end of page Khi nim v tinh du Tinh du l hn hp ca nhiu hp cht thin nhin, c mi c trng gp nhiu trong thc vt,

c trong ng vt, bay hi ngoi khng kh nhit thng, khng li vt trn giy, c th iu ch t tho mc bng phng php ct ko hi nc. Tinh du rt t tan trong nc, tan tt trong du bo v cc dung mi hu c. Tinh du c th s dng trc tip hoc ch ra cc cht thm khc p ng cc nhu cu x hi (Thuc, cht thm thc phm, nc hoa...) Concrete oil: Sn phm chit xut hng thm thu c t thc vt khi dng phng php chit xut vi dung mi, sau khi bc hi dung mi phn cn li c gi l Concrete oil thng c cha sp v th c. Pomade: Cht bo thm c ly t cc loi hoa bng phng php chit lnh hay chit nng Absolute oil: khi ho tan Concrete oil, Pomade trong cn nng cao, lnh phn sp b ng c, lc loi b phn ny, phn cn li em ct ko hi nc, sn phm thu c c tn Absolute oil Water absolute oil: mt s trng hp khi ct ko hi nc mt lng ng k tinh du nm trong nc dng nh dch. Tinh du ny c chit ra bng dung mi, sau khi bc hi thu c "Water absolute oil" Rhodinol, Rhodinal: Rhodinol l hn hp cc thnh phn c nhm chc alcol trong tinh du, Rhodinal l hn hp cc thnh phn c nhm chc aldehyd trong tinh du Back to Top Cu to v phn loi tinh du Thnh phn cu to ca tinh du kh phc tp, c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau. Cn c vo cu to phn t c th chia tinh du thnh 4 nhm chnh: 1. Tinh du c thnh phn l cc hp cht aliphatic * Chui nguyn t carbon ca cc hp cht aliphatic c th l mch thng, mch nhnh, mt s lin kt gia cc nguyn t carbon c th khng no. Cc hydrocarbon, aliphatic thng c nhiu trong hoa qu, gp phn rt nh trong quyt nh mi, v ca chng. - Nhng hydrocarbon khng no cao nh 1,3-trans5-cisundecatri en 1,3-trans-5-trans-undecatrien

1,3-trans-5-cis-undecatrien v 1,3-trans-5-trans-undecatrien c vai tr quan trng trong to mi thm ca tinh du galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua(Boiss.et Buhse) - Mi thm nh ca cc alcol aliphatic gi vai tr ng k l b phn cu thnh trong cc cu trc thm. Mt s alcol khng bo ho rt c gi tr. Cis-3-hexen-1-ol c mi c trng ti mt d chu gp Ch (Camelia sinensis) vmt vi loi du tm (Morus spp.). Cc ng phn ca chng

c dngcis-2-hexen-1-ol thng gp trong nhiu loi qu vi hng du ngt.

Back to Top

- Cc aldehyt alphatic l nhng thnh phn quan trng trong cc hng liu v nc hoa. - Trong tinh du ca cc loi thuc chi Cam qut (Citrus spp.) c cha nhiu hp cht n-octanol, n-nonanal, n-decanal v n-undecanal... - Cc ceton aliphatic 3-hydroxy-2-butanon v diacetyl (2,3-butanedion) thng gp trong t nhin l nhng hp cht to nn hng v thm ca mt s thc phm. Cc ester aliphatic l nhng cht thm thng c s dng trong cng nghip thc phm. (Mt s hp cht aliphatic thm) 2. Tinh du c thnh phn l cc terpen v nhng dn cht ca chng Nhiu tinh du c thnh phn l terpen (C5H8)n v dn cht terpen. Ngi ta thng chia thnh cc nhm nh monoterpen (C5H8)2 = C10H16, secquiterpen (C5H8)3 = C15H24, diterpen (C5H8)4 = C20H32 Cc monoterpen (ascaridol, borneol, camphor, carvon, 1,8cineol, citral, citronellal, elsholtziaceton, geraniol, limonen, linalool, menthofuran, menthol ascar idol borne (tinh ol (tin du h du giun t l i bi Chen opodi Blume um a ambr balsamifera DC.) osioi desL.) camphor (Long no Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.S.Presl. camphor type; tinh du t l i bi - Blumea balsamifera DC.).

carvon (tinh du tiu hi -Foeniculum vulgare)

1,8-cineol (Long no Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.S.Presl. cineol type; tinh du t l Trm (Melaleuca cajuputi Pwell)

cit ral (ti nh d u t l, qu Mng tang - Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon), elsholtziac eton (tinh du ta t Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton)

citronellal (tin h du S Cymbopogon

geraniol (

linalool (Long no Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.S.Presl. linalool type; Thin nin kin - Homalomena aromatica Schott) menthol (Bc h Mentha arvensisL., M. piperita L.)

Back to Top lim one n( V Ca m cha nh - Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck; v Chanh Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.& Panzer) Swingle). me nth ofu ran

Myrcen

nerol ocimen Back to Top

perilen

phell andr en

-pinen (tinh du thng - Pinus sp.)

-pinen (tinh du thng -Pinus sp.) pulegon (tinh du Nepeta cataria; Men tha piperitaL.) isopul ego n

-terpinen,

terpin eol (tinh du l Trm l hpM elaleuca alternifolia Cheel.) Back to Top

Cc secquiterpen

-farnesen, zingiberen,

curcumen,

curcumen, Back to Top

caryophylen, -caryophylen (tinh du l lt - Piper lolot ) nerolidol (Hoa bi - Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.; Long no - Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.S.Presl. secquiterpen type), farnesol. Thuc nhm ny cn c cc hp cht Azulen nh guajazulen, vetivazulen, camazulen. Cc hp cht sesquiterpenlacton khng phi l tinh du nhng l tin cht ca azulen nn c th c xp vo nhm ny. V d: sausurea lacton, santonin, artemisinin. 3.Tinh du c thnh phn l cc dn cht c nhn thm: aldehyd cinnamic (tinh du qu - Cinnamomum trans-anethol (tinh du qu i hi - Illicium verum Hook.f.), (Hi nc - Limnophila rugosa (Roth.) Merr.

carvacrol (tinh du Hng chanh - Coleus aromaticus Lour.; Nhn trn Adenosma caeruleum R. Br) eugenol tinh du Hng nhu Ocimum gratissimum L.; ln trng - Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

p.cymen

heliotropin

methyleugenol Methyl chavicol tinh du hng qu (Ocimum basilicum L. var. basilicum, Th hoc hng - Agastache rugosa (Fisch, et Mey) Zuntze methyl salicilat safr ol (tin h du V hng -Cinnamomum parthenoxylonMeissn., Hi ni Illicium ) thymol (tinh du cy Men ru - Mosla chinensis (Maxim) Kudo vani lin (Va nill a pla nifolia Jacks.ex Andrews) Back to Top 4. Tinh du c thnh phn pha tp

alicin (Ti - Allium sativumL.)

methyl anthranilat ( kh chua Averrhoa carambola L.) Cc dn cht isothiocyanat, Alkyl isothiocyanat

Alkenyl isothiocyanat

Back to Top Mt s h thng phn loi ngi ta chia thnh 5 nhm: 1. Cc monoterpen mch thng 2. Cc monoterpen mt vng 3. Cc monoterpen hai vng. 4. Cc dn cht ca sesquiterpen 5. Cc dn cht c nhn thm Back to Top Tnh cht l, ho ca tinh du Th cht: a s l cht lng nhit thng, mt s thnh phn th rn: Menthol, borneol, camphor, vanilin, heliotropin. Mu sc: Thng khng mu hoc mu vng nht. Trong qu trnh bo qun do hin tng oxy ho tinh du c th b sm mu. Mt s c mu c bit: Cc hp cht azulen c mu xanh mc. Mi: c bit, a s c mi thm d chu, mt s c mi hc, kh chu (tinh du giun). V: cay, mt s c v ngt: Tinh du qu, hi. Bay hi c nhit thng. T trng: a s nh hn 1. Mt s ln hn 1: Qu, inh hng, hng nhu. T l cc thnh phn chnh c t trng ln hn 1 (aldehyd cinnamic, eugenol, safrol, asaron, methyl salicylat ...) quyt nh t trng tinh du. Nu hm lng cc thnh phn chnh thp, nhng tinh du ny c th tr thnh nh hn nc. tan: Khng tan, hay ng hn t tan trong nc, tan trong alcol v cc dung mi hu c khc. si: Ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to, c th dng phng php ct phn on tch ring

tng thnh phn trong tinh du. Nng sut quay cc cao, t tuyn hoc hu tuyn. Ch s khc x: 1,4500 - 1,5600 Rt d oxy ho, s oxy ho thng xy ra cng vi s trng hip ho, tinh du s chuyn thnh cht nha. Mt s thnh phn chnh trong tinh du cho cc phn ng c hiu ca nhm chc, to thnh cc sn phm kt tinh hay cho mu, da vo c tnh ny nh tnh v nh lng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh du. Back to Top Phn b tinh du trong t nhin + Tinh du c phn b rt rng trong h thc vt, c bit tp trung nhiu mt s h: H Cn - Apiaceae, h Cc - Asteraceae, h Bc h -Lamiaceae, h Long no - Lauraceae, h Sim Myrtaceae, h Cam - Rutaceae, h Gng - Zingiberaceae v.v.. Mt s ng vt cng c cha tinh du: Hu x, c cung... + Phn b trong cy: Tinh du c trong tt c cc b phn ca cy: L: Bc h, Trm, Bch n B phn trn mt t: Bc h, Hng nhu Hoa: Hoa hng, Hoa nhi, Hoa bi N hoa: inh hng Qu: Sa nhn, Tho qu, Hi V qu: Cam, Chanh V thn: Qu G: Long no, V hng R: Thin nin kin, Thch xng b Thn r: Gng, Ngh + Trong cng mt cy, thnh phn ho hc tinh du cc b phn khc nhau c th ging nhau v mt nh tnh: V d nh tinh du v v l QuCinnamomum cassia thnh phn chnh u l aldehyd cinnamic, nhng cng c th rt khc nhau: V d tinh du v v l Qu Cinnamomum zeylanicum(v: aldehyd cinnamic, l: eugenol), tinh du g v l V hng Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (g: safrol, l: methyleugenol hoc linalol). + Vai tr ca tinh du trong cy Tinh du c to thnh trong cc b phn tit ca cy:

T bo tit: - biu b cnh hoa: Hoa hng - Nm su trong cc m: Qu, Long no, Gng... Lng tit: H Lamiaceae: Bc h, Hng nhu Ti tit: H Myrtaceae: Trm, Bch n, inh hng. ng tit: H Apiaceae: Tiu hi, ht mi

+ Hm lng tinh du trong cy: Hm lng tinh du thng dao ng t 0,1% n 2%. Mt s trng hp trn 5% nh qu hi (5 - 15%) v n hoa inh hng (15-25%), qu Mng tang (410%).

Back to Top Thu tinh du t dc liu: C 4 phng php c p dng ch to tinh du: 1. Phng php ct ko hi nc. 2. Phng php chit xut bng dung mi. 3. Phng php p. 4. Phng php p. Tu thuc vo yu cu v cht lng trong s dng, bn cht ca dc liu v gi thnh la chn phng php thch hp. Thng thng phng php ct ko hi nc c p dng rng ri nht. 1. PHNG PHP CT KO HI NC a. Nguyn tc: Da trn nguyn tc ct mt hn hp 2 cht lng bay hi c khng trn ln vo nhau (nc v tinh du). Khi p sut hi bo ho bng p sut kh quyn, hn hp bt u si v hi nc ko theo hi tinh du. Hi nc c th a t bn ngoi do cc ni hi cung cp hoc t to trong ni ct. b. Cc b phn ca mt thit b ct tinh du: Ni ct: - Hnh tr, lm bng thp khng g, tn m km, ng. iu kin ct th cng c th s dng thng phuy ng xng. Cn lu t l gia ng knh (D) v chiu cao ca ni (H). Thng thng t l D/H = 1/1,2 - 1,5 - Vi ni ct cng nghip hi nc c a vo bng cc ng dn hi, qui m th cng, nc cha sn trong ni, v dc liu c t trn mt tm v, trnh tip xc vi y ni (Hnh 7.4 v 7.5). - ng dn hi: (thng c gi l vi voi). - ng dn hi c nhim v dn hi nc v hi tinh du qua b phn ngng t. Ngoi ra di tc dng ca khng kh lnh bn ngoi lm ngng t mt phn hi nc v hi tinh du thnh th lng. V vy ng dn hi nn c dc nghing v pha b phn ngng t. B phn ngng t: B phn ngng t c nhim v ho lng hi nc v hi tinh du t ni ct chuyn sang. Gm 2 b phn: Thng cha nc lm lnh v ng dn hi. ng dn hi c ngm trong thng nc lnh v c lm lnh theo qui tc ngc dng. Cc kiu ng dn hi c lm lnh thng dng: - Kiu ng xon rut g: Din tch lm lnh ln nhng kh lm v sinh, nc v tinh du hay ng li cc on gp khc. - Kiu ng chm: L kiu thng dng nht. - Kiu hnh a: L s kt hp gia ng chm v ng xon rut g (Hnh 7.6). B phn phn lp: B phn phn lp c nhim v hng cht lng l nc v tinh du v tch ring tinh du ra khi nc: Tinh du nng hn nc pha di, tinh du nh hn nc pha trn. C nhiu kiu bnh (hay thng) phn lp khc nhau nhng u c cng mt nguyn tc: Nguyn tc kiu bnh florentin (Hnh 7.7). Mt s trng hp c bit Ni ct 2 thn: (thit k ca Trng i hc Bch Khoa). Thn ni 1 c gn c nh trong l, c nhim v cha nc v chuyn lng nc ny thnh hi trong sut qu trnh ct. Thn ni 2 di ng c, c nhim v cha dc liu. S ci tin ny

to iu kin thun li khi tho b ra khi b phn ct. ch to tinh du c cha cc thnh phn chnh l cc hp cht kt tinh nhit thng (long no, i bi), ngi ta cn thit k b phn ngng t tinh du theo kiu hnh n xp. Mt s lu khi ch to tinh du bng phng php ct: 1. chia nh dc liu phi ph hp vi bn cht dc liu. Nhng dc liu cha tinh du nm trong t bo su trong cc m, cn chia nh n t l thch hp. 2. Thi gian ct tu theo bn cht ca dc liu v tnh cht ca tinh du. Vi tinh du giun cn ct nhanh, nu khng tinh du s b phn hu (30 pht). 3. Tinh du sau khi thu c cn phi loi nc trit bng phng php ly tm. Hnh 7.4. S ni ct tinh du th cng NC77 Hnh 7.5. S thit b ct tinh du trong cng nghip A: Kiu ng chm B: Kiu xon rut g Hnh 7.6. S b phn lm lnh Hnh 7.7. S b phn phn lp A: tch tinh du nh hn nc B: tch tinh du nng hn nc C, D: tch tinh du nh v nng hn nc 2. PHNG PHP DNG DUNG MI (Chit): - Dung mi khng bay hi: Du bo hoc du paraphin. Ngm dc liu (thng l hoa) trong dung mi c lm nng 60-700C, trong 12-48 gi tu theo tng loi hoa. Lm nhiu ln cho n khi dung mi bo ho tinh du (10-15 ln). Dng alcol tch ring tinh du khi du bo v ct thu hi alcol di p lc gim s thu c tinh du. - Dung mi d bay hi: Phng php ny hay dng chit xut tinh du trong hoa hoc chit xut 1 thnh phn nht nh no y. Dung mi thng dng l ete du ho, xng cng nghip v.v.. Sau khi chit, ct thu hi dung mi di p lc gim s thu c tinh du c ln sp v mt s tp cht khc v thng th c. Loi tinh du ny trn th trng c tn "Concrete oil". Ho tan Concrete oil bng mt t cn cao , tinh du s tan trong cn, lnh, lc b phn sp, phn dung dch cn li c em ct ko hi nc. Tinh du thu c sau khi ct c tn trn th trng l "Absolute oil". Nhng tinh du c iu ch bng phng php ny thng rt thm, gi thnh cao v c dng iu ch m phm v nc hoa cao cp. Trn th trng ta thng gp mt s tinh du nh Cassie flower absolute oil (tinh du hoa Keo thm, Acacia farnesiana), Genet absolute oil (tinh du u mng iu, Spartium junceum), Orange flower absolute oil (Tinh du Hoa cam ng, Citrus aurantium ssp. amara), Rose concrete oil v Rose absolute oil (Tinh du hoa hng, Rosa damascena) vv... Trong mt s trng hp tinh du hoa c iu ch bng phng php ct, v d tinh du hoa cam ng, Nerioli oil, mt lng ng k tinh du tan trong nc di dng nh dich, khng tch ra c, s c chit xut bng dung mi, ct thu hi dung mi, ta s c tinh du vi tn trn th trng l "Water absolute oil", v d Orange flower water absolute oil" l tinh du Hoa cam ng c iu ch bng phng php ny. - Phng php chit xut tinh du tt nht hin nay l phng php chit xut bng CO2 lng. Phng php ny cho hiu xut cao, cho tinh du cht lng tt, thng p dng chit xut cc tinh du ca hoa, tinh du qu him. Hn ch ca phng php ny l i hi thit b t tin, v

vy n nay cha c ng dng rng ri. Chit xut tinh du bng kh ho lng (kh trng thi siu ti hn) T nm 1970, khi cht lng siu ti hn (CLSTH) c ng dng vo qu trnh tch chit cc cht trong dc liu cho hiu qu thng mi, n c s dng lm mi trng cho cc phn ng ho hc, ch bin vt liu v tch chit. Tuy vy, do chi ph tng v nhiu bt li lin quan ti p lc cao, ngnh cng nghip khng tch cc p ng loi dung mi mi ny cho cng ngh sn xut vn c. Ngc li, cc phng phn tch ngi ta dng rng ri CLSTH chit v phn tch sc k nh tnh cht c bit ca n, ng thi, gim s dng dung mi hu c c hi,gy nhim mi trng. Cht lng hng u hin c s dng trong nhng phng php ni trn l ioxyt cacbon siu ti hn (CO2 STH). N khng c hi, khng chy, cho hiu sut cao, thi gian chit nhanh, . Mt u im khc ca CO2 STH lm n ni bt nht so vi cc dung mi vn s dng trc y l tnh cht d tch khi sn phm, cho tinh du tinh khit v gi c hng v t nhin. Qu trnh chit tch bng CO2 cn c gi l "qu trnh khng dung mi". Qu trnh chit c thc

hin tun hon, khp kn. CO2 c iu chnh n nhit thch hp theo tng nguyn liu v c bm cao p a ti thit b chit. Qu trnh chit xy ra rt nhanh, CO2 lng mang theo tinh du c lc qua thit b 3 v c lm bay hi, CO2 c a v thit b cha 5, y c ho lng v nn ri tip tc theo chu trnh tun hon. Cc cht chit c (tinh du) c chuyn v bnh cha 6. Phng php ny c s dng nhiu chit tinh du ca hoa dng cho k ngh hng liu v dc phm. S h thng chit xut bng CO2 lng siu ti hn 1. Bnh cha CO2 lng 2. Thit b chit 3. Lc dch chit 4. Thit b lm bay hi 5. B phn lm lnh, nn kh CO2 3. PHNG PHP P: Dng khun bng g c kch thc 58 x 80 x 5cm gia t tm thu tinh c pht m ln c 2 mt, mi lp dy 3mm. t ln trn b mt cht bo mt lp la mng, ri ln trn 30 - 80g hoa ti, kh ro, khng b gip nt, loi b l i. Khong 35 - 40 khun g c xp chng ln nhau ri trong phng kn. Sau 24 - 72 gi tu theo tng loi hoa, ngi ta thay lp hoa mi cho n khi lp cht bo bo ho tinh du. C th dng m c cha tinh du, hoc tch ring tinh du bng alcol v t dch chit alcol c th iu ch thnh dng "Absolute oil" nh nu trn 4. PHNG PHP P: Phng php ny ch p dng iu ch tinh du qu cc loi Citrus v nhng l do sau: - Tinh du v cam, chanh ch yu dng trong k ngh sn xut ung v vy cn c mi ging nh mi t nhin, m tinh du iu ch bng phng php ct khng t c yu cu ny. - Trong v cam, chanh tinh du nm trong ti tit lp v ngoi, ch cn tc ng 1 lc c hc l c th gii phng ra. V vy phng php p rt ph hp. - Cc ti tit tinh du trong v cc loi Citrus c bao bc bi cc mng pectin. Cng gia nhit mng cng ng cng li. Nu mun iu ch tinh du bng cc phng php ct, trc ht phi

ph v mng ny. C th dng cc tc nhn sau: + C hc: Chia nh dc liu + Ho hc: Dung dch acid hydrocloric hoc acid oxalic long. + Enzym Dch p c cha nhiu pectin, sau khi p phi lc, li tm v bo qun tinh du nhit thp. Kim nghim tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du Kim nghim tinh du (Bc h, Bch n, Hi, Hng nhu trng, Long no, Qu, Trm) Ngun gc, tnh cht (trng thi, mu, mi, v, tan) t trng, ch s khc x, gc quay cc ring, nh tnh, Kim loi nng...) Xc nh cc ch s l ho, hm lng mt s thnh phn c quy nh vi tng loi tinh du trong Dc in. (Dc in Vit Nam III c 7 chuyn lun tinh du). Cc phng php kim nghim tinh du c th cha thnh nhm - Cc phng php cm quan Nhn xt, nh gi v mu sc, mi v. - Xc nh cc hng s vt l T trng, ch s khc x, gc quay cc ring. - Xc nh cc ch s ho hc Ch s acid, ch s ester, ch s acetyl - nh tnh cc thnh phn trong tinh du Phng php sc k lp mng Phng php sc k kh - nh lng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh du nh lng eugenol trong tinh du Hng nhu trng nh lng citronelal, citral trong tinh du S (Oleum Citronellae) bng hydroxylamin hydroclorid nh lng menthol este ha trong tinh du Bc h nh lng menthol ton phn: nh lng citral trong tinh du Mng tang (Litsea cubeba Lauraceae) bng hydroxylamin hydroclorid nh lng Anethol trong tinh du Hi (Illicium verum Illiciaceae) bng phng php xc nh nhit ng c - Pht hin tp cht v cht gi mo trong tinh du Kim nghim dc liu cha tinh du nh lng tinh du trong dc liu Tinh du trong dc liu c nh lng bng cch ct ko hi nc trong dng c quy nh. Dch ct c hng vo mt ng chia c phn ti 1/20 ml v pha nc c chy t ng tr li bnh ct. Th tch tinh du ct c c th c trc tip phn chia ca ng ny hoc c th dng xylen ho tan tinh du a tinh du ni ln phn chia ca dng c (i vi tinh du c t trng ln hn 1) ri c th tch tng cng ca xylen v tinh du. Hm lng tinh du c biu th bng phn trm (tt/kl). Cc ch tiu, phng php kim nghim, nh gi dc liu thng thng khc. Back to Top ng dng tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du

Mt s tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du c dng lm thuc. Tc dng ca tinh du c th hin: - Tc dng trn ng tiu ho: Kch thch tiu ho (Gng, Ring, Ta t, Kinh gii...), li mt, thng mt - Tc dng khng khun v dit khun: Tc dng trn ng h hp nh tinh du bch n, b c h. Tc dng trn ng tit niu nh tinh du hoa cy Barosma betulina. - Mt s c tc dng kch thch thn kinh trung ng: Dc liu cha tinh du giu anethol: i hi... - Mt s c tc dng dit k sinh trng: + Tr giun: Tinh du giun, santonin. + Tr sn: Thymol, + Dit k sinh trng st rt: Artemisinin.(Thanh hao hoa vng) - Rt nhiu tinh du c tc dng chng vim, lm lnh vt thng, sinh c v.v.. khi s dng ngoi da (Tinh du Trm). Mt s dng lm thuc.va dng dc liu va s dng dng tinh du nh Qu, Hi, inh hng, Tiu hi, Bc h, Ht mi, Bch n Nhng cng c nhng dc liu ch s dng tinh du nh: Long no, Mng tang, Du giun v.v.. V cng c rt nhiu dc liu cha tinh du ch s dng dc liu lm thuc m khng s dng tinh du nh ng qui, Bch trut, Thng trut, phng phong v.v.. K ngh thc phm: - Mt lng ln dc liu cha tinh du c tiu th trn th trng th gii di dng gia v: Qu, Hi, inh hng, Ht ci, Mi, Th l, Tho qu, Ht tiu v.v.. Tc dng ca nhng dc liu ny l bo qun thc phm, lm cho thc phm c mi thm, kch thch dy thn kinh v gic gip n ngon ming. Ngoi ra cn kch thch tit dch v gip cho s tiu ho thc n d dng. - Mt s tinh du v thnh phn tinh du c dng lm thm bnh ko, cc loi mt, ng hp ...: vanilin, menthol, eucalyptol v.v.. - Mt s dng pha ch ru mi: Tinh du hi, Tinh du inh hng... - Mt s c dng trong k ngh pha ch ung: Tinh du v cam, chanh ... - Mt s tinh du c dng trong k ngh sn xut ch, thuc l: Tinh du Bc h, hoa nhi, ht mi... Mt iu cn lu khi s dng tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du trong thc phm l khng nn qu lm dng, v khng phi tinh du khng c. V th ngi ta c nhng quy nh rt cht ch khi s dng tinh du: quy nh liu thng dng, liu ti a trong thc n cng nh trong ung hoc v cc ch phm khc vi tng loi tinh du. K ngh pha ch nc hoa, x phng, m phm, cc hng liu khc: y l mt ngnh cng nghip rt ln, s dng ch yu l ngun tinh du trong thin nhin, ngoi ra cn c nhng cht thm tng hp hoc bn tng hp. Xu hng ngy cng s dng cc hng liu t nhin, i hi phi i su nghin cu pht hin ngun ti nguyn tinh du nhm tho mn yu cu ca lnh vc ny. Ghi ch: Trong ho hc, hp cht aliphatic l cc hp cht hu c trong cc nguyn t carbon lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch thng hay mch nhnh. Hp cht alipatic n gin nht l metan (CH 4) Back to Top

MT S DC LIU C KH NNG KHAI THC TINH DU VIT NAM Ngoi nhng dc liu c trnh by trn cn mt s dc liu c kh nng khai thc Vit Nam, trong c nhng dc liu v ang khai thc tinh du, mt s khc l kt qu nghin cu pht hin ca nhiu tc gi trong thi gian gn y. S nghin cu thnh phn ho hc ca nhiu chng loi cc a phng khc nhau, ca nhiu b phn trong cng 1 cy pht hin thm 1 s chemotype mi, lm giu thm ngun nguyn liu tinh du Vit Nam. 1. Vng vang. Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.(Syn. Hibiscus moschatus L.), h Bng (Malvaceae) B phn dng: ht ct tinh du Tinh du ht: Tinh du ht Vng vang cn c gi l tinh du ht x- Oleum Abelmoschi Seminis-, tn thng phm l Ambrette Seed oil. Tinh du c iu ch bng phng php ct ko hi nc hoc chit xut vi dung mi. Hm lng tinh du trong ht l 0,2 - 0,6%. Thnh phn chnh: farnesyl acetat 62,9%, ambretolid 7,8%, decyl acetat 5,6 %, dodecyl acetat 4,0%, farnesol 3,5%. Tinh du ht x Vit Nam c cc thnh phn chnh: 2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetat 42,5 - 56,3%, farnesyl acetat 13,5 - 25,4%, ambretolid 6,8 - 8,6%. Tinh du ht x c dng sn xut nc hoa v cc hng liu cao cp cho k ngh thuc l, bnh ko, ung. Gi 1 kg tinh du thi im 1998 l 5.000 USD. 2. Nhn trn - Adenosma bracteosum Bonati., h hoa mm si ( Scrophulariceae) Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l carvacrol (34%), methyl carvacrol (18,9%). 3. Nhn trn- Adenosma caeruleum R. Br. H Hoa mm si ( Scrophulariceae) Thu hi k Mil (k Nng). Phn trn mt t cha 0,5% tinh du. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l thymol (24,6%), nerolidol (24,6%), -humulen (16,4%), -bisabolen (5,7%), humulen oxid (3,6%), caryophylen oxid (2,8%). 4. Nhn trn - Adenosma glutinosum (L.) Druce var. caeruleum (R.Br.) Tsoong H Hoa mm si (Scrophulariceae) Thu hi Tn k (Ngh An) Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,38%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l eugenol (72,6%0. 5. Th hoc hng- Agastache rugosa (Fisch. Et Mey) Juntze H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae) Mc hoang vng ng bng v vng ni B phn dng: phn trn mt t Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du, thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methylchavicol (>90%) 6. Cy D (Trm hng)- Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Syn. Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) H Trm (Thymelaeaceae) B phn dng: Trm, tinh du trm

Trm (Agar wood) l sn phm ca cy d, c sinh ra do tc dng ca mt s vi khun ln cy hoc do tc ng ca vt thng. Tinh du trm- Oleum Aquilariae, tn thng phm Agar wood oil, c iu ch t cc phn vn, cc d phm khi ch bin trm, cc mu g cn dnh trm, bng phng php ct ko hi nc hoc chit xut vi dung mi. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du trm: 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromon 27,0%, 2(phenylethyl)chromon, 15,0%, oxoagarospirol 5,0%, cc dn cht chromon v sesquiterpen khc. Trm v tinh du trm l nhng hng liu rt qu. Tinh du trm dng sn xut nc hoa thng hng. Gi trm thay i do cht lng, do ngun gc ni sn xut. Gi 1 kg trm loi xu c th t 1,2 - 27 USD, loi thng hng 1.000 - 10.000 USD. Gi 1 l tinh du trm 2,5 ml l 160 USD (1993). 7. Chi xu- Baekea frutescens L. H Sim (Myrtaceae) B phn dng: L v cnh Thnh phn: Tinh du 1,94 - 3,72% Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l cineol (<30%), ngoi ra cn c cc alcol khc v tasmanon. c bit tinh du chi xu Qung Bnh c cha 22,9 - 24,3% tasmanon c dng nh tinh du Trm. 8. i bi - Blumea balsamifera DC H Cc - Asteraceae L c cha tinh du Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l borneol v L-camphor. T l borneol v camphor thay i theo tng vng: H Giang: 97% borneol, 1,12% camphor; H Ni: 50,57% v 18,71% k Mil (k Nng): 5,70% v 70,05%. L v tinh du c dng cha cm cm, au mt, au bng, ho lu ngy v.v. 9. V hng , X x - Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Meissn. H long no - Lauraceae * V hng H Bc: - G cha tinh du (2,9%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (96,4%). - L c cha tinh du (1,9%) Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol (91,42%) * V hng Vnh Ph - G c cha tinh du (2,47 - 2,60%) Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (90 - 93%) - L c cha tinh du (3,20 - 3,56%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl eugenol (98%). Thng dng g gc khai thc tinh du. Tinh du V hng hay X x, Oleum Sassafras, tn thng phm Chinese Sassafras oil, c dng trong k ngh hng liu (bn tng hp heliotropin), dng lm hng liu trong k ngh thc phm. Hin nay do nhiu l do, tinh du g V hng thuc mt hng nh nc qun l.

10. Hng chanh - Coleus aromaticus Lour., h Bc h - Lamiaceae L c cha tinh du (0,05-0,12%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l carvacrol (39,5%). L dng lm rau gia v, ch ho. Tinh du khng c khai thc v hm lng thp. 11. Ngh- Curcuma longa L., h Gng (Zigiberaceae) B phn dng: -Thn r ngh ti hoc phi kh, tn thng phm: Turmeric, -Tinh du nghOleum Curcuma longae, tn thng phm: Turmeric oil - Nha du ngh, tn thng phm Turmeric oleoresin - Curcumin Tinh du ngh c iu ch bng phng php ct ko hi nc, hiu sut 1,3 - 5,5%. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l turmeron (29,5%), ar-turmeron (24,7%), turmerol (20,0%), -curcumen (2,5%) v cc hp cht sesquiterrpen khc. Nha du ngh c iu ch bng phng php chit xut vi dung mi, hiu xut ?6 - 10%. Nha du c cha tinh du v 35 - 45% curcumin Curcumin l nhng tinh th mu vng, l mt hn hp cc hp cht curcumin I, curcumin II v curcumin II. Ngh, tinh du ngh, nh du ngh v curcumin l nhng gia v, cht thm v cht mu rt quan trng trong k ngh thc phm. Ngh v curcumin ngoi ra cn c dng trong k ngh Dc sn xut thuc chng vim ng tiu ho, thuc thp khp v c bit cha cc bnh v da. Curcumin l cht chng oxyho c s dng nhiu hin nay. 12. Kinh gii ni- Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth. H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae) Kinh gii ni mc hoang c nhiu chng ho hc khc nhau: - Chng cho tinh du giu linalol (>70%) - Chng cho tinh du giu linalol (50%) v cineol (20%) - Chng cho tinh du giu -naginaten (53 - 65%) - Chng cho tinh du giu -naginaten (43%) v dehydro elsholtzia keton (14%) - Chng cho tinh du giu dehydro elsholtzia keton (58%) v -naginaten (12%) Trong chng giu linalol c ngha khai thc tinh du.? y c th l ngun nguyn liu cho tinh du giu linalol c gi tr Vit Nam. 13. Kinh gii trng- Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland. H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae) Mc hoang v c trng khp ni dng lm rau gia v. D l mc hoang ( Sa Pa) hay trng ( H Ni), thnh phn tinh du rt t thay i. Thnh phn chnh l neral (19,5 - 27,3%), geranial (19,5 - 27,3%). 14. Cha d- Elsholtzia penduliflora W. W. Smith H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae) Thnh phn chnh catinh du tinh du l cineol (60,0 - 65,2%). y c th coi l ngun nguyn liu khai thc tinh du giu cineol ca Vit Nam sau cy trm. 15. Kinh gii t- Elsholtzia winitiana Craib. H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)

Thnh phn ho hc ca tinh du kinh gii t cng rt a dng. C nhng chng cho tinh du giu cinol (Mng Lng, K Sn, Ngh An), hoc giu cineol, camphor (21,5%, 19,1%, Sa Pa), hoc giu elsholtzia keton (75,4%, Sa Pa). Cn kim tra li i n thng nht. 16. Chu th- Gaultheria procumbens L. (Syn. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.) H quyn (Ericaceae) L c cha 0,7%, cnh nh 0,47%, thn 0,21%,r 0,37% tinh du. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl salicylat (96,8 - 99,0%) Tinh du chu th- Oleum Gaultheriae, tn thng phm Wintergreen oil, c dng lm hng liu trong k ngh pha ch ung, bnh ko. 17. Thin nin kin - Homalomena aromatica Schott. H Ry - Araceae Thn r c cha tinh du (0,8-1%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol (72,1%). 18. ln trng - Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. H hoa mi - Lamiaceae Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l eugenol (68,2% Tn K,Ngh An), hoc cineol v caryophylen ( 7,3 v 44,3% Ph Quc; 24,4 v 30,3% Vng Tu; 28,2 v 30,8 Ninh Thun). 19. Hi ni - Illicium griffithii Hook. et. Thom. H Hi - Illiciaceae - Qu c cha tinh du (1,5%) Thnh phn chnh l safrol (77,5%). - L c cha tinh du ( 3% Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (Lng Sn, Ngh An), hoc safrol v methyl eugenol (Lng Sn, loi cung hoa di), hoc linalol v safrol (Ninh Bnh). - R c cha tinh du. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (70%). Ngoi ra l v qu mt s loi hi ni Vit Nam c nghin cu. Thnh phn ho tinh du rt khc nhau, nhng c mt im chung l tinh du cc loi hi ni hon ton khng c cha anethol. Cn lu trnh nhm ln v pht hin gi mo khi c hi ni trn ln v dc liu i hi bn trn th trng. 20. Hi nc - Limnophila rugosa (Roth.) Merr. H Hoa mm si - Scrophulariaceae Mc hoang Bc Giang, Sa Pa Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (3,27%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l anehtol (94,8 - 96,4%). 21. Mng tang - Litsea cubeba Pers. H Long no - Lauraceae Qu cha tinh du (trn 6%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du qul citral (65%).

Thnh phn tinh du l rt a dng, to nn nhiu chng ho hc khc nhau. ng ch l cc chng giu cineol v linalol. c bit l chng cho tinh du giu linalol c pht hin Ba V, vi hm lng linalol trn 90%. Cn nghin cu nhn ging c ngun nguyn liu giu linalol rt c gi tr. 22. Trm tr- Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel H Sim (Myrtaceae) Ngun gc Australia, Vit Nam di thc hin trng cc tnh pha Nam. L c cha tinh du (1,8%). Thnh phn chnh l terpinen-4-ol. 23. Men ru - Mosla chinensis Maxim (Syn. Orthodon chinensis (Maxim) Kudo) H hoa mi - Lamiaceae Thu hi Lc Ngn (Bc Giang). Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,51%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l thymol (68,3-70%). 24. Vng tng - Murraaya sp. H Cam - Rutaceae L c cha tinh du (5,52%) Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l menthon (93,78 - 99,49%) bao gm iso menthon v Menthon 25. Hng qu - Ocimum basilicum L. var. basilicum H hoa mi - Lameaceae Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,4-0,8%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl chavicol (89-90%). Tinh du hng qu? Oleum Basilici, tn thng phm l Basil oil c dng trong k ngh thc phm lm hng liu ch bin thc n v ung. Ngoi ra cn dng trong k ngh nc ho a. Dc liu c dng lm rau gia v, dng ti v c kh. 26. Tr tin ( trng) - Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum (Wild.) Benth. H hoa mi - Lamiaceae - Cnh mang l c cha tinh du (0,97-2,06%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l citral (67,82%) (citral a 32,27%, citral b 27,54%). Loi trng H Ni hm lng citral c th t trn 80%. - T qun th Tr Tin, chn c mt s cc th bin d (v l, hoa v chiu cao ca cy). Loi ny mang trng ring, cho hm lng tinh du 0,35% (trn nguyn liu ti). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol 78,9%. Ghi ch S - Camellia sasanqua Thunb H Ch - Theacea Theo nhng nghin cu mi y (Tp ch Dc hc 1994, 4, 16 - 17), l s - Camellia sasanqua Thunb. H Ch - Theaceae, hu nh khng c cha tinh du (hm lng tinh du trong l l 0,0026%) v tinh du khng c cha eugenol. Cn lu thng tin ny, v lu nay theo mt s ti liu c lu hnh Vit Nam th l s c cha 0,4 - 1% tinh du (tnh trn nguyn liu ti) v thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l eugenol (95 - 97%).

Cng thc 16 thnh phn chnh ca tinh du: - v pinen, geraniol, linalol, menthol, borneol, citral, citronelal, menthol, camphor, cineol, ascaridol,eu genol, methylchavicol, anethol, safrol v aldehyd cinnamic. Sa ti liu c: cng thc cineol, cng thc Zingiberen & curcumen, aldehyt cinamic, tn vanilin = vanillin; citronelal = citronellal Ti liu tham kho Trn Vn Bnh (2003) Tinh du v hng liu L nh Mi (2001-2002) Ti nguyn thc vt c tinh du Vit Nam Tp I.II Nh xut bn Nng nghip Nguyn Th Tm (2003) Nhng tinh du lu hnh trn th trng. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut Vin Dc liu (2006) Nghin cu thuc t tho dc. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut

NI DUNG Khi nim v carbohydrat Carbohydrat l nhng thnh phn rt quan trng ca thc vt. Carbohydrat l ni tch tr nng lng t nh sng mt tri qua qu t nh quang hp, l ngun nui sng loi ngi v loi vt. Danh php quc t l glucid, tuy nhin t carbohydrat vn cn c dng tng i ph bin. Carbohydrat l nhng nhm hp cht hu c gm nhng monosaccharid, nhng dn cht v nhng sn phm ngng t ca chng. Monosaccharid l nhng cht polyhydroxyaldehyd (aldose) v poly-hydroxyceton (cetose) c th tn ti di dng mch h v dng mch ng bn acetal. Nhng sn phm ngng t tc l nhng oligosaccharid. Carbohydrat c th chia thnh 3 nhm: monosaccharid, oligosaccharid v polysaccharid (oligo theo ting Hy Lp l mt t). 1. Monosaccharid l nhng ng n khng th cho carbohydrat n gin hn khi b thy phn, monosaccharid tn ti trong t nhin t tetrose n nonose. 2. Oligosaccharid l nhng carbohydrat khi thy phn th cho t 1 n 6 ng n gin hn v d: maltose* (= 4-O--D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose*), gentibiose (= 6-O--D-glucopyranosylD-glucose), cellobiose( = 4-O--D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose), lactose* (= 4-O--Dglucopyranosyl-D-glucose)... 3. Polysaccharid c phn t rt ln gm nhiu monosaccharid ni vi nhau v d: tinh bt, cellulose, gm, pectin, cht nhy... Chng t nh Dc liu hc gii thiu ch yu phn polysaccharid. Ch thch v k hiu vit tt cc ng trong chng carbohydrat v chng glycosid: arab = arabinose*, ara(f) = arabinofuranose*, ara(p) = arabinopyranose*; api = apiose; boi = boivinose; cym= cymarose, digin = diginose; digita = digitalose; digt = digitoxose*; fuc = fucose*; gal(p) = galactopyranose*, gita = gitalose, glc = glucose*; glcA = acid glucuronic; oleand = oleandrose; prim = primeverose; rha = rhamnose*; rha(p) = rhamnopyranose*; xyl = xylose*.

Back to Top Polysaccarit l cc carbohydrat khi lng phn t cao, chng c xem nh cc polyme ngng t trong cc monosaccarit (hay cc dn xut nh acid uronic, ng amino) c lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt glucosid Tinh bt Tinh bt l sn phm quang hp ca cy xanh. trong t bo thc vt ht lp khng mu l ni to ra tinh bt, cc glucid a tan ko n ht lp khng mu v c dnh di dng tinh bt. Tinh bt c tch lu trong cc b phn ca cy nh c, r, qu, ht, thn vi hm lng t 270%, trong l thng khng qu 1-2%. Trong qu t nh hot ng ca cy, tinh bt di tc ng ca enzym c sn trong cy b ct nh thnh nhng ng n gin dng a tan v c chuyn n nhng b phn khc nhau ca cy. Trong qu t nh di chuyn c th xy ra qu t nh lin kt cc ng to thnh tinh bt cc m, t chc ca cy. Tinh bt di dng ht, c kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau, khng tan trong nc lnh, un vi nc th tinh bt dn dn b h ha v nht ca dung dch cng tng ln. CU TRC HA HC CA TINH BT. Tinh bt c cu to bi 2 loi polysaccharid c gi l amylose v amylopectin.. Amylose: phn t amylose l mt chui hin nay c bit n hng nghn n v -D-glucose ni vi nhau theo dy ni (1 4). Phn t amylose a s l cc chui thng rt t phn nhnh. Cc n v glucose ni vi nhau to thnh cc ng xon, mi ng c 6 n v glucose. Amylopectin: amylopectin c phn t lng ln hn khong 106-107 gm 5000-50.000 n v glucose v phn nhnh nhiu. Cc n v -D-glucose trong mch cng ni vi nhau theo dy ni (14) cn ch phn nhnh th theo dy ni (16). Trong cc loi tinh bt, trung bnh t l amylose l 25% cn amylopectin l 75%. Tuy nhin ngi ta cng to ra c nhng chng c nhiu amylose, v d ng, c tinh bt cha 75% amylose. Amylose cho vi thuc th iod mu xanh m c cc i ph hp thu khong 660nm, cn amylopectin th c mu tm v cc i hp th khong 540nm. Mu to thnh gia tinh bt v iod c gii thch do s hp ph. Ngi ta cho rng iod b hp ph vo pha trong hnh xon c. ng vi mt ng xon c th c 1 phn t iod. Nhng phn t cha 6 n v glucose th khng

phn ng vi iod. S THY PHN TINH BT Khi thy phn tinh bt bng acid th sn phm cui cng l glucose C6H12O6 (C6H12O5)n + nH2O (1+n) (C6H12O6) S thy phn qua cc chng: dextrin, erythrodextrin, achrodextrin, maltose, glucose. Amylose d b thy phn hn amylopectin v dy ni (14) d b ct hn l dy ni (16). Thy phn bng enzym Enzym amylase. C 2 loi chnh: -amylase v -amylase. Enzym ph bin trong cy, nhiu nht l cc ht ng cc ny mm, ngoi ra cn c trong nm mc, nc bt, dch ty. -amylase chu c nhit n 700C, nhit ny th cc enzym khc mt hot tnh. Enzym -amylase c trong khoai lang, u nnh v mt s ht ng cc, chu c nhit n 500C nhng chu c mi trng acid cao hn so vi enzym (pH = 3,3). Trong thc t ngi ta da vo nh hng khc nhau v pH v nhit tch 2 loi enzym trn. Kh nng tc dng ln 2 phn ca tinh bt cng khc nhau: S phn nhnh Amylopectin a) Enzym ct xen k nhng dy ni -(14)-glucosid ca amylose to thnh cc ng maltose, kt qu thu c l 100% ng maltose. i vi amylopectin th b-amylase ch ct c cc dy ni (14), khi gp mch nhnh th dng li, kt qu to thnh maltose v dextrin, lng maltose ch t t 50-60%. b) Enzym ct mt cch ngu nhin vo dy ni (14). i vi amylose th sn phm cui cng khong 90% l maltose ngoi ra c mt t l glucose. i vi amylopectin th a-amylase cng ch tc ng n dy ni (14) m khng ct c dy ni (16) v thc t ngi ta tm thy cc phn t isomaltose (= 6-O--D-gluco-pyranosyl-D-glucopyranose) trong dch thy phn. Enzym -amylase tip tc ct c nhng dextrin m enzym li to thnh cc dextrin phn t b hn. Nh vy a-amylase tc dng ln tinh bt th sn phm thu c ch yu l maltose ri n glucose v dextrin phn t b. Tinh bt ngun gc khc nhau, enzym ngun gc khc nhau th kh nng thy phn cng khc nhau. Khi s thy phn xy ra th nht ca dung dch h tinh bt gim dn, kh nng kh tng ln v

phn ng vi iod chuyn dn t xanh sang tm ri nu hng. Cc enzym khc: mt s enzym trong nm mc (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus delemar) thy phn tinh bt rt tt v c s dng trong quy t nh k ngh chuyn tinh bt thnh glucose. Cc enzym ny cng tc ng ln dy ni (14). Mt s enzym ny l: amyloglucosidase, glucoamylase, g-amylase. Enzym phosphorylase c trong u, khoai ty, trong l v cc b phn d tr ca thc vt bc cao. Enzym ny tc dng ln tinh bt cho glucose-1-phosphat nhng phi c mt ca aamylase v enzym tch nhnh nh R-enzym th s thy phn mi hon ton. Mt s enzym khc c kh nng tc ng ln dy ni (16) c gi l enzym tch nhnh v d: R-enzym, isoamylase (c trong nm men bia). HNH DNG TINH BT. Tinh bt tn ti trong cy di dng ht c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau, y l mt c im gip ch cho vic kim nghim mt dc liu cha tinh bt. Ty theo loi cy v ty theo trng thnh ca cy m hnh dng v kch thc thay i. V hnh dng th c th hnh cu, hnh trng, hnh nhiu gc ... kch thc c th t 1-100mm ng knh. Soi knh hin vi thng thy ht tinh bt cu to bi nhiu lp ng tm sp xp chung quanh mt im gi l rn ht. Cc lp ny to nn l do ht tinh bt ln dn bng cch tng thm cc lp pha ngoi. Cc lp ny khc nhau ch s chit quang v hm lng nc. C tc gi cho rng cc lp khc nhau l do nhng lp c tng thm v ban m v nhng lp tng thm v ban ngy nn khng hon ton ging nhau. Soi knh hin vi phn cc, ht tinh bt c hnh ch nht thp en. Trong nc lnh hnh dng tinh bt khng thay i. Khi nng dn nhit th tinh bt chuyn qua 3 giai on. Giai on u tinh bt ngm mt t nc, nu lm mt nc th tinh bt tr li tnh trng ban u. Khi nng dn nhit khong 60-850C th ht tinh bt n ra nhanh chng, tinh bt ngm nhiu phn t nc hn, cc dy ni hydro b t. ht tinh bt khng th tr li tnh trng ban u. Nu nng cao nhit hn na th tinh bt chuyn thnh h tinh bt. Cc loi ht tinh bt hay gp Ht hnh trng v hnh thn: Tinh bt khoai ty ch t c cy khoai ty (Solanum tuberosum L.) , thuc h C - Solanaceae. Ht tinh bt hnh trng, rn ht u hp, cc vn ng tm d nhn.

Thnh thong c ht kp 2 hoc 3. Kch thc trung bnh 50mm nhng c ht ln n 80-100mm. Tinh bt hong tinh ch t c cy dong (Maranta arundinacea L.) , thuc h Dong (Marantaceae) (ng nhm vi cy Hong tinh (Polygonatum sp.). Ht hnh trng kch thc 3060mm. Tinh bt sen, ch t ht cy sen (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), h Sen (Nelumbonaceae). Ht tinh bt hnh trng hay hnh thn, rn ht hnh vch kch thc ht t 3-25mm. Tinh bt sn (= khoai ) ch t cy sn (Manihot esculenta Crantz), h Thu Du

(Euphorbiaceae). Ht hnh cu phn ln mt u b lm v hi lm trng nh ci chung. Rn ht hnh sao, kch thc 3-35mm. Tinh bt u, ch t ht ca nhiu loi u (Phaseolus spp.), h u (Fabaceae). Ht hnh trng hay hnh thn. Rn ht di v phn nhnh, kch thc trung bnh 35mm. Tinh bt hoi sn, ch t c ca cy C mi (Dioscorea persimilis Prain v Burkill), h C nu (Dioscoreaceae). Ht hnh trng hay hnh thn. Rn ht di, kch thc trung bnh 40mm. Ht hnh a hay hnh thu knh dt: Tinh bt ch t ht ca cy la (Triticum vulgare L.), h

La (Poaceae), kch thc ht ln n 30mm, ht b 6-7mm. Ty theo v tr nhn m thy hnh t n hoc hnh thu knh li 2 mt. Rn ht l 1 im gia ht, khng r. Ht hnh nhiu gc: Tinh bt go ch t ht cy la (Oriza sativa L.), h La (Poaceae). Ht nhiu gc, nh, kch thc t 4-6mm, thng c kt thnh m. Rn ht khng r. Tinh bt ng (= bp), ch t ht cy ng (Zea mays L.), h La (Poaceae). Ht nhiu gc, rn ht gia rt r, kch thc 15-30mm. CH TINH BT Chng ta cn phn bit bt vi tinh bt. Bt bt ch cn nghin nh ht la , bt go khc tinh bt , tinh bt go. Mun c th phi ch

sau khi loi v, nhng mun c tinh bt

bin. Thnh phn ca bt bt

th ngoi glucid cn c protein, lipid, mui khong, vitamin ... cn tinh

th thnh phn ch yu l glucid. Nguyn tc chung ch tinh bt gm c cc giai on: 1)

Lm nh nguyn liu gii phng ht tinh bt ra khi cc t bo, 2) nho vi nc v lc qua ry hoc qua vi, ly phn di ry, 3) cho ln men, 4) ra nc ri phi kh. Ch tinh bt . Mun c tinh bt th nho bt di mt ng nc, nc cun tinh bt i

li gluten l mt khi nho, dnh tc l phn protein. Hng nc vo thng, tinh bt lng xung

v cn ln mt t gluten. Ngi ta cho ln men phn hy gluten bng cch trn vi 1 t nc c. Sau khi ln men gn b lp nc bn trn, ra thm 1 vi ln bng nc mi ri em sy hoc phi kh. Ch tinh bt go. Ngm go hay tm vi nc vi trong 7 ngy, vt go ra cho ro nc ri em xay, trong lc xay c thm nc. Nc bt xay phi em lc 2 ln, ln u qua ry tha, ln sau qua ry mt mau hn. Tinh bt qua ry cn ln mt t protein, cn ngm thm vi nc vi ri sau ra bng nc l, gn ly tinh bt ri phi kh. NH TNH V NH LNG nh tnh tinh bt ch cn cho tc dng vi dung dch iod trong nc, tinh bt s c mu xanh tm, c th nh tnh thng trn vi phu xc nh cc t chc cha tinh bt. y l phn ng c trng. Ngc li c th dng dung dch h tinh bt ?ht hin iod vi nng 2 x 10-6. S c mt ca cn, tanin, acid nitric, chlor s cn tr phn ng. nh lng bng phng php thy phn acid. Thy phn trc tip: :Nguyn liu (2,5-3g) c ra k bng nc ct ngui, sau thy phn trong vi gi bng 200ml H2O v 20ml HCl. Lm ngui v trung tnh bng NaOH. Thm nc n mt th tch xc nh, ly mt phn chnh xc ri nh lng glucose to thnh v suy ra lng tinh bt. (Khi lng glucose thu c x 0,9 = khi lng tinh bt). Phng php ny ch ng dng cho nhng nguyn liu cha ch yu l tinh bt v cc pentosan, galactan v mt s polysaccharid khc cng b thy phn cng vi tinh bt v cho sai s ln. Thy phn bng enzym ri tip theo bng acid: Nguyn tc ca phng php l dng dch chit mch nha (cha cc enzym thy phn tinh bt) cho tc dng ln nguyn liu chuyn tinh bt thnh ng a tan (maltose v mt s ng khc), sau dng acid thy phn tip. Glucose to thnh s c nh lng bng mt trong nhng phng php c chp nhn. Phng php da trn c s ca Purse: Phng php ny hin nay dng nh lng tinh bt trong nguyn liu thc vt bao gm cc giai on: loi ng bng ethanol, a tan tinh bt bng acid perchloric long v ngui, tch tinh bt di dng phc tinh bt - iod khng tan, phn hy phc ri thy phn tinh bt thnh glucose v nh lng glucose bng phng php to mu vi anthron (mu xanh) hoc bng cc phng php khc. Phng php khng thy phn nh lng tinh bt.

Phng php dng phn cc k: Trong phng php ny ngi ta dng dung dch calci chlorid c v nng a tan tinh bt, sau l nh lng bng cch o quay cc, ca dung dch tinh bt l +200. Phng php to phc vi iod: khi cho dung dch tinh bt tc dng vi iod th to phc c mu, c th dng nh lng. Ngi ta dng acid perchloric a tan tinh bt ri cho tc dng vi iod, o mu so snh vi mu tinh bt tinh ch. Trong phng php ny khng cn thit phi loi ng. Kim tra cht lng Dc in Vit Nam II tp 3 quy nh kim tra tp cht l, kim loi nng, arsenic, gii hn acid.

CNG DNG Tinh bt l thnh phn chnh trong lng thc. Nguyn liu c nhiu tinh bt l cc ht ng cc, cc loi c nh khoai, sn (khoai ), c mi, c ao (Canna edulis Ker. Gawl.), h Chui

hoa (Cannaceae). C khi b phn d tr li l thn cy v d cy bng (Arenga pinnata Merr., h Cau (Arecaceae). Hin nay ngun ch tinh bt dng trong nc v xut khu quan trng nht l sn (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Gi tr xut khu ca 1 tn tinh bt sn l 200 USD v c 3,5 tn sn ti th cho 1 tn tinh bt. Nm 1995 tnh Ty Ninh xut c 28000 tn tinh bt sn. Trong ngnh dc tinh bt c dng lm t dc vin nn, dng dng tinh b bin tnh. Tinh bt cn l nguyn liu sn xut glucose, cn ethylic, monosodium glutamat, bnh ko... Back to Top

Cellulose Cellulose l polysaccarid c to thnh t cc n v anhydroglucose l thnh phn chnh ca t bo thc vt. Trong g cha khong 5% cellulose; si bng vi 97-98%; si lanh, si gai 81-90%, si ay 75%, thn cy h Ci, h La 30-40%. Cellulose cng l mt glucosan nh tinh bt, phn t gm cc n v glucose nhng khc tinh bt

 ch dy ni gia cc n v glucose l 14. Khi thu phn khng hon ton th trong sn phm thu phn c cellotetraose, cellotriose, cellobiose v khi thu phn hon ton th c glucose. Khi thu phn cellulose metyl ho th khng thu c 2,3- dimethyl glucose chng t phn t cellulose khng phn nhnh. Kh nng kh ca cellulose ht sc thp v trong sn phm thu phn lng 2,3,4,6- tetramethyl glucose cng rt t chng t mch ca phn t cellulose kh di. S lng n v glucose dao ng t 3000 n 10.000. Cc phn t cellulose kt hp nhau to thnh micel tc l b si c chiu dy 50-100/span>. Cc micel li to thnh b microfibril vi ng knh khong 250/span> c th thy c bng knh hin vi in t, cn fibril to thnh t cc microfibril th c ng knh 2000/span> v c th quan st c bng knh hin vi thng. Cc si cellulose chnh l cc fibril. Cc phn t cellulose trong cc micel nh c rt nhiu lin kt hydro nn to c dng si bn chc. Cellulose khng tan trong nc v dung mi hu c nhng tan c trong h dung mi gm amoniac v hydroxit kim loi (y l nguyn tc chung sn xut si nhn to). Kim loi c th dng l ng, niken, coban, cadimi... trong ng thng dng hn c. Dung dch cellulose trong phc ng amoniac lm si rng ch mng phn ly dng cho thn nhn to. Cc dn cht Cellulose v cng dng + Cellulose khi thu phn mt phn th thu c cellulose vi tinh th. y l cht bt mu trng, ht bt c ng knh 10-15mm, khng tan trong nc nhng phn tn c trong nc cho mt gel n nh. Bt cellulose c dng trong bo ch khoa lm t dc r v cellulose vi tinh th khi gp nc nh cu trc mao qun lm cho nc d thm vo vin nn v lm vin v ra. Bt cellulose cn ng vai t va l t dc dnh va l t dc trn. y l mt t dc a nng. Bt cellulose cn dng lm cht phn tn v n nh cc nh dch v hn dch. + Khi cho tc dng cellulose vi NaOH th hydro ca nhm alcol bc mt ca cc n v glucose c thay th bi natri v to thnh cellulose kim. Khi ra nc th cellulose c phc hi nhng cu trc ca cc micel c thay i. Qu t nh ny c p dng trong k ngh dt lm cho si bng lng v d bt mu khi nhum. + Khi cho tc dng carbon disulfid (CS2) ln cellulose th cho cellulose xanthat Dung dch cao phn t cellulose xanthat trong nc c nht cao, khi b nn p qua nhng l

nh vo dung dch acid sulfuric th carbon disulfid b loi v cellulose c ti sinh di dng si rt nh c cng v cun vo sut ch. y l nguyn tc ca phng php sn xut si cellulose tng hp. + Cc nhm OH ca cc n v glucose trong phn t cellulose c th c alkyl ho, v d methyl ho to methylcellulose (MC). Vic iu ch methyl cellulose c thc hin bng cch x l cellulose vi NaOH ri cho methyl chlorid (CH3Cl) tc dng ln cellulose kim, sau lm kt ta methylcellulose bng methanol, em ly tm ri sy kh. Tu theo iu kin phn ng m c t l nhm methoxy khc nhau. Methylcellulose dng bt mu trng, cho vi nc mt dung dch gi, c nht thay i tu theo nng , mc alkyl ho, ln phn t. Cc dung dch gi n nh t pH 2 n 12 nhng kt ta khi un ln 60oC. Trong bo ch ngi ta dng methylcellulose trong vic bo ch cc nh dch v hn dch, thuc m, t dc dnh v r cho vin nn. Ngoi methylcellulose cn c ethylcellulose, methy ethyl cellulose. + Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose l propylen glycol ether ca methyl cellulose, trong nhm hydroxypropyl v methyl u ni vo cc n v anhydroglucose ca cellulose theo dy ni ether. Trong bo ch khoa hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose c dng bo ch cc hn dch. + Natri hydroxy cellulose (Na CMC) l dn cht khc ca cellulose. iu ch gm 2 giai on chnh: cellulose c chuyn thnh cellulose kim, sau cho monochloroacetat (Cl-CH2COONa) tc dng. y cng l mt cht bt trng, ht m. Vi nc cng cho dung dch gi c nht thay i tu theo nng , mc th nhm CH2COONa, ln phn t . Nu tng pH th nht tng, acid ho lm gim nht v tnh n nh ca dung dch. Nhit tng th nht gim v khng kt ta khi un nng trn 60oC nh MC. Cng dng ca NaCMC gn ging nh cng dng ca MC. + Tc dng cellulose vi anhydrid acetic th to thnh cellulose triacetat, tan c trong aceton v cc ester. Cellulose acetat c s dng lm phim nh, nha do, t acetat. + Acetophtalat cellulose l ester ca cellulose trong c mt s chc alcol cn trng thi t do, mt s khc b acetyl ho v ester ho vi acid phtalic; nhm carboxyl th hai ca acid phtalic cn dng t do v c th to mui. y l mt cht bt trng th ht, hi c mi ca acid acetic, hu nh khng tan trong nc

acid, tan trong mi trng kim, khng tan trong methanol v chloroform, tan trong aceton, ethyl acetat v trong hn hp ng th tch ca ethyl acetat v isopropanol. u im chnh ca acetophtalat cellulose l khng tan trong mi trng acid nn thng c dng bao nhng thuc khng tan trong d dy m ch tan rut. + Khi cho tc dng cellulose vi hn dch acid nitric v acid sulfuric th to cellulose nitrat. Nu nng acid long th ta cdinitrat cellulose tc l colodion (hay colloxylin) tan c trong hn hp cn ether. Nu dng acid nitric m c v acid sulfuric 95% th ta c cellulose trinitrat di tn l pyroxylin hay bng thuc sng (gun-cotton) l nguyn liu ca thuc n. Back to Top

Gm, cht nhy v cc polysaccarit rong bin NGUN GC V VAI TR SINH L CA GM V CHT NHY. Gm Gm to thnh trn cy l do s bin i ca mng t bo. Thng th s bin i xy ra nhng m gi v nhng m chuyn thnh gm, nhng c khi nhng t bo non cng b bin i. nhng cy thn g, gm to thnh do s bin i nhng t bo phn ty hoc t bo gn vng tng sinh g ri chy ra ngoi theo cc k h nh l su c, vt cht ... v d trng hp cy mn. nhng ni kh hanh, mt s cy tit ra gm khi ma ma n v d trng hp cy Acacia verek mc Ai Cp vng ven sa mc, y na nm khng ma. Khi ma xung, cy tit ra gm tng sinh g. Khi kh v cy nt n, gm theo k h tit ra ngoi. l gm arabic. Nh vy gm c ngun gc bnh l, cy tit ra gm l mt phn ng i vi iu kin khng thun li. Cht nhy Cht nhy: Khi nim "cht nhy" dng ch cc phc cht polysaccarit phn lp t cc b phn ca cy thng tan hon ton trong nc v dung dch khng d ng rn mc d nht ca dung dch cao. Mt s ht nh ht lanh, ht mt s cy h Hoa mi, khi gieo xung t th s ha nhy xy ra

ton b bn ngoi ca ht lm cho ht gi nc cn thit trong qu t nh ny mm. C khi cht nhy l cht d tr cho s pht trin ca b phn trn mt t, l trng hp mt s cy h Lan - Orchidaceae mc v ma xun, v d cy Bch cp. cc loi to, cht nhy to thnh t nhng cht gian bo do nhng cht nhy gn vi pectin hn. Nh vy cht nhy l thnh phn cu to ca t bo bnh thng. Trong mt s cy, cht nhy ch c mt trong mt s t bo ca m, v d b chnh sm. Ta cng cn bit rng khng c ranh gii tht r rt gia gm v cht nhy. C th quan nim gm l sn phm thu c di dng rn t cc k nt t nhin hay vt rch ca cy, cn cht nhy l sn phm c th chit ra t nguyn liu bng nc. Chng ta cng cn phn bit gia gm v cht nha. V mt hnh dng bn ngoi th nha ging gm v cng chy ra t k nt, l su c hoc vt rch trn cy, v d nha cnh kin trng nhng nu t chy, nha c mi thm cn gm c mi giy chy. Nha khng tan trong nc nhng d tan trong dung mi hu c cn gm v cht nhy khi cho vo trong nc s n ra v tan. V mt ha hc, gm v cht nhy thuc v polysaccharid cn nha thuc ngun gc terpen. Ngi ta c th chia gm v cht nhy thnh 3 nhm theo cu to ha hc. Nhm trung tnh: Nhm ny v mt cu to ha hc l nhng glactomannan hoc glucomannan. Galactomannan l cc polysaccharid m phn t gm cc gc D-mannose v D-galactose, glucomannan l cc polysaccharid m cc phn t gm cc gc D-mannose v D-glucose. Galactomannan ca mi loi cy th khc nhau v t l gia cc gc galactose v mannose, khc nhau v cu trc v phn t lng. Mch chnh ca cc phn t th di v gm cc gc Dmannopyranose ni vi nhau cn mch nhnh th ngn v c cu to bi ng D-galactopyranose. V d Guaran th t l gia mannose v galactose l 2:1, phn t gm mt mch chnh di gm cc n v manose ni vi nhau theo dy ni -(14) v mch nhnh l n v galactopyranose ni theo dy ni -(16) Mt s galactomannan khc th c t l gia mannose v galactose l 3:1, 6:1. Loi galactomannan hay gp ht mt s cy h u, v d galactomannan ca ht cy ct kh- Cassia occidentalis L. ( c xc nh cu trc nm 1975). Glucomannan th hay gp trong h Hu Ty-Liliaceae, h Lan -Orchidaceae. V mt cu trc th loi ny t c bit.

Nhm acid, thnh phn c acid uronic: i din cho nhm ny l gm tit ra thn cy, v d gm arabic. Phn t polysaccharid ca gm arabic c phn t lng khong 250.000, phn nhnh nhiu v cu to bi cc n v D-galactopyranose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, acid D-glucuronic theo t l 3:3:1:1, trong mch chnh gm nhng n v D-galactopyranose ni vi nhau theo dy ni b-(1?3). Mt phn lp li ca phn t gm arabic R=L-Araf-(1?, L-Rhap- (1?, a-D-Galp-(1?3)-L-Araf-(1?, hoc t gp hn: b-L-Araf-(1?3) L-Araf-(1?. Gm tit ra thn cy m-Prunus armeniaca L. thnh phn gm c D-xylose, L-arabinose, Dgalactose theo t l 1:8:8 ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh D-mannose v acid D-glucuronic. Khi un nng vi nc, gm b thy phn gii phng L-arabinose v to thnh nhng mnh c khi lng phn t b. Phn tch cu trc bng phng php ct nh phn t v bng phng php oxy ha vi periodat cho thy phn t gm c mt mch chnh gm cc n v b-D-galactopyranose ni theo dy ni (1?6), mch chnh ny mang nhiu mch nhnh C-3 gm c cc n v Larabinofuranose, D-galactose v acid D-glucuronic. Ngi ta cn thy rng mch chnh thnh thong c cc n v L-arabinose xen vo. Gm tit ra thn cy mt s loi thuc chi Citrus thnh phn gm c L-arabinose, D-galactose v acid D-glucuronic. T l gia cc n v ng ny thay i ty theo loi v d gm ca cy chanh c t l 2:5:2. Agar Algae Gel Mask - Mt n to bin dng gel Alginat Algin hay acid alginic l mt acid hu c c trong to nu c trng lng phn t t 32.000 n 200.000 do acid manuronic v acid v axit L-guluronic lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1-4 glucozit. T l cc acid ny trong mch ph thuc vo loi, v tr thu hi v tng b phn trong to. T l M?G ca cc loi to nu l 1:0,5 n 1:3. mt s to nu cng c polysaccharid thuc nhm acid: acid alginic. Acid alginic cu to bi cc n v acid guluronic v acid mannuronic. Dy ni gia cc acid l b-(1?4), phn t lng trung bnh khong 200.000. T l gia cc acid uronic thay i ty theo ngun gc. T l gia

acid mannuronic/guluronic l

1,56 to Macrocystis pyrifera, 1,85 Ascophyllum

nodosum, 0,45 Laminaria hyperborea. Chui phn t polysaccharid khng ng nht. Qua s thy phn tng phn, ngi ta xc nh c 3 kiu sp xp trong phn t, c on l polymannuronic, hoc polyguluronic hoc xen k gia 2 acid. trong to cc acid dng mui hn hp (Na, Mg, K, Ca). Acid mannuronic Acid guluronic Hng nm th gii sn xut n 10.000 tn acid alginic Nhm acid, c thnh phn gc sulfat. i din cho nhm ny l thch- Agar Agar. Thch l sn phm ch t mt s loi to bin. Thnh phn ca thch cha chng 70-80% polysaccharid, 10-20%nc, 1,5-4% cht v c. Phn polysaccharid cu to bi cc gc D- v Lgalactose, 3, 6-anhydrogalactose, cc pentose, acid glucuronic v cc gc sulfat. Ngi ta chia ra 2 loi polysaccharid khc nhau: agarose v agaropectin. Agarose l polysaccharid cu to bi cc gc b-D-galactopyranose theo dy ni (1?3) lun phin vi 3, 6 -anhydro a-L-galactopyranose theo dy ni (1?4) (ng i ny c tn l agarobiose) ngoi ra cn c mt cc on v D-galactose mang nhm 6-O-methyl v mt lng rt t D-xylose. Agarose chim khong 55-66% v c th tch bng cch kt ta vi polyethylen glycol. Agaropectin th chim khong 40% ca ton b polysaccharid, c cu trc phc tp. Thnh phn c acid glucuronic, D-galactose, 3,4-anhydro L-galactose. Mt phn ca cc n v ng c ester ha vi acid sulfuric. TNH CHT Gm v cht nhy TNH CHT Gm v cht nhy a tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo c nht cao, hon ton khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ether, benzen, chloroform. tan trong cn thay i ty theo cn v tu theo loi gm hay cht nhy, cn cao th khng tan. Gm v cht nhy b ta bi ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim v khc pectin ch khng b tc ng enzym pectinesterase. Gm v cht nhy c tnh quang hot. Loi gm v cht nhy no c cu to chui thng th to c mng nhng t c tnh dnh, tri li loi no c cu to phn nhnh th kh to mng nhng c tnh dnh cao. nht ca dung dch thuc nhm trung tnh th thay i t theo pH cn nhm acid th

thay i theo pH. Cht nhy bt mu xanh vi methylen nn c th li dng nh tnh cht nhy trn vi phu thc vt. NH GI MT DC LIU CHA GM HOC CHT NHY. nh gi mt dc liu cha gm hay cht nhy ta c th da vo phng php ta bng cn ri lc, sy, cn. C th ta bng ch acetat. Ngi ta cn nh gi bng phng php o nht. Mt s dc in quy nh vic nh gi mt s dc liu cha cht nhy da trn ch s n: ch s n l th tch tnh bng ml m 1gam dc liu khi n trong nc chim c. Th nghim tin hnh trong nhng iu kin quy nh: kch thc ng ong, lng dc liu, nh ca dc liu, thi gian ngm, nhit ... Dc in Php (nm 1972) quy nh phng php nh gi mt dc liu cha cht nhy nh sau: tin hnh trong mt ng ong c 20cm chiu cao v 2 cm ng knh, chia th tch bt u t y. Cho 1 gam dc liu nguyn hay nghin nh vo ng, thm 25 ml nc, y nt. Lc nh u lc u, sau thnh thong lc trong ng 1 gi. yn 6 gi nhit 15-20O . Th tch theo ml m dc liu bao gm c cht nhy chim c chnh l ch s n. tch gm hoc cht nhy trong dc liu, c th da vo a tan trong nc ri thm cn cao ta, tch ring ri tinh ch bng phng php thm tch. Mun bit thnh phn monosaccharid trong cu trc ca gm hay cht nhy, ta c th tin hnh thy phn ri xc nh cc monosaccharid bng phng php sc k. Mun thy phn ngi ta un gm hoc cht nhy vi acid sunfuric 2N. Dung dch thy phn sau khi trung a bng bari hydroxyd dng phn tch sc k. NG DNG. Gm v cht nhy c ng dng trong k ngh dt, thc phm ... Trong bo ch khoa gm thng c dng lm cht nh ha, lm t dc. mt s dc liu cha cht nhy thng c tc dng cha ho v lm chng lnh cc vt thng, vt lot. Thch (Agar-Agar) dng cha to bn v ch mi trng nui cy trong khoa vi sinh. Alginat c tnh cht trng n, khng hp thu rut gy cm gic y bng nn hay dng chng bnh bo ph. Trong trng hp kt mn v khng nn dng. Dung dch keo alginat c tnh dnh bm v bao nn ng dng tr lot v bo v nim mc ng tiu ha. Calci alginat c tnh cm mu nhanh c dng khi chy mu cam, chy mu rng hoc cc trng hp chy mu

do b thng tch. Trong k ngh dc phm, acid alginic v alginat c dng lm t dc r trong vin nn, cht n nh nh dch cc kem v thuc m. Trong m phm, tnh cht nh ha v gi nc ca alginat cng c khai thc. Trong cng nghip thc phm mt lng ln alginat c tiu th, ngoi ra cc ngnh khc nh vi si, sn, giy ... cng cn n alginat. Back to Top Spirulina c coi l mt loi thc n cho sc kho m nhiu nc cng nghip pht trin a vo nui trng cng nghip v s dng rng ri di nhiu dng ch phm khc nhau Pectin Nhng cht pectin l nhng carbohydrat c phn t ln m phn chnh ca phn t cu to bi acid polygalacturonic, do c xp vo nhm "polyuronid". Nhng cht pectin thng gp trong cc b phn ca cy v mt s to. c bit ci (v qu gia) ca mt s cy h Cam (Rutaceae) nh bi, cam, chanh th hm lng rt cao, c th n 30%. Ngi ta chia lm 2 loi: Nhng cht pectin a tan, c trong dch t bo. Protopectin l dng khng a tan nm trong thnh t bo v cc lp gian bo, ng vai t cht "ct" v "xi mng". NHNG CHT PECTIN HA TAN. Loi ny gm c: Cng thc acid pectic

Acid a-D-galacturonic dng gh C1. Acid pectic. V mt cu to ha hc, phn t acid pectic l mt mch di gm khong 100 n v acid D-galacturonic ni vi nhau theo dy ni -(1-4). V mt cu trc lp th th acid -Dgalacturonic dng gh C1 . Acid pectic l c s ca cc cht pectic khc. Acid pectic trong cy c th tn ti di dng mui pectat. Pectin. Cn c gi l acid pectinic. Phn t ca pectin gm vi trm n v acid a-Dgalacturonic ni vi nhau theo dy ni a-(1?4) nhng mt phn hoc ton b cc nhm carboxyl c methyl ester ha. Ty theo mc ester ha m ngi ta chia ra: loi "pectin c nhiu

nhm methoxyl" v loi "pectin c t nhm methoxyl". Loi sau c di 40% s nhm carboxyl b ester ha. Cc cy khc nhau cha pectin khc nhau v khi lng phn t v s phn b ca cc nhm ester v mc ester ha. Tuy cu trc ca pectin c xc nh nh trn nhng mt s ti liu cn cho rng trong thnh phn cn c th c mt cc ose khng phi uronic, cc nhm acetyl v phosphat. Tnh cht ca pectin. Pectin dng bt v nh hnh mu xm trng, tan trong nc, trong formamid, trong glycerin nng. a tan tng khi mc methyl ester ha tng, nu phn t cng ln th tan gim. Pectin khng tan trong ethanol, isopropanol, aceton nn c th dng cc dung mi ny kt ta. Pectin b kt ta bi cc mui a ho tr nh ng sunfat, ch nitrat hoc acetat, st chlorid. Trong sn xut ngi ta dng mui nhm kt ta pectin pH 4, ta mu vng lc thu c l 1 cng kt ta gia pectin tch in m v nhm tch in dng. Pectin kt ta bng mui kim loi c th tinh ch bng cch ra ta vi ethanol hoc aceton acid ha. trong nc ta c th iu ch pectin t ci (v qu gia) ca bi nh sau: ci bi phi kh, tn bt 50g, thm 20 ml HCl 0,03N v un 1 gi trn ni cch thy. Dch nng lc qua bng, c th un ln 2 vi mt t nc nng. Khi ngui, kim ha nh bng ammoniac ri bc hi cch thy, nu c iu kin th bc hi chn khng cn 60ml. Thm vo dung dch snh sau khi ct 2 ln th tch cn, pectin kt ta c ly tm. Nu mun c pectin tinh ch th a tan nng trong mt lng t nc ri li ta bng cn. Ta xp c sy kh bng cch ti mng trn knh nhit khng qu 45O. Dung dch pectin 0,2-1,5% khi c mt 65-70% saccharose v pH 3,1-3,5 th to thnh cht ng. nh tnh. nh tnh pectin da vo phn ng to thnh pectin hydroxamic acid ri cho tc dng tip vi st ba chlorid s to thnh phc kt ta mu . Thuc th : hydroxylamin, 1,4g trong 10ml ethanol 60%; natri hydroxyd 1,4g trong 10ml ethanol 60%; acid hydrochloric 1 th tch + 2 th tch ethanol 95%; 2,5g st ba trong 10ml HCl 0,1N pha trong ethanol 60%. Cch tin hnh: a mt t cht th vo 1ml nc, thm 1ml thuc th hydroxylamin, 1ml natri hydroxyd ri yn 2 pht, thm 1 ml dung dch HCl v 1ml thuc th st ba.

nh tnh trn vi phu: lm mt nc v mt hot tnh cc enzym bng cch ngm vi phu trong aceton. Ra aceton 3, 4 ln vi methanol. Cho vi phu vo mt hn hp gm 1ml thuc th hydroxylamin v 1ml natrihydroxyd, quy 5 pht. Thm 1ml HCl-ethanol v quy 5 pht. Chuyn vi phu vo 2ml thuc th st ba, sau 10 pht vt ra v quan st vi knh hin vi. nh tnh pectin da vo s c mt ca acid galacturonic: ly mt t pectin a tan vo 3-4ml nc, thm vi git ch acetat kim 10% v un trn ni cch thy. u tin to thnh ta trng ri dn dn c mu cam hi . nh tnh da vo s to thnh cht ng: ly 5g pectin, thm 50ml nc, ym pectin trng ra, thm 25 g ng ma tn thnh bt v un si 10-15 pht. Thm 1ml dung dch acid citric 40%. Sau 2-3 gi s to thnh cht ng. nh lng Xc nh hm lng anhydrouronic acid bng phng php so mu: mu kim nghim sau khi loi ng (chit bng ethanol) c tc dng vi dung dch 0,5% EDTA loi cc cation ha tr 2. Tip theo dng NaOH 1N x p ng ha cc nhm ester (20O, 30 pht), acid ha n pH 5,0-5,5 bng acid acetic. Cho enzym depolymer ha tc dng trong 1 gi, lc. Cho dch lc tc dng vi acid sulfuric m c ri vi dung dch 0,15%carbazol trong cn. o mu bc sng 520nm. i chiu vi ng cong mu ca anhydrouronic acid i t acid galacturonic (40g acid galacturonic ~ 33,2mg anhydrouronic acid). Ngoi ra cn c th nh lng pectin bng phng php cn (sau khi ta pectin bng cc dung mi hu c), phng php o quay cc, phng php o nht. Tc ng ca cc enzym ln pectin. Cc enzym tc ng ln pectin c th chia lm 2 loi: Pectinesterase (P.E.). Enzym ny ct nhm ester methylic to thnh acid pectic. Enzym ct nh phn t (enzym depolymer ha). loi ny c th chia ra: Polymethyl galacturonase (P.M.G.), enzym ny ct phn t thnh tng n v galacturonic. Ngi ta cn chia ra endopolygalacturonase l enzym ct mt cch ngu nhin vo cc dy ni glycosid v exopolygalacturonase l enzym ct bt u t u mch. Pectinlyase (P.L.) l enzym ct dy ni (14) v ng thi to thnh cc sn phm cha no. S tc dng ca cc enzym ln pectin

Ngi ta tm thy cc enzym ny trong mt s nm mc nh Aspergillus niger, A.oryzae v li dng loi pectin trong vic lm trong nc hoa qu, trong vic ch bin si tho mc. PECTIN KHNG HA TAN. Loi ny cn c gi l protopectin. Nh c protopectin m cc qu xanh c cng nht nh. Ngi ta cho rng khi qu chn, di tc ng ca protopectinase th protopectin chuyn thnh pectin a tan nn qu chn th mm ra, tuy nhin cha c chng minh y v s tn ti ca mt enzym c trng nh vy. V mt cu trc ha hc, protopectin to thnh l do lin kt nhng phn t pectin vi nhau qua cu calci, phosphat v ngoi ra cn c s kt hp vi cellulose, vi ose v mt s thnh phn khc ca vch t bo. S cu to ca protopectin c th biu din nh hnh di y. Cng dng Pectin dng lm thuc cm mu ng rut, ung dung dch 1-2%, 40-80ml trong 24 gi. Pectin cn dng lm tc nhn nh ha tt khi kt hp vi gm arabic. Dung dch pectin n nh mi trng acid nhng khng n nh c mi trng kim. Khi dng pectin nn lm m vi nc v nn trn vi ng hoc glycerin a tan c d dng, trnh vn cc. Polysaccarid ngun gc ng vt Chitin Chitin l thnh phn ch yu ca m, biu b cn trng v gip xc (v tm). Cu to v chc nng ca chitin tng t vi cellulose. Chitin l mt polisaccarit mch thng trng lng phn t cao c th xem nh l dn xut ca xellulose, trong nhm (-OH) nguyn t C(2) c thay th bng nhm axetyl amino (-NHCOCH3), cc n v N-acetyl- D-glucosamin (N-axetyl-2amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose) c ni vi nhau bi lin kt -(14). cc mt xch ca chitin cng c nh s nh ca glucose. Chitosan l dn xut axetyl ho ca chitin, Chitosan c cu to t cc mt xch Dglucozamin lin kt vi nhau bi cc lin kt (14)-glicozit, Chitosan gip ch cho vic gim bo ph, lm thuc h tr gim cn.v gim lng cholesterol trong mu, Back to Top

Back to Top Ti liu tham kho: Nguyn Vn Khi. Polysacarit v ng dng cc dn xut tan ca chng trong thc phm. NXB Khoa hc v k thut (2006) Nguyn Vn Khi. Polyme a nc ho hc v ng dng. NXB Khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh (2007). H S Trng. C s ho hc g v xenluloza Tp 1, Tp 2. NXB Khoa hc v k thut (2003, 2004) Bi ging Dc liu Tp I - 1998 Tt Li - Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam 2003 .. - - - 1991

end of page Khi nim v glycosid Glycosid l dng ph bin ca nhiu hp cht t nhin, cu trc ca cc hp cht ny gm hai thnh phn - phn ng v phn khng ng. Phn ng ca glycosid gi l glycon, phn khng ng gi l aglycon hoc genin. Phn ng v phn khng ng lin kt vi nhau bng dy ni acetal v vy phn t glycosid d b phn hu khi c nc di nh hng ca cc enzim (men) c cha trong cy. Phn ng trong glycosid ch yu l monosaccarid hoc oligosaccarid, thng l glucose*, rhamnose*, galactose*... Trong thnh phn ca mt s glycosid c ng c bit khng c trong cc glycosid khc (v d trong glycosid tim). Phn aglycon ca cc glycosid c th thuc cc nhm cht hu c khc nhau v d cn, andehyd, acid, phenol, dn cht anthracen* vv...i khi c cc aglycon c cha nit, lu hunh song thng cha cacbon, hydro, xy. Do c tnh d b phn hu, kh thu c dng tinh khit nn vic nghin cu cu trc thng gp nhiu kh khn. Tc dng ca cc glycosid ln c th ph thuc vo phn aglycon, phn ng lm tng hoc gim tc dng ca chng. Phn loi glycosid - Phn ng v phn khng ng ca cc glycosid thng ni vi nhau bng cu ni oxy hoc cc cu ni khc nh S, N, ngi ta c th phn loi glycosid theo cu ni. Mt s trng hp phn ng v khng ng lin kt vi nhau bng dy ni ester, loi ny c gi l pseudoglycosid (Asiaticosid). - H thng phn loi thng dng hin nay l phn loi theo cu trc ca phn khng ng. Da vo cu trc ca phn khng ng ngi ta chia thnh cc nhm cht: Glycosid tim, iridoid, saponin, anthranoid, flavonoid, coumarin, tanin... Back to Top Thu hi, bo qun dc liu cha glycosid Cu trc ca cc glycosid thng khng bn vng, cn phi c bit quan tm n vic thu hi,

sy v bo qun dc liu cha chng. S thu phn bng men bt u khi cy cht v vy cn phi sy kh sau khi ct cng sm cng tt. Khng c xp ng dc liu ti v chng s t nng ln to nn iu kin thun li cho hot ng ca men. Cc glycosid thng b thu phn, b ct mt s phn t ng cui mch khi thu hoch. S thu phn thng xy ra kh nhanh di tc dng ca cc enzim c sn trong cy. Khi thu hoch khng xp dc liu thnh ng v chng s t nng ln to nn iu kin thun li cho hot ng ca men. Sy phi tin hnh nhanh nhit 50-700 C. Sy chm c th gy nn s thu phn c mc ca cc glycosid tim cc glycosid nguyn cp b thu phn thnh cc glycosid th cp c tc dng dc l khc. Bo qun dc liu cha glycosid cn trnh m cao lm thu phn hot cht. C th dit enzim n nh dc liu bng phng php nhit kh (dng lung kh nng thi qua dc liu), hoc phng php nhit m (dng hi nc p sut cao nhit 110 -1200C hoc hi cn si, nc si). Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp s hot ng ca cc enzim lm tng hm lng ht cht trong dc liu.

Mt s k hiu vit tt (ng):arab = arabinose*, ara(f) = arabinofuranose*, ara(p) = arabinopyranose*; api = apiose; boi= boivinose; cym= cymarose, digin = diginose; digita = digitalose; digt = digitoxose*; fuc = fucose*; gal(p) = galactopyranose*, gita = gitalose, glc = glucose*; glcA = acid glucuronic; oleand = oleandrose; prim = primeverose; rha = rhamnose*; rha(p) = rhamnopyranose*; xyl = xylose*. glycosid