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Any design-submission deliverables may include, but are not limited to: cost estimates and reports market

et survey cost growth reports space-type cost analysis life-cycle cost analysis value engineering studies independent estimate reviews budget analysis construction award bid analysis database information preparation construction modifications & claims analysis value engineering change proposals analysis (VECPS) risk analysis reports The purpose is to establish a cost management system that tracks budgets established based on the prospectus in a Uniformat Level II, comparing cost growth and cost modifications for all Uniformat Level II elements through design, procurement, construction and project completion. For new construction projects, the first study at concept design is intended to review basic design decisions that pertain to areas such as: Siting and building orientation Building form, shape, and massing Layout Proportion of occupiable area to gross area Design criteria Building systems selection options Space program options Building space/volume parameters Vertical and horizontal circulation Major mechanical-electrical-plumbing (MEP) considerations Overall energy considerations Site access/egress Overall phasing/scheduling plans Subsoil conditions and geological data Utility availability Design Estimates In the planning and design stages of a project, various design estimates reflect the progress of the design. At the very early stage, the screening estimate or order of magnitude estimate is usually made before the facility is designed, and must therefore rely on the cost data of similar facilities built in the past. A preliminary estimate or conceptual estimate is based on the conceptual design of the facility at the state when the basic technologies for the design are known. The detailed estimate or definitive estimate is made when the scope of work is clearly defined and the detailed design is in progress so that the essential features of the facility are identifiable. The engineer's estimate is based on the completed plans and specifications when they are ready for the owner to solicit bids from

construction contractors. In preparing these estimates, the design professional will include expected amounts for contractors' overhead and profits. The costs associated with a facility may be decomposed into a hierarchy of levels that are appropriate for the purpose of cost estimation. The level of detail in decomposing the facility into tasks depends on the type of cost estimate to be prepared. For conceptual estimates, for example, the level of detail in defining tasks is quite coarse; for detailed estimates, the level of detail can be quite fine. As an example, consider the cost estimates for a proposed bridge across a river. A screening estimate is made for each of the potential alternatives, such as a tied arch bridge or a cantilever truss bridge. As the bridge type is selected, e.g. the technology is chosen to be a tied arch bridge instead of some new bridge form, a preliminary estimate is made on the basis of the layout of the selected bridge form on the basis of the preliminary or conceptual design. When the detailed design has progressed to a point when the essential details are known, a detailed estimate is made on the basis of the well defined scope of the project. When the detailed plans and specifications are completed, an engineer's estimate can be made on the basis of items and quantities of work. Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life. The primary purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads. If the structure is improperly designed or fabricated, or if the actual applied loads exceed the design specifications, the device will probably fail to perform its intended function, with possible serious consequences. A wellengineered structure greatly minimizes the possibility of costly failures. Structural design process A structural design project may be divided into three phases, i.e. planning, design and construction. Planning: This phase involves consideration of the various requirements and factors affecting the general layout and dimensions of the structure and results in the choice of one or perhaps several alternative types of structure, which offer the best general solution. The primary consideration is the function of the structure. Secondary considerations such as aesthetics, sociology, law, economics and the environment may also be taken into account. In addition there are structural and constructional requirements and limitations, which may affect the type of structure to be designed. Design: This phase involves a detailed consideration of the alternative solutions defined in the planning phase

and results in the determination of the most suitable proportions, dimensions and details of the structural elements and connections for constructing each alternative structural arrangement being considered. Construction: This phase involves mobilization of personnel; procurement of materials and equipment, including their transportation to the site, and actual on-site erection. During this phase, some redesign may be required if unforeseen difficulties occur, such as unavailability of specified materials or foundation problems. Philosophy of designing The structural design of any structure first involves establishing the loading and other design conditions, which must be supported by the structure and therefore must be considered in its design. This is followed by the analysis and computation of internal gross forces, (i.e. thrust, shear, bending moments and twisting moments), as well as stress intensities, strain, deflection and reactions produced by loads, changes in temperature, shrinkage, creep and other design conditions. Finally comes the proportioning and selection of materials for the members and connections to respond adequately to the effects produced by the design conditions. The criteria used to judge whether particular proportions will result in the desired behavior reflect accumulated knowledge based on field and model tests, and practical experience. Intuition and judgment are also important to this process. The traditional basis of design called elastic design is based on allowable stress intensities which are chosen in accordance with the concept that stress or strain corresponds to the yield point of the material and should not be exceeded at the most highly stressed points of the structure, the selection of failure due to fatigue, buckling or brittle fracture or by consideration of the permissible deflection of the structure. The allowable stress method has the important disadvantage in that it does not provide a uniform overload capacity for all parts and all types of structures. The newer approach of design is called the strength design in reinforced concrete literature and plastic design in steel-design literature. The anticipated service loading is first multiplied by a suitable load factor, the magnitude of which depends upon uncertainty of the loading, the possibility of it changing during the life of the structure and for a combination of loadings, the likelihood, frequency, and duration of the particular combination. In this approach for reinforced-concrete design, theoretical capacity of a structural element is reduced by a capacityreduction

factor to provide for small adverse variations in material strengths, workmanship and dimensions. The structure is then proportioned so that depending on the governing conditions, the increased load cause fatigue or buckling or a brittle-facture or just produce yielding at one internal section or sections or cause elastic-plastic displacement of the structure or cause the entire structure to be on the point of collapse. It is an established fact that uncertainties are associated with loading, material properties, geometry and other aspects of design of structure. These uncertainties must be taken into account in order to achieve a design that can take care of the inadequacies associated with the code provisions. Reliability-based design approach was therefore adopted for the design of a pitched portal frame. There are many sources of uncertainties inherent in structural design. Despite what designers often think, the parameters of the loading and load-carrying capacities of structural members are not deterministic quantities (quantities which are perfectly known). They are random variables, and thus absolute safety (or zero probability of failure) cannot be achieved. Consequently, structures must be designed to serve their function with a finite probability of failure [2]. Society expects engineering structures to be designed with a reasonable safety level. In practice, these expectations are achieved by specifying design values for minimum strengths, maximum allowable deflections, and so on. Code requirements have evolved to include design criteria that take into account some of the sources of uncertainties in design. Such criteria are often referred to as reliability-based design criteria. The resistance of a structural member and the loadings applied are functions of various variables, most of which are random [3]. Therefore, the use of reliability-based approach in the design of structures enables the structural safety to be treated in a more rational manner. The study of structural reliability is therefore concerned with the calculation and prediction of the probability of limit state violation for engineered structures at any stage during their life. In particular, the study of structural safety is concerned with the violation of the ultimate or serviceability limit states for the structure [4]. Cold formed steel section are extensively used in industrial and many other non-Industrial constructions worldwide. The design of industrial building is governed mainly by functional requirements and the need for economy of construction. In cross-sections these buildings will range from single or multibay structures of larger span when intended for use as warehouses or aircraft hangers to smaller span buildings as required for factories, assembly plants, maintenance facilities, packing plants etc. The main dimensions will nearly always be dictated by the particular operational activities involved, but the structural designers input on optimum spans and the selection of suitable cross-sections profile can have an important bearing on achieving overall economy. An aspect where the structural designer can make a more direct contribution is in lengthwise dimensions i.e. the bay lengths of the building. Here a balance must be struck between larger bays involving fewer, heavier main components such as columns, trusses, purlins, crane beams, etc. and smaller bays with a large number of these items at lower unit mass. An important consideration in this regard is the cost of foundations, since a reduction in number of columns will always result in lower foundation costs.

ORIGIN OF COLD-FORM STEEL CONCEPT Cold-Form Steel buildings are a predetermined assembly of structural members that has proven over time to meet a wide range of structural and aesthetic requirements. Cold-Form Steel building concept originated during World War II in 1960s in the United States and made available in India in late 90s. During World War II, best known Pre-fabricated building i.e. Which became a household word was mass produced by hundreds of thousands to meet a need for inexpensive and standardized shelter. Requiring no special skills, these structures are assembled with only hand tools and with no greater effort could be readily dismantled and moved and re-erected somewhere else. The scientific term Cold-Form Steel buildings came into being in the 1960s. The buildings were Cold- Form Steel because like their ancestors, they relief upon standard engineering designs for a limited number of off the shelf configurations. As long as the purchaser standard designs the buildings could be properly called Cold-Form Steel. 1.5 COMPONENTS OF COLD-FORM STEEL BUILDING

The planning of an Industrial building is based on functional requirements i.e. on the operations to be performed inside the building. In the planning of an Industrial building, due Consideration should be given to factors such as wide area of primary frames, large height, large doors and openings, large span of primary frames , consistent to give minimum weight of primary frames, purlins, girts , eave struts etc. and lighting and sanitary arrangement. The site for a proposed plant is in general, preselected before it comes for design. But it is better to discuss with the designer the preliminary plans in advance. This gives the designer an opportunity to choose a suitable site giving due consideration to future developments. Some of the factors governing the site selection are as listed below:

be available for storage of raw materials and finished products. Sufficient space should be available for transportation facilities to deliver raw materials and collect the finished products. 2.2 PRIMARY COLD-FROM STEEL FRAME Assuming that a Cold-From Steel building system is selected for the project at hand, the next milestone is choosing among the available types of Cold-From Steel primary frame. Proper selection of the primary framing, the backbone of Cold-from Steel buildings, goes a long way toward a successful implementation of the design steps to follow. Some of the factors that influence the choice of main framing include:

-free clear spans.

At present five basic types of Cold-From Steel frame are currently in the market:

-span rigid frame. -span rigid frame. -to frame. Frame width is measured between the outside surfaces of girts and eave struts. Clear span is the distance between the inside faces of the columns. Eave height is measured between the bottom of the column base plate and eave strut. Clear height is the distance between the floor and the lowest point of the structure. A portal frame consists of vertical member called Columns and top member which may be horizontal, curved or pitched. The vertical and top members built monolithically are considered as rigidly connected. They are used in the construction of large sheds, bridges and viaducts. The base of portal frame may be hinged or fixed. The portal frames are spaced at suitable distance and it supports the slab above the top members. The portal frames have high stability against lateral forces such as wind and earthquake and the moments in the top beam are also reduced. But at the same time, large moments are induced in the columns which become more costly. A portal frame is a statically indeterminate structure. In the case of buildings, the portal frames are generally spaced at intervals of 3 to 4m with a reinforced concrete slab cast monolithically between the frames. Frames used for ware house sheds and workshop structures are provided with sloping of purlins and asbestos sheet roofing between the portal frames. The base of the columns of the portal frames are either fixed or hinged. Generally the columns having raft or piles are considered as fixed for analysis purpose.

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