Slide 1

Computer Organization
01
Introduction Computer Evolution & Performance

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Slide 2

KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN
Link to Dokumen Kontrak Perkuliahan
Materi kuliah dan praktikum dapat diunduh dari LMS
Enrolement key untuk LMS: orkom1p8genap1314

DEPARTEMEN ILMU KOMPUTER INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

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Slide 3

Architecture & Organization 1

Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,

I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.

e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

Organization is how features are implemented

Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated

addition?

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Slide 4

Architecture & Organization 2

All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture

The IBM System/370 family share the same basic

architecture
This gives code compatibility
At least backwards (with some notes)
Virtual machine?
Emulator?

Organization differs between different versions

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Slide 5

Structure & Function

Structure is the way in which components relate to each

other
Function is the operation of individual components as part of
the structure

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Slide 6

Function
All computer functions are:
Data processing
Data storage
Data movement

Control

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Slide 7

Functional View

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Slide 8

Operations (a) Data movement

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Slide 9

Operations (b) Storage

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Slide 10

Operation (c) Processing from/to

storage

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Slide 11

Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O

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Slide 12

Structure - Top Level

Peripherals

Computer
Central
Processing
Unit

Computer

Main
Memory

Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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Slide 13

Microcontroller: computer miniature

Computer miniature: Processor, Memory, and I/O
Usually used for specific applications (not general
purpose)
Home security
Calculator
Youll learn microcontroller 8051 (the most widely
used in the market)
@Practical Course (this afternoon)

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Slide 14

Structure - The CPU

CPU
Computer

Arithmetic
and
Logic Unit

Registers

I/O
System
Bus
Memory

CPU

Internal CPU
Interconnection

Control
Unit

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Slide 15

Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit
CPU

Sequencing
Logic

ALU
Internal
Bus
Registers

Control
Unit

Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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Slide 16

First Generation Computers

ENIAC - background
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
Eckert and Mauchly

University of Pennsylvania
Trajectory tables for weapons
Started 1943

Finished 1946
Too late for war effort

Used until 1955

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Slide 17

ENIAC - details
Decimal (not binary)

20 accumulators of 10 digits
Programmed manually by switches
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
1,800 square feet (167.225 m2)
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second (faster than other mechanical

computers available at that time)

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Slide 18

von Neumann/Turing
Stored Program concept

Main memory storing programs and data

ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and

executing
Input and output equipment operated by control unit
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
IAS

Completed 1952
Prototype for all other general purpose computers

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Slide 19

Structure of von Neumann machine

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Slide 20

IAS - details
1000 memory space (words) x 40 bit
Binary number
Number bits: 1 sign bit and 39 value bits
Instruction bits: 2 x 20 instruction
8 opcode or operating code to specify the operation
12 address bits

Set of registers (storage in CPU)

Memory Buffer Register (MBR)

Memory Address Register (MAR)
Instruction Register (IR)
Instruction Buffer Register (IBR)
Program Counter (PC)
Accumulator (AC)
Multiplier Quotient (MQ)

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Slide 21

Structure of IAS
detail
Memory Buffer Register

(MBR)
Memory Address Register
(MAR)
Instruction Register (IR)
Instruction Buffer Register
(IBR)
Program Counter (PC)
Accumulator (AC)
Multiplier Quotient (MQ)

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Slide 22

Commercial Computers
1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)

US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
Faster
More memory

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Slide 23

IBM
Punched-card processing equipment

1953 - the 701

IBMs first stored program computer
Scientific calculations

1955 - the 702

Business applications

Lead to 700/7000 series

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Slide 24

Second Generation Computers

Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller
Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
Solid State device

Made from Silicon (Sand)

Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
William Shockley et al.

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Slide 25

Transistor Based Computers

Second generation machines

NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines

Followed by IBM 7000 series
DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) - 1957
Produced PDP-1

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Slide 26

Third Generation Computers

Microelectronics
Literally - small electronics
A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and

interconnections
These can be manufactured on a semiconductor
e.g. silicon wafer

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Slide 27

Moores Law
Increased density of components on chip

Gordon Moore co-founder of Intel

Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
Since 1970s development has slowed a little
Number of transistors doubles every 18 - 24 months
Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving

higher performance
Smaller size gives increased flexibility
Reduced power and cooling requirements
Fewer interconnections increases reliability

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Slide 28

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Slide 29

IBM 360 series

1964

Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series

First planned family of computers
Similar or identical instruction sets
Similar or identical O/S
Differentiated by: speed, number of I/O ports (i.e. more

terminals), memory size, and cost

Multiplexed switch structure

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Slide 30

IBM 360 series: multiplexed switch

structure

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Slide 31

DEC PDP-8
1964

First minicomputer
Did not need air conditioned room
Small enough to sit on a lab bench
$16,000
$100k+ for IBM 360

Embedded applications & OEM (Original Equipment

Manufacturers)
BUS STRUCTURE

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Slide 32

DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure

Omnibus: 96 separated signal channel

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Slide 33

Later generation computers

Semiconductor Memory
1970
Fairchild
Size of a single magnetic core
i.e. 1 bit of storage

Holds 256 bits

Non-destructive read

Much faster than core, but price per bit was higher than core
Capacity approximately doubles each year price per bit

decreased significantly

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Slide 34

Intel: Microprocessor
1971 Intel 4004
First microprocessor
All CPU components on a single chip
4 bit

Followed in 1972 by Intel 8008

8 bit
Both designed for specific applications

1974 Intel 8080

Intels first general purpose microprocessor

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Slide 35

Speeding it up
Pipelining

On board cache
On board L1 & L2 cache
Branch prediction
Data flow analysis
Speculative execution

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Slide 36

Performance Balance
Processor speed increased

Memory capacity increased

Memory speed lags behind processor speed

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Slide 37

Processor and Memory Performance

Gap

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Slide 38

Solutions
Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
Make DRAM wider rather than deeper

Change DRAM interface

Cache

Reduce frequency of memory access

More complex cache and cache on chip

Increase interconnection bandwidth

High speed buses
Hierarchy of buses

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Slide 39

Handling I/O Devices

Peripherals with intensive I/O demands

Large data throughput demands

Processors can handle this demand, but there is a problem on

moving the data between processor and peripheral

Solutions:
Caching
Buffering
Higher-speed interconnection buses
More elaborate bus structures
Multiple-processor configurations

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Slide 40

Typical I/O Device Data Rates

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Slide 41

The Key is Balance

Processor components

Main memory
I/O devices
Interconnection structures

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Slide 42

Intel Microprocessor Performance

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Slide 43

New Approach Multiple Cores

Multiple processors on single chip
Large shared cache
Within a processor, increase in performance proportional to

square root of increase in complexity

If software can use multiple processors, doubling number of

processors almost doubles performance

So, use two simpler processors on the chip rather than one more
complex processor
With two processors, larger caches are justified
Power consumption of memory logic less than processing logic

Example: IBM POWER4

Two cores based on PowerPC

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Slide 44

Pentium Evolution (1)

8080
first general purpose microprocessor
8 bit data path
Used in first personal computer Altair
8086
much more powerful
16 bit machine
instruction cache, pre-fetch few instructions
8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC

80286
16 MByte memory addressable
80386
32 bit
Support multitasking

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Slide 45

Pentium Evolution (2)

80486
sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
built in math co-processor

Pentium
Superscalar
Multiple instructions executed in parallel

Pentium Pro

Increased superscalar organization

Aggressive register renaming
branch prediction
data flow analysis
speculative execution

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Slide 46

Pentium Evolution (3)

Pentium II
MMX technology
graphics, video & audio processing
Pentium III
Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
Pentium 4
Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium
64 bit
see chapter 15
Itanium 2
Hardware enhancements to increase speed
See Intel web pages for detailed information on processors

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Slide 47

Summary
Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
Transistor - 1958-1964
Small scale integration - 1965 on
Up to 100 devices on a chip

Medium scale integration - to 1971

100-3,000 devices on a chip

Large scale integration - 1971-1977

3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip

Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991

100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Ultra large scale integration 1991 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

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Slide 48

Tugas 1: Benchmark
Pelajari:

Processor time,T
MIPS rate
MFLOPS rate
Ratio of reference run-time to the system run
time

Amdahls Law (Speedup)

Materi-materi di atas akan menjadi bahan Quiz minggu

depan (quiz sebelum praktikum)

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Slide 49

Tugas 1: Benchmark
Bandingkan 2 komputer dengan spesifikasi yang berbeda
Baca contoh-contoh software perbandingan di

www.tomshardware.com dan www.anandtech.com

3dmark
SiSoft Sandra
Windows Experience Index

Buat laporan benchmark tidak lebih dari 5 halaman

Kelompok: sesuai dengan kelompok untuk praktikum,

satu kelompok 2 orang

Pembagian kelompok untuk P1, P2, dan P3; dan
Pergantian jadwal untuk P1

akan didiskusikan saat praktikum

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Slide 50

References
Stallings W., Computer Organization and Architecture, 9th

Ed., 2012, Prentice Hall

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