ABSTRACT

Diesel engines are widely used in major sectors of any country because of its higher thermal efficiency and durability than petrol engine. Even though diesel engines produce more power, the pollutants emitted by them causes adverse effect on the environment, and also earth is running short of fossil fuel. Out of various pollutants smoke and NOx emission is significant. If measures are taken to reduce one parameter other parameter tends to increase. And also no obvious modifications to the engine design remain to further reduce particulates and NOx emissions, the industry is forced to resort to expensive after treatment methods. In order to reduce dependence on after treatment methods, additives like oxygenates are added. In the present investigation, three oxygenated additives were chosen namely dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diglyme (DGM), diethyl ether (DEE). They were mixed with standard diesel in proportions of 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. Investigations were carried out to reduce the smoke emissions of stationary diesel engine with the above blends with minimum decrease in NO x emissions and minimum decrease in brake thermal efficiency. Design of experiments (DOE) method was employed to identify the experiments to be conducted on the engine. Three factors namely fuel additive, % volume of blend and injection timing was selected as influencing factors for the investigation. To critically examine the effect of influencing factors on the chosen objective, three levels were chosen for each factor. Taguchis L9 orthogonal array (OA) was used to reduce the number of experiments to be conducted. Through multi response optimisation technique, optimum combination of fuel additive, percentage volume of blend and fuel injection timing were determined to reduce the smoke emissions and NOx emissions without much decrease in brake thermal efficiency.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

i vi vii viii

INTRODUCTION 1.1 ENERGY SCENARIO 1.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TRANSPORTATION SECTOR 1.3 THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 1.4 POLLUTANTS FROM DIESEL ENGINES 1.5 OXYGENATES FOR DIESEL FUELS 1.6 OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMISSION 1.7 PRESENT WORK 1.7.1 Organisation of the Report

1 1

3 4 6 7 8 8 9

LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 GENERAL 2.2 OXYGENATED ADDITIVES-THE NEED 2.3 OXYGENATE SELECTION 2.4 DIMETHYL CARBONATE 2.5 DIGLYME 2.6 DIETHYL ETHER 2.7 NOX REDUCTION 2.8 SUMMARY
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10 10 11 13 14 15 16 18 19

CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

2.9 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT WORK

20

SELECTION OF ADDITIVES AND ITS PROPERTIES 3.1 GENERAL 3.2 SELECTION OF OXYGENATED ADDITIVES 3.3 ADDITIVE PROPERTIES 21 21 21 23

METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMISATION OF ENGINE PARAMETERS 4.1 OPTIMISATION OF ENGINE PARAMETERS 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1.2 TAGUCHI DESIGN 4.1.3 SELECTION OF FACTORS 4.1.4 SELECTION OF LEVELS OF FACTORS 4.1.5 SECTION OF ORTHOGONAL ARRAY (OA) 4.1.6 ASSIGNMENT OF FACTORS TO COLUMNS 4.1.7 ENGINE TESTING 4.1.7.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 4.1.7.2 EMISSION MEASUREMENT 4.1.7.3 TEST PROCEDURE FOR STATIONARY ENGINES 4.1.8 ANALYSIS OF RESULT 4.1.8.1 LOSS FUNCTION 34 35 35 32 32 32 34 31 27 27 27 28 29 30

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CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

4.1.8.2 NORMALIZING OF LOSS FUNCTION 4.1.8.3 ASSIGNING WEIGHTING FACTOR 4.1.8.4 MULTI-RESPONSE SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO 4.1.8.5 OPTIMUM COMBINATION OF FACTOR LEVELS 4.1.8.6 ANOVA (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE) 4.2 CONFIRMATION EXPERIMENT 38 40 38 38 36 36

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 GENERAL 5.2 FACTOR INFLUENCE 5.2.1 INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR SMOKE 5.2.2 INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR NOX 5.2.3 INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR BTE 5.3 COMBINATION OF FACTOR LEVELS 5.4 MULTI RESPONSE SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO 5.5 TAGUCHI PARAMETRIC DESIGN 5.6 PERCENTAGE INFLUENCE OF FACTOR ON CHOSEN OBJECTIVE AT DIFFERENT LOADS 5.7 EFFECT OF WEIGHT FACTOR 5.8 CONFIRMATION EXPERIMENT

41 41 41 41 42 42 43 45 45

48 50 51

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CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

CONCLUSION 6.1 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

53 53

APPENDIX: MODEL CALCULATION FOR MRSN RATIO AND ITS VARIANCE REFERENCES 55 64

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

CONTENT

PAGE NO.

2.1 3.1 3.2

LIST OF NON-METALLIC OXYGENATES PROPERTIES OF THE ADDITIVES PROPERTIES OF THE OXYGENATED FUEL BLENDS

12 24

26 31 32 33 34

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1

FACTORS WITH THEIR LEVELS L9 ORTHAGONAL ARRAY SPECIFICATION OF STATIONARY ENGINE SPECIFICATION OF EXHAUST GAS ANALYSER OPTIMUM COMBINATIONS OF FACTOR LEVELS AT DIFFERENT LOAD CONDITIONS

44 46 46 47

5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

MRSN TABLE FOR NO LOAD MRSN TABLE FOR PART LOAD MRSN TABLE FOR FULL LOAD FACTOR EFFECT ON MRSN RATIO FOR TESTED FUELS AT DIFFERENT LOADS

47 51 52

5.6 5.7 5.8

EFFECT OF WEIGHTING FACTOR OPTIMUM COMBINATIONS RESPONSE VARIABLES AT OPTIMIZED CONDITION LEVELS

52

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

CONTENT

PAGE NO.

1.1

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 2

4.1

FLOWCHART OF THE EXPERIMENTATION PROCEDURE 28 29 33 41 42 43

4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

COMPONENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN LAYOUT OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR SMOKE INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR NOX INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR BTE PERCENTAGE INFLUENCE OF FACTOR ON OBJECTIVE AT NO LOAD, PART LOAD AND FULL LOAD CONDITIONS

48

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Symbols %

Percentage

Brake thermal efficiency Joules Kelvin Loss function of ith response variable in the experiment Percentage contribution of each influencing factor Normalized loss function of ith for the response variable in jth experiment

J K Lij P Sij SSe SSf SSt TL Wi Yi Yijk

Sum of squares of errors Sum of squares of each influencing factor Total sum of squares Total loss function of each experiment weighing factor for the ith response variable Response variable of the ith experiment Experimental value of the ith response variable in the jth experiment at the kth test. (k=2)

Abbreviations ASTM AVL CAD CI CO CO2 DEE DGM American Society for Testing and Materials Manufactures Name Crank Angle in Degree Compression Ignition Carbon Monoxide Carbon Di-Oxide Di-Ethyl Ether Diglyme (Di-Ethylene Glycol di-Methyl ether)
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DMC kJ/kg mm MRSN NOx O2 OA ppm

Di-Methyl Carbonate kilo Joule per Kilogram millimeter Multi Response Signal to Noise Oxides of Nitrogen Oxygen Orthogonal Array parts per million

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