CHNG 5 H HP T BO

I. I CNG
1.S tin dng v thoi dng
S tin dng (anabolism): nhng phn t n gin hn cht hu c phc tp. V d: Quang hp S thoi dng (catabolism): phn ct nhng phn t hu c phc tp (t thc n) phn t n gin hn, v hp thu nng lng. V d: H hp hiu kh (HHHK)

S bin dng

nh ngha HHHK
L qu trnh thoi dng chuyn i nng lng trong cht hu c (thc n) thnh nng lng ha hc (ATP).

Phn ng oxy ha kh

Energy

2. Ty th

mng ngoi

cristae matrix

ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
ng 5-Carbon (Ribose) Base Nitric (Adenine) 3 nhm Phosphate L tin t nng lng Lin kt cao nng gia cc nhm phosphate Khi nhm phosphate mt i s gii phng nng lng
Phosphate groups Adenine

Ribose Adenosine AMP (Adenosine monophosphate ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

II. H HP CARBOHYDRATE
Tinh bt (trong thc vt) Glucose Glycogen (trong ng vt) H hp ym kh H hp hiu kh

H hp ym kh

H hp hiu kh

ng phn (c hoc khng O2) ng phn (c hoc khng O2) Ln men (lactic/ru) (khng O2) S oxy ha pyruvate (c O2) Chu trnh Krebs Chui truyn in t v s phosphoryl ha thm thu

1. ng phn (glycolysis)
Gm 10 phn ng chnh: - Pha 1: u t nng lng + Bc 1: u t nng lng (phn ng 1,2,3) + Bc 2: to cht trung gian PGAL (phn ng 4,5) - Pha 2: Thu hoch nng lng + Bc 3: phosphoryl ha PGAL (phn ng 6) phn ng oxi ha kh cht kh NADH phn ng phosphoryl ha PGAL, gc phosphat c gn vo PGAL bng mt cu ni giu nng lng. + Bc 4: tng hp ATP (phn ng 7-10) S phosphoryl ha mc c cht (substrate-level phosphorylation).

Pha 1

2 4

3 5

Pha 2
6

ATP: Substrate-level phosphorylation

10

 Sn phm ca ng phn:
- Mt phn t glucose: 2 ATP, 2 NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), 2 Pyruvate -V khng s dng oxy, qu trnh c th xy ra d c s hin din ca O2 hay khng hin din. -Xy ra trong dch t bo cht (cytosol), bn ngoi ty th. -Xy ra mi sinh vt. S ng phn l qu trnh trao i cht, c t khi tri t mi hnh thnh, cha c oxi. Cc vi khun c s dng con ng ny to nng lng ATP cho n trc khi xut hin kh oxi.

Pha 1

2 PGAL

2 PGAL

Pha 1

Pha 2

2. S ln men (Fermentation)
Xy ra trong iu kin thiu hoc khng c oxy, pyruvic s nhn hydro v in t t NADH to sn phm ln men. Khng to ATP S h hp him kh ch thu c ATP t qu trnh ng phn. Ct li ca s ln men l s oxi ha NADH to ra NAD+ cn thit cho qu trnh ng phn (phn ng 6) tip tc.

Ln men ru

t bo thc vt, nm men, vi khun

Ln men Lactic Acid

t bo ng vt v vi sinh vt

3. S oxi ha pyruvate
O2 hin din l cht nhn in t cui cng t NADH Acid pyruvic s c a vo ty th v tip tc c bin dng nhiu ATP mi.
2 Pyruvate 2 CO2 2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA

4. Chu trnh Krebs / Ct acid citric

Xy ra Matrix ca ty th

Sn phm ca 3 giai on: (ng phn, oxi ha pyruvate, chu trnh Krebs)
- 6 CO2 (nu TV, CO2 vo quang hp; nu V, CO2 c hemoglobin chuyn n phi ra ngoi) - 4 ATP (2 ng phn, 2 chu trnh Krebs) nh s phosphoryl ha mc c cht. - 10 NADH (2 ng phn, 2 oxy ha pyruvic, 6 ct Krebs), d tr NL - 2 FADH2 (ct Krebs), d tr NL

5. S trao i nng lng v iu ha trong qu trnh h hp

NADH v FADH2 i vo ETC. NADH v FADH2 gii phng in t vo cc cht vn chuyn in t trn mng ca cristae. Proton c bm vo ngn ngoi (ngc chiu nng ) Oxy l cht nhn in t cui cng O2 + 2 electrons + 2 H+ (t NADH v FADH2) H2O. To ATP nh phosphoryl ha thm thu (oxy ha)

T NADH v FADH2 c trong ty th ATP

NADH

NAD+

FADH2

T NADH c trong TBC ATP

NADH Cytosol

HINH
COMPLEX I COMPLEX III COMPLEX II

COMPLEX IV

ATP Synthetase

NADH

NAD+ FADH2

Tng s ATP to thnh khi h hp hiu kh 1 glucose

II. H HP LIPID V PROTEIN

Proteins v Lipids phi c phn gii thnh monomer (mt s monomer cn c phn gii thnh cc cht trung gian) v hp th vo t bo. - S oxy ha hon ton 1g cht bo cho nng lng 2 gram carbohydrate. - S oxy ha hon ton 1g protein cho nng lng 1g carbohydrate Tham gia vo qu trnh h hp t bo nh carbohydrate v to nng lng

SO SNH QUANG HP V H HP
Quang hp Ni xy ra Khi xy ra u vo Sn phm Ngun nng lng Nng lng to thnh Phn ng Cht mang nng lng T bo c chlorophyll Khi c nh sng (pha sng) CO2, H2O Cht hu c, O2, H2O nh sng Nng lng d tr S kh ca cc hp cht carbon NADPH H hp Tt c t bo Mi thi im Hp cht hu c v O2 CO2 v H2O Lin kt ha hc ATP S oxy ha cc hp cht carbon NADH v FADH2