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Soil and Ground Water Conditions Unsaturated and Saturated Soils Balance Equations What is Darcys y Law? Permeability Lab Measurement of k Fi ld M Field Measurement t of fk
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Physical weathering produce soil particles of gravels, sands and silts Chemical Ch i l weathering th i produce d clay l minerals Kaolin, Illite and Montmorillonite (bentonite)
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Hydrostatic GWT
Above WT, pore water held at negative pressure by capillary tension; smaller pores give higher capillary rise; in general degree of saturation decrease with height
u h2 * w
unsaturated
h2
GWT
Soil is saturated below GWT p on local GWT is dependent climate; balance of precipitation, evaporation and plant evapo-transpiration GWT is also affected by , construction activities, especially excavations
Saturated soil
u h1* w
h1
u h1 * w
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Perched GWT
Occur locally, contained by soil of low permeability bilit above b normal l GWT
Perched WT Clay lens GWT Sandy Soils
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Artesian GWT
Inclined soil layer y of high g p permeability y is confined locally y by y overlying y g clayey soil; the pressure in the artesian layer is governed by a higher WT at a distant location where layer is unconfined
GWT
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vx
x1
x1+vxt
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y
H G
x
E F
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FD
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Permeability
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Permeability
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Permeability
Clay <0.002 0.002 mm <10-9 m/s Silt Fine 0.002 10-8 Medium 0.006 10-7 Coarse 0.02 10-6 Sand Fine 0.06 10-5 Medium 0.2 10-4 Coarse 0.6 10-3 Gravel Fine 2 10-2 Medium 6 10-1 Coarse 20 1 >60 >1 m/s Cobble
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Field Methods
Steady state field pumping tests Falling head bore hole tests Rapid test
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w k K
K=absolute permeability in m2
oC
10 15 20 25 30 40
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Confined aquifer: i=dh/dr and A=2rD P Pumping i rate t l low enough ht to k keep d drawdown d above b t top of f acquifer if
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Confined aquifer: i=dh/dr and A=2rD P Pumping i rate t l low enough ht to k keep d drawdown d above b t top of f acquifer if
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Borehole Tests
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