ABSTRACT

The adaptive headlights on vehicle cast the beam in the direction of the curve and ensure better visibility on winding roads and alerts the driver when he is sleepy. By using this method we will be able to control the night accidents generally occurs at turns because of not negotiating the turns properly by drivers. Compatible with all new generation vehicles. Enhance the future applications such as : Collision avoidance. Automatic change of beam intensity as per incident light.. Cost effective. Reliable and easy maintenance. Degree of rotation of lamp is 30degree. MOVEMENT OF STEERING WHEEL As the driver tries to negotiate a turn , he will rotate the steering wheel. As a result the entire steering column will rotate The movement of steering column is transmitted to the stub axle. The stub axle exhibit rotary movement . The rotary motion is transmitted to rake and pinion, the rotary action of the steering is sensed through rack and pinion in turn according to the modified light cage light moves in the direction of the shaft TRANSLATORY MOTION OF SHAFT The Motors in turn will provide a linear movement to the shaft connected between the two headlamps. Now the headlight lamps are provided with the linear motion from rake and pinion mechanism . the steering when steered in clockwise or anti clockwise direction give motion to shaft which in turn moves the headlight s mounted on pivot and as a result the headlamps will focus the light in the direction the vehicle is being steered and the driver alert system will alert the driver whenever he is sleepy by removing hand from steering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our humble and sincere thanks to Dr. J.S.N.Murthy Principal, VBIT Dr.G.Amarendar Rao H.O.D (Mech) for their support and the encouragement to complete this project work.

We are extremely grateful to Mr. B.H.SRIDHAR, our internal guide who helped us in a tremendous way by giving us plenty of engineering techniques, suggestions and encouragement.

We are ever sincere to thank everybody who helped us in college and the technical support for successful completion of our project work.

ROHIT P.L . PAVAN AGARWAL B ABHINAY REDDY M VEERANNA

INTRODUCTION
According to traffic accident data, the majority of severe road accidents occur at night. It is, therefore, of great importance to use available technology to contribute to road safety by improving the visual conditions provided by vehicle headlights. This project shows one of the many technologies available in avoiding accidents. We all are well aware of the various steering mechanisms available to us right now. Our project utilizes the steering mechanisms to rotate the headlights making the driving experienced for drivers a pleasant one. Generally the drivers of heavy vehicles commuting in the hilly regions like Ladakh etc find it very difficult to travel during the night due to the lack of street lights. The only source of vision available to them is through the headlights. But during the steep turns, these headlights are less than useless in providing adequate vision to the drivers. So this problem has caught our interest and we decided to design one such simple methodology to ease the drivers pain during such deadly turns. Out of many ideas that grabbed our attention, we decided to work on the steering mechanism based adaptive headlight system. The headlight system performs the exterior lighting functions. It also enables the low beam and the high beam headlight to move within the driving range while cornering. The illuminated area while cornering therefore improves the field of view for the driver. The adaptive illumination while cornering results in: Safer cornering with faster recognition of objects. Improved perception of surroundings. Accident avoidance

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
The swivel movement of the headlight is permitted within certain limits to protect oncoming traffic, i.e. to ensure oncoming traffic is not dazzled by the headlights. The vehicle moves on a circular path when the driver turns the steering wheel. The circular path is defined by the movement of the wheels and the angle position of the front wheels. In order not to dazzle the oncoming traffic, the salient point of the dark/light limit of the headlight must not be left of the circular path at a distance corresponding to times the installation height of the headlight. This conclusion is applicable for both the right hand as well as left hand drive traffic.

STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS IN INDIA

The accidents toll has been on a rise in the past few decades. Even with the advent on some fresh and advance technology the accidents have been on a rise due to increased number of heavy vehicles and poor driving skills of drivers. Some of the statistical data is as follows.

Year No. of (Calendar) Accidents

% Growth

No. of Deaths

% Growth

No. of persons Injured

% Growth

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

39390 38913 42867 45163 46389 45977 44570 42869 41712 -1.21 10.16 5.36 2.71 -0.89 -3.06 -3.82 -2.69

10621 11098 12606 13791 14529 15203 15696 15100 14975 4.49 13.59 9.40 5.35 4.64 3.24 -3.80 -0.82

53898 52554 59453 63072 64526 61894 57032 55812 50637 -2.49 13.13 6.09 2.31 -4.08 -7.86 -2.14 -9.27

India has among the highest number of road accident casualties in the world. A government statistic says that a death occurs every four minutes on Indian roads. Causes for road accidents are many; the congested city roads, bad road surfaces, flooding of roads, reckless driving, inadequate traffic management and so on and so forth. In the years 2001 to 2011, more than a million people died in road accidents across India. We bring you the top five states that have recorded the highest number of deaths due to road accidents.

The five Indian States that lead the charts in terms of number of deaths occurring on the roads are as follows:

1. Uttar Pradesh:

The number of deaths occurring due to road accidents in Uttar Pradesh is the highest in the country. In 2003 road accidents accounted for 7,854 deaths, since then the death toll has been steadily on the rise. In 2011 the death toll grew stratospherically witnessing an increase of 6,337 deaths over the previous year.

2. Tamil Nadu

The number of deaths occurring on the roads of Tamil Nadu in the year 2003 was 9,275. From the period of 2003 to 2005 the death toll remained almost the same. Since 2006 however the death toll has been steadily on the rise topping off to 15,000+ deaths in the years 2010 and 2011.

3. Andhra Pradesh:

The death toll caused due to road accidents in the state of Andhra Pradesh as at par with Tamil Nadu. In 2003 the state witnessed 9,679 deaths on its roads and the death toll has steadily risen since then. In the year 2011 however the number of deaths fell by a few hundred when compared to the number in 2010. 4. Maharashtra:

The number of deaths caused by road accidents in Maharashtra in 2003 was the highest in the country at the time. Since then the death toll has increased but fluctuations are seen over the years. In 2011 the death toll stood at 13,057, lower than Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

5. Karnataka:

The number of deaths due to road accidents in the state of Karnataka stood at 6,195 in the year 2003. Since then there has been a rise in the death toll, topping off at 9590 in the year 2010. In the year 2011, the number of deaths fell by over 500 when compared to 2010.

STEERING MECHANISMS
Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which will allow a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car, motorcycle, and bicycle) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches (and also known as 'points' in British English) provide the steering function.

Wheeled vehicle steering

Basic geometry

Rack and pinion, recirculating ball, worm and sector

Rack and pinion steering mechanism: 1 Steering wheel; 2 Steering column; 3 Rack and pinion; 4 Tie rod; 5 Kingpin

Rack and pinion unit mounted in the cockpit of an ariel atom sports car chassis. For most high volume production, this is usually mounted on the other side of this panel Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear that meshes with the pinion, converting circular motion into linear motion along the transverse axis of the car (side to side motion). This motion applies steering torque to the swivel pin ball joints that replaced previously used kingpins of the stub axle of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm. The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel". A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement. Older designs often use the recirculation ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the Pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated". The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated because it will create excessive internal forces at other positions and the mechanism will wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage. The worm and sector was an older design, used for example in Willys and Chrysler vehicles, and the Ford Falcon (1960s).

Other systems for steering exist, but are uncommon on road vehicles. Children's toys and gokarts often use a very direct linkage in the form of a bellcrank (also commonly known as a Pitman arm) attached directly between the steering column and the steering arms, and the use of cable-operated steering linkages (e.g. the Capstan and Bowstring mechanism) is also found on some home-built vehicles such as soapbox cars and recumbent tricycles.

Power steering
Main article: Power steering Power steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some of its power to assist in swivelling the steered road wheels about their steering axes. As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, particularly using negative offset geometry, along with increases in tyre width and diameter, the effort needed to turn the wheels about their steering axis has increased, often to the point where major physical exertion would be needed were it not for power assistance. To alleviate this auto makers have developed power steering systems: or more correctly power-assisted steeringon road going vehicles there has to be a mechanical linkage as a fail safe. There are two types of power steering systems; hydraulic and electric/electronic. A hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also possible. A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assistance when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid. In addition, electrical assistance is not lost when the engine fails or stalls, whereas hydraulic assistance stops working if the engine stops, making the steering doubly heavy as the driver must now turn not only the very heavy steeringwithout any helpbut also the power-assistance system itself.

The steering-box system

At the base of the steering column there is a worm gear inside a box. A worm is a threaded cylinder like a short bolt. Imagine turning a bolt which holding a nut on it; the nut would move along the bolt. In the same way, turning the worm moves anything fitted into its thread. Depending on the design, the moving part may be a sector (like a slice of a gear wheel), a peg or a roller connected to a fork, or a large nut. The nut system has hardened balls running inside the thread between the worm and the nut. As the nut moves, the balls roll out into a tube that takes them back to the start; it is called a recirculating-ball system. The worm moves a drop arm linked by a track rod to a steering arm that moves the nearest front wheel. A central track rod reaches to the other side of the car, where it is linked to the other front wheel by another track rod and steering arm. A pivoted idler arm holds the far end of the central track rod level. Arm layouts vary. The steering-box system has many moving parts, so is less precise than the rack system, there being more room for wear and displacement.

MODEL CONSIDERED
The model considered for our prototype fabrication is ASHOK LEYLAND STALLION 6*6. We have considered only the chassis design components with a scale of 1:15.

PROTOTYPE FABRICATION
The scaled version details of the chassis is given as follows

Original Dimensions:
Length: 8054 Wheel base: 4267 Width: 2500

Scale - 1:15 Modified dimensions

Length: 536 Wheel base: 285 Width: 166