Plane truss

Prismatic truss

Prismatic truss frame

Truss and space truss

Space truss (2-way spans) Triangular space truss (3-way spans)

Truss structures

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Truss / shear wall

1 Isometric 2 Roof plan 3 Section A Truss B Joist (should rest on truss joints only) C Roof braces (resist lateral load in roof plane) D Shear walls (transfer lateral load to footing) d Depth d=8 at center, d=7 at support Support truss on pilasters (post at wall) Gravity load DL = 20 psf LL = 12 psf (60% of 20psf for trib. area > 600 ft2) = 32 psf Uniform truss load w=32psf x25/1000 w = 0.8 klf Joint load P = 0.8 x 10 P=8k Shear V = 7 P/2 = 7 x 8/2 V = 28 k M=640k Global M = w L2/8 = 0.8 x 802/8 Chord forces: C = T = M/d = 640/8 C = T = 80 k
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Top chord Try DL4x4x Try P6

(KL= 10) (DL=25.60 plf) (DL=18.97 plf)

Use ST4x4x3/8 (DL=17.27 plf) Bottom chord (KL= 0 no buckling) Use 4x3x1/4 (DL=10.51plf) Pall = 85 k > 80 Vertical bar (KL = 7 @ support) Max compression C = max shear C = 28 k Use ST4x2x1/4 (DL=8.81plf) Pall = 32 k > 28 Diagonal bar (KL= 0 - no buckling) Max tension (graphic vector) T = 49 k Use ST4x2x3/16 (DL=6.87plf) Pall = 56 k > 49

Pall = 99 k > 80 Pall = 101 k > 80 Pall = 89 k > 80

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Rectangular Tubing: 4 width aligns with ST4x4

Pipe

DL = double L

Sddeutshe Zeitung, Munich, Printing Plant Architect: Von Seidlein et all

Wind bracing

The design competition result features: 2 wings, joined by gallery with north light A Offices B Newsprint storage (fire rated concrete) C Printing D Gallery E Processing

C
A B C D E

33.75

7.5

37.5

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123

L = 123 e = 38 truss spacing

Steel truss span L = 123 Truss spacing e = 38 Truss depth d = 7.4 Chord bar Lc = 123/10 Lc =12.3 Web bar Lw = ([12.3/2]2+7.42) Lw = 9.6 DL = 32 psf LL = 18 psf (60% of 30 psf for A > 600 ft2) = 50 psf Uniform truss load w = 50 psf x 38/1000 w =1.9 klf Joint load P = w Lc = 1.9 x 12.3 P = 23.4 k Global shear (governs web bars) V = 9P/2 = 9x23.4/2 V = 105 k Max. web bar tension (KL=0, no buckling) Tw = V Lw/d = 105x9.6/7.4 Tw = 136 k Use ST 6x4x 5/16 Pall =155>136 Max. web compression (Lw = 9.6) Cw = Tw Cw = 136 k Use ST 6x4 x pall = 150 > 136

Truss structures

7.4

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7.4

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Span Truss depth Chord bar lengths Lc = 123/10 panels Uniform truss load w = 50 psf x 38/1000 Global moment M=wL2/8=1.9x1232/8 Chord bar forces T=C=M/d=3593/7.4 Top chord (kL= 12.3) Use DL8x8x1 Bottom chord (tension) A = T/Fa = 486/22 Use W12x79
7.4

L = 123 d = 7.4 Lc =12.3 w =1.9 klf M=3593 k T=C=486 k Pall=496>486 A = 22 in2 A = 23.2>22
Joints MUST be concentric (center lines of bars meet at ONE point)
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Truss structures

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L = 217

Speed skating rink, Heerenveen, 1986 Architect: Van der Zee & Ybema Engineer: Arie Krijegsman, ABT Assume: steel truss Allowable stress Fa=22 ksi Truss span L = 217 Truss spacing e = 24 Truss depth d = 19 DL = 0.6 kPa (12.5 psf) LL = 0.5 kPa (10.4 psf) = 1.1 kPa (22.9 psf)

Truss structures

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Uniform truss load w = 24 x 22.9 psf / 1000 w = 0.55 klf Mid span point load (center truss carries round end loads r = 162.5) Tributary area A = (162.5)2/3 Load per truss (16 trusses) P = 27,639 x 22.9 psf /16/1000 Global moment (M = PL/4+wL2/8) M = 40 x 217/4 + 0.55 x 2172/8 Chord bar force C = T = M/d = 5,407 / 19 Bottom chord (KL=0, no buckling) Use W8x48 Top chord un-braced length KL = 217/12 Use W12x65
Truss structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

A= 27,639 ft2 P = 40 k M = 5,407 k C =T = 285 k Pall = 305>285 KL = 18 Pall = 311>285

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Speed skating rink, Heerenveen Holland, 12,500 seats

Truss structures

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PRISMATIC TRUSS AND TRUSS FRAME

IBM sports hall, UK Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw

Sainsbury Center, UK
Architect: Norman Foster Engineer: Anthony Hunt Truss frames may consist of prismatic trusses or flat trusses. Truss frames provide both roof and wall support and resist both gravity and lateral load Prismatic trusses resist buckling Prismatic truss graphic web bar adjustment

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30.8 36

30.8

21 36 21

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0188/Default.aspx

Sainsbury Center, UK, 1977 Architect: Norman Foster Engineer: Anthony Hunt The prismatic truss frame provides stability to prevent lateral buckling. Truss span L = 112 Truss depth & width d = 11 Bar length L = 112 / 12 L =9.3 Load 50 psf x11/1000 w=0.55 klf Reaction R =0.55k x112 /2 R=30.8 k Global moment M = 862 k M = 0.55 plf x 1122/ (8) Top bar compression (2 bars) C = 862 /(11x2) C = 39 k Use 2 P4, allowable C = 49 k Bot. bar tension = 862/11 T= 78 k Bot. use DXP3, allowable T=118 k Max. web bar force P = 21 k (see vectors) Use tension bars P3 P = 48 k Use compr. bars P3 P = 28 k
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Truss structures

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Centre Pompidou, Paris Architect: Piano and Rodgers Engineer: Ove Arup The Centre Pompidou has six levels 60x166 m a mechanical zone at rear and circulation in front. Steel trusses span between outriggers named Gerberettes after the Gerber Beam inventor. The Gerberettes prevent eccentric post bending. Lateral load is resisted by: A-bracing between trusses in width X-bracing in length direction

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Assume: Allowable compressive stress Fa Fa = 207 MPa (30 ksi) DL = 3.2 kN/m2 (67 psf) LL = 4.8 kN/m2 (100 psf) = 8.0 kN/m2 (167 psf) Uniform truss load w = 12.8 m (8 kN/m2) Global moment M = wL2/8 = 102(44.82)/8 Max. chord bar force C = T = M / d = 25,590/2.5 w = 102 kN/m M = 25,590 kN-m C = T = 10,236 kN

Truss structures

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Assume: Max compressive stress Fa = 207 MPa (30 ksi) DL = 3.2 kN/m2 (67 psf) LL = 4.8 kN/m2 (100 psf) = 8.0 kN/m2 (167 psf) From last page C = T = 10,236 kN Tension bars (2 bars) 3 A = 24,725 mm2 A = T/(2Fa) = 10,236/(2x207x10 ) = 2(A/)1/2 = 2(24,725/)1/2 2 177 mm Compression bars (try 2 375x30 mm) Radius of Giration r = 0.122 m r =(D2+d2)1/2/4 =(3752+3152)1/2/4 = 122 mm Unbraced length KL = 44.8m / 7 KL = 6,4 m Slenderness KL/r = 6,4 / 0.122 KL/r = 53 Allowable buckling stress (from AISC table or graph) Fa = 23.88 ksi / 0.145 Fa = 165 Mpa Cross section area (2 bars) A =0.065 m2 A = 2x10-6 (3752-3152) / 4 Stress f = C/A = 10,236/(0.065x103) f = 157 MPa < 165

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At KL/r=53, Fa = 23.88 ksi = 165 MPa

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Lateral bracing: length direction width direction

Truss structures

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Truss structures

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Gerberettes = small Gerber Define zones for circulation in front and ducts at rear

Truss structures

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Gerber beam The Gerber beam is named after its inventor, Dr. Gerber, a 19th century professor at Munich. The Gerber beam has hinges at inflection points to reduce bending moments, taking advantage of continuity, to allow settlements without extra stress. The Gerber beam was developed in response to frequent failures, caused by unequal settlements of 19th century railroad bridges. 1 Simple beams over three spans 2 Reduced bending moment in continuous beam 3 Failure of continuous beam due to unequal foundation settlement, causing one span to double and the bending moment to increase four times. 4 Gerber beam with hinges at inflection points reduces bending yet allows unequal settlement without failure.

Truss structures

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Staggered Truss System Staggered truss systems consist of story-high trusses that span the entire width of the building. Trusses alternate from floor to floor with trusses at each floor between trusses above and below. Staggered trusses provide story-high depth and large spaces between trusses. Mid-span truss panels designed as Vierendeel without diagonal bars provide openings to pass HVAC, etc. through.

Truss structures

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Staggered Truss System Mystic Marriot Hotel Groton, Connecticut Architect: Brennan Beer Gorman Engineer: Wexler & Associates Truss span Truss depth ~ 60 10

Truss spacing 28 Chord bars Web bars Floors 10 wide-flange 10 tubing 8 concrete planks

Truss structures

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Truss details 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Partial truss Gusset plate to join double L bars Gusset plate to join double channel bars Gusset plate to join pipe bars Welded tubing joint

Truss bar options: Double L-shapes Double channels T-bars Pipes Tubing (square or rectangular) Note: Use concentric joints to avoid bending stress
Truss structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 22

Space Truss
Support span = 6 x 16.4 Truss depth L = 98 d = 6

Analysis Point load @ top joints P = 3 k Uniform load equivalent w = 3k/16.4 Global moment M = 0.18 x 982 / 8 M = 216 k w = 0.18 klf

Top chord compression C = M/d = 216 / 6 Bottom chord tension T = M/d = 216 / 6 Multiframe analysis
Truss structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

C = 36 k T = 36 k C = 28-44 k
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Javits Convention Center New York Architect: I M Pei Engineer: Weidlinger

Truss structures

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Currigan Exhibit Hall, Denver Architect: Muchow, Ream, and Larson The space truss has four modules of 240x680 combined size. The two layer truss reduce buckling length of web bars. Top and bottom grids, 10x10 are offset by half a module and joined by pyramidal web bars. Truss bars consist of twin-Ls, joined by gussets. The span/depth ratio is 6.5, DL = 13 psf.

Truss structures

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Festival Plaza, Expo 70, Osaka Architect: Kenzo Tange Engineer: Yoshitomi Suga Six towers support the 108x292 m space truss with pneumatic panels for natural lighting. 10.8x10.8 m chord grids, offset by half modules, are joint by web bars. Span/depth ratios are 11.5 and 8 in length and width, respectively. Assembled at ground with Mero joints, the truss was raised by hydraulic jacks.

Truss structures

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Larkspur ferry terminal, San Francisco Architect: Jacques De Brer Engineer: Kaiser Engineers The triangular plan of 192 side lengths Is supported by 3 inverted pyramids. Plastic roof panels provide natural lighting

Truss structures

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Olympic Arena Barcelona Architect: Arata Isozaki Engineer: Mamoru Kawaguchi The 1992 Olympic arena features a 106x128m Pentadome of five units for assembly at ground and hydraulic lifting to final position. Hinged posts allowed displacement during erection. Linear skylights accentuate the five units.

Truss structures

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Mero joint The popular Mero joint provides concentric Connections for truss bars in any direction. Mero is an abbreviation of the first 2 letters of Dr. Meneringhausen, the inventor, and the first 2 letters of Rohr, German for pipe. A B C D E F Node Web bar Chord bar Roof support Wall support Joint support

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Kurilpa Tensegrety Bridge Brisbane Architect: Cox Rayner Engineer: Ove Arup Length: 430 m, span: 128 m (420)
Concept studies
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Masts and cables

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Iowa River Bridge

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Concord-Pleasant Hill Rail Bridge

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Big Bridge Oshima Japan

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Maxau Rhein Bridge

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Rhein Bridge Nijmegen Holland

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Van Brienenoordbrug Bridge near Rotterdam

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Hudson River Bridge Kingston-Rhinecliff, NY, 1957

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Design great trusses

Truss structures

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