KNOWLEDGE AREA

TOPIC
ADVANCED PIPING
WATER SUPPLY PIPING
SEWAGE PIPING

Submitted By :
PUNEET ARORA
BEM/NS/585

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLUMBING
2. TYPES
3. WATER SUPPLY PIPING
4. SEWAGE PIPING
5. MATERIALS AVAILABLE
6. SIZING OF PIPES
7. INSTALLATIONS
8. CODES, STANDARDS & REFERENCE MATERIAL

INTRODUCTION - PLUMBING

Plumbing is a Life Science concerned with the provision of infrastructural facilities to

provide a Safe, Hygienic and Comfortable occupancy for all Users of a Building.

The term plumbing is generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid
waste in ordinary domestic or commercial environments, whereas piping is often
used to describe high-performance (e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature,
hazardous materials) conveyance of fluids in specialized applications.

All habitable buildings must have a water supply that is potable (drinkable). That
water supply must be protected from contamination, and must not contaminate the
water supply system or source.

As part of that water supply system, the building must provide appropriate facilities
for personal hygiene, and washing utensils, and hot water that is safe and will not
cause scalding.

All water must discharge to a wastewater system to safeguard people from illness
and protect them from odours and waste matter.

WATER SUPPLY PIPING

Different Water Supply Systems

o

Pressurized closed systems

Gravity Open systems

Minimum Adequate Pressure

o

High End Use - 35 psi min. (2.41 Bar) to 80 psi max. (5.51 Bar)

Minimum Level Use - 5 psi (0.344 Bar)

Maximum Pressure
o

High End Use - 80 psi max. (5.515 Bar)

General Maximum Pressure - 35 psi (2.4 Bar)

SIZING OF PIPES - PROCEDURE

1. Calculate Total No. of Fixture Units
2. Convert to LPM based on Probable Simultaneous Demand
3. Determine Supply Pressures available

4. Determine Pressure Losses in Pipes based on lengths

5. Select sizing of pipes/branches, working from the most remote fixture to the source
point

WATER SUPPLY PIPING

A. Direct Supply Systems

Direct Supply from Main Lines to User Points

Adequate Residual Pressure needs to be available

Most International/Developed Countries use Direct Systems even for Fire

Fighting

Continuous Supply Systems required

In India, Direct Supply is generally not feasible for more than 2 3 floors due
to low pressure and intermittent supply

B. Direct Pumping / Hydro-Pneumatic

Water is pumped directly into the Distribution System

Control Through Jockey Pumps, Pressure Switches, Air Vessels

Advanced Control (Hydro-pneumatic Systems) clubbed with Variable

Frequency Drives

System depends upon a constant power supply. Any failure in the system
results in water supply breakdown

Overhead tanks may be eliminated however smaller size tanks are

recommended as Buffers

User Point Pressure requirements can be designed as per requirements

C. Overhead Tanks Distribution

Overhead Tanks may be filled through direct Mains or through a re-lift pump,
or booster

Overhead tanks of 30 to 50 % of water demand are required, leading to

increased structural loads of the building

Distribution through Gravity

Additional Boosters may be required for Top Floors

In case of High Rise Buildings, Service Floors / Break Floors may be required,
along with Pressure Control Devices

COMMON FITTINGS FOR PIPING

Elbow

Coupling

Union

Reducer

Olets

Tee

Cross

Cap

Plug

Nipple

Barb

Valves

WATER SUPPLY PIPES - MATERIALS

Pipes and specials may be of any of the following types as specified:

Mild Steel / Galvanized Iron (Medium/Heavy, Class b, Class C)

Galvanised steel IS 1239 & IS 4736

Ductile iron

Cast iron centrifugally cast (spun) IS 1536

Copper

Stainless Steel

RCC/Cement

uPVC

CPVC pipes IS 15778

HDPE

Composite Pipes (Pe/AL/PE etc.)

PP-R Pipes IS 15801

PE-AL-PE Pipes IS 15450

PB

In choosing the material for piping and fittings, account shall be taken of the
character of the water to be conveyed through it, the nature of the ground in which
the pipes are to be laid and the relative economics.

COMPARISON OF METALLIC & NON-METALLIC PIPES IN WATER

SUPPLY
SR.No. Description
Metallic Pipe
1 Type
C.I.,D.I.,M.S.,G.I
(i)
Unlined Metallic Pipes
(ii) Metallic Pipes lined with
cement mortar or epoxy lining.

Life and
Durability

Safety

4
5

6
7
8

Non Metallic Pipe

(i) Reinforced Concreate,Prestressed
Concrete,Bar wrapped Steel Cylinder
Concrete, Asbestos Cement.
(ii) Plastic Pipes:- PVC, Polyethylence,
Glass Reinforced Plastic, etc.

The life and durabilty of Metallic Pipes These pipes are more durable ,having
are shorter than Non-Metallic Pipe.
long life span.

Metallic Pipes are more fire resistance

than non metallic pipes.
Transporation Metallic pipe is heavy in weight han
and storage Non-Metallic pipes. So it is difficult in
handling the metallic pipes.
Working
Metallic Pipe can be worked at higher
Pressure
pressure
Laying,
Difficult in Laying, Jointing and
Jointing and maintenance
maintenance
Structural
Its good ability to resist internal
Strengths
pressures and external load.
Fabrication
Difficulty In Fabrication
Meterial Cost Higher than the non metallic pipes

Non-Metallic pipes have very less fire

resistance.
Non-Metallic pipes have low weight. So
it is easy in handling the non-metallic
pipes.
Non-Metallic Pipe works are at low
pressure
Economical in Laying,Jointing and
maintenance
Its poor ability to resist internal
pressures and external load.
Easy In Fabrication
Lower than the metalic pipes

HOW TO DECIDE ON SELECTION OF MATERIAL?

Location & Mode of Installation

Internal Exposed, Chased (Accessibility/Leakages) In

Shafts/Ceilings/Terraces,

External Exposed, Buried, Structural Strength, Loading Conditions

Required Application and Expected Type of Fluid/Water Quality

Quality of water may be acidic/alkali, TDS, Hardness etc. (Plastic Pipe /

Copper Pipe may be used)

R.O. Water may be corrosive (Use Plastic Pipe/SS)

Drinking Water (Plastic Pipes may be Carcinogenic)

Temperature of Supply (Hot/Cold)

Plastic Pipes may have a limited ability to withstand high temperatures/joints

may fail.

Hot water pipes are more prone to corrosion

Required Pressure of Flow

Material & Class depends upon working pressure/water hammer pressures

Size of Pipes

Availability of Commercial Sizes

Cost of Larger sizes for some materials is prohibitive

Availability and Cost of Pipe Material, Transport & Installation

Materials & Fittings to be readily / locally available

Heavier Metallic Pipes may be more expensive

Ease of Installation / Modifications

Flexibility of Installation

Type of Fittings Available, Jointing Materials, Skills required

Life of the Systems
Certifications
Other Important Aspects

Insulation for Hot / Chilled Water Pipes

Corrosion Protection for Chased / Underground Buried Pipes

Control Valves, Flow Meters, Water Meters

Water Hammer

Suction, Delivery & Risers for High Rise Buildings

Sustainability considerations such as embodied energy.

LAYING AND JOINTING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS

General installation requirements
Pipework must:

comply with the durability requirements of Building Code

be compatible with the support

be installed to allow for thermal movement

be protected from freezing by insulation, or being buried below the level of freezing

be protected from damage

be wrapped in flexible material or sleeved when penetrating masonry or concrete.

Where to lay pipework

Pipework may be installed:

in a roof space

under a timber floor

below a concrete slab

Where pipes are buried, they must have:

600 mm cover under trafficked areas

450 mm cover under lawns and garden areas (non-trafficked)

Where pipes are under concrete, they must have 50-year durability.
Where pipes cross other services below ground, they must comply with the details shown in the
following diagram.

Access for maintenance and replacement

Pipes installed in locations that are difficult to access should:

have a detailed durability statement for 50-year service from the manufacturer

if passing through a structural element, be sleeved in a larger pipe that is open at both ends to
allow the pipe to be inspected or replaced if necessary

Be installed in a chase or duct which will provide ready access and will not compromise
structural elements.

Noise and air locks in pipework

Water hammer
Water hammer (or pressure surge) generally occurs in a high pressure system when the flow of water is
suddenly stopped. A sudden fluctuation in flow velocity sets up shockwaves through the pipework,
causing the pipe to vibrate making a hammering sound. It mostly occurs in metal pipes, although it can
occur in plastic pipes.

Fast-acting taps such as lever taps with ceramic disc washers, solenoid valves such as those on washing
machines, spring-closing valves and pumps are often a cause of water hammer. It is related directly to
the water velocity the faster the water travels, the greater likelihood of water hammer.

It is better to prevent water hammer than trying to fix the problem once a building is complete.
To reduce the likelihood of water hammer:

avoid direct contact of pipes with the structure

clip pipes with rubber insulated clips or clip over the pipe insulation

fix pipework rigidly to prevent movement

provide relief bends or flexible sections of pipe to absorb shock

fit grommets or cushioned packers where pipes pass through structural members

size pipework to avoid excessive water velocity (below 3.0 m/s)

Limit system pressure recommended is 350 kPa.

Air locks in water supply pipework

If air enters a water supply system, it will accumulate at high points and can restrict the flow of water. If
there is not enough pressure to push the air bubble through the pipe, the air lock will remain until the
pipeline is manually purged.

Air may enter the system from:

a cylinder vent

the tank if it runs low

water as it is heated.

Low pressure pipes should be graded to allow air to exit from predetermined high points and to prevent
air locks from occurring.

Valves and controls

Valves and controls are required particularly in mains pressure systems to protect water supplies
from contamination and to achieve the desired water pressure, flow and temperature.

SEWAGE & DRAINAGE PIPING

MATERIALS AVAILABLE

Cast Iron 1729/3989/LA Class

uPVC (Agriculture Class IS 4985)

uPVC (SWR Class, Type A/B)

HDPE ETC.

Mild Steel / G.I.

HOW TO DECIDE ON SELECTION OF MATERIAL?

Cost/installation etc. Same as Water Supply Issues

Access/Cleaning /maintenance/Rodding

Fire Resistance/ Rodent Resistance

Internal Abrasion/Chemical Resistance etc.

PIPE FITTINGS
GENDER OF FITTINGS
Piping or tubing are usually (but not always) inserted into fittings to make connections. To avoid confusion,
connections are conventionally assigned a gender of male or female, respectively abbreviated as "M" or
"F". An example of this is a "3/4 inch female adapter NPT," which would have a corresponding male
connection of the same size and thread standard (in this case, NPT).

DRAIN-WASTE-VENT (DWV) AND RELATED FITTINGS

Sweep elbow

Closet flange

Clean-outs

Trap primers

Combo-tee

Sanitary tee

Double sanitary tee (sanitary cross)

Wye fitting

Double-tapped bushing

CONNECTION METHODS

Fastener

Threaded pipe

Solvent welding

Soldering

Brazing

Welding

Compression fittings

Flare fittings

Flange fittings

Mechanical fittings

INDIAN STANDARD CODES & OTHER CODAL PROVISIONS

IS 1172 - Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage & sanitation

IS 2065 - Code of practices for water supply in building

IS 1742 - Code of practice for building drainage

IS 7558 - Code of practice for domestic hot water installation.

Various Other Codes for Materials, Installation, Testing, Measurement etc.

UPCI (Uniform Plumbing Code of India, Indian Plumbing Association and IAPMO)