vic theo tng m tan gi
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

21

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

Bng phun
nc
Qut

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

B iu
nhit
Van chnh gi

Hnh 2.2: Phng tan gi theo m


Kch thc phng: 7x 2 x 2 (m)
-

C c xp ln mm c l, cao khong 3 cm. Khong cch ca 2 tng mm phi

bng hoc ln hn 2 ln b dy ca bnh sn phm.


-

Khi c c xp ln mm ri cht ln xe y. Mm c lm bng tm thp

trng nhm c dn sng su. Mm c sp thng hng khng kh tip xc u vi


khi c.
-

Khng kh phi bo ho m tng truyn nhit v ngn cn s kh b mt

lm xu b mt sn phm, tn hao trng lng.


-

Khng kh lu chuyn theo chiu di ca phng bng qut gi mnh c kh nng

o chiu cho c c nng u ln.


-

Nhit cung cp bng 1 bng vi phun nc m t ngay trn dng khng kh gn

qut.
-

Nhit khng kh c iu ho bng b iu nhit, b phn ny kim sot cc

van iu chnh lu lng trong cc ng ng dn nc nng.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

22

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Bin i ca nguyn liu


Bin i vt l:
-

n hi ca tht c gim

Khi lng gim 1.5 2 % so vi khi lng ban u.

Mi v c trng ca c gim.

Bin i ho hc
Cc cht ho tan b tht thot: mui, peptid, aminoaxit, protein ho tan trong nc,
vitamin,
Lng nc t do v lng nc lin kt trong t bo gim
Bin i ho l:
-

Kh nng ht nc ca t bo khi phc li trng thi ban u:


Nu lm lnh ng chm kh nng ht nc ca t bo gim
Nu lm lnh ng nhanh v m bo cc iu kin bo qun tt th t bo vn c

kh nng ht m tr li v gi m, do khi phc li cu trc protein.


-

Nc thay i trng t dng rn sang dng lng.

Bin i ho sinh:
-

Cc enzym c hot ho.

Phn ng phn hy glycogen, tng hm lng axit lactic lm gim pH ca c.

Bin i sinh hc:


-

Cc vi sinh vt trong c c hot ha tr li.

S lng vi sinh vt nhim tng.

Cc yu t nh hng
-

Phng php lm lnh ng.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

23

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Nhit r ng cng c nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca c: nhit r

ng qu cao s gy qu nhit sn phm. Nhit ca sn phm vt qu 200C th cht


lng c gim.
-

Phng php thc hin tan gi s c nh hng rt ln n s tn tht nguyn

liu.
-

Loi sn phm m c sau khi tan gi dng ch bin: phng php lm tan gi

chm khng nn dng cho c trch nguyn con ng lnh dng ch bin hun khi v
tht c s mm.
Yu cu
-

Sn phm thy sn ng lnh ch c php r ng ngay trc khi ch bin.

R ng phi c thc hin trong iu kin v sinh, hn ch thp nht nguy c

lm gim cht lng sn phm. Nc tan ra phi c thot ht.


-

Qu trnh r ng phi kt thc khi nhit tm sn phm t -10C. Sn phm r

ng phi c ch bin ngay. Khi cn thit sn phm r ng phi c p duy


tr nhit 00C.
-

Nu sn phm c mi hi, nht mu, r dch th khng s dng.

Thng s cng ngh:


-

B dy ca bnh c trch nguyn con ng lnh: 100 mm.

Nhit ca khng kh: 180C 200C.

Vn tc kh thi qua sn phm: 20 m/s.

Thi gian tan gi: 5 6 gi.


2.1.2.3. X l

Mc ch:
-

Chun b cho qu trnh p mui v tng b mt tip xc vi khi

Hon thin: chnh li hnh dng c to dng cho sn phm

Ra sch nguyn liu loi b tp cht d bm trn b mt.

Cch tin hnh:


-

Sau khi tan gi ta tin hnh cn tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

24

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

X c lm i dc theo bng c gi li u v ui c, loi b ni tng.

Bin i ca nguyn liu:


Kch thc c tng, thay i hnh dng v khi lng gim khng ng k.
Yu cu: khng t u, ui, ming c c chnh hnh p
Thng s cng ngh: nhit thc hin khng qu 200C.
2.1.2.4. p mui gia v
Mc ch:
-

Bo qun: Km hm s t phn do tc dng ca enzym v vi khun.

Ch bin: To s chn sinh ha, to hng v c trng cho sn phm.

Hon thin: p mui trong qui trnh hun khi nng c tc dng bo v b mt

sn phm, to v hi ha v mu sc ph hp cho sn phm.


Cch tin hnh
Nguyn liu c a qua cng on p mui. y l qu trnh trch ly nc v
thay th bng mt lng mui. Qu trnh p mui c th tin hnh bng 2 cch l p
mui kh v p mui t (ngm nc mui).
Trong quy trnh hun khi nng, ta s s dng phng php p mui t thng qua
thit b p mui (gia v) lin tc.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

25

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Hnh 2.3: Thit b p mui (gia v) lin tc

1. Hinged paddles ( bng ti vn chuyn c)


2. Rotating paddle ( sng rung)
3. Brine make up tank (thit b pha nc mui)
4. Solid salt (dung dch mui)
5. Pump (bm)
6. Buffer tank (thng cha trung gian)
7. Filter (b phn lc)
S dng dung dch nc mui p, mui ht kh trc tin c cho vo nc
ha thnh dung dch ri em p c. C s c xp thnh mt lp i qua dung dch
mui bng mt bng ti di chuyn lin tc. Tc ca qu trnh ny c th c iu
chnh bng thi gian lu li ca c trn bng ti. Dung dch mui lin tc c i qua
sng rung ly ra cc mnh vn v cht bn v sau i qua tm m iu chnh
nng mui cui cn thit. Kch thc ca thit b c th c iu chnh ph hp vi
cng sut v khong khng gian k thut.
Ngoi p mui c th p thm cc gia v khc nh tiu, ti, bt ngt Trong
trng hp hun khi c trch, trn gia v theo t l: 4% ng, 0.5% bt ngt, 0.2% natri
benzoate. Vic b sung thm cc gia v khc ngoi mui l ty vo khu v ca tng a
phng, quc gia. Tuy nhin p nc mui vn l mt cng on khng th vng mt.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

26

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

u im: do dng dung dch mui p nn tc dng ca p mui xy ra ngay


sau khi cho nguyn liu vo p. Vy nguyn liu c bo qun tt trnh s xm nhp
ca vi sinh vt hoc b oxy ha. Phng php ny d c c gii ha c bit l s
dng cc thit b p mui tun hon.
Nhc im: nc trong nguyn liu tit ra lm long nng nc mui, sau mt
thi gian p c d b b nt v qu trnh kh nc khng trit . Trong iu kin p
mui yn tnh th qu trnh khuch tn thm thu cn bng nng rt chm lm cho c
n mui khng u lm gim cht lng sn phm v ko di thi gian p mui.
C c xp cn thn vo thng cha sch. dung dch p vo thng, m bo
khi c phi ngp hon ton trong dung dch. nh khi c t nht phi cch mt thong
ca dung dch 2cm. m bo c c tip xc vi dung dch p mt cch ng u t
cc hng.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:
Bin i vt l :
-

Khi lng gim 1 1.4 % so vi nguyn liu ban u.

cng chc ca c tng.

Mi v c ti b mt, v c mi c trng ca c mui

V mn ca c tng.

Mu sc ca c b bin i.

Bin i ho hc:
-

Hm lng mui trong c tng.

Hm lng vitamin ha tan trong nc cng gim.

Bin i ho l:
-

C s khuch tn ca mui t trong dung dch vo trong t bo tht c.

ng t protein do protein b bin tnh di tc dng ca dung dch mui c nng

cao.
Bin i ho sinh:
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

27

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Enzym b v hot

Bin i sinh hc:


- S lng vi sinh vt gim nhiu do a s cc loi vi sinh vt nhim vo c thng
khng pht trin c mi trng c nng mui cao.
Cc yu t nh hng:
-

Nng mui: nng mui cao tc khuch tn ca mui vo trong c nhanh.

Khi nng mui qu cao, thi gian p mui rt ngn nhng s nh hng n mi v
ca sn phm lm cho sn phm qu mn. Nng mui qu thp th thi gian p mui
ko di, kh nng tiu dit vi sinh vt thp, v nh hng n v mn ca sn phm lc
sau.
-

Thi gian: tc khuch tn ca mui vo c tng t l thun vi thi gian, n

mt tc nht nh no th qu trnh khuch tn gim dn v t trng thi cn bng.


-

Nhit : nhit tng, tc khuch tn tng.

Nguyn liu c: c bo tc khuch tn chm hn c gy.

Yu cu:
-

Trong sut qu trnh ngm phi m bo c lun ngp trong dung dch.

Tht c chc, dai, khi lng c tng ln.

C c mi thm c trng, mu sc ng u khng c lm tm v mu khc.

Thng s cng ngh:


-

Dung dch mui 10 15%

Lng nc mui s dng: t l khi lng nc mui so vi khi lng c l

Thi gian p mui: 40 45 pht

Nhit : 250C

Hm lng mui trong c sau khi p mui l: 1.5 2 % so vi lng nc trong

Mui s dng l dng mui tinh khit v khng cha bt k lng nh mui

1:1

c.

MgCl2 no.
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

28

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Trong sut qu trnh ngm mui c mt t lng nc tch ra t c. ngn chn

s ly nhim, nc mui cn c thay mi thng xuyn.


2.1.2.5.

Kh mui

Sau khi p mui trn b mt tip xc vi mui nng mui cao hn bn trong lm
cho mn ca c khng ng u. Cn tin hnh kh mui c trong nc lnh 5
100C, thi gian 10 pht, mn trong ming c khong 0.9%.
Mc ch:
-

Chun b: to iu kin cho qu trnh sy khi tng nhit s khng gy kt tinh

mui trn b mt c, gim hiu sut xng khi.


-

Hon thin: Trong qu trnh ny xy ra hin tng khuch tn mui trn b mt

c to v mn hi ho cho sn phm
-

Ra sch cn bn hoc mui hay cc protein b ng t bm bn ngoi c, cc vi

sinh vt va mi nhim vo.


Cch tin hnh
Sau khi p mui xong cn phi tin hnh kh mui gim mn ca nguyn liu
v c tc dng ra sch nguyn liu, mc kh mui nhiu hay t tu theo yu cu ca
ch bin, iu kin hun khi, bo qun, mc hon thin ca thit b hun khi
Nu lng mui qu thp trong qu trnh hun nguyn liu c th b h hng, nu
lng mui qu cao s lm nh hng ti cht lng ca sn phm.
Kh mui c th dng nc ngt kh hoc dng nc mn, hoc dng mui sch
kh. Khi kh mui khng nn dng nc chy v lm tn tht nhiu cht hu c,
mun tng tc kh mui th tin hnh thay nc.
Bin i chnh:
-

Bin i vt l : khng ng k

Bin i ho hc:

Hm lng mui trong c gim do c s khuch tn mui t c vo nc ra


-

Bin i ho l :

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

29

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

C s khuch tn mui qua li gia dung dch nc mui v c


-

Bin i ho sinh: hu nh khng c

Bin i sinh hc: c th b nhim vi sinh vt t dung dch mui dng nh mn

Yu cu:
-

Hm lng mui cn li trong c phi thch hp, trnh s tn tht protein trong c
l nh nht.

Nc ra bn l nc mui long c nng 2%

Mi bn ra khng qu 1500kg

Trong qu trnh ra khng c c qu y trnh hin tng c rt ra ngoi


gy nhim bn.

Thng s cng ngh :


-

Nhit : 5 100C

Nc mui long c nng t 1 2% theo khi lng.

Lng nc s dng: t l v khi lng ca nc mui long v khi lng c

thch hp nht l 1.5:1 ti a l 2:1


2.1.2.6. Lm ro:
Mc ch: Chun b cho qu trnh sy.
Cch tin hnh:
-

Sau 10 pht p gia v, ta tin hnh mang sn phm ra ro t nhin.

Cho c vo r, dn u v nghing mt gc 300 trn gi.

Bin i:
-

Bin i vt l : khng c s bin i r rt

Bin i ho hc: Hm lng nc t do trn b mt c gim


C s tht thot cc cht dinh dng

Bin i ho sinh: khng c bin i do enzym b v hot cc qu trnh trc

Bin i sinh hc: c th b nhim vi sinh vt

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

30

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Yu cu: B mt c kh ro, khng cn r nc gia v


Thng s cng ngh: nhit khng qu 200C
2.1.2.7. Xu c (mc treo hoc xp khay):
Mc ch:
-

Chun b cho qu trnh sy v xng khi

tng hiu qu xng khi, gip khi c th lan to u trn ton b c lm cht

lng sn phm ng u, nc trong nguyn liu thot ra d dng.


Cch tin hnh
S dng mc cu nh bng thp khng r to thnh 1 hoc 2 hng xng khi, dng
cc thanh c tit din 30x40 mm, chiu di 1 2m treo cc mc bng dy thp mng,
khong cch gia cc mc 40 70 mm. Xu qua mt hay qua phn ui c. Treo c
ro nc trc khi a vo l xng khi.
Bin i nguyn liu:
Hu nh khng c bin i
Yu cu: mc treo phi u n, nguyn liu khng dnh vo nhau khi hun
lu thng c d v u.
Thng s cng ngh: nhit ca phng khng qu 200C

Hnh 2.4: Xu c

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

31

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

2.1.2.8. Sy s b
Mc ch:
-

Tch nc d chun b tip xc vi khi, gim khi lng sn phm.

Hnh thnh lp b mt cng trnh tht thot dch v mi v c trng ca c khi

xng khi.
-

Tng gin, d, gi tnh cht c trng ca sn phm. ng thi hn ch s

pht trin ca vi sinh vt ko di thi gian bo qun.


-

Tch phn nht nh hng n mu sc, mi v sn phm.

Gip ng t protein.

Cch tin hnh


Sau khi kh mui v trc khi hun khi, ta phi tin hnh sy s b trn sn hay
trong cc my sy. C th thay i bng dng kh nng hay bc x hng ngoi.
Nguyn liu cn sy c dn tri trn bng ti li thng qua thit b tip liu. Bng
ti thng thng c mt li sang, loi dy an li thp khng r. Bng ti li ny
c chuyn ng trong my thng qua b dn ng bng ng c in. H thng sy
c cu to bi mt s b sy c bn, mi b sy hot ng ring bit.
Ch sy nh sau:
-

Sy 40 500C khong 15 30 pht ty theo kch thc ca c

Nng nhit ln 900C, thi gian nng nhit khong 5 10 pht v tin hnh sy
tip khong 45 60 pht.

S dng phng php thi bng kh nng. Thit b c t nng hn nhit


yu cu khong 10 200C.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy
nh hng ca nhit khng kh.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

32

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Trong cng iu kin v m khng kh, tc gi, nu nng cao nhit sy th


tc sy cng nhanh. Nhng tng nhit cng ch trong gii hn cho php, v nhit
sy cao qu s d lm cho c b sy chn v to nn mng cng b mt nguyn liu
lm cn tr s thot nc t trong c ra ngoi. Nhit sy thp qu cng khng tt, v
nh th tc lm kh chm, lm gim nng sut ca thit b, c d b thi ra.
S nh hng bi tc chuyn ng ca khng kh.
y l nhn t c nh hng ln n qu trnh sy. Tc gi qu ln hoc qu nh
u nh hng khng tt n qu trnh sy. Bi v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh
qu ln s kh gi c nhit lng trn nguyn liu sy, cn tc chuyn ng ca
khng kh qu nh s lm chm li qu trnh kh, dn n h hng sn phm nh b ln
mc, thi ra.
S nh hng ca m tng i ca khng kh.
Kh nng lm kh ca khng kh ph thuc nhiu vo m ca n. m ca
khng kh cng thp th kh nng ht m cng cao v kh nng lm kh cng ln.
Phng php sy kh c chnh l nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh bng cch s
dng nhit lm gim m ca khng kh.Trong qu trnh sy, m ca khng kh
s tng ln do tip xc v ly i m ca nguyn liu.
S nh hng ca tnh cht nguyn liu.
Nguyn liu cng b v cng mng th tc lm kh cng nhanh. V vy khi lm
kh c to, mun nng cao tc lm kh phi ct m v phn nh ra cho ph hp.Ngoi
ra, thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu (nc, m, protein, cht khong,), t chc tht
rn chc hay lng lo cng nh hng n tc lm kh.
Nhng bin i:
-

Bin i vt l: b mt c cng li, nhit thay i.


Hin tng co th tch, khi lng ring tng ln.
Tng gin hoc b nt n.

Bin i ho hc: Hm lng nc t do trn b mt c gim.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

33

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

C s tht thot cc cht dinh dng.


-

Bin i ho l: Nc b bay hi

Bin i ho sinh: phn ln lng enzyme trong bn thn nguyn liu b bin
tnh trong iu kin nhit cao.

Bin i sinh hc: vi sinh vt b km hm hay b tiu dit trn b mt vt liu. Tuy
nhin, mt s loi vn pht trin c nh cc loi nm mc.

V dinh dng: Sn phm thng gim tiu ho, lng calo tng do gim
lng m.

Cm quan:

+ Mu sc: Nguyn liu sau sy thng c mu hi thm, nu do phn ng caramel,


phn ng maillard.
+ Mi: Sau khi sy, mt s cht mi t nhin ca nguyn liu b mt i do phn hy
nhit cao. Bn cnh cng c mt s cht thm mi hnh thnh, nhng cn ch
n mi i kht ca s oxi ho cht bo to ra v chng lm gim gi tr cm quan ca
nguyn liu ng k.
+ V: Do m gim i nn nng cc cht v tng ln, cng v tng ln nht l
v ngt v v mn.
+ Trng thi: Nguyn liu thng tng tnh n hi, tnh dai, tnh gin,hoc c bin
i v hnh dng. Mt s nguyn liu c th b co trong qu trnh sy. Hin tng co
khng u l nguyn nhn lm cho mt s nguyn liu b cong mo v nt n, dn n
thay i hnh dng ca nguyn liu.
Yu cu ca nguyn liu sau khi sy: b mt nguyn liu kh li. Lng m trong
sn phm gim cng nhiu th hot ng ca nc gim xung do s ko di thi
gian bo qun sn phm.
2.1.2.9. Hun khi:
-

C c hun khi v nu chn nhit t 70 n 800C hoc cao hn.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

34

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Qu trnh hun khi nhn chung hon thnh sau khong 2 n 4 gi, thm ch 6 n

8 gi.
-

Qu trnh hun khi nng nh ch s h hng c mt cch vnh vin v vi sinh vt

v cc enzym gy ra s t phn ca tht c b tiu dit bi nhit.


-

Cc sn phm hun khi nng c th c bo qun lu hn cc sn phm hun

khi lnh v thng c s dng ngay m khng yu cu gia nhit trc khi dng.
-

Hun khi nng c th lm gim gi tr dinh dng c trong thc phm nhng b

li s lm tng thi gian bo qun ca sn phm.


Mc ch:
-

Ch bin: to mi v c trng, lm chn sn phm v to mu vng nu v

bng trn lp da.


-

Bo qun: tiu dit vi sinh vt v gim m ca sn phm, chng oxy ha cht

bo.
Cch tin hnh
Phng thc to khi:
-

Trong cc l th cng: rc mn ca vo ngn la cho n khi khng cn thy

ngn la na. Ch c mn ca ca nhng loi g cng cha qua x l mi c s dng.


Mn ca c th m nhng khng c qu t v chng s lm tt ngn la
-

Ban u c th s khng c la. Vo cui giai on hun, nhit c th ln cao

hn.
-

Phng php thng dng nht to khi l dng my to khi t nhng v bo

g cng hay mt ca. Trong my to khi, v bo g hay mt ca c a vo b mt


kim loi c gia nhit bng gas hay bng in ti 350 4000C. Khi c to theo
cch ny gi l khi t nhin.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:
Bin i vt l:
-

Khi lng c gim: 20 25 % so vi nguyn liu ban u.

B mt c kh, cng, c bng nht nh.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

35

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

Kch thc gim.

Mu sc: c c mu vng nu c trng.

Mi v sn phm hi ho.

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Bin i ho hc:
-

Thnh phn cc cht thay i nhiu so vi nguyn liu ban u.

Hm lng nc gim: m 50 65 %

Thnh phn khi ngm vo trong c sau khi xng khi gm:
+ Cc hp cht phenol: 1 34 mg %
+ Cc loi acid c tnh bay hi: 5 13 mg%
+ Formaldehyde: 5 13 mg%
+ Hp cht cetone: 0.2 2 mg%

Xy ra phn ng Maillard: gia aminoaxit v ng kh trong c to mu cho sn phm


Bin i ho l:
-

S lng ng ca khi ln b mt sn phm

Lng ng l bc u tin ca tc dng hun khi. Khi t nhin liu, khi bay ln
v bm vo sn phm. Lng khi bm vo nhiu hay t l c lin quan n qu trnh
hun khi.
Nhn t chnh nh hng n s lng ng ca khi:
+ H thng khi hun cng khng n nh th tc dng lng ng ca n cng ln.
+ Cc loi lc ca ht khi nh: chuyn ng Brown, tc dng ca nhit di, tc dng
ca trng lc, trng thi lu thng kh.
+ Tnh cht mt ngoi ca sn phm c ngha l cu to ca b mt ca sn phm nh
th no (nhn, nhm) u c nh hng n s lng ng ca khi.
+ Lng nc trn b mt sn phm c nh hng r rt n s lng ng ny: c
cng kh th s lng ng cng km, m ca khi hun vo cng cao v tc chuyn
ng ln th tc dng lng ng cng ln.
-

S khuch tn ca khi hun vo sn phm

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

36

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

S khuch tn ca khi: sau khi khi xng vo lng ng trn b mt sn phm th n


bt u ngm dn vo trong sn phm theo gradient nng . y l qu trnh ngm dn
t ngoi vo trong, lc thc y ch yu l do s chnh lch nng ca cc thnh phn
trong khi, ngoi ra n cn chu tc dng ca nhit di.
Nhn t nh hng n s khuch tn khi:
+ Thnh phn, nhit , m v nng ca khi.
+ Bn thn nguyn liu: c c nhiu hay t vy, hm lng m v hm lng nc,
+ Thi gian hun khi: thi gian hun khi cng lu th s khuch tn ca khi cng
nhiu, nhng nu thi gian qu lu th lng khi khuch tn vo qu nhiu s gy nh
hng n mi v ca sn phm.
Bin i ho sinh:
-

giai on sy ban u, nhit 30 350C, cc enzym oxy ho cht bo hot

ng mnh lm oxy ho mt phn cht bo gp phn to mi v c trng cho sn phm.


-

Sau nhit tng dn cc enzym trong c b v hot bt thun nghch, qu

trnh oxy ho cht bo do enzym b gim.


Bin i sinh hc:
S lng vi sinh vt gim nhanh theo s tng nhit trong qu trnh sy v hun
khi: do tc dng ca nhit v tnh st khun ca khi.
C ch qu trnh hun khi: gm 2 pha
-

Pha 1: s lng ng ca khi hun ln b mt sn phm

Pha 2: khuch tn cc cht c trong khi vo bn trong sn phm do s chnh

lch nng gia cc lp ngoi v trong sn phm.


-

Hun khi l giai on quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm do cn c bit ch

n cc yu t: nhit , mt , s tun hon ca khi hun cng nh m, tc lu


thng c khng kh trong phng hun khi, thi gian hun khi
-

Chn nhit hun khi cn cn c vo kt cu t chc ca nguyn liu, phng

php ct m, kch thc v hm lng m, mui trong nguyn liu

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

37

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Chn thi gian hun khi cn cn c vo mt khi, m khng kh c trong

thnh phn khng kh ca khi, c im nguyn liu, cu trc phng hun khi.
-

Khi c mt ln c to ra khi t chm nhin liu thng lm cho sn phm

c mu en v v ng. C th iu chnh mt khi bng phng php t nhin (m


van iu chnh trong ng khi cho khng kh vo phng hun), hay nhn to (dng cc
thit b to khi t ngoi phng hun).
Yu cu:
-

B mt nguyn liu kh, cng, c bng.

Nguyn liu c mu vng nu, v c trng.

Thng s cng ngh:


-

Giai on u tin l sy kh 300C 350C, trong 45 60 pht

Giai on tip theo l 500C , trong 45 50 pht

Giai on cui cng l 800C, trong 30 pht

Tng thi gian xng khi ko di khong 2 4gi


2.1.2.10. Lm ngui:

Mc ch:
-

Chun b: a c vo ng gi v bo qun.

Hon thin: b mt c khng nt v khi ra ngoi tip xc t ngt vi mi

trng c nhit thp trong phng ng bao b. Trnh hin tng ht m tr li.
Cch tin hnh: S dng dng khng kh sch thi vo theo cc l kh ngay trn
thit b hun khi
Bin i chnh:
-

Bin i vt l: Nhit gim, kch thc con c gim nhng khng ng k.

Bin i ho hc: Hm lng cc cht cng c tht thot.

Yu cu: c c lm ngui n 400C, khng cn hin tng bc hi trn b mt


Thng s cng ngh:
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

38

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

Nhit dng khng kh: 20 300C

Thi gian: 30 pht

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

2.1.2.11. ng gi ht chn khng:


Mc ch:
-

Bo qun: trnh tip xc vi khng kh bn ngoi, c th gy oxy ho cht bo

trong c v b nhim vi sinh vt lm nh hng n thi gian s dng ca sn phm.


-

Hon thin: Gi c mi v v mu sc ca sn phm nh va mi hun khi v

gim s tn tht cht dinh dng trong c.


Cch tin hnh:
Sn phm sau khi lm ngui, cho vo ti PE (PA nu ht chn khng) a qua my
ht chn khng v hn kn ming bao li. Trng lng mi ti ty theo yu cu ca
khch hng. y c trch hun khi c bao trong gi PA c trong lng 400g.
Yu cu:
-

Thao tc nhanh, nh nhng, trnh lm hng c.

Bao gi ng loi, ng c, ng quy cch qui nh ring ca mi khch hng.

Bao b phi sch, mi, nguyn vn, khng dng bao b thng v rch.

Cc mi hn phi kn, nu b h hoc rch phi loi b ti PE v thay ti khc.

Phi kn trnh tip xc khng kh gy ra xi ha sn phm. Mt khc phi chng

thm nhp hi m hoc thot m ca thc phm. Thng sn phm c bao bc bn


trong l bao nylong bn ngoi l thng carton trng sp.
-

Bao b phi p v hp dn, m bo thm m cng nghip.

Bao b dng khi d dng xp t v vn chuyn.


2.1.2.12. Bo n:

Mc ch:
-

Bo qun: c trch hun khi nng phi c bo qun lnh trc khi c c bn

cho ngi tiu dng m khng lm thay i nhiu n cht lng sn phm.
-

Kim tra s an ton ca sn phm trc khi tung sn phm ra th trng.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

39

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

To hng v cho sn phm trong thi gian bo n ko di.

Cch tin hnh:


Sau khi ng thng chuyn hng n ca kho hng sm, cng tt. t thng hng ln
bng chuyn cc thng hng vo trong kho n xe vn chuyn bn trong. Cng nhn iu
khin xe in sp xp hng ha theo yu cu k thut ra. Cc thng hng c xp
theo tng cm ring bit trnh nhim cho.
Bin i chnh
Bin i vt l:
-

Nhit gim

Tht c cng li

Bin i ho l:
Hi nc ngng t trn b mt c v to thnh lp bng mng.
Bin i sinh hc: c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt
Thit b: Kho bo qun lnh

Hnh 2.5: Kho bo qun lnh


SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

40

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Yu cu:
- Hng xp trong kho sao cho tit kim din tch nht nhng phi m bo nhit
bo qun ng ca tm sn phm.
- Cn to li i thng thong, m bo khng kh lnh lu thng u trong kho bo
qun.
- Cc kin hng c cht lm pallet cch nn khong 15cm, cch tng 40cm,
cch trn 80cm.
- Hng c cht theo tng chng loi ring bit v ai kin chc chn.
- Hng nhp trong kho phi ghi y cc k hiu thng tin v thng tin sn phm
theo yu cu.
Thng s cng ngh: nhit 0 40C
Bo qun c trch xng khi
Nhit phng bo qun

Bao b

Thi gian s dng

15

Bao b plastic

2 3 ngy

Bao b plastic

4 6 ngy

-10

Bao b plastic

3 tun

-20

Bao b plastic

2 thng

-30

Bao b plastic

4 5 thng

-30

2.2.

Bao b chn khng 1 nm hoc hn

Tnh ton cn bng vt cht

2.2.1. Tnh ton lng nguyn liu ban u vi nng sut 30 tn c hun khi
thnh phm/ ngy
Theo quy trnh cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm, ta chn tn tht ca cc qu trnh
nh sau:
(-) Gim khi lng
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

41

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

(+) Tng khi lng


Bng 2.14: Tn tht ca sn phm c trch hun khi so vi u vo ca
qu trnh
STT

Qu trnh

Tn tht (%)

Thu nhn

- 0.2

R ng

- 1.5

X l

-1

p mui gia v

+ 12

Kh mui

-1

Lm ro

- 0.1

Sy

- 10

Xng khi

- 20

ngui

- 0.5

10

ng gi

- 0.1

11

Bo n

- 0.1

Lng sn phm sn xut trong mt gi:


(

Lng nguyn liu cn sn xut trong mt gi:


(

Trong : n: s cng on
x1, x2,, xn: % tiu hao ca cc cng on
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

42

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

)(

( )
2.2.2. Lng nguyn liu tiu hao qua tng cng on
Bng 2.15: K hiu nguyn liu u vo v u ra cc qu trnh
K hiu

ngha

Khi lng nguyn liu u vo ca qu trnh

Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh

Qu trnh thu nhn nguyn liu


Gthu nhn

- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gthu nhn = 1621.82 kg


- Tn tht qu trnh: 0.2%

Thu nhn
Y thu nhn

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:


(

Qu trnh r ng
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gr ng = 1618.58 kg
Gr ng
- Tn tht qu trnh: 1.5%
R ng

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y r ng

Qu trnh x l
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gx l = 1594.30 kg
Gx l
- Tn tht qu trnh: 1%
X l

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y x l
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

43

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Qu trnh p mui
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gp mui = 1578.36 kg
Gp mui
- T l mui ngm vo : 12%
p mui

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y p mui

- T l khi lng mui : nguyn liu l 1:1, nc mui c nng 15%. T l gia v
phi trn so vi nguyn liu nh sau: 4% ng, 0.5% bt ngt, 0.2% natri benzoat
- Khi lng nc mui gia v = Gp mui = 1578.36 kg
Khi lng mui mmui = 1578.360.15 = 236.75 kg
mng = 1578.364% = 63.13 (kg)
mbt ngt = 1578.360.5% = 7.89 (kg)
mnatri benzoate = 1578.360.2% = 3.16 (kg)
mnc = 1578.3680.3% = 1267.42 (kg)
Qu trnh kh mui
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gkh mui = 1767.76 kg
Gkh mui
- Tn tht qu trnh: 1%
Kh mui

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y kh mui

- T l khi lng nc mui : nguyn liu l 2:1, nng nc mui l 2%


Khi lng nc mui mnc mui = 2Gkh mui = 21767.76 = 3535.52 kg
Khi lng mui mmui = 3535.520.02 = 70.71 kg
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

44

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Khi lng nc mnc = 3535.520.98 = 3464.81 kg


Vy tng lng mui s dng: mmui = 70.71 + 236.75 = 307.46 kg
Qu trnh lm ro
Glm ro

- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Glm ro = 1750.08 kg


- Tn tht qu trnh: 0.1%

Lm ro

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y lm ro
(

Qu trnh sy
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gsy = 1748.33 kg
Gsy
- Tn tht qu trnh: 10%
Sy

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y sy

Qu trnh hun khi


- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Ghun khi = 1573.50 kg
Ghun khi
- Tn tht qu trnh: 20%
Hun khi

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y hun khi

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

45

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Qu trnh ngui
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo G ngui = 1258.80 kg
G ngui
- Tn tht qu trnh: 0.5%
ngui

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y ngui

Qu trnh ng gi
Gng gi

- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gng gi = 1252.51 kg


- Tn tht qu trnh: 0.1%

ng gi
- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:
Y ng gi
(

Qu trnh bo n
Gbo n

- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gbo n = 1251.26 kg


- Tn tht qu trnh: 0.1%

Bo n

- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:

Y bo n

Sn phm
-

Lng sn phm thu c l 1250 kg

T l gia nguyn liu v thnh phm:

Vy c 1.30 kg nguyn liu th s cho 1 kg c trch hun khi.


Nh vy sn xut 30 tn sn phm/ngy th cn lng nguyn liu l

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

46

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

2.2.3. Chi ph bao b v dn nhn


Chi ph bao b
-

Lng sn phm trc khi ng vo bao: 30 tn/ngy

Chn bao b plastic: 400g

S bao cn dng trong 1 ngy l:


(

Chn s bao hao ht l 3%, vy s bao trong thc t l:


(

S bao trong 1 gi:


(

Chi ph nhn
-

T l nhn tiu th trong 1 ngy (so vi s bao cn cho 1 ngy) l 2%.


77320 + 773200.02 = 78866 (nhn)

S nhn trong 1 gi:


(

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

47

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

2.3.

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Nguyn l cu to v vn hnh ca cc thit b chnh

2.3.1. Thit b ra mui

Hnh 2.6: Thit b ra mui


1 Mng dn nguyn liu vo

3 - ng thi kh

2 Bng ti 4 Vi phun nc p lc cao


My c cu to gm mt bng ti bng thp khng r v thng cha nc ra
c th tch tng i ln. Bng ti c chia lm 3 phn, phn nm ngang ngp trong
nc, phn nghing c cc ng phun nc mnh v mt phn nm ngang pha cao. Bn
di bng ti phn ngp trong nc c b tr cc ng thi kh nhn khng kh t mt
qut t bn ngoi.
Trong giai on ngm, c trn phn bng nm ngang ngp trong nc, cc cn
bn bm trn ngoi b mt c b bong ra. Bng ti di chuyn s mang c i dn v pha
phn bng nghing. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ngm c tng cng nh thi kh lm xo
trn nc v c trn mt bng, lm tng din tch tip xc ca c v nc nn thi gian
ngm c rt ngn. Khi c di chuyn n phn nghing ca bng, cc vi phun nc
vi p sut cao n 2 3 at s ra sch cn bn. cui qu trnh ra, c di chuyn n
phn nm ngang pha trn c lm ro nc.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

48

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

2.3.2. Thit b sy s b

Hnh 2.7: Cu to my sy bng ti dng qut


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Inlet air blower (qut ht)


Circulation air blower (qut iu ha khng kh)
Steam heater (h thng gia nhit)
Transmission belt (b truyn ng)
Exhaust power (qut thi nng lng)
Material hopper (phu nhp liu)

Gi t qut (5) thi xung pha di v gi c lm nng qua b hi (4), s bay ln


v khi gi c chia tch qua h thng gia nhit (3), gi c phn tn qua bng ti
li ln pha trn bung sy. Qu trnh sy c thc hin khi kh xuyn qua bng ti
li theo chiu trn xung hay t di ln v ly i hi m thot ra t nguyn liu lm
ro nguyn liu. H thng ny rt n nh. H thng ng thot kh bn trn my c kt
ni vi qut ht v ht ton b hi m ra ngoi. Mt phn kh c quay vng tr li
my sy nhm tit kim nng lng d tha, tit kim chi ph nhin liu. Phn kh m
thot ra ngoi c h thng ht kh m chuyn dng c van tit ch c bit. Cc b sy
trn di c lp vi s lng ty theo yu cu, cc b sy cng vy.
2.3.3. Thit b hun khi
2.3.3.1.
-

Gii thiu l Torry Kiln

Trong nm 1939, trung tm nghin cu Torry Aberdeen, Scotland, a ra mu

thit k l hun khi gy nn cuc cch mng trong cng nghip hun khi. N cho php
iu khin chnh xc cc thng s trong qu trnh nh nhit khng kh, vn tc v
m. V vy, sn phm hun khi s c cht lng cao hn rt nhiu.
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

49

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Tt c cc l hun khi trc y u ph thuc vo s di chuyn ca gi l t

nhin (khng kh di chuyn ln trn) m khng c phng thc no iu khin m.


Thit k Torry Kiln kt hp mt qut bng ng c, nhng l in, cm bin nhit, my
khuch tn khng kh v ngay c mt quang in iu chnh mt khi.
-

Thit b hun khi Torry, c sng ch ra dng thc hin hun khi lnh, c

ci tin thnh cng cho hun khi nng bng cch lp t thm vo b phn cp nhit v
tng lng khi cho sn phm nn sn phm truyn thng c th a vo sn xut vi
y mu sc v gim s tht thot v khi lng.
-

L gia nhit phi c kh nng gia nhit chm v gi nhit lu nhit 800C

1700C cho ton b c. Trong l c 1 bng ti, b phn gia nhit th thng thng nm
u ng, vi my c 2 bng ti, b phn gia nhit nm c 2 u ng v khi sinh ra
gia 2 u bng ti.
-

Cc bng ti trong hun khi nng nn c ray 4 bn c c th hp th dng

khi, kt hp vi phng php treo cc con c ln th s t hiu qu hun khi cao. Nn


c cc khay hng nc nh git y bng ti, v c thng cho vo l hun khi ngay
sau khi p mui v s c hin tng r nc. Mt lng mui v dch r khi gia nhit c
s chy ra trong sut qu trnh hun khi. l cch n gin thu nhn li cc dch,
khi cho chng ri xung b mt l bm li v rt kh lm sch.
-

Hu ht cc dng l Torry u l cc thit b t ng hun khi sn phm, nn c

th to ra khi dy c t mn ca hn hp ca g cn m v g kh, tiu hao khong


13kg trong 1 gi i vi l c dung lng l 375 kg. i vi l ln yu cu c 2 thit b
to khi to lng khi dy cho phng php hun khi nng.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

50

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Hnh 2.8: L hun khi Torry Kiln

Hnh 2.9: Mt ct ca l Torry Kiln

(1). L iu chnh khi

(8). Tng khuch tn vo

(2). ng dn khi

(9). Xe y

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

51

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

(3). Vng cung khi

(10). L in tng p

(4). L in

(11). Tng khuch tn ra

(5). Qut ng c

(12). L chn tun hon khng kh

(6). Mn che thng ng

(13). Kh ra khi ng khi

(7). Da hnh cung

(14). Khng kh sch

(15). Cm bin nhit


Nguyn l hot ng
Khi c iu khin bi ba l ring bit (1). Mi l c ca vo v van khi kiu l
chn. B phn ny cung cp lng khi ln iu khin khu vc m khng chim
nhiu khng gian. N cng ngn chn mui khi v nhng mnh ln khng chy khc
khng lm gim cht lng c c. Khi s i vo ng dn chung (2) v s c ung bi
nhng vng cung (3) ri i n l in (4). Qut ng c (5) s thi kh nng qua nhng
mn che thng ng c th iu chnh c (6) ri n nhng da hnh cung (7). Ti
phn y ca ng khuch tn, khng kh i qua tng khuch tn (8), tng ny c
thit k c nhiu ca c iu chnh theo s di chuyn c khng kh. T y, khng kh
nng hay khi xuyn qua c c treo trn nhng xe y (9). Bn trong c nhng l in
(10) tng nhit cho dng khng kh nng mi ln i qua mt ngn. Sau khng kh
i qua nhng tng khuch tn (11) bao gm nhng ca thot iu chnh c. Tng
khuch tn kh vo v ra cho php dng khng kh n nh trong tt c khu vc ca l
hun. Ti phn cui ca ng ng, c mt van khi kiu l chn (12) tun hon khng
kh kim sot bao nhiu lng kh i ra khi ng khi (13) v bao nhiu lng kh tr
v qut (5). Khng kh sch cng c a vo cng khu vc (14). Cm bin nhit (15)
kim sot nhit l (4 v 10).

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

52

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

2.3.3.2.

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

Phng hun khi

1: Van iu tit
2: Ca np kh
3: Ca ht kh

Hnh 2.10: Phng hunkhi


Trong quy m cng nghip hin nay ngi ta cn s dng phng hun khi.
Phng hun khi c dng thm mi v, mu sc v hng thm cho sn phm
tht bao gm tht b, tht heo, g vt v c. Phng hun khi c mt thi c dng hun
khi thc n nhm bo qun nhng chm dt khi xut hin h thng lm lnh.
Cch tin hnh:
-

Trong sut qu trnh thc hin hun khi nng, l c iu khin bng phng

thc sau:
Giai on u sy s b:
C qut chnh v qut ht thot kh u c m, v iu chnh nhit 30 350C.
Ca np kh m khong 1/2 hoc 3/4. Dng khi c iu chnh n nh bng cch m
cc ming phun v ng tun hon van iu tit. Giai on sy thng ko di khong
45 pht. Mc ch:
-

Chun b: loi bt i nc d trn b mt c chun b tip xc vi khi.

Hon thin: hnh thnh lp b mt cng trnh tht thot dch v mi v c trng

ca c khi hun khi.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

53

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

giai on 2
Nhit iu chnh li 500C, ca np kh m 1/4 khe h v dng khi c gi n
nh nh ban u. Khi nhit n 500C, gi nhit sau 30 45 pht, khi i vo
c hng, qut chnh v qut ph tt, khi kt thc th qut ht kh ht ton b khi.
Giai on 3
Nhit iu chnh li nhit 800C. C s c ly ra sau khi c lm chn sau
30 pht.
2.3.4. My ht chn khng (Vacuum Packing Machinery)
2.3.4.1.

Mc ch

To chn khng ph hp cho qu trnh bo qun v hn kn ming bao li vi nhau

Hnh 2.11: My ht chn khng


2.3.4.2.
-

Cu to

H thng bng ti hot ng trn, lin tc a bao b cha c vo bung ht chn

khng v hn kn ming bao.


-

Bung ht chn khng c ht nh mt bm ht chn khng. chn khng

bn trong bung l 760 mmHg. Bn trong bung cn c b phn hn kn ming bao gm


dy in tr cung cp nhit cho hai dy seal hn kn cho ming bao.
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

54

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

B phn lm ngui gm h thng ng a khng kh vo bung chn khng do

chnh lch p sut. ng ny c m bng van c iu khin t ng bng PLC.


Khng kh ht vo s c hng thi vo b phn hn ming bao lm ngui.
-

B phn truyn ng bng ng c quay trn bng ti v nng np bung

chn khng theo nguyn l trc khuu.


-

B phn iu khin bng PLC s iu khin hot ng cho tng giai on ng

nh giai on ci t cho tng loi sn phm khc nhau. My s hot ng thnh 3 giai
on: giai on ht chn khng, giai on hn kn ming bao v giai on lm ngui v
tr hn. Bng iu khin gm c nt khi ng ngun chnh, nt dng khn cp, nt xoay
chn ch t ng (Auto) hay bn t ng (Semi), cc phm bm ci t thi gian
cho tng cng on.
2.3.4.3.
-

Nguyn l hot ng

Bao b cha c c bng ti a vo bung chn khng. Np bung c h

xung khp vi bng ti to thnh mt bung kn. PLC iu khin hot ng bm chn
khng trong bung n chn khng 760 mmHg, thi gian ht nhanh hay chm l ty
vo thi gian ci t.
-

Tip theo bm chn khng c tt, PLC iu khin ng cng tc cho dng in

chy vo dy in tr ca b phn hn kn ming bao gia nhit. Nhit ca in tr s


truyn cho b phn hn kn ming bao hn kn ming bao. Thi gian hn kn ming
theo ng gi tr ci t. Sau , PLC iu khin ngt in vo dy in tr, ng thi
m van ht khng kh thi vo b phn hn ming bao lm ngui cho khong thi
gian ci t. Sau cng, np bung chn khng c nhc ln, bng ti xoay a cc
bao c thnh phm ra ngoi.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

55

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

CHNG 3: CC VN LIN QUAN KHC


3.1.
-

Bin i ca c khi hun khi


Khi hun khi mt s qu trnh c bn xy ra trong c nh sau: protid ca c b

bin tnh ng t li, men b mt tnh hot ng v nhng hp cht hu c b phn hy,
nc b bay hi, cht bo b chy, dch bo tch ra vi nhng cht ha tan, cu to ca da
c b bin i v mt nc, v protid b ng t v gelatin chuyn thnh collagen. Da c
hp ph nhng hp cht c trong khi, nhng cht ny c kh nng di qua da v thm
vo tht c.
-

Tht c st li, mt s nc t do chy ra ri bay hi, ngoi ra dch bo cng chy

ra cng vi nhng cht ha tan khc.


-

Do c trch l loi c bo nn khi hun khi, cht bo ca c b chy ra, lng cht

bo ca c chy ra ch yu t nhng c quan ni tng ca c.


-

Khi hun khi vi nhit tng i cao th hun khi c tc dng thanh trng, tc

dng ny c tng ln do trong khi c cha nhng cht st trng.


3.2.
-

Mt s yu t nh hng ti bn bo qun ca c hun khi


Mc kh nc trong tht c khi hun khi: Hm lng nc ti thiu trong sn

phm hun khi l 45% th sn phm s c nhiu u vit v v v thi gian bo qun.
-

Hm lng mui trong c: Yu t ny c nh hng ln ti cht lng sn phm.

iu u tin l mui lm cho sn phm c v nht nh, iu th hai to mi trng


khng thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin v sn phm c bo qun lu hn. Hm
lng mui trong c hun khi 6 10%. Nh hn 6% kh bo qun, ln hn 10% lm
cho v v dng sn phm khng thch hp.
-

S thm vo t bo c cc cht ha hc trong khi to nn do s chy khng hon

ton ca g ng vai tr cc cht kh trng yu, ngoi ra cn lm cho sn phm c tnh


u vit v v c bit. Trong qu trnh hun khi, phenol v cc cht khc ca kh khuch
tn t b mt c vo tht c.
3.3.

Khuyt tt c th gp c hun khi

Bo qun sn phm trong mi trng m cao th nm mc s pht trin. Lc u


pht trin trn b mt to thnh nhng lp khun ty c mu trng, xanh nht v sau xm
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

56

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

nhp vo cc lp su bn trong. Lc nm mc chm pht trin, ta c th lau sch ri phi


hoc sy li.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

57

n CNCB: C TRCH HUN KHI

GVHD: NGUYN TH THO MINH

KT LUN
Cng ngh hun khi ng gp cho ngnh cng ngh thc phm mt phng php bo
qun nguyn liu ng thi l mt phng php ch bin c bit. Vi nhng u im
ca k thut hun khi nh to mu v hng v c trng, hun khi c s dng
rng ri cc nc chu u. Ti Vit Nam cng ngh hun khi c nhiu cng ty ch
bin thc phm pht trin vi nguyn liu l tht heo, b, c ng, xc xch, jambon
Tuy nhin, theo thi quen n ung ca ngi tiu dng Vit Nam sn phm hun khi vn
cn kh mi.
Tm hiu v ti C trch hun khi, vn chng ta quan tm l ng dng cng
ngh ny vi ngun thy sn di do ca nc ta, lm phong ph v tng gi tr thc
phm ch bin. K thut hun khi phi ch gim thiu ti a s lng ng khi tro v
nhng cht c kh nng gy ung th, chng s lm gim s hp dn ca sn phm. ng
dng k thut tin tin, ng thi quan tm n sc khe ngi tiu dng l vn t ra
hng u i vi ngnh thc phm ngy nay. Em xin chn thnh cm n c Nguyn Th
Tho Minh nhit tnh hng dn em hon thnh ti n ny.

TI LIU THAM KHO


[1]. H Th Trc Vn, Nghin Cu Quy Trnh Sn Xut Sn Phm C nc tm gia v
thanh trng xng khi, Lun vn tt nghip i hc Thy Sn, 2012.
[2]. L Vn Vit Mn, Li Quc t, Nguyn Th Hin, Tn N Minh Nguyt, Trn
Th Thu H, Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, NXB i hc Quc Gia TP H Ch Minh,
2011.
[3]. Nguyn Khc Cng, tp II, quyn 1, C bin Vit Nam, NXB Khoa hc k
thut, 1991.
[4]. Nguyn Trng Cn, Minh Phng, tp I (1990), tp II (1996), Cng ngh ch
bin thc phm thy sn. NXB Nng Nghip, TP H Ch Minh.
[5]. Phan Th Thanh Qu, Gio trnh Cng ngh ch bin thy hi sn, Trng i
hc Cn Th, Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh hc ng dng, 2005.

SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG

58

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