Professional Documents
Culture Documents
N MN HC
GVHD
SVTH
: TRN TH CM HNG
LP
: 01DHTP3
MSSV
: 2005100176
B CNG THNG
TRNG H CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP HCM
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
-------- --------
N MN HC
GVHD
SVTH
: TRN TH CM HNG
LP
: 01DHTP3
MSSV
: 2005100176
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Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy......thng.....nm.......
MC LC
MC
TRANG
Trang ba ...............................................................................................................................
Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn ..................................................................................... i
Mc lc .............................................................................................................................. ii
M u ............................................................................................................................. iii
Danh mc hnh .................................................................................................................. iv
Danh mc bng .................................................................................................................. v
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN........................................................................................ 1
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
Phng php kim tra cc ch tiu ca sn phm c trch hun khi ............... 10
3.2.
3.3.
Kt lun ............................................................................................................................ 58
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................................... 58
ii
M U
Kinh t x hi ngy cng pht trin, i sng ca nhn dn ngy mt nng cao,
i hi phi c cung cp thc phm c cht lng cao, m bo an ton v sinh thc
phm v tin li. Xut pht t nhu cu thc t ca ngi tiu dng, i hi cc nh ch
bin thc phm phi n lc nghin cu ch bin c nhiu sn phm c cht lng
cao, t tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm song phi tin li. Sn phm hun khi l
mt trong cc mt hng p ng c yu cu ny. Hun khi l mt mt hng thc phm
rt ph bin cc nc cng nghip pht trin cng nh nhiu nc ang pht trin trn
th gii, v n cung cp y cht dinh dng cho con ngi, c bit l mt hng n
lin rt tin dng gip cho mi ngi tit kim thi gian trong s dng.
Tuy nhin t trc ti nay sn phm hun khi thng c ch bin t cc loi
tht khc nhau nh tht ln, tht b, tht g... mi loi c mt tnh cht c trng ring
bit. Nhng trong thi gian gn y phn ln ngi tiu dng Vit Nam, c bit cc
nc chu u c xu hng gim vic n tht v chuyn dn sang s dng c, do trong c
c cha t cholesterol m li cha nhiu cht khong, do vy hn ch c cc bnh v
tim mch, bo ph,... ng thi c cn cha cc cht nh: Albumin, globulin,
nucleopotin,... nn n nhiu c th c kh nng chng lo ho cao hn n nhiu tht.
i vi Vit Nam c l i tng c nhiu nh my ch bin quan tm, v
Vit Nam c khong trn 2000 loi c, trong c trch Vit Nam l loi c c gi tr
dinh dng cao. V vy s dng c trch l nguyn liu trong ch bin sn phm hun khi
s lm phong ph thm cc sn phm ca hun khi v p nhu cu th hiu ca ngi
tiu dng ngy cng cao. Bi li ch ca vic hun khi l to mu sc mi v c bit
cho sn phm v ngn nga s nhim trng, bo qun thc phm c lu hn.
C trch hun khi ngoi vic gip cho sinh vin ngnh thc phm c th tm
hiu, nm bt nhng thng tin v k thut hun khi, ti cng gp phn to ra mt mn
n c hng v hp dn, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm v gi c hp l trong cc
ba n ca ngi Vit Nam.
iii
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1: C trch xng ................................................................................................... 2
Hnh 2.2: Phng tan gi theo m ..................................................................................... 22
Hnh 2.3: Thit b p mui (gia v) lin tc .................................................................. 26
Hnh 2.4: Xu c .............................................................................................................. 31
Hnh 2.5: Kho bo qun lnh ........................................................................................... 40
Hnh 2.7: Cu to my sy bng ti dng qut ................................................................ 49
Hnh 2.8: L hun khi Torry Kiln ................................................................................... 51
Hnh 2.9: Mt ct l hun khi Torry Kiln........................................................................ 51
Hnh 2.10: Phng hun khi .............................................................................................. 53
Hnh 2.11: My ht chn khng ...................................................................................... 54
iv
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c trch trong 100g............................................... 4
Bng 1.2: Loi g v thc vt dng hun khi .................................................................... 6
Bng 1.3: mn ca c theo lng mui ....................................................................... 8
Bng 1.4: Thang im cho cc ch tiu ca c hun khi ................................................. 10
Bng 2.1: Gii hn cho php i vi hm lng histamine v kim loi nng c trong sn
phm c ng lnh ............................................................................................................ 15
Bng 2.2: Gii hn cho php i vi vi sinh vt c trong c ng lnh.......................... 15
Bng 2.3: Tiu chun cm quan ca ng tinh luyn c s dng ............................. 16
Bng 2.4: Ch tiu ha l ca ng tinh luyn .............................................................. 16
Bng 2.5: Ch tiu vi sinh ng trng v ng tinh luyn........................................... 17
Bng 2.6: Tiu chun ca mui trong ch bin theo TCVN 3974 2007 ...................... 17
Bng 2.7: Tiu chun bt ngt theo TCVN 1459 2008 ................................................ 17
Bng 2.8: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin ........................................ 19
Bng 2.9: Ch tiu ha hc i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin .................................... 19
Bng 2.10: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin ...................................... 20
Bng 2.11: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin.................................... 20
Bng 2.12: Ch tiu ha hc i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin ................................ 20
Bng 2.13: Ch tiu vi sinh i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin .................................. 21
Bng 2.14: Tn tht ca sn phm c trch hun khi so vi u vo ca qu trnh ........ 42
Bng 2.15: K hiu nguyn liu u vo v u ra cc qu trnh .................................... 43
i vi sn phm hun khi nng do nhit hun cao, thi gian hun ngn khong vi
gi, lng nc trong nguyn liu cn 60 70% v kt cu t chc mm mi.
i vi sn phm hun lnh c p mui trc, thi gian hun di hn nhiu so vi
hun khi nng, khong vi ngy, lng nc trong nguyn liu cn 40 50%, sn phm
cht ch, kh cng.
Da vo phng php hun c th chia ra:[4]
-
Hun khi ph thng: L phng php hun khi c s dng ph bin nht. Dng
Hun tnh in: Da vo nguyn tc khi hun l h thng keo tan khng kh gm
Hun t: Nguyn liu sau khi phi hoc sy kh n m nht nh, em ngm
trc . Vy ngc to v thp. Vy bng nh, khi im ngang gia phn thn. Vy
ui dng ui n.
Hu mn ngay st khi im vy hu mn.
1.2.2. Mu sc
Mt trn lng mu xanh lc m, bn di lng c mt dc sc mu vng nht, mt
bng v di thn mu trng bc, cc vy hu mn v vy bng mu trng, vy ngc v
vy ui mu vng nht.
1.2.3. Vng phn b
n - Thi Bnh Dng, ng v Nam Chu Phi, bin Rp, Philippin, Thi Lan,
Trung Quc, Nht Bn.
Vng bin nc ta ngoi phn b vnh Bc B cn gp vnh Thi Lan.
1.2.4. c tnh sinh hc
Sng bin. Thng tp trung thnh n ln, c tnh cht n a phng, bi li
tng gia v tng trn mt. C c tnh hng quang mnh. Ngi ta pht hin c thng
sng ni c nhit nc l 18 230C v mui 28 33%. Thn c thng di t
100 180mm, nng 10 80g.
Ma c t thng 2 n thng 8. Thc n ca c l cc ng vt ni thuc b hai
chn, b chn mi cho, tm gi.
Ma c c hai v, v c t thng 3 n thng 7 (t Qung Ninh n Thanh Ho)
v v c con ln t thng 9 n thng 11 (t Qung Bnh n Ngh Tnh).
Ng c khai thc: Cc loi li vy, mnh, li ko y
1.2.5. Gi tr kinh t
Rt ln, l i tng khai thc ch yu ca ngh c ni ven b nc ta. Ring vng
bin Qung Ninh hng nm c th khai thc c 3 4 ngn tn.
Tht c th n ti, phi kh, ng hp, lm mm, lm bt c
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
Mui khong
Vitamin
g
75.3
17.5
Mg
6.0
1.2
80
240
3.0 -
B1
B2
g
-
PP
mg
Khi hun
Cc hp cht phenol:
C khong 20 hp cht phenol khc nhau trong thnh phn ca khi, nhiu nht l
guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, phenol, 4-ehtylguaiacol, o-crezol, m-crezol, p-crezol, 4propylguaiacol, vanillin, 4-vinylguaiacol.
Hp cht phenol c tc dng chng li qu trnh oxy ha, to mu, mi cho sn
phm v tiu dit vi sinh vt xm nhim vo thc phm.
-
Cc hp cht alcohol:
Nhiu loi ru khc nhau c tm thy khc nhau trong khi, ph bin v
Ru tham gia trong vic to mi cho sn phm hun khi, c tc dng trong vic
tiu dit vi sinh vt. Nhng hm lng rt t v vy tc dng trn khng c th hin r.
-
Cc hp cht hydrocarbon:
Nhiu hp cht a vng c tm thy trong sn phm hun khi nh
Cc hp cht cacbonyl:
Cc loi mch cacbon ngn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to mu, mi cho
sn phm.
-
Cc axit hu c:
Cc acid hu c n gin trong khi c mch cacbon dao ng t 1 10 nguyn
Khi c tnh st trng mnh, ch yu l do phenol, acid formic, acid acetic, trong
khi. Ngoi tnh st trng, khi cn c mt tnh cht khc khng km phn quan trng,
l tnh cht chng oxy ha. Nhng cht c tnh chng oxy ha trong khi l
hydroquinon, hc n,
1.3.2. Nhin liu to khi
Nhin liu dng hun khi l cc loi g, khi t sinh ra khi hun v to nhit.
Loi g dng hun khi tt nht l nhng loi g cng, g cy n tri, g cy c l
rng nh: d, sn, h o, du, phong, trn, si.
Khi nhn c khi t chy g loi cy c l hnh kim, c nhiu nha nh g thng,
dng khng c dng hun khi c v khi ca chng s lm cho sn phm c v
ng, li mi axit trn sn phm, mu sc sm ti, lm gim gi tr sn phm v nhim
nhiu cht gy ung th. Nu nng cao hm m ca g th s gim c thnh phn nha
v phenol nhng s lm tng hm lng mui khi ng thi lm ngng t nhng cht
lm cho da c c mu sm v bi bn. Thng g ti c hm m t 45 55%, qua na
nm cn t 25 30%, qua mt nm ch cn 20%; ci, v bo, mn ca c gi l kh
nu hm m nh hn 25%, bn kh khi hm lng m 35% v m khi ln hn 35%.
Loi g dng hun khi nh hng rt ln n cht lng cm quan ca sn phm.
to thm nhng mi v tinh t cho sn phm ngi ta cn dng mt s cy nh v cy
hng tho kh hun khi vi s lng t nh: thch tho, hng tho, nguyt qu,
kinh gii, hng ty,... Theo mt s nghin cu, mu sc v mi v ca c hun khi thay
i tu thuc theo loi g c chn dng hun khi nh bng sau:
Bng 1.2: Loi g v thc vt dng hun khi
Loi
Mu sc
G si
G cng
G d
G h o
Vng m
n nu
Vng nht
Vng m
n nu
Hng v
Ghi ch
Tuyt vi
Khi m v tt
Rt tt
Rt tt
Thng trn vi g
si
To mu nhanh
G mm
G h
G cy n tri
Vng
Tt
Dng vi g khc
G trn b
Vng
Tt
Dng vi g khc
G nho
Nu ng
Kh c bit
Khi t m
G bulo, dng,
Khng r
liu
G tng qun
Vng ng
si
n nu
Thng
C nhiu b
thng
Cy nh
v cy
hng
tho
hng
Bnh thng
Rt tt
Cht c nha
Dng ln g d
Dng ln g d
Khng c dng
Bch
Nu ti
C mi l
Dng s lng t
Thch tho kh
Rt p
Rt c bit
t dng
Hng tho kh
Rt p
Nguyt qu kh
Kinh gii, hng
Rt p
Rt p
ty kh
Rt tinh t
c bit
Hng thm
Dng vi lng
nh
Dng vi lng
nh
Dng vi lng
nh
1.4.
Nht
Trung bnh
Mn rt mn
1.2 1.3
1.4
>1.5
1.5.2. Ch tiu ha l
-
Nc: 65 70%
1.6.
Thang
im
Trng thi
Mu sc
Mi
Mi thm c
Tht c dai, b mt lt
Tht c mu
trng ca khi,
ct mn.
vng nu u.
khng c mi
l.
V
V c trng
ca khi hun,
khng c v l.
10
Tht c dai, b mt lt
4
ct mn, c vt nt
nh.
Mi c trng
V c trng
Tht c mu
ca khi thm
ca khi hun t,
vng nu u.
nh, khng c
khng c v l.
mi l
Mi c trng
Tht c dai, b mt lt
Tht c mu
ct khng mn.
vng nu nht.
ca khi hun
Khng c v
km thm,
c trng ca
khng c mi
khi hun.
l.
Tht c km dai, b
mt lt ct khng mn.
Tht c b, b mt lt
ct khng mn.
Tht c b, lt ct b
ri ra khi ct lt,
khng bng mn.
Tht c mu
vng nht,
khng u.
Tht c vng
nht, khng
u.
Tht c c mu
nu xm.
Mi c trng
ca khi hun
C v ng v
km thm, ln
chua
mi l.
Khng c mi
c trng ca
khi hun, c
v l.
mi l.
Khng mi
thm, mi l
kh chu.
V l rt kh
chu
1.6.2. Cc ch tiu ho hc
-
2009).
-
11
12
p mui- gia v
Kh mui
ro
Xu c
Sy
Hun khi
ngui
Bao b
ng gi
Bo n
Sn phm
13
ng yu cu m x nghip t ra.
Thao tc:
Nguyn liu cn ti hoc qua cp ng. Cn tnh khi lng nguyn liu cn
cho sn xut, kch thc nguyn liu ng u trong mt m ch bin th qu trnh hun
khi cng rt ngn, cht lng sn phm ng u.
C ng lnh c vn chuyn theo TCVN: 2012 CAC/RCP 8 1976, Rev.3 2008)
-
xm nhp t bn ngoi.
iu chnh nhit ;
14
Phn phi c ng lnh nhanh phi c thc hin sao cho vic nhit sn phm
Vic cht hng ln v d hng ra khi xe ti, vic cht hng vo hoc d hng ra
khi kho lnh phi c thc hin nhanh, phng php c s dng phi gim ti a s
tng nhit .
Yu cu
Nguyn liu c nhp v l dng c trch ng lnh nguyn con, c loi b ni
tng v ra sch.
Nguyn liu t yu cu v sinh theo TCVN 5289 2006:
Bng 2.1: Gii hn cho php i vi hm lng histamine v kim loi
nng c trong sn phm c ng lnh
Ch tiu
1. Hm lng histamine, mg/kg
2. Hm lng Asen, mg/kg
3. Hm lng ch (Pb), mg/kg
4. Hm lng thy ngn metyl, mg/kg
5. Hm lng cadimi (Cd), mg/kg
Mc ti a
100
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
Mc ti a
106
102
102
102
0
102
15
Nguyn ph liu
Ch tiu cht lng ca tng nguyn liu nh sau:
ng
Bng 2.3: Tiu chun cm quan ca ng tinh luyn c s dng
(TCVN 6958:2001)
Cc ch tiu
Yu cu
Hnh dng
Mi v
Mu sc
Tn ch tiu
Mc
99.80
4
5
6
0.03
0.03
0.05
30
70
Asen mc ti a
1 mg/kg
ng mc ti a
2 mg/kg
Ch mc ti a
0.5 mg/kg
16
Yu cu
200
hn)
2. Nm men ,CFU/10g (khng ln hn)
10
10
Mui
Bng 2.6: Tiu chun ca mui trong ch bin theo TCVN 3974 2007
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
Mu sc
Trng, trong
Mi
Khng c mi
Dng bn ngoi
C ht
1 15mm
> 97%
Bt ngt
Bng 2.7: Tiu chun bt ngt theo TCVN 1459 2008
Tn ch tiu
Yu cu
Trng thi
Mu sc
Trng
Mi
17
Clorua
< 0.2%
pH ca dung dch
6.6 7.2
Hm lng natriglutamate
>99%
Asen
< 2mg/kg
Ch
< 5 mg/kg
< 10 mg/kg
Ti
Tiu chun v ti (tiu chun ca UNECE FFV 18: Ti - 2011)
Yu cu ti thiu:
Ti phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
Khng b h hng.
Sch v hu nh khng c cc cht gy hi tim n.
Khng ln cc su b gy hi.
Chc.
Ti khng mc mm.
Khng c mi hay v l.
Yu cu c th i vi ti loi 1:
Ti loi 1 l loi ti c cht lng tt, ngoi nhng yu cu ti thiu trn cn m
bo nhng yu cu:
C ti phi cn nguyn vn.
C ti c hnh dng bnh thng.
C ti c v mng.
Tiu
Tiu chun ht tiu en (b tiu chun TCVN 7036:2002)
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
18
Ch tiu cm quan:
Mi v: khi nghin thnh bt c mi thm c trng ca ht tiu en, cay, khng
c mi v l.
Khng c c nm mc, cn trng v cc phn xc ca cn trng nhn thy c
bng mt thng.
Ch tiu vt l:( i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin)
Bng 2.8: Ch tiu vt l i vi ht tiu en qua ch bin
n v tnh
Tn ch tiu
Mc yu cu
Tp cht l
0.2
% khi lng
Ht lp
2.0
Ht u inh hoc ht v
1.0
g/l
600
Cc ch tiu
Ht tiu
ch bin
Cht
chit
ether
khng
bay hi
Piperin
nh hn)
X th
Tro khng tan
trong acid
Tro
Du bay hi
Ht tiu bt
12.5
12.5
6.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
17.5
1.2
6.0
6.0
2.0
1.0
19
(khng nh hn)
Tn ch tiu
Mc gii hn
102
Coliform
S vi khun trong 1g sn
E.Coli
phm
Streptococcus aureus
102
Salmonella
phm
Tn ch tiu
Mc yu cu
Tp cht l
0.2
% khi lng
Ht v
3.0
Ht en
10.0
600
Ch tiu ha hc
Bng 2.12: Ch tiu ha hc i vi ht tiu trng qua ch bin
Mc yu cu
n v
Cc ch tiu
Ht tiu
ch bin
13
Ht tiu bt
12.5
20
Cht
chit
ether
khng
bay hi
Piperin
X th
Tro khng tan
trong acid
Tro
Du bay hi
(khng nh hn)
6.5
6.5
4.0
4.0
6.5
0.3
3.5
3.5
2.0
1.0
Tn ch tiu
Coliform
S vi khun trong 1g sn
E.Coli
phm
Streptococcus aureus
Salmonella
Mc gii hn
102
0
102
0
21
Bng phun
nc
Qut
B iu
nhit
Van chnh gi
qut.
-
22
n hi ca tht c gim
Mi v c trng ca c gim.
Bin i ho hc
Cc cht ho tan b tht thot: mui, peptid, aminoaxit, protein ho tan trong nc,
vitamin,
Lng nc t do v lng nc lin kt trong t bo gim
Bin i ho l:
-
Bin i ho sinh:
-
Cc yu t nh hng
-
23
liu.
-
Loi sn phm m c sau khi tan gi dng ch bin: phng php lm tan gi
chm khng nn dng cho c trch nguyn con ng lnh dng ch bin hun khi v
tht c s mm.
Yu cu
-
Mc ch:
-
Sau khi tan gi ta tin hnh cn tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu
24
Hon thin: p mui trong qui trnh hun khi nng c tc dng bo v b mt
25
26
V mn ca c tng.
Mu sc ca c b bin i.
Bin i ho hc:
-
Bin i ho l:
-
cao.
Bin i ho sinh:
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
27
Enzym b v hot
Khi nng mui qu cao, thi gian p mui rt ngn nhng s nh hng n mi v
ca sn phm lm cho sn phm qu mn. Nng mui qu thp th thi gian p mui
ko di, kh nng tiu dit vi sinh vt thp, v nh hng n v mn ca sn phm lc
sau.
-
Yu cu:
-
Trong sut qu trnh ngm phi m bo c lun ngp trong dung dch.
Nhit : 250C
Mui s dng l dng mui tinh khit v khng cha bt k lng nh mui
1:1
c.
MgCl2 no.
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
28
Kh mui
Sau khi p mui trn b mt tip xc vi mui nng mui cao hn bn trong lm
cho mn ca c khng ng u. Cn tin hnh kh mui c trong nc lnh 5
100C, thi gian 10 pht, mn trong ming c khong 0.9%.
Mc ch:
-
c to v mn hi ho cho sn phm
-
Bin i vt l : khng ng k
Bin i ho hc:
Bin i ho l :
29
Yu cu:
-
Hm lng mui cn li trong c phi thch hp, trnh s tn tht protein trong c
l nh nht.
Mi bn ra khng qu 1500kg
Nhit : 5 100C
Bin i:
-
30
tng hiu qu xng khi, gip khi c th lan to u trn ton b c lm cht
Hnh 2.4: Xu c
31
2.1.2.8. Sy s b
Mc ch:
-
xng khi.
-
Gip ng t protein.
Nng nhit ln 900C, thi gian nng nhit khong 5 10 pht v tin hnh sy
tip khong 45 60 pht.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy
nh hng ca nhit khng kh.
32
33
Bin i ho l: Nc b bay hi
Bin i ho sinh: phn ln lng enzyme trong bn thn nguyn liu b bin
tnh trong iu kin nhit cao.
Bin i sinh hc: vi sinh vt b km hm hay b tiu dit trn b mt vt liu. Tuy
nhin, mt s loi vn pht trin c nh cc loi nm mc.
V dinh dng: Sn phm thng gim tiu ho, lng calo tng do gim
lng m.
Cm quan:
34
Qu trnh hun khi nhn chung hon thnh sau khong 2 n 4 gi, thm ch 6 n
8 gi.
-
khi lnh v thng c s dng ngay m khng yu cu gia nhit trc khi dng.
-
Hun khi nng c th lm gim gi tr dinh dng c trong thc phm nhng b
bo.
Cch tin hnh
Phng thc to khi:
-
hn.
-
35
Mi v sn phm hi ho.
Bin i ho hc:
-
Hm lng nc gim: m 50 65 %
Thnh phn khi ngm vo trong c sau khi xng khi gm:
+ Cc hp cht phenol: 1 34 mg %
+ Cc loi acid c tnh bay hi: 5 13 mg%
+ Formaldehyde: 5 13 mg%
+ Hp cht cetone: 0.2 2 mg%
Lng ng l bc u tin ca tc dng hun khi. Khi t nhin liu, khi bay ln
v bm vo sn phm. Lng khi bm vo nhiu hay t l c lin quan n qu trnh
hun khi.
Nhn t chnh nh hng n s lng ng ca khi:
+ H thng khi hun cng khng n nh th tc dng lng ng ca n cng ln.
+ Cc loi lc ca ht khi nh: chuyn ng Brown, tc dng ca nhit di, tc dng
ca trng lc, trng thi lu thng kh.
+ Tnh cht mt ngoi ca sn phm c ngha l cu to ca b mt ca sn phm nh
th no (nhn, nhm) u c nh hng n s lng ng ca khi.
+ Lng nc trn b mt sn phm c nh hng r rt n s lng ng ny: c
cng kh th s lng ng cng km, m ca khi hun vo cng cao v tc chuyn
ng ln th tc dng lng ng cng ln.
-
36
37
thnh phn khng kh ca khi, c im nguyn liu, cu trc phng hun khi.
-
Mc ch:
-
Chun b: a c vo ng gi v bo qun.
trng c nhit thp trong phng ng bao b. Trnh hin tng ht m tr li.
Cch tin hnh: S dng dng khng kh sch thi vo theo cc l kh ngay trn
thit b hun khi
Bin i chnh:
-
38
Bao b phi sch, mi, nguyn vn, khng dng bao b thng v rch.
Mc ch:
-
Bo qun: c trch hun khi nng phi c bo qun lnh trc khi c c bn
cho ngi tiu dng m khng lm thay i nhiu n cht lng sn phm.
-
39
Nhit gim
Tht c cng li
Bin i ho l:
Hi nc ngng t trn b mt c v to thnh lp bng mng.
Bin i sinh hc: c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt
Thit b: Kho bo qun lnh
40
Yu cu:
- Hng xp trong kho sao cho tit kim din tch nht nhng phi m bo nhit
bo qun ng ca tm sn phm.
- Cn to li i thng thong, m bo khng kh lnh lu thng u trong kho bo
qun.
- Cc kin hng c cht lm pallet cch nn khong 15cm, cch tng 40cm,
cch trn 80cm.
- Hng c cht theo tng chng loi ring bit v ai kin chc chn.
- Hng nhp trong kho phi ghi y cc k hiu thng tin v thng tin sn phm
theo yu cu.
Thng s cng ngh: nhit 0 40C
Bo qun c trch xng khi
Nhit phng bo qun
Bao b
15
Bao b plastic
2 3 ngy
Bao b plastic
4 6 ngy
-10
Bao b plastic
3 tun
-20
Bao b plastic
2 thng
-30
Bao b plastic
4 5 thng
-30
2.2.
2.2.1. Tnh ton lng nguyn liu ban u vi nng sut 30 tn c hun khi
thnh phm/ ngy
Theo quy trnh cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm, ta chn tn tht ca cc qu trnh
nh sau:
(-) Gim khi lng
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
41
Qu trnh
Tn tht (%)
Thu nhn
- 0.2
R ng
- 1.5
X l
-1
p mui gia v
+ 12
Kh mui
-1
Lm ro
- 0.1
Sy
- 10
Xng khi
- 20
ngui
- 0.5
10
ng gi
- 0.1
11
Bo n
- 0.1
Trong : n: s cng on
x1, x2,, xn: % tiu hao ca cc cng on
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
42
)(
( )
2.2.2. Lng nguyn liu tiu hao qua tng cng on
Bng 2.15: K hiu nguyn liu u vo v u ra cc qu trnh
K hiu
ngha
Thu nhn
Y thu nhn
Qu trnh r ng
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gr ng = 1618.58 kg
Gr ng
- Tn tht qu trnh: 1.5%
R ng
Y r ng
Qu trnh x l
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gx l = 1594.30 kg
Gx l
- Tn tht qu trnh: 1%
X l
Y x l
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
43
Qu trnh p mui
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gp mui = 1578.36 kg
Gp mui
- T l mui ngm vo : 12%
p mui
Y p mui
- T l khi lng mui : nguyn liu l 1:1, nc mui c nng 15%. T l gia v
phi trn so vi nguyn liu nh sau: 4% ng, 0.5% bt ngt, 0.2% natri benzoat
- Khi lng nc mui gia v = Gp mui = 1578.36 kg
Khi lng mui mmui = 1578.360.15 = 236.75 kg
mng = 1578.364% = 63.13 (kg)
mbt ngt = 1578.360.5% = 7.89 (kg)
mnatri benzoate = 1578.360.2% = 3.16 (kg)
mnc = 1578.3680.3% = 1267.42 (kg)
Qu trnh kh mui
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gkh mui = 1767.76 kg
Gkh mui
- Tn tht qu trnh: 1%
Kh mui
Y kh mui
44
Lm ro
Y lm ro
(
Qu trnh sy
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo Gsy = 1748.33 kg
Gsy
- Tn tht qu trnh: 10%
Sy
Y sy
Y hun khi
45
Qu trnh ngui
- Khi lng nguyn liu u vo G ngui = 1258.80 kg
G ngui
- Tn tht qu trnh: 0.5%
ngui
Y ngui
Qu trnh ng gi
Gng gi
ng gi
- Khi lng nguyn liu u ra ca qu trnh:
Y ng gi
(
Qu trnh bo n
Gbo n
Bo n
Y bo n
Sn phm
-
46
Chi ph nhn
-
47
2.3.
3 - ng thi kh
48
2.3.2. Thit b sy s b
thit k l hun khi gy nn cuc cch mng trong cng nghip hun khi. N cho php
iu khin chnh xc cc thng s trong qu trnh nh nhit khng kh, vn tc v
m. V vy, sn phm hun khi s c cht lng cao hn rt nhiu.
SVTH: TRN TH CM HNG
49
Thit b hun khi Torry, c sng ch ra dng thc hin hun khi lnh, c
ci tin thnh cng cho hun khi nng bng cch lp t thm vo b phn cp nhit v
tng lng khi cho sn phm nn sn phm truyn thng c th a vo sn xut vi
y mu sc v gim s tht thot v khi lng.
-
L gia nhit phi c kh nng gia nhit chm v gi nhit lu nhit 800C
1700C cho ton b c. Trong l c 1 bng ti, b phn gia nhit th thng thng nm
u ng, vi my c 2 bng ti, b phn gia nhit nm c 2 u ng v khi sinh ra
gia 2 u bng ti.
-
50
(2). ng dn khi
(9). Xe y
51
(10). L in tng p
(4). L in
(5). Qut ng c
52
2.3.3.2.
1: Van iu tit
2: Ca np kh
3: Ca ht kh
Trong sut qu trnh thc hin hun khi nng, l c iu khin bng phng
thc sau:
Giai on u sy s b:
C qut chnh v qut ht thot kh u c m, v iu chnh nhit 30 350C.
Ca np kh m khong 1/2 hoc 3/4. Dng khi c iu chnh n nh bng cch m
cc ming phun v ng tun hon van iu tit. Giai on sy thng ko di khong
45 pht. Mc ch:
-
Hon thin: hnh thnh lp b mt cng trnh tht thot dch v mi v c trng
53
giai on 2
Nhit iu chnh li 500C, ca np kh m 1/4 khe h v dng khi c gi n
nh nh ban u. Khi nhit n 500C, gi nhit sau 30 45 pht, khi i vo
c hng, qut chnh v qut ph tt, khi kt thc th qut ht kh ht ton b khi.
Giai on 3
Nhit iu chnh li nhit 800C. C s c ly ra sau khi c lm chn sau
30 pht.
2.3.4. My ht chn khng (Vacuum Packing Machinery)
2.3.4.1.
Mc ch
Cu to
54
nh giai on ci t cho tng loi sn phm khc nhau. My s hot ng thnh 3 giai
on: giai on ht chn khng, giai on hn kn ming bao v giai on lm ngui v
tr hn. Bng iu khin gm c nt khi ng ngun chnh, nt dng khn cp, nt xoay
chn ch t ng (Auto) hay bn t ng (Semi), cc phm bm ci t thi gian
cho tng cng on.
2.3.4.3.
-
Nguyn l hot ng
xung khp vi bng ti to thnh mt bung kn. PLC iu khin hot ng bm chn
khng trong bung n chn khng 760 mmHg, thi gian ht nhanh hay chm l ty
vo thi gian ci t.
-
Tip theo bm chn khng c tt, PLC iu khin ng cng tc cho dng in
55
bin tnh ng t li, men b mt tnh hot ng v nhng hp cht hu c b phn hy,
nc b bay hi, cht bo b chy, dch bo tch ra vi nhng cht ha tan, cu to ca da
c b bin i v mt nc, v protid b ng t v gelatin chuyn thnh collagen. Da c
hp ph nhng hp cht c trong khi, nhng cht ny c kh nng di qua da v thm
vo tht c.
-
Do c trch l loi c bo nn khi hun khi, cht bo ca c b chy ra, lng cht
Khi hun khi vi nhit tng i cao th hun khi c tc dng thanh trng, tc
phm hun khi l 45% th sn phm s c nhiu u vit v v v thi gian bo qun.
-
56
57
KT LUN
Cng ngh hun khi ng gp cho ngnh cng ngh thc phm mt phng php bo
qun nguyn liu ng thi l mt phng php ch bin c bit. Vi nhng u im
ca k thut hun khi nh to mu v hng v c trng, hun khi c s dng
rng ri cc nc chu u. Ti Vit Nam cng ngh hun khi c nhiu cng ty ch
bin thc phm pht trin vi nguyn liu l tht heo, b, c ng, xc xch, jambon
Tuy nhin, theo thi quen n ung ca ngi tiu dng Vit Nam sn phm hun khi vn
cn kh mi.
Tm hiu v ti C trch hun khi, vn chng ta quan tm l ng dng cng
ngh ny vi ngun thy sn di do ca nc ta, lm phong ph v tng gi tr thc
phm ch bin. K thut hun khi phi ch gim thiu ti a s lng ng khi tro v
nhng cht c kh nng gy ung th, chng s lm gim s hp dn ca sn phm. ng
dng k thut tin tin, ng thi quan tm n sc khe ngi tiu dng l vn t ra
hng u i vi ngnh thc phm ngy nay. Em xin chn thnh cm n c Nguyn Th
Tho Minh nhit tnh hng dn em hon thnh ti n ny.
58