Exam terms

Ancient near east

Cuneiform and Hieroglyphs Cuneiform part of Mesopotamia, hieroglyphs part of Egypt, central for a complex society, first forms of writing for both. Deuterononism Israel, 3 elements, if you do good things god will reward you, if you do bad things he will punish you. You only worship in Jerusalem and also the descent of David will always rule Israel. Develop of orthodoxy.

India
Zoroastrianism Cosmos as universal, love is god, drug and asha. Asha (moral, factual) drug (immoral, evil) they are in conflict. Hinduism Reincarnation based on karma depend on which cast you born into, and the ultimate goal is to become one with Brahma. Buddhism Escaping from suffering 4 nobles truths: 1. 2. 3. 4. Suffering is universal Attachment to things that causes suffering You can rationally understand it Way to escape suffering, and achieve lighting is following the 8 full paths

China
Confucianism Teach morality, proper behavior, in order social harmony. Hencius, xunzi, Confucius. Hencius, people are good. Xunzi, people are bad if you dont teach them to be good. Taonism Chill out. Solving problems action (dont do anything). It is also a philosophical tradition that emphasizes living in harmony.

Greece
Plato Greek Philosopher (cosmos as rational) capable of understanding the world. Idea of perfect form (ideal version, deductive tough), deductive, start with an idea and test the evidence against the idea. Aristotle Inductive (start from little and create the idea of solution) logic is a system of evaluating factual and logical systems. Inductive, observe the world and explain it. Islam Abrahamic religion, where muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the of existence is to submit to and serve to Allah. Silk road Is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the asian continent connecting west and east by traders and merchants. Black death The black death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. Resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people. SINGLE STAR TERMS: Homer Is the author of the liad and odyssey, and is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets. Polis it is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city states, like classical Athens and its contemporaries. Sparta and Athens also describe as the Peloponnesian war fought by these two empires. Sparta emerged as political entity around the 10th century BC, Athens dominates the Africa region and is one of the worlds oldest cities. Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus Caria and lived in the century BC. Thucydides was a Greek historian and Athenian general. His history of the Peloponnesian was recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Peloponnesian war was ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire the Peloponnesian league led by Sparta. Philip II was a king of Spain and Portugal as Philip I. During his marriage to queen Mary I, he was the king of England and Ireland and pretender to the kingdom of France.

Alexander the great commonly known as Alexander the great, was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC. Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. Exam terms 2 Rabbinic Judaism 3 main points (rabbi, torah tanakh, synagogues) survived because is portable,. Rabbinic Judaism became the predominant stream within the Jewish diaspora between the 2nd and 6th centuries with the redaction of the oral law and the Talmud as the authoritative interpretation of Jewish scripture. Christianity Two types of religions, the one that adapt and the one that doesnt. Two main people in Christianity are jesus and paul. Jesus is concern about ethics while paul is more concern about faith, which both are related about the peoples sins. Christianity is the worlds largest religion. Single star terms Puranas Are ancient hindu texts eulogizing various deites primarily the divine trimurti God in Hinduism through divine stories. Essay Rabbinic judaism As the Rabbis were required to face a new realitymainly Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomythere was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. It is during this period that Rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of Sherira Gaon and often repeated. The oral law was subsequently codified in the Mishnah and Gemara, and is interpreted in Rabbinic literature detailing subsequent rabbinic decisions and writings. Rabbinic Jewish literature is predicated on the belief that the Torah cannot be properly understood without recourse to the Oral Law. Indeed, it states that many commandments and stipulations contained in the Torah would be difficult, if not impossible, to keep without the Oral Law to define them for example, the prohibition to do any "creative work" ("melakha") on the Sabbath, which is given no definition in the Torah, and only given practical meaning by the definition of what constitutes 'Melacha' provided by the Oral Law and passed down orally through the ages. Numerous examples exist of this general prohibitive language in the Torah (such as, "don't steal", without defining what is considered theft, or ownership and property laws), requiring according to Rabbinic thought a subsequent crystallization and definition through the Oral Law. Thus Rabbinic Judaism claims that almost all directives, both positive and negative, in the Torah are non-specific in nature and would therefore require the existence of either an Oral Law tradition to explain them, or some other method of defining their detail. Christianity This talks about the resurrection of jesus as well as the salvation and trinity. The New Testament mentions several resurrection appearances of Jesus on different occasions to his twelve apostles and disciples, including "more than five hundred brethren at once",[1Cor 15:6] before Jesus' Ascension to heaven. Jesus' death and resurrection are commemorated by Christians in all worship

services, with special emphasis during Holy Week which includes Good Friday and Easter Sunday. The death and resurrection of Jesus are usually considered the most important events in Christian theology, partly because they demonstrate that Jesus has power over life and death and therefore has the authority and power to give people eternal life Paul of Tarsus, like Jews and Roman pagans of his time, believed that sacrifice can bring about new kinship ties, purity, and eternal life.[51] For Paul the necessary sacrifice was the death of Jesus: Gentiles who are "Christ's" are, like Israel, descendants of Abraham and "heirs according to the promise".[Gal. 3:29] [52] The God who raised Jesus from the dead would also give new life to the "mortal bodies" of Gentile Christians, who had become with Israel the "children of God" and were therefore no longer "in the flesh".[ Trinity refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternally co-existing persons; the Father, the Son (incarnate in Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Together, these three persons are sometimes called the Godhead,[57][58][59] although there is no single term in use in Scripture to denote the unified Godhead.[60] In the words of the Athanasian Creed, an early statement of Christian belief, "the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there are not three Gods but one God".[61] They are distinct from another: the Father has no source, the Son is begotten of the Father, and the Spirit proceeds from the Father. Though distinct, the three persons cannot be divided from one another in being or in operation.[ Ancient near east cosmology In ancient Near Eastern cosmology the point where heavenly and earthly realms join is sometimes depicted as an earthly "garden of God", associated with the temple and royal palace.[57] biblical passages states places like the garden in Eden on the mountain of the gods;[58] Eden's location is more vague, simply far away "in the east",[59] but there is a strong suggestion in both that the garden is attached to a temple or palace.[60] In the ancient Near East, it went without saying that the earth was of course flat. The land was disc-shaped, surrounded by vast waters. Beneath the earth were pillars that supported the land, and held it up in place. This relate to ethics in which is truth about the concept and believes in god, which until now still being a belief. As people believe that gods rewards and punish them for their actions. India cosmology Cosmos as universal, god as a concept or concept as a god, karma. Myths and legends are not accepted as factually real according to the methods, criteria and notions of science. The Universe is infinite in space and time and is infinitely heterogeneous. This means also: our Earth is not a unique, exceptional, celestial body. It does not have any favored position in time or in space. Many such "earths" (those oldest cosmological considerations do not refer to any specific kind of celestial bodies) preceded and many will follow our Earth in time. The ancient Indians left some concepts about the structure of the neighborhood of the Earth (e.g. the familiar picture of the Earth resting on a great turtle), but they left no overall system of the Universe as such. In ancient Indian documents nothing can be found that could be called a model of the Universe as a whole. China cosmology Cosmos as organism. Ancestral worship () - A practice to honor the deeds and memories of the deceased. This is an extension to the filial piety from the teachings of Confucius and Laozi. Elders,

seniors, extended families and particularly parents are to be respected, heeded and looked after. Three Realms () - the belief that Heaven, the living and the deceased exist side by side, heaven a place for saints or rested souls, hell for the criminous deceased. Three wun seven pak () explains a person's existence. Jian () - The living world where people exist in reality is referred to as Yang Jian ( ). The underworld where spirits exist after death is regarded as Yin Jian (), though this is not necessarily a negative place such as hell. Greece cosmology The first cosmologies" were based on creation myths in which one or more deities made the universe out of sheer will, or out of their bodily fluids, or of the carcass of some god they defeated, etc. The first scientific cosmology was created by the Greeks more than 2000 years ago, and this chapter also describes these ideas and their origin. The Greeks used some of the knowledge accumulated by earlier civilizations, thus this chapter begins with a brief description of the achievements of the Egyptians and Babylonians. We then consider the highlights of Greek cosmology culminating with Ptolemy's system of the world. Rational you should ethical, cosmos as rational. New world Cosmos as maintain.