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CE5101 Lecture 2

Darcys Law and Soil P Permeability bili


by Prof Harry Tan A 2011 Aug

O tline Outline
Soil and Ground Water Conditions Unsaturated and Saturated Soils Balance Equations What is Darcys y Law? Permeability Lab Measurement of k Fi ld M Field Measurement t of fk
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Soil and Gro Ground nd Water


Soil are products of weathering forming:
Residual R id l S Soils il ( (weathered th d i in place) l ) Transported Soils (displaced by wind or water)

Physical weathering produce soil particles of gravels, sands and silts Chemical Ch i l weathering th i produce d clay l minerals Kaolin, Illite and Montmorillonite (bentonite)
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Gro nd water Ground ater


All soils are permeable (porous medium) and water flow through interconnected pores of void spaces Saturated soils when voids are completely filled with ground water Unsaturated soils when voids are partially fill d with filled ith water t and d air i i in th the f form of f occluded bubbles held by y tension capillary p y stresses
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Gro nd Water Table Ground


Pressure of pore water is measured relative to atmospheric pressure Pa (taken as zero pore pressure) The water table (GWT) or phreatic surface is the level at Pa or zero pore pressure Atmospheric pressure = 1 bar or 14.7 psi or 100 kPa) Below the WT, the soil is assumed to be fully saturated (positive pore water pressure) Above the WT, the soil is unsaturated (negative pore water pressure or pore water tension or suction) where we have capillary water in Vadose Zone
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Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

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Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

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Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

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Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

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Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

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Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

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Unsat rated/Sat rated Soils Unsaturated/Saturated

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T pes of GWT Types


Hydrostatic Seepage Perched WT Artesian WT

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Hydrostatic GWT
Above WT, pore water held at negative pressure by capillary tension; smaller pores give higher capillary rise; in general degree of saturation decrease with height
u h2 * w

unsaturated

h2

GWT

Soil is saturated below GWT p on local GWT is dependent climate; balance of precipitation, evaporation and plant evapo-transpiration GWT is also affected by , construction activities, especially excavations

Saturated soil

u h1* w

h1
u h1 * w

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Perched GWT
Occur locally, contained by soil of low permeability bilit above b normal l GWT
Perched WT Clay lens GWT Sandy Soils

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Artesian GWT
Inclined soil layer y of high g p permeability y is confined locally y by y overlying y g clayey soil; the pressure in the artesian layer is governed by a higher WT at a distant location where layer is unconfined

GWT

Clayey Soils Cap or Aquiclude

GWT Artesian PWP

Sandy Soils ( Confined Aquifer)

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Balance Eq Equations ations


Fluid Mechanics Balance of Mass (Continuity) Balance of Momentum Balance of Energy gy ( (Heat) ) Most physical problems need the 1st two balance equations If heat not important important, 3rd equation is ignored for flows in soils
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Contin it Eq Continuity Equation ation


e 1 e Vv e V Vs n

vx

x1

x1+vxt

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y
H G

x
E F

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Darcys y Law ( (Conservation of momentum of fluid flow)

FD is drag force of soil skeleton on flowing water

FD
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Permeability

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Permeability

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Permeability
Clay <0.002 0.002 mm <10-9 m/s Silt Fine 0.002 10-8 Medium 0.006 10-7 Coarse 0.02 10-6 Sand Fine 0.06 10-5 Medium 0.2 10-4 Coarse 0.6 10-3 Gravel Fine 2 10-2 Medium 6 10-1 Coarse 20 1 >60 >1 m/s Cobble

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Meas rements of Permeability Measurements Permeabilit


Laboratory Methods
Constant head test Falling head test Hydraulic cell Test

Field Methods
Steady state field pumping tests Falling head bore hole tests Rapid test
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Constant head permeameter


St d state Steady t t test t t
Fl rate q=Q/t Flow Q/ Hydraulic gradient i=h/l Darcys law: v=ki or q=vA = kiA

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Example 1 Constant head test


Temperature correction due to effect on viscosity of water , which increase with higher temperature

w k K

K=absolute permeability in m2
oC

KT 1.299 1.133 1.000 0.906 0 808 0.808 0.670

10 15 20 25 30 40

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Falling head permeameter

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Example 2 Falling head test

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Hydraulic cell permeameter vertical k


Steady state is assumed when inflow and outflow < 10% difference

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Example 3 Hydraulic cell test

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Hydraulic cell permeameter horizontal k


Steady state is assumed when inflow and outflow < 10% difference Theory see pumping test

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Field Permeability Steady State Pumping Tests in Confined Aquifer

Confined aquifer: i=dh/dr and A=2rD P Pumping i rate t l low enough ht to k keep d drawdown d above b t top of f acquifer if
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Pumping Test in Confined Aquifer

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Example 4 Pumping Test in Confined Aquifer

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Example 4 Pumping Test in Confined Aquifer

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Field Permeability Steady State Pumping Tests in Unconfined Aquifer

Confined aquifer: i=dh/dr and A=2rD P Pumping i rate t l low enough ht to k keep d drawdown d above b t top of f acquifer if
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Field Permeability Steady State Pumping Tests in Unconfined Aquifer

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Field Permeability Steady State Pumping Tests in Unconfined Aquifer

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Example 5 Pumping Tests in Unconfined Aquifer

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Example 5 Pumping Tests in Unconfined Aquifer

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Borehole Tests

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Rapid Field Test

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