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THEORY STRUCTURES

THEORY OF STRUCTURES DEALS W/ THE PRINCIPLES & METHODS BY W/C THE DIRECT STRESS, THE SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT AND THE DEFLECTION AT ANY SECTION OF EACH CONSTITUENT MEMBER IN THE STRUCTURE MAYBE CALCULATED

Structural Engineering
Structural Engineering
is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. involved in the design of buildings and large nonbuilding structures Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and analysis

Structural Engineering
Structural Engineer may specialize in
bridge engineering, building engineering, pipeline engineering, Industrial structures or special structures such as vehicles or aircraft.

Building structures

Sydney Opera House, designed by Ove Arup & Partners, with the architect Jorn Utzon

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Building structures

Earthquake engineering structures

Millennium Dome in London, UK, by Buro Happold and Richard Rogers.

Earthquake-proof and massive pyramid El Castillo, Chichen Itza

Earthquake engineering structures

Civil Engineering Structures

Civil structural engineering includes all structural engineering related to the built environment. It includes: Bridges Dams Earthworks Foundations Offshore structures Pipelines Power stations Railways Retaining structures and walls Roads Tunnels Waterway

napshot of shake-table testing [1] of a base-isolated (right) and a regular (left) building model

Civil Engineering Structures

Civil Engineering Structures

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Civil Engineering Structures

Civil Engineering Structures

Civil Engineering Structures

Structural Elements
Any structure is essentially made up of only a small number of different types of elements:\ Columns Beams Plates Arches Shells Catenaries

Structural Elements
Columns are elements that carry only axial force either tension or compression - or both axial force and bending Beams are elements which carry pure bending only
A beam may be: cantilevered (supported at one end only with a fixed connection) simply supported (supported vertically at each end; horizontally on only one to withstand friction, and able to rotate at the supports) continuous (supported by three or more supports) a combination of the above (ex. supported at one end and in the middle)

Structural Elements
A truss is a structure comprising two types of structural element, ie struts and ties. A strut is a relatively lightweight column and a tie is a slender element designed to withstand tension forces. In a pin-jointed truss (where all joints are essentially hinges), the individual elements of a truss theoretically carry only axial load

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Structural Elements
Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.

Structural Elements
Arches carry forces in compression in one direction only, which is why it is appropriate to build arches out of masonry. They are designed by ensuring that the line of thrust of the force remains within the depth of the arch. Catenaries derive their strength from their form, and carry transverse forces in pure tension by deflecting (just as a tightrope will sag when someone walks on it). They are almost always cable or fabric structures. A fabric structure acts as a catenary in two directions.

Loads on the Structure

live (imposed) loads, dead loads, earthquake (seismic) loads, wind loads, soil pressure loads, fluid pressure loads, impact loads, and vibratory loads

Live Loads
Live loads are transitory or temporary loads, and are relatively unpredictable in magnitude. They may include the weight of a building's occupants and furniture, and temporary loads the structure is subjected to during construction.

Dead Loads
Dead loads are permanent, and may include the weight of the structure itself and all major permanent components. Dead load may also include the weight of the structure itself supported in a way it wouldn't normally be supported, for example during construction.

Impact Loads
EXTRA OR EXCESS EFFECT DUE TO THE SUDDEN OR ABRUPT APPLICATION OF LOADS

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Methods of Analysis
FX = 0

Statical determinacy
A statically determinate structure can be fully analysed using only consideration of equilibrium, from Newton's Laws of Motion. A statically indeterminate structure has more unknowns than equilibrium considerations can supply equations for (simultaneous eqn). Such a system can be solved using consideration of equations of compatibility between geometry and deflections in addition to equilibrium equations.

FY = 0
M = 0

Materials
Steel Concrete Masonry Timber Others