Bigfoot Encounters

North American Bipedal Primates

Basic Physiology and Biology of the animal in question Douglas E. Trapp
23 January, 200

Introduction !rom my "eginning years as a child #$% &' (ith an interest in anthropology, )*+e e,amined much o- the reports in print. studied se+eral e,cellent scienti-ic papers. disco+ered and had analy/ed prints "y a scientist. inter+ie(ed (itnesses. "ecame -luent in (ildli-e "iology and se+eral other disciplines including primatology and anthropology. and de+eloped an understanding that ) thin0 is most li0ely correct -or the animal commonly re-erred to as 1as2uatch, or Big-oot. This collecti+e research term has accounted -or appro,imately 3% years o- my li-e, although ) claim acti+ity in this realm o- scienti-ic e,amination dating "ac0 to $%& #30 years'. )n this document ) re-er to these animals as 3"ipedal primate#s'4 -or the reader. 5ccasionally ) loosely use the term 3primate#s'4 to descri"e anthropoids, and ) hope the reader understands that unless ) use the term 3human4, ) am not re-erring to such. 6umans are primates as (ell are "ipedal primates, although humans are re-erred to as 3humans4 in this te,t. Although this animal is not scienti-ically identi-ied, to date, the supporti+e e+idence and related scienti-ic scrutiny has o--ered many clues regarding their physical, anatomical, "iological, and general nocturnal li-estyle that has apparently eluded scienti-ic disco+ery #no "ones or "ody' -or eons. ) su"mit here that this collecti+e e+idence and scienti-ic e,amination, although limited, supports the e,istence oa "ipedal primate in North America o- (hich said population si/e cannot "e determined. The mystery here is only, in my mind, that +ery -e( people or scientists accept the e+idence to support this animal*s e,istence. )n this "rie- paper ) descri"e some "asic characteristics -or this animal that may "e use-ul -or those (ho desire searching -or -urther e+idence. Although some o- this is (ritten as i- it (ere -act, please understand that it is only my personal understanding that is "eing e,pressed here, and until (e ha+e "ones or a "ody and scienti-ic e,amination o- such, nothing ) say is -act relating to this animal. ) am sure some o- my theories (ill turn out to "e -act, "ut until then, it is not. 7ith hard (or0 and a lot ogood luc0, ) hope someone is success-ul in pro+ing me right. General Appearance North American "ipedal primates are a"out t(ice as large as a human in girth, ranging in height -rom a"out & to % -eet tall #a+erage (itness heights'. 8irth is normally appropriate -or the height, "ut some thin indi+iduals are reported. Estimated (eights range -rom 900 to $000 pounds. They are completely hair:co+ered e,cept -or the -ace "elo( the "ro( and a"o+e the upper lip, palms o- the hands, and the "ase o- the -eet. Normal hair co+er is dar0 "ro(n or "lac0. They almost al(ays (al0 "ipedal, or stand erect in one location "e-ore (al0ing o-- erect. Eye color is not normally reported due to the general distance -rom the (itness, "ut (hen it is the eyes are usually dar0 "ro(n or "lac0 in color. Eyes are reported to illuminate against headlights and -lashlights. The shoulders are normally aligned (ith the

;a(, creating a nec0:less appearance. The arms are longer than those in the human and reach to the 0nees, and are s(ung to and -ro during locomotion. )n locomotion the 0nees appear loc0ed, and do not -ully s(ing out in e+ery step as in humans. Each -oot is placed -latly and -irmly in the ground rather than the commonly 0no(n 36eal:to:toe4 aspect o- the human. )n general, these are +ery large hair: co+ered "ipedal primates (ho can moti+ate through +ery rugged terrain (ith ease. Physiology E,tremely muscular in appearance, these animals sho( distinct and strong "uttoc0s<thigh muscles, as (ell as +ery strong shoulder muscles. The nec0 "ones are apparently limited and disallo( head turning to an e,tent (here the upper torso must t(ist during locomotion in order to loo0 to the side or "ehind, or the (hole "ody must other(ise change position in a stance. !rom legitimate -ootprints it has also "een indicated that they also possess a mid:tarsal "rea0 in the center o- the -oot, indicating a shi-t o- the heal "one to a more -or(ard position than that in humans. This 3"rea04 is li0ely used as a tool to grip the rough sur-ace in -orested and roc0y terrain, there"y allo(ing mo"ility in a "asically easy manner. The arms are longer than humans to help maintain the upright mo"ility through di--icult terrain, and can "e used to assist in clim"ing steep inclines. The toes can splay open or closed to assist in such mo"ility, especially in (et or muddy situations, unli0e human toes. The hands, -rom the little e+idence collect -or such, are +ery unli0e a human hand, (ith no opposa"le thum" o- (hich almost appears to act as an additional -inger, o- sorts. The hands are "uilt -or digging deep into soil -or roots and gru"s, or other(ise to assist mo+ement through thic0ly (ooded areas. The eyes are designed -or nocturnal +ision, "ut can see in daylight ;ust as (ell. The re-lection o- light in the eyes indicates this nocturnal +ision a"ility commonly noticed in other nocturnal animal li-e. The hair co+er ser+es t(o purposes = to maintain "ody heat in cold conditions, and to allo( heat dissipation in hot conditions = similar to other large primates. >ale genitalia is not noticea"le, as is also true in all other large primates. !emale genitalia is ne+er reported, although large "reasts are reported in adult -emale o"ser+ations, especially in (ilderness areas. 1e, di--erentiation is not easily distinguished in most cases "ecause o- the (itnesses ina"ility to get a close loo0 at details. >ost o- the o"+ious -emale o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported -rom remote (ilderness areas, or a surprise encounter in simi:remote (ilderness. >ost sightings are assumed to "e o- male indi+iduals "ecause o- the (itnesses* ina"ility to +ie( se, di--erentiation in the su";ect. Both male and -emale are e,tremely large in girth compared to humans, and -it the same "asic description "y the o"ser+er, other than o"+ious "reasts. Habitat The choice ha"itat is primarily thic0ly (ooded and<or -orested /ones in North America, accompanied "y ri+ers, streams, or cree0s. Priority are areas a(ay -rom human acti+ity #i.e., a(ay -rom human communities'. Normal ha"itat altitude is "et(een 2,000 and 9,000 -eet a"o+e sea:le+el in remote /ones. 1uch ha"itat is li0ely used -or "reeding and raising young. 1econdary ha"itat includes thic0 (oods and<or -orests near (ater #o- any sort, including ocean shoreline'. Bipedal primates o"ser+ed in 3open4 terrain are li0ely mo+ing -rom one ha"itat /one to another = usually nocturnally. 1uch descri"ed ha"itats #collecti+ely' e,ist -rom a"out ? degrees north latitude, south to a"out 2? degrees north latitude #tip o- !lorida'. The primary ha"itat /one, ho(e+er, appears to "e generally located in the Paci-ic North(est (ilderness areas -rom @entral @ali-ornia, north through the 5regon and 7ashington @ascade range, e,tending into the 5lympic Peninsula #7ashington'. 10amania @ounty, 7ashington in particular. remote regions o- )daho. and throughout much o- British @olum"ia, @anada. Movement

)t appears that the young males mo+e a"out throughout North America, some distant, and some close to the natal area. !emales, ho(e+er, do not appear to (ander a(ay -rom the natal area -or any great distance #pro"a"ly not more than (ithin a $00 s2uare mile /one'. The young males are o-ten the culprits o- nighttime gar"age raids and other human o"ser+ations reported (ithin human communities. These o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported in e+ery A.1. 1tate and e+ery @anadian Pro+ince -rom the time o- the -irst Europeans to date. This acti+ity is nomadic and normally results in only a -e( reports o+er a short period o- time in one gi+en area. )t is li0ely that these young males e+entually (ander "ac0 to their natal area, or the same general area o- their "irth, later to locate mates (hen they "ecome adult. Although these are ;u+eniles, they are +ery muscular and normally larger in height and girth than a human # :& -eet tall, 2?0:9?0 l"s (eight'. )t is only assumed that these are all male (anderers, "ased on the lac0 o- 3"reast4 reports -or the same associated incidents. Mating This occurs only in remote (ilderness areas. Although young males may +ocali/e in other /ones during their mo+ement transition, the mating can only "e done (here -emales can "e -ound = (ilderness /one areas. >ating +ocali/ations are descri"ed "y many (ilderness (itnesses #"ac0pac0ers and -ield "iologists', and are generally descri"ed as a long, deeply toned moan that echoes through the +alleys. Apon locating a mate, the male apparently stays (ithin a certain territory until the young are reaching a stage o- maturity, and does not +ocali/e. The -emales, ho(e+er, remain in the same /one throughout li-e, and once the young lea+e the -emale she is ready to "reed again. This is a +ery slo( cycle that does not help to increase the population o- "ipedal primates, "ut only helps maintain its si/e and genetic di+ersity. The Young The -emale and male help raise the young -or the -irst -e( years. The adult -emale pro+ides mil0 to the young until (eaned, li0e all mammals. The actual gro(th rate o- young "ipedal primate is un0no(n, "ut "ased on other large primates it is li0ely -aster than that o- a human. )n other (ords, a year:old male or -emale may "e considered a teen:ager #?: -eet tall', (hile adulthood may occur as early as age B #&:% -eet tall'. This (ould ma0e it -easi"le and li0ely that the adult -emale (ho produced the young (ould mate once e+ery to B years. The young are maintained throughout adolescence "y "oth parents. 8ro(ing at such a -ast rate sho(s the young -eeding omni+orously #(eaned' at a"out $ year o- age, and li0ely "ipedal "e-ore that time as (ell. At some point, a young -emale may "ecome attracti+e #in estrus' to the adult male, and he is there"y chased a(ay "y the adult -emale. The young male may also desire his o(n mother #in estrus' and "e chased a(ay "y the adult male. The latter is the most li0ely scenario. 1uch "eha+ior is characteristic o- most large primates. )t is not li0ely that an adult -emale (ill ha+e t(ins, or consecuti+e "irths (here "rother and sister are together, although this has "een rarely reported "y some (itnesses. )t is possi"le that in such circumstances the e,tra ;u+enile (as an adoptee. )- such (ere the case, the young male may "e attracted to the young -emale, and "e chased o-- "y the adult male and<or -emale. !emales o- (hom "ecome adult stay in the same general area, (hile males normally (ander a"out -or pro"a"ly t(o or more years "e-ore returning as adults. Behavior Normal "eha+ior -or "ipedal primates is nocturnal, so most is not easy to o"ser+e. Based on other large primates, such as 5rangutan, "eha+ior can "e suggested in con;unction (ith eye(itness reports in commonality (ith un0no(n primates. 5- course the most common "eha+ior (itnessed is mo+ement a(ay -rom the o"ser+er in a 2uic0 and smooth locomotion. Coung males appear to "e curious o- human

"eha+ior, ho(e+er, and these are the most commonly o"ser+ed. These indi+iduals are not e,tremely tall #up to & -eet', nor are they e,tremely "ul0y #a"out 2?0:3?0 l"s', "ut they display some "eha+ior that is common among young orangutan and other large primates. 8enerally, they are curious, and stic0 their nose (here they should not. Normally this occurs late at night in areas (here most humans do not reside, so sa-ety is al(ays their concern. These young males ha+e sho(n aggressi+e tendencies such as roc0:thro(ing, (all:pounding, glass "rea0age, trash "arrel tossing, or simply emitting a high:pitched scream sure to scare the (its out o- any common -ol0. 1ome ha+e "een 0no(n to chase +ehicles do(n remote roads at night. 8enerally, ho(e+er, their "eha+ior is un0no(n, other than the -act that they are almost strictly nocturnal, and (ill +ocali/e at dus0 and da(n, or (hene+er they -eel it necessary. @ampers ha+e collecti+ely reported that these animals appear dra(n:in to their camp-ire, standing a(ay (ithin +ie(, 2uietly standing in a(e. These are li0ely adults or su":adults. >ost "eha+ior must in+ol+e -ood gathering, ho(e+er in-re2uently and un:(itnessed, as descri"ed "elo(. Food Gathering Bipedal primates in North America o"+iously ha+e a (ide +ariety o- -ood sources a+aila"le. !ruits appear to "e the most attracti+e to them, (hen a+aila"le, and that includes human raised crops. !ruits o--er enough nutrients to 0eep a large animal ali+e -or a long time, and humans ha+e 0no(n this -or eons o- time. >any large primates eat -ruits alone, and li+e a com-orta"le li-e. North American "ipedal primates are opportunistic in -ood gathering, so depending on the current en+ironment o- (hich they reside, they (ill eat (hate+er is edi"le. !ecal samples ha+e sho(n a (ide +ariety o- consuma"les (ith analysis, most o- (hich ha+e included roots, "ar0, pine cones, gru"s, insects, insect lar+ae, small mammals and unidenti-ied -lesh. They are o-ten reported "y Nati+e Americans as the the-t o- -ish, hung out to dry, and sometimes ta0ing -ish -rom their nets in streams and ri+ers. There ha+e "een se+eral reports o- "ipedal primates stealing deer carcasses, although the reports o- them chasing:do(n deer on: the:run cannot "e +eri-ied. They ha+e "een (itnessed hunting and 0illing s2uirrel and marmot on se+eral occasions. 5ne -actor remains = there is no lac0 o- -ood -or such a large primate in any (ilderness /one or (ater:"ased ha"itat. These animals can "e considered omni+orous "ased on that -act alone. Origin >ost people, e+en researchers, ponder the idea o- origin (hen it comes do(n to "ipedal primates in North America. This is still a mystery, "ut (e ha+e e+idence to indicate that (e are dealing (ith a highly adapted -orm o- the 3E,tinct4 ape 0no(n as 8igantopithecus. )n the days o- that species, they (ere li+ing in @hina, a"out $00,000 years ago. At the same time there (as an animal 0no(n as Paranthropus (hich is thought to "e one o- our common ancestors. Paranthropus (as aggressi+e, and 8igantopithecus 0ept mo+ing a(ay -rom them. As the latter did so, it mo+ed across the Bering 1trait, at that time -orested, to North America. Paranthropus e+ol+ed and "ecame us later, "ut 8igantopithecus (as here long "e-ore humans arri+ed. 8igantos had to e+ol+e to sur+i+e, and learned to eat (hate+er (as a+aila"le. As other animals migrated o+er, and some died, 8iganto learned to consume -lesh. 5riginally a "am"oo -eeder, 8igantopithecus learned to sur+i+e, and as humans "egan to enter North America o+er the land "ridge, 8iganto learned to "e secret, and stealth. Their populations (ere pro"a"ly +ery high at some point, "ut as Nati+e American legends indicate there (ere many "attles against them. 6umans had tools to -ight (ith, 8igantos did not. They could only hide, and reali/ing through time that humans are diurnal, they "ecame nocturnal. 5- the 8igantos that sur+i+ed, only those nocturnal and omni+orous did so. As more humans de+eloped more land, 8igantos hid in the deeply -orested areas, no( in a ma;or concentration in the Paci-ic North(est. >any areas in this /one cannot "e occupied "y humans, and there are other areas o- North America (here this is true as (ell. Although

the current 8iganto population is smaller than it (as originally, it is thri+ing in areas (here most people ne+er (ish to loo0. onclusion ) am only one person (ith one opinion, and ) o-ten -ind mysel- -ighting the opinion o- others. The Ne(s >edia is my (orse enemy "ecause they lo+e to ma0e -un o- this su";ect, as i- (e are searching -or -airies or dragons. ) (ill re-use inter+ie(s (ith the Ne(s >edia unless ) -ind something totally signi-icant #i.e., "ones, "ody' that can support the e,istence o- "ipedal primates in North America. )n -act, most o- those (ho solicit media attention (ith this su";ect are either a"solute neophytes, totally naD+e, idiots, or (ant to ha+e their most recent "oo0 ac0no(ledged. ) really don*t thin0 serious researchers, in+estigators, or li0e:minded scientists should (aste their time (ith the Ne(s >edia or any pu"lic scrutiny unless they -ind something totally signi-icant. That means that (e must -ind a 8iganto "ody or "ones, here in North America, no matter ho( old car"on:$9 indicates, to sho( the (orld that these animals are real. Personally, ) ha+e no idea (hy the current e+idence is unaccepta"le, especially (hen (e accept the data -rom 1pace Pro"es and Eo"ots and Telescopes in our current (orld o- 3-acts4. 7e ha+e more e+idence that "ipedal primates in North America e,ist than (e do o- 8od himsel- = so ho( does that compareF 5nly the Ne(s >edia (ill 0no( the ans(er to that one. G Douglas Trapp Dallas, Te,as Back to Bigfoot Encounters Main page Back to Newspaper & Magazine Articles Back to Bigfoot Encounters "What's New" page
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Bigfoot Encounters

North American Bipedal Primates

Basic Physiology and Biology of the animal in question Douglas E. Trapp

23 January, 200

Introduction !rom my "eginning years as a child #$% &' (ith an interest in anthropology, )*+e e,amined much o- the reports in print. studied se+eral e,cellent scienti-ic papers. disco+ered and had analy/ed prints "y a scientist. inter+ie(ed (itnesses. "ecame -luent in (ildli-e "iology and se+eral other disciplines including primatology and anthropology. and de+eloped an understanding that ) thin0 is most li0ely correct -or the animal commonly re-erred to as 1as2uatch, or Big-oot. This collecti+e research term has accounted -or appro,imately 3% years o- my li-e, although ) claim acti+ity in this realm o- scienti-ic e,amination dating "ac0 to $%& #30 years'. )n this document ) re-er to these animals as 3"ipedal primate#s'4 -or the reader. 5ccasionally ) loosely use the term 3primate#s'4 to descri"e anthropoids, and ) hope the reader understands that unless ) use the term 3human4, ) am not re-erring to such. 6umans are primates as (ell are "ipedal primates, although humans are re-erred to as 3humans4 in this te,t. Although this animal is not scienti-ically identi-ied, to date, the supporti+e e+idence and related scienti-ic scrutiny has o--ered many clues regarding their physical, anatomical, "iological, and general nocturnal li-estyle that has apparently eluded scienti-ic disco+ery #no "ones or "ody' -or eons. ) su"mit here that this collecti+e e+idence and scienti-ic e,amination, although limited, supports the e,istence oa "ipedal primate in North America o- (hich said population si/e cannot "e determined. The mystery here is only, in my mind, that +ery -e( people or scientists accept the e+idence to support this animal*s e,istence. )n this "rie- paper ) descri"e some "asic characteristics -or this animal that may "e use-ul -or those (ho desire searching -or -urther e+idence. Although some o- this is (ritten as i- it (ere -act, please understand that it is only my personal understanding that is "eing e,pressed here, and until (e ha+e "ones or a "ody and scienti-ic e,amination o- such, nothing ) say is -act relating to this animal. ) am sure some o- my theories (ill turn out to "e -act, "ut until then, it is not. 7ith hard (or0 and a lot ogood luc0, ) hope someone is success-ul in pro+ing me right. General Appearance North American "ipedal primates are a"out t(ice as large as a human in girth, ranging in height -rom a"out & to % -eet tall #a+erage (itness heights'. 8irth is normally appropriate -or the height, "ut some thin indi+iduals are reported. Estimated (eights range -rom 900 to $000 pounds. They are completely hair:co+ered e,cept -or the -ace "elo( the "ro( and a"o+e the upper lip, palms o- the hands, and the "ase o- the -eet. Normal hair co+er is dar0 "ro(n or "lac0. They almost al(ays (al0 "ipedal, or stand erect in one location "e-ore (al0ing o-- erect. Eye color is not normally reported due to the general distance -rom the (itness, "ut (hen it is the eyes are usually dar0 "ro(n or "lac0 in color. Eyes are reported to illuminate against headlights and -lashlights. The shoulders are normally aligned (ith the ;a(, creating a nec0:less appearance. The arms are longer than those in the human and reach to the 0nees, and are s(ung to and -ro during locomotion. )n locomotion the 0nees appear loc0ed, and do not -ully s(ing out in e+ery step as in humans. Each -oot is placed -latly and -irmly in the ground rather than the commonly 0no(n 36eal:to:toe4 aspect o- the human. )n general, these are +ery large hair: co+ered "ipedal primates (ho can moti+ate through +ery rugged terrain (ith ease.

Physiology E,tremely muscular in appearance, these animals sho( distinct and strong "uttoc0s<thigh muscles, as (ell as +ery strong shoulder muscles. The nec0 "ones are apparently limited and disallo( head turning to an e,tent (here the upper torso must t(ist during locomotion in order to loo0 to the side or "ehind, or the (hole "ody must other(ise change position in a stance. !rom legitimate -ootprints it has also "een indicated that they also possess a mid:tarsal "rea0 in the center o- the -oot, indicating a shi-t o- the heal "one to a more -or(ard position than that in humans. This 3"rea04 is li0ely used as a tool to grip the rough sur-ace in -orested and roc0y terrain, there"y allo(ing mo"ility in a "asically easy manner. The arms are longer than humans to help maintain the upright mo"ility through di--icult terrain, and can "e used to assist in clim"ing steep inclines. The toes can splay open or closed to assist in such mo"ility, especially in (et or muddy situations, unli0e human toes. The hands, -rom the little e+idence collect -or such, are +ery unli0e a human hand, (ith no opposa"le thum" o- (hich almost appears to act as an additional -inger, o- sorts. The hands are "uilt -or digging deep into soil -or roots and gru"s, or other(ise to assist mo+ement through thic0ly (ooded areas. The eyes are designed -or nocturnal +ision, "ut can see in daylight ;ust as (ell. The re-lection o- light in the eyes indicates this nocturnal +ision a"ility commonly noticed in other nocturnal animal li-e. The hair co+er ser+es t(o purposes = to maintain "ody heat in cold conditions, and to allo( heat dissipation in hot conditions = similar to other large primates. >ale genitalia is not noticea"le, as is also true in all other large primates. !emale genitalia is ne+er reported, although large "reasts are reported in adult -emale o"ser+ations, especially in (ilderness areas. 1e, di--erentiation is not easily distinguished in most cases "ecause o- the (itnesses ina"ility to get a close loo0 at details. >ost o- the o"+ious -emale o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported -rom remote (ilderness areas, or a surprise encounter in simi:remote (ilderness. >ost sightings are assumed to "e o- male indi+iduals "ecause o- the (itnesses* ina"ility to +ie( se, di--erentiation in the su";ect. Both male and -emale are e,tremely large in girth compared to humans, and -it the same "asic description "y the o"ser+er, other than o"+ious "reasts. Habitat The choice ha"itat is primarily thic0ly (ooded and<or -orested /ones in North America, accompanied "y ri+ers, streams, or cree0s. Priority are areas a(ay -rom human acti+ity #i.e., a(ay -rom human communities'. Normal ha"itat altitude is "et(een 2,000 and 9,000 -eet a"o+e sea:le+el in remote /ones. 1uch ha"itat is li0ely used -or "reeding and raising young. 1econdary ha"itat includes thic0 (oods and<or -orests near (ater #o- any sort, including ocean shoreline'. Bipedal primates o"ser+ed in 3open4 terrain are li0ely mo+ing -rom one ha"itat /one to another = usually nocturnally. 1uch descri"ed ha"itats #collecti+ely' e,ist -rom a"out ? degrees north latitude, south to a"out 2? degrees north latitude #tip o- !lorida'. The primary ha"itat /one, ho(e+er, appears to "e generally located in the Paci-ic North(est (ilderness areas -rom @entral @ali-ornia, north through the 5regon and 7ashington @ascade range, e,tending into the 5lympic Peninsula #7ashington'. 10amania @ounty, 7ashington in particular. remote regions o- )daho. and throughout much o- British @olum"ia, @anada. Movement )t appears that the young males mo+e a"out throughout North America, some distant, and some close to the natal area. !emales, ho(e+er, do not appear to (ander a(ay -rom the natal area -or any great distance #pro"a"ly not more than (ithin a $00 s2uare mile /one'. The young males are o-ten the culprits o- nighttime gar"age raids and other human o"ser+ations reported (ithin human communities. These o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported in e+ery A.1. 1tate and e+ery @anadian Pro+ince -rom the time o- the -irst Europeans to date. This acti+ity is nomadic and normally results in only a -e( reports o+er a

short period o- time in one gi+en area. )t is li0ely that these young males e+entually (ander "ac0 to their natal area, or the same general area o- their "irth, later to locate mates (hen they "ecome adult. Although these are ;u+eniles, they are +ery muscular and normally larger in height and girth than a human # :& -eet tall, 2?0:9?0 l"s (eight'. )t is only assumed that these are all male (anderers, "ased on the lac0 o- 3"reast4 reports -or the same associated incidents. Mating This occurs only in remote (ilderness areas. Although young males may +ocali/e in other /ones during their mo+ement transition, the mating can only "e done (here -emales can "e -ound = (ilderness /one areas. >ating +ocali/ations are descri"ed "y many (ilderness (itnesses #"ac0pac0ers and -ield "iologists', and are generally descri"ed as a long, deeply toned moan that echoes through the +alleys. Apon locating a mate, the male apparently stays (ithin a certain territory until the young are reaching a stage o- maturity, and does not +ocali/e. The -emales, ho(e+er, remain in the same /one throughout li-e, and once the young lea+e the -emale she is ready to "reed again. This is a +ery slo( cycle that does not help to increase the population o- "ipedal primates, "ut only helps maintain its si/e and genetic di+ersity. The Young The -emale and male help raise the young -or the -irst -e( years. The adult -emale pro+ides mil0 to the young until (eaned, li0e all mammals. The actual gro(th rate o- young "ipedal primate is un0no(n, "ut "ased on other large primates it is li0ely -aster than that o- a human. )n other (ords, a year:old male or -emale may "e considered a teen:ager #?: -eet tall', (hile adulthood may occur as early as age B #&:% -eet tall'. This (ould ma0e it -easi"le and li0ely that the adult -emale (ho produced the young (ould mate once e+ery to B years. The young are maintained throughout adolescence "y "oth parents. 8ro(ing at such a -ast rate sho(s the young -eeding omni+orously #(eaned' at a"out $ year o- age, and li0ely "ipedal "e-ore that time as (ell. At some point, a young -emale may "ecome attracti+e #in estrus' to the adult male, and he is there"y chased a(ay "y the adult -emale. The young male may also desire his o(n mother #in estrus' and "e chased a(ay "y the adult male. The latter is the most li0ely scenario. 1uch "eha+ior is characteristic o- most large primates. )t is not li0ely that an adult -emale (ill ha+e t(ins, or consecuti+e "irths (here "rother and sister are together, although this has "een rarely reported "y some (itnesses. )t is possi"le that in such circumstances the e,tra ;u+enile (as an adoptee. )- such (ere the case, the young male may "e attracted to the young -emale, and "e chased o-- "y the adult male and<or -emale. !emales o- (hom "ecome adult stay in the same general area, (hile males normally (ander a"out -or pro"a"ly t(o or more years "e-ore returning as adults. Behavior Normal "eha+ior -or "ipedal primates is nocturnal, so most is not easy to o"ser+e. Based on other large primates, such as 5rangutan, "eha+ior can "e suggested in con;unction (ith eye(itness reports in commonality (ith un0no(n primates. 5- course the most common "eha+ior (itnessed is mo+ement a(ay -rom the o"ser+er in a 2uic0 and smooth locomotion. Coung males appear to "e curious o- human "eha+ior, ho(e+er, and these are the most commonly o"ser+ed. These indi+iduals are not e,tremely tall #up to & -eet', nor are they e,tremely "ul0y #a"out 2?0:3?0 l"s', "ut they display some "eha+ior that is common among young orangutan and other large primates. 8enerally, they are curious, and stic0 their nose (here they should not. Normally this occurs late at night in areas (here most humans do not reside, so sa-ety is al(ays their concern. These young males ha+e sho(n aggressi+e tendencies such as roc0:thro(ing, (all:pounding, glass "rea0age, trash "arrel tossing, or simply emitting a high:pitched

scream sure to scare the (its out o- any common -ol0. 1ome ha+e "een 0no(n to chase +ehicles do(n remote roads at night. 8enerally, ho(e+er, their "eha+ior is un0no(n, other than the -act that they are almost strictly nocturnal, and (ill +ocali/e at dus0 and da(n, or (hene+er they -eel it necessary. @ampers ha+e collecti+ely reported that these animals appear dra(n:in to their camp-ire, standing a(ay (ithin +ie(, 2uietly standing in a(e. These are li0ely adults or su":adults. >ost "eha+ior must in+ol+e -ood gathering, ho(e+er in-re2uently and un:(itnessed, as descri"ed "elo(. Food Gathering Bipedal primates in North America o"+iously ha+e a (ide +ariety o- -ood sources a+aila"le. !ruits appear to "e the most attracti+e to them, (hen a+aila"le, and that includes human raised crops. !ruits o--er enough nutrients to 0eep a large animal ali+e -or a long time, and humans ha+e 0no(n this -or eons o- time. >any large primates eat -ruits alone, and li+e a com-orta"le li-e. North American "ipedal primates are opportunistic in -ood gathering, so depending on the current en+ironment o- (hich they reside, they (ill eat (hate+er is edi"le. !ecal samples ha+e sho(n a (ide +ariety o- consuma"les (ith analysis, most o- (hich ha+e included roots, "ar0, pine cones, gru"s, insects, insect lar+ae, small mammals and unidenti-ied -lesh. They are o-ten reported "y Nati+e Americans as the the-t o- -ish, hung out to dry, and sometimes ta0ing -ish -rom their nets in streams and ri+ers. There ha+e "een se+eral reports o- "ipedal primates stealing deer carcasses, although the reports o- them chasing:do(n deer on: the:run cannot "e +eri-ied. They ha+e "een (itnessed hunting and 0illing s2uirrel and marmot on se+eral occasions. 5ne -actor remains = there is no lac0 o- -ood -or such a large primate in any (ilderness /one or (ater:"ased ha"itat. These animals can "e considered omni+orous "ased on that -act alone. Origin >ost people, e+en researchers, ponder the idea o- origin (hen it comes do(n to "ipedal primates in North America. This is still a mystery, "ut (e ha+e e+idence to indicate that (e are dealing (ith a highly adapted -orm o- the 3E,tinct4 ape 0no(n as 8igantopithecus. )n the days o- that species, they (ere li+ing in @hina, a"out $00,000 years ago. At the same time there (as an animal 0no(n as Paranthropus (hich is thought to "e one o- our common ancestors. Paranthropus (as aggressi+e, and 8igantopithecus 0ept mo+ing a(ay -rom them. As the latter did so, it mo+ed across the Bering 1trait, at that time -orested, to North America. Paranthropus e+ol+ed and "ecame us later, "ut 8igantopithecus (as here long "e-ore humans arri+ed. 8igantos had to e+ol+e to sur+i+e, and learned to eat (hate+er (as a+aila"le. As other animals migrated o+er, and some died, 8iganto learned to consume -lesh. 5riginally a "am"oo -eeder, 8igantopithecus learned to sur+i+e, and as humans "egan to enter North America o+er the land "ridge, 8iganto learned to "e secret, and stealth. Their populations (ere pro"a"ly +ery high at some point, "ut as Nati+e American legends indicate there (ere many "attles against them. 6umans had tools to -ight (ith, 8igantos did not. They could only hide, and reali/ing through time that humans are diurnal, they "ecame nocturnal. 5- the 8igantos that sur+i+ed, only those nocturnal and omni+orous did so. As more humans de+eloped more land, 8igantos hid in the deeply -orested areas, no( in a ma;or concentration in the Paci-ic North(est. >any areas in this /one cannot "e occupied "y humans, and there are other areas o- North America (here this is true as (ell. Although the current 8iganto population is smaller than it (as originally, it is thri+ing in areas (here most people ne+er (ish to loo0. onclusion ) am only one person (ith one opinion, and ) o-ten -ind mysel- -ighting the opinion o- others. The Ne(s

>edia is my (orse enemy "ecause they lo+e to ma0e -un o- this su";ect, as i- (e are searching -or -airies or dragons. ) (ill re-use inter+ie(s (ith the Ne(s >edia unless ) -ind something totally signi-icant #i.e., "ones, "ody' that can support the e,istence o- "ipedal primates in North America. )n -act, most o- those (ho solicit media attention (ith this su";ect are either a"solute neophytes, totally naD+e, idiots, or (ant to ha+e their most recent "oo0 ac0no(ledged. ) really don*t thin0 serious researchers, in+estigators, or li0e:minded scientists should (aste their time (ith the Ne(s >edia or any pu"lic scrutiny unless they -ind something totally signi-icant. That means that (e must -ind a 8iganto "ody or "ones, here in North America, no matter ho( old car"on:$9 indicates, to sho( the (orld that these animals are real. Personally, ) ha+e no idea (hy the current e+idence is unaccepta"le, especially (hen (e accept the data -rom 1pace Pro"es and Eo"ots and Telescopes in our current (orld o- 3-acts4. 7e ha+e more e+idence that "ipedal primates in North America e,ist than (e do o- 8od himsel- = so ho( does that compareF 5nly the Ne(s >edia (ill 0no( the ans(er to that one. G Douglas Trapp Dallas, Te,as Back to Bigfoot Encounters Main page Back to Newspaper & Magazine Articles Back to Bigfoot Encounters "What's New" page
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Bigfoot Encounters

North American Bipedal Primates

Basic Physiology and Biology of the animal in question Douglas E. Trapp
23 January, 200

Introduction !rom my "eginning years as a child #$% &' (ith an interest in anthropology, )*+e e,amined much o- the reports in print. studied se+eral e,cellent scienti-ic papers. disco+ered and had analy/ed prints "y a scientist. inter+ie(ed (itnesses. "ecame -luent in (ildli-e "iology and se+eral other disciplines including primatology and anthropology. and de+eloped an understanding that ) thin0 is most li0ely correct -or the animal commonly re-erred to as 1as2uatch, or Big-oot. This collecti+e research term has accounted -or appro,imately 3% years o- my li-e, although ) claim acti+ity in this realm o- scienti-ic e,amination dating "ac0 to $%& #30 years'. )n this document ) re-er to these animals as 3"ipedal primate#s'4 -or the reader. 5ccasionally ) loosely use the term 3primate#s'4 to descri"e anthropoids, and ) hope the reader understands that unless ) use the term 3human4, ) am not re-erring to such. 6umans are primates as (ell are "ipedal primates, although humans are re-erred to as 3humans4 in this te,t.

Although this animal is not scienti-ically identi-ied, to date, the supporti+e e+idence and related scienti-ic scrutiny has o--ered many clues regarding their physical, anatomical, "iological, and general nocturnal li-estyle that has apparently eluded scienti-ic disco+ery #no "ones or "ody' -or eons. ) su"mit here that this collecti+e e+idence and scienti-ic e,amination, although limited, supports the e,istence oa "ipedal primate in North America o- (hich said population si/e cannot "e determined. The mystery here is only, in my mind, that +ery -e( people or scientists accept the e+idence to support this animal*s e,istence. )n this "rie- paper ) descri"e some "asic characteristics -or this animal that may "e use-ul -or those (ho desire searching -or -urther e+idence. Although some o- this is (ritten as i- it (ere -act, please understand that it is only my personal understanding that is "eing e,pressed here, and until (e ha+e "ones or a "ody and scienti-ic e,amination o- such, nothing ) say is -act relating to this animal. ) am sure some o- my theories (ill turn out to "e -act, "ut until then, it is not. 7ith hard (or0 and a lot ogood luc0, ) hope someone is success-ul in pro+ing me right. General Appearance North American "ipedal primates are a"out t(ice as large as a human in girth, ranging in height -rom a"out & to % -eet tall #a+erage (itness heights'. 8irth is normally appropriate -or the height, "ut some thin indi+iduals are reported. Estimated (eights range -rom 900 to $000 pounds. They are completely hair:co+ered e,cept -or the -ace "elo( the "ro( and a"o+e the upper lip, palms o- the hands, and the "ase o- the -eet. Normal hair co+er is dar0 "ro(n or "lac0. They almost al(ays (al0 "ipedal, or stand erect in one location "e-ore (al0ing o-- erect. Eye color is not normally reported due to the general distance -rom the (itness, "ut (hen it is the eyes are usually dar0 "ro(n or "lac0 in color. Eyes are reported to illuminate against headlights and -lashlights. The shoulders are normally aligned (ith the ;a(, creating a nec0:less appearance. The arms are longer than those in the human and reach to the 0nees, and are s(ung to and -ro during locomotion. )n locomotion the 0nees appear loc0ed, and do not -ully s(ing out in e+ery step as in humans. Each -oot is placed -latly and -irmly in the ground rather than the commonly 0no(n 36eal:to:toe4 aspect o- the human. )n general, these are +ery large hair: co+ered "ipedal primates (ho can moti+ate through +ery rugged terrain (ith ease. Physiology E,tremely muscular in appearance, these animals sho( distinct and strong "uttoc0s<thigh muscles, as (ell as +ery strong shoulder muscles. The nec0 "ones are apparently limited and disallo( head turning to an e,tent (here the upper torso must t(ist during locomotion in order to loo0 to the side or "ehind, or the (hole "ody must other(ise change position in a stance. !rom legitimate -ootprints it has also "een indicated that they also possess a mid:tarsal "rea0 in the center o- the -oot, indicating a shi-t o- the heal "one to a more -or(ard position than that in humans. This 3"rea04 is li0ely used as a tool to grip the rough sur-ace in -orested and roc0y terrain, there"y allo(ing mo"ility in a "asically easy manner. The arms are longer than humans to help maintain the upright mo"ility through di--icult terrain, and can "e used to assist in clim"ing steep inclines. The toes can splay open or closed to assist in such mo"ility, especially in (et or muddy situations, unli0e human toes. The hands, -rom the little e+idence collect -or such, are +ery unli0e a human hand, (ith no opposa"le thum" o- (hich almost appears to act as an additional -inger, o- sorts. The hands are "uilt -or digging deep into soil -or roots and gru"s, or other(ise to assist mo+ement through thic0ly (ooded areas. The eyes are designed -or nocturnal +ision, "ut can see in daylight ;ust as (ell. The re-lection o- light in the eyes indicates this nocturnal +ision a"ility commonly noticed in other nocturnal animal li-e. The hair co+er ser+es t(o purposes = to maintain "ody heat in cold conditions, and to allo( heat dissipation in hot conditions = similar to other large primates. >ale genitalia is not noticea"le, as is also true in all other large primates. !emale genitalia is ne+er reported, although large "reasts are reported in adult -emale o"ser+ations, especially

in (ilderness areas. 1e, di--erentiation is not easily distinguished in most cases "ecause o- the (itnesses ina"ility to get a close loo0 at details. >ost o- the o"+ious -emale o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported -rom remote (ilderness areas, or a surprise encounter in simi:remote (ilderness. >ost sightings are assumed to "e o- male indi+iduals "ecause o- the (itnesses* ina"ility to +ie( se, di--erentiation in the su";ect. Both male and -emale are e,tremely large in girth compared to humans, and -it the same "asic description "y the o"ser+er, other than o"+ious "reasts. Habitat The choice ha"itat is primarily thic0ly (ooded and<or -orested /ones in North America, accompanied "y ri+ers, streams, or cree0s. Priority are areas a(ay -rom human acti+ity #i.e., a(ay -rom human communities'. Normal ha"itat altitude is "et(een 2,000 and 9,000 -eet a"o+e sea:le+el in remote /ones. 1uch ha"itat is li0ely used -or "reeding and raising young. 1econdary ha"itat includes thic0 (oods and<or -orests near (ater #o- any sort, including ocean shoreline'. Bipedal primates o"ser+ed in 3open4 terrain are li0ely mo+ing -rom one ha"itat /one to another = usually nocturnally. 1uch descri"ed ha"itats #collecti+ely' e,ist -rom a"out ? degrees north latitude, south to a"out 2? degrees north latitude #tip o- !lorida'. The primary ha"itat /one, ho(e+er, appears to "e generally located in the Paci-ic North(est (ilderness areas -rom @entral @ali-ornia, north through the 5regon and 7ashington @ascade range, e,tending into the 5lympic Peninsula #7ashington'. 10amania @ounty, 7ashington in particular. remote regions o- )daho. and throughout much o- British @olum"ia, @anada. Movement )t appears that the young males mo+e a"out throughout North America, some distant, and some close to the natal area. !emales, ho(e+er, do not appear to (ander a(ay -rom the natal area -or any great distance #pro"a"ly not more than (ithin a $00 s2uare mile /one'. The young males are o-ten the culprits o- nighttime gar"age raids and other human o"ser+ations reported (ithin human communities. These o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported in e+ery A.1. 1tate and e+ery @anadian Pro+ince -rom the time o- the -irst Europeans to date. This acti+ity is nomadic and normally results in only a -e( reports o+er a short period o- time in one gi+en area. )t is li0ely that these young males e+entually (ander "ac0 to their natal area, or the same general area o- their "irth, later to locate mates (hen they "ecome adult. Although these are ;u+eniles, they are +ery muscular and normally larger in height and girth than a human # :& -eet tall, 2?0:9?0 l"s (eight'. )t is only assumed that these are all male (anderers, "ased on the lac0 o- 3"reast4 reports -or the same associated incidents. Mating This occurs only in remote (ilderness areas. Although young males may +ocali/e in other /ones during their mo+ement transition, the mating can only "e done (here -emales can "e -ound = (ilderness /one areas. >ating +ocali/ations are descri"ed "y many (ilderness (itnesses #"ac0pac0ers and -ield "iologists', and are generally descri"ed as a long, deeply toned moan that echoes through the +alleys. Apon locating a mate, the male apparently stays (ithin a certain territory until the young are reaching a stage o- maturity, and does not +ocali/e. The -emales, ho(e+er, remain in the same /one throughout li-e, and once the young lea+e the -emale she is ready to "reed again. This is a +ery slo( cycle that does not help to increase the population o- "ipedal primates, "ut only helps maintain its si/e and genetic di+ersity. The Young

The -emale and male help raise the young -or the -irst -e( years. The adult -emale pro+ides mil0 to the young until (eaned, li0e all mammals. The actual gro(th rate o- young "ipedal primate is un0no(n, "ut "ased on other large primates it is li0ely -aster than that o- a human. )n other (ords, a year:old male or -emale may "e considered a teen:ager #?: -eet tall', (hile adulthood may occur as early as age B #&:% -eet tall'. This (ould ma0e it -easi"le and li0ely that the adult -emale (ho produced the young (ould mate once e+ery to B years. The young are maintained throughout adolescence "y "oth parents. 8ro(ing at such a -ast rate sho(s the young -eeding omni+orously #(eaned' at a"out $ year o- age, and li0ely "ipedal "e-ore that time as (ell. At some point, a young -emale may "ecome attracti+e #in estrus' to the adult male, and he is there"y chased a(ay "y the adult -emale. The young male may also desire his o(n mother #in estrus' and "e chased a(ay "y the adult male. The latter is the most li0ely scenario. 1uch "eha+ior is characteristic o- most large primates. )t is not li0ely that an adult -emale (ill ha+e t(ins, or consecuti+e "irths (here "rother and sister are together, although this has "een rarely reported "y some (itnesses. )t is possi"le that in such circumstances the e,tra ;u+enile (as an adoptee. )- such (ere the case, the young male may "e attracted to the young -emale, and "e chased o-- "y the adult male and<or -emale. !emales o- (hom "ecome adult stay in the same general area, (hile males normally (ander a"out -or pro"a"ly t(o or more years "e-ore returning as adults. Behavior Normal "eha+ior -or "ipedal primates is nocturnal, so most is not easy to o"ser+e. Based on other large primates, such as 5rangutan, "eha+ior can "e suggested in con;unction (ith eye(itness reports in commonality (ith un0no(n primates. 5- course the most common "eha+ior (itnessed is mo+ement a(ay -rom the o"ser+er in a 2uic0 and smooth locomotion. Coung males appear to "e curious o- human "eha+ior, ho(e+er, and these are the most commonly o"ser+ed. These indi+iduals are not e,tremely tall #up to & -eet', nor are they e,tremely "ul0y #a"out 2?0:3?0 l"s', "ut they display some "eha+ior that is common among young orangutan and other large primates. 8enerally, they are curious, and stic0 their nose (here they should not. Normally this occurs late at night in areas (here most humans do not reside, so sa-ety is al(ays their concern. These young males ha+e sho(n aggressi+e tendencies such as roc0:thro(ing, (all:pounding, glass "rea0age, trash "arrel tossing, or simply emitting a high:pitched scream sure to scare the (its out o- any common -ol0. 1ome ha+e "een 0no(n to chase +ehicles do(n remote roads at night. 8enerally, ho(e+er, their "eha+ior is un0no(n, other than the -act that they are almost strictly nocturnal, and (ill +ocali/e at dus0 and da(n, or (hene+er they -eel it necessary. @ampers ha+e collecti+ely reported that these animals appear dra(n:in to their camp-ire, standing a(ay (ithin +ie(, 2uietly standing in a(e. These are li0ely adults or su":adults. >ost "eha+ior must in+ol+e -ood gathering, ho(e+er in-re2uently and un:(itnessed, as descri"ed "elo(. Food Gathering Bipedal primates in North America o"+iously ha+e a (ide +ariety o- -ood sources a+aila"le. !ruits appear to "e the most attracti+e to them, (hen a+aila"le, and that includes human raised crops. !ruits o--er enough nutrients to 0eep a large animal ali+e -or a long time, and humans ha+e 0no(n this -or eons o- time. >any large primates eat -ruits alone, and li+e a com-orta"le li-e. North American "ipedal primates are opportunistic in -ood gathering, so depending on the current en+ironment o- (hich they reside, they (ill eat (hate+er is edi"le. !ecal samples ha+e sho(n a (ide +ariety o- consuma"les (ith analysis, most o- (hich ha+e included roots, "ar0, pine cones, gru"s, insects, insect lar+ae, small mammals and unidenti-ied -lesh. They are o-ten reported "y Nati+e Americans as the the-t o- -ish, hung out to dry, and sometimes ta0ing -ish -rom their nets in streams and ri+ers. There ha+e "een se+eral reports o- "ipedal primates stealing deer carcasses, although the reports o- them chasing:do(n deer on: the:run cannot "e +eri-ied. They ha+e "een (itnessed hunting and 0illing s2uirrel and marmot on

se+eral occasions. 5ne -actor remains = there is no lac0 o- -ood -or such a large primate in any (ilderness /one or (ater:"ased ha"itat. These animals can "e considered omni+orous "ased on that -act alone. Origin >ost people, e+en researchers, ponder the idea o- origin (hen it comes do(n to "ipedal primates in North America. This is still a mystery, "ut (e ha+e e+idence to indicate that (e are dealing (ith a highly adapted -orm o- the 3E,tinct4 ape 0no(n as 8igantopithecus. )n the days o- that species, they (ere li+ing in @hina, a"out $00,000 years ago. At the same time there (as an animal 0no(n as Paranthropus (hich is thought to "e one o- our common ancestors. Paranthropus (as aggressi+e, and 8igantopithecus 0ept mo+ing a(ay -rom them. As the latter did so, it mo+ed across the Bering 1trait, at that time -orested, to North America. Paranthropus e+ol+ed and "ecame us later, "ut 8igantopithecus (as here long "e-ore humans arri+ed. 8igantos had to e+ol+e to sur+i+e, and learned to eat (hate+er (as a+aila"le. As other animals migrated o+er, and some died, 8iganto learned to consume -lesh. 5riginally a "am"oo -eeder, 8igantopithecus learned to sur+i+e, and as humans "egan to enter North America o+er the land "ridge, 8iganto learned to "e secret, and stealth. Their populations (ere pro"a"ly +ery high at some point, "ut as Nati+e American legends indicate there (ere many "attles against them. 6umans had tools to -ight (ith, 8igantos did not. They could only hide, and reali/ing through time that humans are diurnal, they "ecame nocturnal. 5- the 8igantos that sur+i+ed, only those nocturnal and omni+orous did so. As more humans de+eloped more land, 8igantos hid in the deeply -orested areas, no( in a ma;or concentration in the Paci-ic North(est. >any areas in this /one cannot "e occupied "y humans, and there are other areas o- North America (here this is true as (ell. Although the current 8iganto population is smaller than it (as originally, it is thri+ing in areas (here most people ne+er (ish to loo0. onclusion ) am only one person (ith one opinion, and ) o-ten -ind mysel- -ighting the opinion o- others. The Ne(s >edia is my (orse enemy "ecause they lo+e to ma0e -un o- this su";ect, as i- (e are searching -or -airies or dragons. ) (ill re-use inter+ie(s (ith the Ne(s >edia unless ) -ind something totally signi-icant #i.e., "ones, "ody' that can support the e,istence o- "ipedal primates in North America. )n -act, most o- those (ho solicit media attention (ith this su";ect are either a"solute neophytes, totally naD+e, idiots, or (ant to ha+e their most recent "oo0 ac0no(ledged. ) really don*t thin0 serious researchers, in+estigators, or li0e:minded scientists should (aste their time (ith the Ne(s >edia or any pu"lic scrutiny unless they -ind something totally signi-icant. That means that (e must -ind a 8iganto "ody or "ones, here in North America, no matter ho( old car"on:$9 indicates, to sho( the (orld that these animals are real. Personally, ) ha+e no idea (hy the current e+idence is unaccepta"le, especially (hen (e accept the data -rom 1pace Pro"es and Eo"ots and Telescopes in our current (orld o- 3-acts4. 7e ha+e more e+idence that "ipedal primates in North America e,ist than (e do o- 8od himsel- = so ho( does that compareF 5nly the Ne(s >edia (ill 0no( the ans(er to that one. G Douglas Trapp Dallas, Te,as Back to Bigfoot Encounters Main page Back to Newspaper & Magazine Articles Back to Bigfoot Encounters "What's New" page

Portions of this website are reprinted and sometimes edited to fit the standards of this website under the Fair Use Doctrine of International Copyright Law as educational material without benefit of financial gain. http !!www".law.cornell.edu!uscode!#$!#%$.html This proviso is applicable throughout the entire Bigfoot Encounters Website.

Bigfoot Encounters

North American Bipedal Primates

Basic Physiology and Biology of the animal in question Douglas E. Trapp
23 January, 200

Introduction !rom my "eginning years as a child #$% &' (ith an interest in anthropology, )*+e e,amined much o- the reports in print. studied se+eral e,cellent scienti-ic papers. disco+ered and had analy/ed prints "y a scientist. inter+ie(ed (itnesses. "ecame -luent in (ildli-e "iology and se+eral other disciplines including primatology and anthropology. and de+eloped an understanding that ) thin0 is most li0ely correct -or the animal commonly re-erred to as 1as2uatch, or Big-oot. This collecti+e research term has accounted -or appro,imately 3% years o- my li-e, although ) claim acti+ity in this realm o- scienti-ic e,amination dating "ac0 to $%& #30 years'. )n this document ) re-er to these animals as 3"ipedal primate#s'4 -or the reader. 5ccasionally ) loosely use the term 3primate#s'4 to descri"e anthropoids, and ) hope the reader understands that unless ) use the term 3human4, ) am not re-erring to such. 6umans are primates as (ell are "ipedal primates, although humans are re-erred to as 3humans4 in this te,t. Although this animal is not scienti-ically identi-ied, to date, the supporti+e e+idence and related scienti-ic scrutiny has o--ered many clues regarding their physical, anatomical, "iological, and general nocturnal li-estyle that has apparently eluded scienti-ic disco+ery #no "ones or "ody' -or eons. ) su"mit here that this collecti+e e+idence and scienti-ic e,amination, although limited, supports the e,istence oa "ipedal primate in North America o- (hich said population si/e cannot "e determined. The mystery here is only, in my mind, that +ery -e( people or scientists accept the e+idence to support this animal*s e,istence. )n this "rie- paper ) descri"e some "asic characteristics -or this animal that may "e use-ul -or those (ho desire searching -or -urther e+idence. Although some o- this is (ritten as i- it (ere -act, please understand that it is only my personal understanding that is "eing e,pressed here, and until (e ha+e "ones or a "ody and scienti-ic e,amination o- such, nothing ) say is -act relating to this animal. ) am sure some o- my theories (ill turn out to "e -act, "ut until then, it is not. 7ith hard (or0 and a lot ogood luc0, ) hope someone is success-ul in pro+ing me right.

General Appearance North American "ipedal primates are a"out t(ice as large as a human in girth, ranging in height -rom a"out & to % -eet tall #a+erage (itness heights'. 8irth is normally appropriate -or the height, "ut some thin indi+iduals are reported. Estimated (eights range -rom 900 to $000 pounds. They are completely hair:co+ered e,cept -or the -ace "elo( the "ro( and a"o+e the upper lip, palms o- the hands, and the "ase o- the -eet. Normal hair co+er is dar0 "ro(n or "lac0. They almost al(ays (al0 "ipedal, or stand erect in one location "e-ore (al0ing o-- erect. Eye color is not normally reported due to the general distance -rom the (itness, "ut (hen it is the eyes are usually dar0 "ro(n or "lac0 in color. Eyes are reported to illuminate against headlights and -lashlights. The shoulders are normally aligned (ith the ;a(, creating a nec0:less appearance. The arms are longer than those in the human and reach to the 0nees, and are s(ung to and -ro during locomotion. )n locomotion the 0nees appear loc0ed, and do not -ully s(ing out in e+ery step as in humans. Each -oot is placed -latly and -irmly in the ground rather than the commonly 0no(n 36eal:to:toe4 aspect o- the human. )n general, these are +ery large hair: co+ered "ipedal primates (ho can moti+ate through +ery rugged terrain (ith ease. Physiology E,tremely muscular in appearance, these animals sho( distinct and strong "uttoc0s<thigh muscles, as (ell as +ery strong shoulder muscles. The nec0 "ones are apparently limited and disallo( head turning to an e,tent (here the upper torso must t(ist during locomotion in order to loo0 to the side or "ehind, or the (hole "ody must other(ise change position in a stance. !rom legitimate -ootprints it has also "een indicated that they also possess a mid:tarsal "rea0 in the center o- the -oot, indicating a shi-t o- the heal "one to a more -or(ard position than that in humans. This 3"rea04 is li0ely used as a tool to grip the rough sur-ace in -orested and roc0y terrain, there"y allo(ing mo"ility in a "asically easy manner. The arms are longer than humans to help maintain the upright mo"ility through di--icult terrain, and can "e used to assist in clim"ing steep inclines. The toes can splay open or closed to assist in such mo"ility, especially in (et or muddy situations, unli0e human toes. The hands, -rom the little e+idence collect -or such, are +ery unli0e a human hand, (ith no opposa"le thum" o- (hich almost appears to act as an additional -inger, o- sorts. The hands are "uilt -or digging deep into soil -or roots and gru"s, or other(ise to assist mo+ement through thic0ly (ooded areas. The eyes are designed -or nocturnal +ision, "ut can see in daylight ;ust as (ell. The re-lection o- light in the eyes indicates this nocturnal +ision a"ility commonly noticed in other nocturnal animal li-e. The hair co+er ser+es t(o purposes = to maintain "ody heat in cold conditions, and to allo( heat dissipation in hot conditions = similar to other large primates. >ale genitalia is not noticea"le, as is also true in all other large primates. !emale genitalia is ne+er reported, although large "reasts are reported in adult -emale o"ser+ations, especially in (ilderness areas. 1e, di--erentiation is not easily distinguished in most cases "ecause o- the (itnesses ina"ility to get a close loo0 at details. >ost o- the o"+ious -emale o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported -rom remote (ilderness areas, or a surprise encounter in simi:remote (ilderness. >ost sightings are assumed to "e o- male indi+iduals "ecause o- the (itnesses* ina"ility to +ie( se, di--erentiation in the su";ect. Both male and -emale are e,tremely large in girth compared to humans, and -it the same "asic description "y the o"ser+er, other than o"+ious "reasts. Habitat The choice ha"itat is primarily thic0ly (ooded and<or -orested /ones in North America, accompanied "y ri+ers, streams, or cree0s. Priority are areas a(ay -rom human acti+ity #i.e., a(ay -rom human communities'. Normal ha"itat altitude is "et(een 2,000 and 9,000 -eet a"o+e sea:le+el in remote /ones. 1uch ha"itat is li0ely used -or "reeding and raising young. 1econdary ha"itat includes thic0

(oods and<or -orests near (ater #o- any sort, including ocean shoreline'. Bipedal primates o"ser+ed in 3open4 terrain are li0ely mo+ing -rom one ha"itat /one to another = usually nocturnally. 1uch descri"ed ha"itats #collecti+ely' e,ist -rom a"out ? degrees north latitude, south to a"out 2? degrees north latitude #tip o- !lorida'. The primary ha"itat /one, ho(e+er, appears to "e generally located in the Paci-ic North(est (ilderness areas -rom @entral @ali-ornia, north through the 5regon and 7ashington @ascade range, e,tending into the 5lympic Peninsula #7ashington'. 10amania @ounty, 7ashington in particular. remote regions o- )daho. and throughout much o- British @olum"ia, @anada. Movement )t appears that the young males mo+e a"out throughout North America, some distant, and some close to the natal area. !emales, ho(e+er, do not appear to (ander a(ay -rom the natal area -or any great distance #pro"a"ly not more than (ithin a $00 s2uare mile /one'. The young males are o-ten the culprits o- nighttime gar"age raids and other human o"ser+ations reported (ithin human communities. These o"ser+ations ha+e "een reported in e+ery A.1. 1tate and e+ery @anadian Pro+ince -rom the time o- the -irst Europeans to date. This acti+ity is nomadic and normally results in only a -e( reports o+er a short period o- time in one gi+en area. )t is li0ely that these young males e+entually (ander "ac0 to their natal area, or the same general area o- their "irth, later to locate mates (hen they "ecome adult. Although these are ;u+eniles, they are +ery muscular and normally larger in height and girth than a human # :& -eet tall, 2?0:9?0 l"s (eight'. )t is only assumed that these are all male (anderers, "ased on the lac0 o- 3"reast4 reports -or the same associated incidents. Mating This occurs only in remote (ilderness areas. Although young males may +ocali/e in other /ones during their mo+ement transition, the mating can only "e done (here -emales can "e -ound = (ilderness /one areas. >ating +ocali/ations are descri"ed "y many (ilderness (itnesses #"ac0pac0ers and -ield "iologists', and are generally descri"ed as a long, deeply toned moan that echoes through the +alleys. Apon locating a mate, the male apparently stays (ithin a certain territory until the young are reaching a stage o- maturity, and does not +ocali/e. The -emales, ho(e+er, remain in the same /one throughout li-e, and once the young lea+e the -emale she is ready to "reed again. This is a +ery slo( cycle that does not help to increase the population o- "ipedal primates, "ut only helps maintain its si/e and genetic di+ersity. The Young The -emale and male help raise the young -or the -irst -e( years. The adult -emale pro+ides mil0 to the young until (eaned, li0e all mammals. The actual gro(th rate o- young "ipedal primate is un0no(n, "ut "ased on other large primates it is li0ely -aster than that o- a human. )n other (ords, a year:old male or -emale may "e considered a teen:ager #?: -eet tall', (hile adulthood may occur as early as age B #&:% -eet tall'. This (ould ma0e it -easi"le and li0ely that the adult -emale (ho produced the young (ould mate once e+ery to B years. The young are maintained throughout adolescence "y "oth parents. 8ro(ing at such a -ast rate sho(s the young -eeding omni+orously #(eaned' at a"out $ year o- age, and li0ely "ipedal "e-ore that time as (ell. At some point, a young -emale may "ecome attracti+e #in estrus' to the adult male, and he is there"y chased a(ay "y the adult -emale. The young male may also desire his o(n mother #in estrus' and "e chased a(ay "y the adult male. The latter is the most li0ely scenario. 1uch "eha+ior is characteristic o- most large primates. )t is not li0ely that an adult -emale (ill ha+e t(ins, or consecuti+e "irths (here "rother and sister are together, although this has "een rarely reported "y some (itnesses. )t is possi"le that in such circumstances the e,tra ;u+enile (as an adoptee.

)- such (ere the case, the young male may "e attracted to the young -emale, and "e chased o-- "y the adult male and<or -emale. !emales o- (hom "ecome adult stay in the same general area, (hile males normally (ander a"out -or pro"a"ly t(o or more years "e-ore returning as adults. Behavior Normal "eha+ior -or "ipedal primates is nocturnal, so most is not easy to o"ser+e. Based on other large primates, such as 5rangutan, "eha+ior can "e suggested in con;unction (ith eye(itness reports in commonality (ith un0no(n primates. 5- course the most common "eha+ior (itnessed is mo+ement a(ay -rom the o"ser+er in a 2uic0 and smooth locomotion. Coung males appear to "e curious o- human "eha+ior, ho(e+er, and these are the most commonly o"ser+ed. These indi+iduals are not e,tremely tall #up to & -eet', nor are they e,tremely "ul0y #a"out 2?0:3?0 l"s', "ut they display some "eha+ior that is common among young orangutan and other large primates. 8enerally, they are curious, and stic0 their nose (here they should not. Normally this occurs late at night in areas (here most humans do not reside, so sa-ety is al(ays their concern. These young males ha+e sho(n aggressi+e tendencies such as roc0:thro(ing, (all:pounding, glass "rea0age, trash "arrel tossing, or simply emitting a high:pitched scream sure to scare the (its out o- any common -ol0. 1ome ha+e "een 0no(n to chase +ehicles do(n remote roads at night. 8enerally, ho(e+er, their "eha+ior is un0no(n, other than the -act that they are almost strictly nocturnal, and (ill +ocali/e at dus0 and da(n, or (hene+er they -eel it necessary. @ampers ha+e collecti+ely reported that these animals appear dra(n:in to their camp-ire, standing a(ay (ithin +ie(, 2uietly standing in a(e. These are li0ely adults or su":adults. >ost "eha+ior must in+ol+e -ood gathering, ho(e+er in-re2uently and un:(itnessed, as descri"ed "elo(. Food Gathering Bipedal primates in North America o"+iously ha+e a (ide +ariety o- -ood sources a+aila"le. !ruits appear to "e the most attracti+e to them, (hen a+aila"le, and that includes human raised crops. !ruits o--er enough nutrients to 0eep a large animal ali+e -or a long time, and humans ha+e 0no(n this -or eons o- time. >any large primates eat -ruits alone, and li+e a com-orta"le li-e. North American "ipedal primates are opportunistic in -ood gathering, so depending on the current en+ironment o- (hich they reside, they (ill eat (hate+er is edi"le. !ecal samples ha+e sho(n a (ide +ariety o- consuma"les (ith analysis, most o- (hich ha+e included roots, "ar0, pine cones, gru"s, insects, insect lar+ae, small mammals and unidenti-ied -lesh. They are o-ten reported "y Nati+e Americans as the the-t o- -ish, hung out to dry, and sometimes ta0ing -ish -rom their nets in streams and ri+ers. There ha+e "een se+eral reports o- "ipedal primates stealing deer carcasses, although the reports o- them chasing:do(n deer on: the:run cannot "e +eri-ied. They ha+e "een (itnessed hunting and 0illing s2uirrel and marmot on se+eral occasions. 5ne -actor remains = there is no lac0 o- -ood -or such a large primate in any (ilderness /one or (ater:"ased ha"itat. These animals can "e considered omni+orous "ased on that -act alone. Origin >ost people, e+en researchers, ponder the idea o- origin (hen it comes do(n to "ipedal primates in North America. This is still a mystery, "ut (e ha+e e+idence to indicate that (e are dealing (ith a highly adapted -orm o- the 3E,tinct4 ape 0no(n as 8igantopithecus. )n the days o- that species, they (ere li+ing in @hina, a"out $00,000 years ago. At the same time there (as an animal 0no(n as Paranthropus (hich is thought to "e one o- our common ancestors. Paranthropus (as aggressi+e, and 8igantopithecus 0ept mo+ing a(ay -rom them. As the latter did so, it mo+ed across the Bering 1trait, at that time -orested, to North America. Paranthropus e+ol+ed and "ecame us later, "ut 8igantopithecus

(as here long "e-ore humans arri+ed. 8igantos had to e+ol+e to sur+i+e, and learned to eat (hate+er (as a+aila"le. As other animals migrated o+er, and some died, 8iganto learned to consume -lesh. 5riginally a "am"oo -eeder, 8igantopithecus learned to sur+i+e, and as humans "egan to enter North America o+er the land "ridge, 8iganto learned to "e secret, and stealth. Their populations (ere pro"a"ly +ery high at some point, "ut as Nati+e American legends indicate there (ere many "attles against them. 6umans had tools to -ight (ith, 8igantos did not. They could only hide, and reali/ing through time that humans are diurnal, they "ecame nocturnal. 5- the 8igantos that sur+i+ed, only those nocturnal and omni+orous did so. As more humans de+eloped more land, 8igantos hid in the deeply -orested areas, no( in a ma;or concentration in the Paci-ic North(est. >any areas in this /one cannot "e occupied "y humans, and there are other areas o- North America (here this is true as (ell. Although the current 8iganto population is smaller than it (as originally, it is thri+ing in areas (here most people ne+er (ish to loo0. onclusion ) am only one person (ith one opinion, and ) o-ten -ind mysel- -ighting the opinion o- others. The Ne(s >edia is my (orse enemy "ecause they lo+e to ma0e -un o- this su";ect, as i- (e are searching -or -airies or dragons. ) (ill re-use inter+ie(s (ith the Ne(s >edia unless ) -ind something totally signi-icant #i.e., "ones, "ody' that can support the e,istence o- "ipedal primates in North America. )n -act, most o- those (ho solicit media attention (ith this su";ect are either a"solute neophytes, totally naD+e, idiots, or (ant to ha+e their most recent "oo0 ac0no(ledged. ) really don*t thin0 serious researchers, in+estigators, or li0e:minded scientists should (aste their time (ith the Ne(s >edia or any pu"lic scrutiny unless they -ind something totally signi-icant. That means that (e must -ind a 8iganto "ody or "ones, here in North America, no matter ho( old car"on:$9 indicates, to sho( the (orld that these animals are real. Personally, ) ha+e no idea (hy the current e+idence is unaccepta"le, especially (hen (e accept the data -rom 1pace Pro"es and Eo"ots and Telescopes in our current (orld o- 3-acts4. 7e ha+e more e+idence that "ipedal primates in North America e,ist than (e do o- 8od himsel- = so ho( does that compareF 5nly the Ne(s >edia (ill 0no( the ans(er to that one. G Douglas Trapp Dallas, Te,as Back to Bigfoot Encounters Main page Back to Newspaper & Magazine Articles Back to Bigfoot Encounters "What's New" page
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Chimpanzees lack key parts of a language gene that is critical for human speech, say researchers. The finding may begin to explain why only humans use spoken language. Last year scientists identified the first gene, called !"#$, linked to human language. #eople with mistakes in this gene have severe difficulties with speech and grammar. %ow &vante #aabo of the 'ax #lanck (nstitute for )volutionary *nthropology in Leipzig, +ermany, and his colleagues have compared human !"#$ with the versions of the gene found in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang,utan, rhesus maca-ue and mouse. .uman !"#$ contains two key changes in its /%* compared with the other animals, the team found. 0(t changed in the human lineage,0 says team member Wolfgang )nard. The changes may affect the human ability to make fine movements of the mouth and larynx, and thus to develop spoken language, )nard suggests. 0(t1s fascinating,0 says 'artin %owak, who studies the evolution of language at the (nstitute for *dvanced &tudy in #rinceton. 0(t1s the beginning of a genetic foundation for human language.0 Language is uni-ue to humans2 chimpanzees can be trained to communicate using a complex set of symbols, but they can pronounce only a handful of words because they cannot make the re-uired facial movements. The gene variant that permits language may have become widespread during the last $33,333 years, )nard estimates, based on analyses of the human gene from individuals worldwide. (t was around this time that anatomically modern humans emerged. The development of language may have been an important driving force behind human expansion. (t allowed large amounts of information to be passed from one generation to the next, explains %owak. 4esearchers are not yet clear what the !"#$ gene does, but they think it acts by switching other genes on and off. The two changes aside, the gene is almost identical in humans and the other animals examined. &eferences 5.Lai, C.&.L. et al. * forkhead,domain gene is mutated in severe speech and language disorder. %ature, 657, 859 , 8$7, :$335;. $.)nard, W. et al. 'olecular evolution of !"#$, a gene involved in speech and language. %ature, published online, doi253.537<=nature353$8 :$33$;. %ature %ews &ervice = 'acmillan 'agazines Ltd $33$ http !!www.nature.com!nsu!%'%(#'!%'%(#')*.html

Portions of this website are reprinted under the Fair Use Doctrine of International Copyright Law as educational material without benefit of financial gain. http !!www".law.cornell.edu!uscode!#$!#%$.html +his pro,iso is applicable throughout the entire websit

>nified )rectus2 ossil suggests single human ancestor

?ohn #ickrell
-cience .ews /ee0 of 1arch '23 '%%'4 5ol. #*#3 .o. #'

* newly found, million,year,old *frican skull is fueling an ongoing debate over whether .omo erectus was a single wide,ranging species or several localized ones. The skull appears similar to those found in *sia, suggesting that the populations were in fact one species. ossils of .. erectus were discovered in ?ava in the 5<33s. or many years, this species was recognized as the sole link between humans1 earliest direct ancestor, .omo habilis, and modern .omo sapiens. .. erectus emerged 5.< million years ago and may have survived to times as recent as 83,333 years ago. @eginning in the 59<3s, with the advent of new methods of analysis, some anthropologists have argued for splitting up .. erectus :&%2 A=$3=9$, p. 63<;. #roponents of this argument hold that )uropean and *frican specimens formerly considered .. erectus belong to another species that they call .omo ergaster. They say that .. ergaster evolved into modern man but the *sia,bound .. erectus came up against an evolutionary dead end. *rguments have raged, with some scientists proposing that observed differences between specimens are due to evolution in a single species over timeBmost *frican fossils are older than *sian onesBrather than the presence of two distinct species. The newfound specimen is younger than most *frican fossils assigned to .. ergaster and contemporary with some *sian .. erectus specimens, with which it shares striking similarities. This is the first time that it1s been possible to compare *sian and *frican fossils from the same period, says W. .enry +ilbert of the >niversity of California, @erkeley, who discovered the fossil. The find may vindicate researchers who argued against dividing the species, he says. The skullBwhich is missing the lower face, Caw, and teethBcomes from a fossil,rich region 563 miles northeast of *ddis *baba, )thiopia. &cratch marks suggest that the individual may have been killed by a lion or hyena that ate the lower face and gnawed the skull in an attempt to extract the brain, says study coauthor Tim White, also of >C,@erkeley. 4esearchers spent $ years cleaning the partially crushed skull. With the new specimen in hand, White and his coworkers compared 56 groups of .. erectus and .. ergaster skulls from *sia, *frica, and +eorgia, formerly in the &oviet >nion. The researchers found a considerable overlap in shape between specimens from *sia and the other geographic regions, they report in the 'arch $5 %ature. eatures such as a short bulging forehead in the new fossil are similar to those in *sian .. erectus, says White. Though most anthropologists are excited with the find, some disagree with the authors1 conclusions. 0The researchers should be congratulated on finding such a fantastic specimen,0 says @ernard Wood of +eorge Washington >niversity in Washington, /.C. .owever, they can1t rule out that the new specimen is .. ergaster, he adds. 0( don1t think this will conclude the debate,0 says Chris &tringer of the %atural .istory 'useum in London. .e points out that scientists who support dividing the species based many conclusions on dental features of .. erectus. These can1t be compared with the new fossil because it1s missing its teeth. !thers feel the fossil provides une-uivocal evidence of a single species. 0This slams the door shut Don the debateE,0 says C. !wen LoveCoy of Fent :!hio; &tate >niversity. 0%ow, all these specimens can be confidently restored to their original designation as .. erectus.0 0This find should put the issue to rest,0 agrees 'ilford Wolpoff of the >niversity of 'ichigan in *nn *rbor. .owever, he adds, 0no discovery ever seems to put things to rest in a field as contentious as paleontology.0 &eferences

Introduction
Hominid or hominin?
Some scientists use a broader definition of Hominidae which includes the great apes, and instead call the group I am discussing "hominins". For a good discussion of the hominid/hominin terminology issue, read this article by Lee Berger. he word "hominid" in this website refers to members of the family of humans, Hominidae, which consists of all species on our side of the last common ancestor of humans and li!ing apes. Hominids are included in the superfamily of all apes, the Hominoidea, the members of which are called hominoids. "lthough the hominid fossil record is far from complete, and the e!idence is often fragmentary, there is enough to gi!e a good outline of the e!olutionary history of humans. he time of the split between humans and li!ing apes used to be thought to ha!e occurred #$ to %& million years ago, or e!en up to '& or (& million years ago. Some apes occurring within that time period, such as )amapithecus, used to be considered as hominids, and possible ancestors of humans. Later fossil finds indicated that )amapithecus was more closely related to the orang*utan, and new biochemical e!idence indicated that the last common ancestor of hominids and apes occurred between $ and #& million years ago, and probably in the lower end of that range +Lewin #,-./. )amapithecus therefore is no longer considered a hominid. he field of science which studies the human fossil record is 0nown as paleoanthropology. It is the intersection of the disciplines of paleontology +the study of ancient lifeforms/ and anthropology +the study of humans/.

Hominid Species
he species here are listed roughly in order of appearance in the fossil record +note that this ordering is not meant to represent an e!olutionary se1uence/, e2cept that the robust australopithecines are 0ept together. 3ach name consists of a genus name +e.g. Australopithecus, Homo/ which is always capitali4ed, and a specific name +e.g. africanus, erectus/ which is always in lower case. 5ithin the te2t, genus names are often omitted for bre!ity. 3ach species has a type specimen which was used to define it.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis
his species was named in 6uly %&&% from fossils disco!ered in 7had in 7entral "frica +Brunet et al. %&&%, 5ood %&&%/. It is the oldest 0nown hominid or near*hominid species, dated at between 8 and . million years old. his species is 0nown from a nearly complete cranium nic0named oumai, and a number of fragmentary lower 9aws and teeth. he s0ull has a !ery small brain si4e of appro2imately '$& cc. It is not 0nown whether it was bipedal. S. tchadensis has many primiti!e apeli0e features, such as the small brainsi4e, along with others, such as the brow ridges and small canine teeth, which are characteristic of later hominids. his mi2ture, along with the fact that it comes from around the time when the hominids are thought to ha!e di!erged from chimpan4ees, suggests it is close to the common ancestor of humans and chimpan4ees.

Orrorin tugenensis
his species was named in 6uly %&&# from fossils disco!ered in western :enya +Senut et al. %&&#/. he fossils include

fragmentary arm and thigh bones, lower 9aws, and teeth and were disco!ered in deposits that are about 8 million years old. he limb bones are about #.$ times larger than those of Lucy, and suggest that it was about the si4e of a female chimpan4ee. Its finders ha!e claimed that Orrorin was a human ancestor adapted to both bipedality and tree climbing, and that the australopithecines are an e2tinct offshoot. ;i!en the fragmentary nature of the remains, other scientists ha!e been s0eptical of these claims so far +"iello and 7ollard %&&#/. " later paper +;ali0 et al. %&&(/ has found further e!idence of bipedality in the fossil femur.

Ardipithecus ramidus
his species was named Australopithecus ramidus in September #,,( +5hite et al. #,,(< 5ood #,,(/ from some fragmentary fossils dated at (.( million years. " more complete s0ull and partial s0eleton was disco!ered in late #,,( and based on that fossil, the species was reallocated to the genus Ardipithecus +5hite et al. %&&$/. his fossil was e2tremely fragile, and e2ca!ation, restoration and analysis of it too0 #$ years. It was published in =ctober %&&,, and gi!en the nic0name >"rdi>. Ar. ramidus was about #%& cm +'>##"/ tall and weighed about $& 0g +##& lbs/. he s0ull and brain are small, about the si4e of a chimpan4ee. It was bipedal on the ground, though not as well adapted to bipedalism as the australopithecines were, and 1uadrupedal in the trees. It li!ed in a woodland en!ironment with patches of forest, indicating that bipedalism did not originate in a sa!annah en!ironment. " number of fragmentary fossils disco!ered between #,,. and %&&#, and dating from $.% to $.- million years old, were originally assigned to a new subspecies, Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba +Haile*Selassie %&&#/, and later to a new species, Ardipithecus kadabba +Haile*Selassie et al. %&&(/. =ne of these fossils is a toe bone belonging to a bipedal creature, but is a few hundred thousand years younger than the rest of the fossils and so its identification with kadabba is not as firm as the other fossils.

Australopithecus anamensis
his species was named in "ugust #,,$ +Lea0ey et al. #,,$/. he material consists of , fossils, mostly found in #,,(, from :anapoi in :enya, and #% fossils, mostly teeth found in #,--, from "llia Bay in :enya +Lea0ey et al. #,,$/. Anamensis e2isted between (.% and '., million years ago, and has a mi2ture of primiti!e features in the s0ull, and ad!anced features in the body. he teeth and 9aws are !ery similar to those of older fossil apes. " partial tibia +the larger of the two lower leg bones/ is strong e!idence of bipedality, and a lower humerus +the upper arm bone/ is e2tremely humanli0e. ?ote that although the s0ull and s0eletal bones are thought to be from the same species, this is not confirmed.

Australopithecus afarensis
A. afarensis e2isted between '., and '.& million years ago. Afarensis had an apeli0e face with a low forehead, a bony ridge o!er the eyes, a flat nose, and no chin. hey had protruding 9aws with large bac0 teeth. 7ranial capacity !aried from about '.$ to $$& cc. he s0ull is similar to that of a chimpan4ee, e2cept for the more humanli0e teeth. he canine teeth are much smaller than those of modern apes, but larger and more pointed than those of humans, and shape of the 9aw is between the rectangular shape of apes and the parabolic shape of humans. Howe!er their pel!is and leg bones far more closely resemble those of modern man, and lea!e no doubt that they were bipedal +although adapted to wal0ing rather than running +Lea0ey #,,(//. heir bones show that they were physically !ery strong. Females were substantially smaller than males, a condition 0nown as se2ual dimorphism. Height !aried between about #&. cm +'>8"/ and #$% cm +$>&"/. he finger and toe bones are cur!ed and proportionally longer than in humans, but the hands are similar to humans in most other details +6ohanson and 3dey #,-#/. @ost scientists consider this e!idence that afarensis was still partially adapted to climbing in trees, others consider it e!olutionary baggage.

Kenyanthropus platyops
his species was named in %&&# from a partial s0ull found in :enya with an unusual mi2ture of features +Lea0ey et al. %&&#/. It is aged about '.$ million years old. he si4e of the s0ull is similar to A. afarensis and A. africanus, and has a large, flat face and small teeth.

Australopithecus africanus
A. africanus e2isted between ' and % million years ago. It is similar to afarensis, and was also bipedal, but body si4e was slightly greater. Brain si4e may also ha!e been slightly larger, ranging between (%& and $&& cc. his is a little larger than chimp brains +despite a similar body si4e/, but still not ad!anced in the areas necessary for speech. he bac0 teeth were a little bigger than in afarensis. "lthough the teeth and 9aws of africanus are much larger than those of humans, they are far more similar to human teeth than to those of apes +6ohanson and 3dey #,-#/. he shape of the 9aw is now fully parabolic, li0e that of humans, and the si4e of the canine teeth is further reduced compared to afarensis.

Australopithecus garhi
his species was named in "pril #,,, +"sfaw et al. #,,,/. It is 0nown from a partial s0ull. he s0ull differs from pre!ious australopithecine species in the combination of its features, notably the e2tremely large si4e of its teeth, especially the rear ones, and a primiti!e s0ull morphology. Some nearby s0eletal remains may belong to the same species. hey show a humanli0e ratio of the humerus and femur, but an apeli0e ratio of the lower and upper arm. +;ro!es #,,,< 7ulotta #,,,/

Australopithecus sediba
A. sediba was disco!ered at the site of @alapa in South "frica in %&&-. wo partial s0eletons were found, of a young boy and an adult female, dated between #..- and #.,$ million years ago +Berger et al. %&#&, Balter %&#&/. It is claimed by its finders to be transitional between A. africanus and Homo and, because it is more similar to Homo than any other australopithecine, a possible candidate for the ancestor of Homo. A. sediba was bipedal with long arms suitable for climbing, but had a number of humanli0e traits in the s0ull, teeth and pel!is. he boy>s s0ull has a !olume of (%& cc, and both fossils are short, about #'& cm +(>'"/. Australopithecus afarensis and africanus, and the other species abo!e, are 0nown as gracile australopithecines, because their s0ulls and teeth are not as large and strong as those of the following species, which are 0nown as the robust australopithecines. +;racile means "slender", and in paleoanthropology is used as an antonym to "robust"./ Aespite this, they were still more robust than modern humans.

Australopithecus aethiopicus
A. aethiopicus e2isted between %.8 and %.' million years ago. his species is 0nown from one ma9or specimen, the Blac0 S0ull disco!ered by "lan 5al0er, and a few other minor specimens which may belong to the same species. It may be an ancestor of robustus and boisei, but it has a baffling mi2ture of primiti!e and ad!anced traits. he brain si4e is !ery small, at (#& cc, and parts of the s0ull, particularly the hind portions, are !ery primiti!e, most resembling afarensis. =ther characteristics, li0e the massi!eness of the face, 9aws and single tooth found, and the largest sagittal crest in any 0nown hominid, are more reminiscent of A. boisei +Lea0ey and Lewin #,,%/. +" sagittal crest is a bony

ridge on top of the s0ull to which chewing muscles attach./

Australopithecus robustus
A. robustus had a body similar to that of africanus, but a larger and more robust s0ull and teeth. It e2isted between % and #.$ million years ago. he massi!e face is flat or dished, with no forehead and large brow ridges. It has relati!ely small front teeth, but massi!e grinding teeth in a large lower 9aw. @ost specimens ha!e sagittal crests. Its diet would ha!e been mostly coarse, tough food that needed a lot of chewing. he a!erage brain si4e is about $'& cc. Bones e2ca!ated with robustus s0eletons indicate that they may ha!e been used as digging tools.

Australopithecus boisei (was Zinjanthropus boisei)

A. boisei e2isted between %.# and #.# million years ago. It was similar to robustus, but the face and chee0 teeth were e!en more massi!e, some molars being up to % cm across. he brain si4e is !ery similar to robustus, about $'& cc. " few e2perts consider boisei and robustus to be !ariants of the same species. Australopithecus aethiopicus, robustus and boisei are 0nown as robust australopithecines, because their s0ulls in particular are more hea!ily built. hey ha!e ne!er been serious candidates for being direct human ancestors. @any authorities now classify them in the genus Paranthropus.

Homo habilis
H. habilis, "handy man", was so called because of e!idence of tools found with its remains. Habilis e2isted between %.( and #.$ million years ago. It is !ery similar to australopithecines in many ways. he face is still primiti!e, but it pro9ects less than in A. africanus. he bac0 teeth are smaller, but still considerably larger than in modern humans. he a!erage brain si4e, at 8$& cc, is considerably larger than in australopithecines. Brain si4e !aries between $&& and -&& cc, o!erlapping the australopithecines at the low end and H. erectus at the high end. he brain shape is also more humanli0e. he bulge of Broca>s area, essential for speech, is !isible in one habilis brain cast, and indicates it was possibly capable of rudimentary speech. Habilis is thought to ha!e been about #%. cm +$>&"/ tall, and about ($ 0g +#&& lb/ in weight, although females may ha!e been smaller. Habilis has been a contro!ersial species. =riginally, some scientists did not accept its !alidity, belie!ing that all habilis specimens should be assigned to either the australopithecines or Homo erectus. H. habilis is now fully accepted as a species, but it is widely thought that the >habilis> specimens ha!e too wide a range of !ariation for a single species, and that some of the specimens should be placed in one or more other species. =ne suggested species which is accepted by many scientists is Homo rudolfensis, which would contain fossils such as 3) #(.&.

Homo georgicus
his species was named in %&&% to contain fossils found in Amanisi, ;eorgia, which seem intermediate between H. habilis and H. erectus. he fossils are about #.- million years old, consisting of three partial s0ulls and three lower 9aws. he brain si4es of the s0ulls !ary from 8&& to .-& cc. he height, as estimated from a foot bone, would ha!e been about #.$ m +(>##"/. " partial s0eleton was also disco!ered in %&&# but no details are a!ailable on it yet. +Be0ua et al. %&&%, ;abunia et al. %&&%/

Homo erectus
H. erectus e2isted between #.- million and '&&,&&& years ago. Li0e habilis, the face has protruding 9aws with large molars, no chin, thic0 brow ridges, and a long low s0ull, with a brain si4e !arying between .$& and #%%$ cc. 3arly erectus specimens a!erage about ,&& cc, while late ones ha!e an a!erage of about ##&& cc +Lea0ey #,,(/. he s0eleton is more robust than those of modern humans, implying greater strength. Body proportions !ary< the ur0ana Boy is tall and slender +though still e2traordinarily strong/, li0e modern humans from the same area, while the few limb bones found of Ce0ing @an indicate a shorter, sturdier build. Study of the ur0ana Boy s0eleton indicates that erectus may ha!e been more efficient at wal0ing than modern humans, whose s0eletons ha!e had to adapt to allow for the birth of larger*brained infants +5illis #,-,/. Homo habilis and all the australopithecines are found only in "frica, but erectus was wide*ranging, and has been found in "frica, "sia, and 3urope. here is e!idence that erectus probably used fire, and their stone tools are more sophisticated than those of habilis.

Homo ergaster
Some scientists classify some "frican erectus specimens as belonging to a separate species, Homo ergaster, which differs from the "sian H. erectus fossils in some details of the s0ull +e.g. the brow ridges differ in shape, and erectus would ha!e a larger brain si4e/. Dnder this scheme, H. ergaster would include fossils such as the ur0ana boy and 3) '.''.

Homo antecessor
Homo antecessor was named in #,.. from fossils found at the Spanish ca!e site of "tapuerca, dated to at least .-&,&&& years ago, ma0ing them the oldest confirmed 3uropean hominids. he mid*facial area of antecessor seems !ery modern, but other parts of the s0ull such as the teeth, forehead and browridges are much more primiti!e. @any scientists are doubtful about the !alidity of antecessor, partly because its definition is based on a 9u!enile specimen, and feel it may belong to another species. +Bermude4 de 7astro et al. #,,.< :un4ig #,,., 7arbonell et al. #,,$/

Homo sapiens (archaic) (also Homo heidelbergensis)

"rchaic forms of Homo sapiens first appear about $&&,&&& years ago. he term co!ers a di!erse group of s0ulls which ha!e features of both Homo erectus and modern humans. he brain si4e is larger than erectus and smaller than most modern humans, a!eraging about #%&& cc, and the s0ull is more rounded than in erectus. he s0eleton and teeth are usually less robust than erectus, but more robust than modern humans. @any still ha!e large brow ridges and receding foreheads and chins. here is no clear di!iding line between late erectus and archaic sapiens, and many fossils between $&&,&&& and %&&,&&& years ago are difficult to classify as one or the other.

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (also Homo neanderthalensis)

?eandertal +or ?eanderthal/ man e2isted between %'&,&&& and '&,&&& years ago. he a!erage brain si4e is slightly larger than that of modern humans, about #($& cc, but this is probably correlated with their greater bul0. he brain case howe!er is longer and lower than that of modern humans, with a mar0ed bulge at the bac0 of the s0ull. Li0e erectus, they had a protruding 9aw and receding forehead. he chin was usually wea0. he midfacial area also protrudes, a feature that is not found in erectus or sapiens and may be an adaptation to cold. here are other minor anatomical differences from modern humans, the most unusual being some peculiarities of the shoulder blade, and of the pubic

bone in the pel!is. ?eandertals mostly li!ed in cold climates, and their body proportions are similar to those of modern cold*adapted peoplesE short and solid, with short limbs. @en a!eraged about #8- cm +$>8"/ in height. heir bones are thic0 and hea!y, and show signs of powerful muscle attachments. ?eandertals would ha!e been e2traordinarily strong by modern standards, and their s0eletons show that they endured brutally hard li!es. " large number of tools and weapons ha!e been found, more ad!anced than those of Homo erectus. ?eandertals were formidable hunters, and are the first people 0nown to ha!e buried their dead, with the oldest 0nown burial site being about #&&,&&& years old. hey are found throughout 3urope and the @iddle 3ast. 5estern 3uropean ?eandertals usually ha!e a more robust form, and are sometimes called "classic ?eandertals". ?eandertals found elsewhere tend to be less e2cessi!ely robust. + rin0aus and Shipman #,,%< rin0aus and Howells #,.,< ;ore #,,8/

Homo floresiensis
Homo floresiensis was disco!ered on the Indonesian island of Flores in %&&'. Fossils ha!e been disco!ered from a number of indi!iduals. he most complete fossil is of an adult female about # meter tall with a brain si4e of (#.cc. =ther fossils indicate that this was a normal si4e for floresiensis. It is thought that floresiensis is a dwarf form of Homo erectus * it is not uncommon for dwarf forms of large mammals to e!ol!e on islands. H. floresiensis was fully bipedal, used stone tools and fire, and hunted dwarf elephants also found on the island. +Brown et al. %&&(, @orwood et al. %&&(, Lahr and Foley %&&(/

Homo sapiens sapiens (modern)

@odern forms of Homo sapiens first appear about #,$,&&& years ago. @odern humans ha!e an a!erage brain si4e of about #'$& cc. he forehead rises sharply, eyebrow ridges are !ery small or more usually absent, the chin is prominent, and the s0eleton is !ery gracile. "bout (&,&&& years ago, with the appearance of the 7ro*@agnon culture, tool 0its started becoming mar0edly more sophisticated, using a wider !ariety of raw materials such as bone and antler, and containing new implements for ma0ing clothing, engra!ing and sculpting. Fine artwor0, in the form of decorated tools, beads, i!ory car!ings of humans and animals, clay figurines, musical instruments, and spectacular ca!e paintings appeared o!er the ne2t %&,&&& years. +Lea0ey #,,(/ 3!en within the last #&&,&&& years, the long*term trends towards smaller molars and decreased robustness can be discerned. he face, 9aw and teeth of @esolithic humans +about #&,&&& years ago/ are about #&F more robust than ours. Dpper Caleolithic humans +about '&,&&& years ago/ are about %& to '&F more robust than the modern condition in 3urope and "sia. hese are considered modern humans, although they are sometimes termed "primiti!e". Interestingly, some modern humans +aboriginal "ustralians/ ha!e tooth si4es more typical of archaic sapiens. he smallest tooth si4es are found in those areas where food*processing techni1ues ha!e been used for the longest time. his is a probable e2ample of natural selection which has occurred within the last #&,&&& years +Brace #,-'/.

Timeline
his diagram shows roughly the time range in which each hominid species li!edE

Bigfoot Encounters

What do we know about &as-uatch hair, reallyG

Bobbie Short GH.the science of hair analysis is rather inexact and the competence of the investigator varies greatly. (Krantz)

7hat (e 0no( a"out the pro"lem o- HhairI presumpti+e -or the 1as2uatch in North America has "een -rustrating. there isnIt a 0no(n 1as2uatch specimen (ith (hich to ma0e comparisons. The -irst thing most o- us in research read a"out as regards any hair analysis (as printed in John 8reenIs $%&B Boo0, Sasquatch, the Apes Among Us on page 2B9. 5n that page John e,plained a hal- do/en light colored hairs -ound in the $% 0Is "y a go+ernment game guide named 7ayne T(itchell that (ere su"se2uently sent to a la"oratory in Jos Angeles. There, Eay Pin0er, a +eteran o- 3 years in police crime la" techni2ues e,amined the hairs issuing a statement that the hairs sho(ed "oth animal and human characteristics. interestingly, they did not match any samples Pin0er had in his collection. 6e said that they resem"led animals hairs in sho(ing a +ariation o- color and thic0ness -rom the root to the tip, (hereas human hair is uni-orm in color and thic0ness, "ut that the scale pattern on the outside o- the sha-t (as similar to that o- human hair and that there (as no continuous medulla, or core +isi"le in the center as (ould "e the case (ith almost all animal hairs. There (ere "oth coarse outer hairs and -ine hairs -rom an undercoat.K 5n the t(o pages cited, John relates (hat a la"orious and than0less tas0 identi-ying hairs really is and ho( 2uic0ly he lost interest in the process. Then in $%%2, Dr. 8ro+er 1. Lrant/ pu"lished Big Foot-Prints A Scientific !nquiry into the "eality of Sasquatch# 5n page $2B he (ritesM 3)t is no( possi"le to e,tract DNA -rom a hair sample to determine the species, or e+en e,act indi+idual i- there is a 0no(n specimen -or comparison. This is easiest done (ith a -ollicle, "ut ;ust a hair sha-t (ill o-ten su--ice.4 5n the issue o- 1as2uatch hairs, Dr. John Bindernagel (rites in his "oo0 3 $orth America%s &reat Ape, the Sasquatch,' 36air attri"uted to 1as2uatches has "een reco+ered -rom apparent 1as2uatch "eds, shru""ery, -ences and trees (here sightings ha+e occurred. 1ome samples ha+e "een e,amined microscopically -or physical characteristics, (hich can "e compared (ith 0no(n re-erence material -rom "ears, apes, and humans. At least one such sample has "een identi-ied as coming -rom a higher primate, "ut could not "e matched (ith those -rom any 0no(n species.4 6ere Bindernagel cites his source as pg $2? o- the late 8ro+er Lrant/Is "oo0, in (hat appears to "e circular theorem (e read Lrant/Is (ords again, 3(air samples are the commonest of )hat ! call bodily scraps# Some of these ha*e been e+amined by hair e+pert and pronounced to be of an un,no)n animal and in a fe) cases e*en pinned do)n to being from a high primate# Unfortunately for these earlier studies, the science of hair analysis is rather ine+act and the competence of the in*estigator *aries greatly#' 5perati+e (ordsM 3the science of hair analysis is rather ine+act and the competence of the in*estigator *aries greatly#' )-, in the early days, hairs (ere la"eled Big-oot, it is un-ortunate and misleading (ithout a specimen and are (e really (asting our time chasing do(n hairs (hen no progress has "een made to spea0 o- since $%&B. The only (ay to positi+ely identi-y a 1as2uatch hair is to match it (ith a 0no(n sample. 7alter Bir0"y at the Ani+ersity o- Ari/ona has some interesting hairs that he o"tained -rom the late Bo" Titmus. Bir0"y (as -airly sure they (ere 1as2uatch hairs. They are the hairs are o- a higher primate in his ;udgment and cannot 2uite "e matched (ith any 0no(n species. 3-hou &uo+ing, at the $atural (istory .useum in Bei/ing, 0hina once ga*e me a reddish hair that he )as told came from a yeren 10hinese )ildman23 said 4rant5# 6alter Bir,by e+amined it and informed me that it )as human -- a blond 0aucasian hair that had been artificially dyed red#3 #Lrant/' Anthropologist Dr. @arleton 1. @oon, Ph.D., in his paper, N6hy 7here (as to Be a SasquatchN (roteM 3Professor Stephen ! "osen of the Uni*ersity of .aryland has identified hair as that of a pre*iously un,no)n primate -- and he has hair on file for most of the li*ing primates of the )orld# (e has gi*en me permission to state that its scale pattern is primate, its pigment dense and blac, li,e that of a

lo)land gorilla, and its internal structure 3unusual#3 7his last refers to the medulla of the hair strand, )hich is quite *ariable among the li*ing races of man# 8n this substantially impeccable e*idence )e may be /ustified to state that a primate other than man, )hich is either a pongid 1ape2, or hominid 1,ind of man2 is ali*e in 6ashington# 7he blood that came )ith the hair has been e+amined by a professional in another institution# A ne)spaper report quotes him as saying that his sample is primate, possible human, but too degraded for further speculation# $o) that )e are on relati*ely stable scientific ground, and )hile )e a)ait other statements from e+perts in hair and blood analysis, tooth analysis, or the dissection of a cada*er, it seems sound enough to speculate on the 5oological classification of our sub/ect#3 #-ull paperM httpM<<(((."ig-ootencounters.com<articles<coon.htm ' )n No+em"er $%%? tu-ts o- hair 0no(n as the I1umerlin hairsI (ere -ound in the Blue >ountains o7ashington 1tate, consisting o- a do/en strands. These hair samples (ere sent to Dr. Paul !uerst, a pro-essor o- molecular genetics at 5hio 1tate Ani+ersity. !uerst and a graduate student in -orensic sciences, Jamie Austin used a DNA testing procedure de+eloped "y the !B) -or analysis o- hair strands (hich lac0ed the root -ollicles normally needed -or identi-ication. A-ter some "adgering, ) (as -inally gi+en a rather impolite response -rom Dr. !ran0 Poirier, then chairman o- the Dept. o- Anthropology (ho o--ered only this, 3! don%t e+pect anything to happen because !%m pretty s,eptical about this9 but good science requires some )ild goose chases from time to time but these t)o batches of hair sent to us had the best possibility of being real#3 The creatures reportedly (ere o"ser+ed at a distance o- a"out $00 -eet in a dense, dar0 -orest. 3After the creatures left, they pic,ed up hair from the locale, as )ell as footprints and ,nuc,le prints,3 Poirier said. Dr. Paul !uerst, at the time associate pro-essor o- molecular genetics at 5hio 1tate Ani+ersity said the prints had the "est possi"ility o- "eing real. 7e ne+er did get an accounting o- the 1umerlin hairs -rom 5hio 1tate other than a terse 3 un,no)n primate#' ! Dr. Bryan 1y0es, Pro-essor o- 6uman 8enetics at the 5,-ord )nstitute o- >olecular >edicine, one o- the (orldIs leading e,perts on DNA analysis has "een lin0ed to the pro"lems (ith homin hairs, "ut to my 0no(ledge, he has not e,amined hairs presumpti+e -or the North American 1as2uatch. The hairs 1y0es e,amined (ere o"tained "y /oologist Dr. Eo" >c@all (ho (as along on the Bhutanese e,pedition in 200$. )- ) remem"er rightly, >c@all -ound hair e+idence in the hollo( o- a cedar tree and at the time, too0 them to the AL -or DNA analysis "y 1y0es. 5- the yeti hairs -ound in Bhutan, in April o- that year, 1y0es said, 36e found some :$A in it, but )e don%t ,no) )hat it is# !t%s not a human, not a bear nor anything else )e ha*e so far been able to identify# !t%s a mystery and ! ne*er thought this )ould end in a mystery# 6e ha*e ne*er encountered :$A that )e couldn%t recogni5e before#' O )n 1umatra in 2009, long strands o- hair "eside a tiny human:li0e -ootprint near 8ung Tu;uh, 1E AsiaIs largest -resh(ater Ja0e surrounded "y tropical rain -orests (as thought to "elong to the elusi+e 5rang Pende0. Three crypto/oologists led "y Adam Da+ies made the disco+ery, cast the -ootprints P passed the hairs onto (orld reno(ned hair e,pert, Dr. 6ans Brunner (ho compared the hairs to those o- other 0no(n inha"itants o- the 1umatran interior including species o- tapir, non:human primates and "ears "ut he (as una"le to match the hairs to any 0no(n mammal. Brunner spent some $B months analy/ing the DNA -ound in the hair, -inally concluding they match no 0no(n animal. the trac0s ho(e+er (ere de-initely the imprints o- a primate. @am"ridge Ani+ersity primatologist Dr. Da+id @hi+ers actually con-irmed BrunnerIs -indings and it (as my understanding in 2009 that the t(o men are a"out to pu"lish a paper on the su";ect. ) ha+e not seen it as yet. #>anchester 5nline' 1ince $%% , -ormer 5regon resident, Dr. 7. 6enner !ahren"ach has had the only e,tensi+e collection ohairs presumpti+e -or 1as2uatch in the A1A and in that collection o- animal hairs. human P non:human primate hairs had "een accumulated. !ahren"ach (as 2uoted as saying his samples, presuma"ly 1as2uatch hairs, +aried -rom 33 to $? inches in length. most samples are under %0 microns in diameter

#%0 microns Q 0.003?9330&0% o- an inch' and most all ha+e a reddish tinge under the microscope. )nterestingly, these hairs that are presumpti+e -or 1as2uatch generally lac0 a medulla. The 0ic0er is that (e ha+e -ound human hair (ith similar characteristics =yes con-using. The only (ay to identi-y a hair is to compare it (ith 0no(n samples. Ancontaminated hair samples presumed to "e 1as2uatch hairs can still "e sent to Dr. !ahren"ach to "e analy/ed. 6is address is Ja"oratory o- >icroscopy, B3? E. Jas Animas Trail, 8old @anyon, Ari/ona B?$$B )n the past, (e (ere told that the mtDNA generally -ragmented too easily to allo( -or se2uencing, "ut ) understand there is an updated process that -acilitates the e,traction o- -ollicular material -rom the hair, that is, i- it is present in the samples and there is no contamination. ) (as pleased to read in Paulides P PrattIs 200% "oo0, 7ribal Bigfoot, page 3&2:3 o- the relati+ely ne( Po(erPle,R $ test 0it, ) urge you to re+ie( the letter -rom the la"oratory on those pages. 5ne encouraging sentence in that letter reads, 3= at this time it cannot be ruled out that this could be :$A from an undocumented species#' 5ne -inal note regarding 1as2uatch hair (as added to this (or0 on No+em"er &, 200%, and it came -rom Dmitri Bayano+ in >osco(M NA -riend (rote me that Big-oot hair NdoesnIt -ollo( normal characteristics associated (ith other primates, (hyF No"ody 0no(sSN 1o ) consulted Dr. !ahren"ach and recei+ed this ad+iceM Dear Dmitri, NThe pro"a"le reason that no un-ragmented DNA can "e e,tracted -rom B! hair is pro"a"ly the a"sence o- a medulla, (hich normally : and in most human hairs : contains cells (ith more preser+ed interiors and less 0eratini/ation. 6air normally -alls out in the telogen stage, (hen the root has totally in+oluted. A good root is only -ound (hen the hair has "een pulled out -orci"ly in the anagen, or -ully gro(ing stage. ) (ouldnIt ma0e a "ig deal out o- the B! hair "eing all that di--erent -rom other primate hair, since many human scalp hairs ha+e no medulla either, "ut then they donIt ha+e other attri"utes o- sas2uatch hair, such as the u"i2uitous reddish tinge. )ncidentally, much cattle hair is also de+oid o- a medulla, though a -ragmentary one is more common.N ... 6# (enner Fahrenbach, Ph#:# A>o+ing on, :a 2uic0 (ord search o- my data"ase sho(ed hair reported in many colors, the predominant color is, o- course, "lac0. 5ther colors cropped up less o-ten (ith Te,as leading the data (ith se+eral gray:(hite or o-- (hite 1as2uatch reports. Len Johols0e -iled his report "ac0 in 2002 and in the course o- that e,change ) learned o- another sighting o- an o--:(hite 1as2uatch that chased a group o- 0ids o-- a "i0e path not -ar -rom Jamesto(n, Ne( Cor0. t(o more (hite B!Is are listed as seen in 5hio. The many colors in the data reminded me o- the 1pirit "ear colorings, ALA the Lermode "ears o- Talhalla in British @olum"ia ;ust north o- the 1unshine @oast. The -ollo(ing colors are mentioned also in John 8reenIs massi+e data"aseM Eed, au"urn, "lac0, "ro(n, chocolate "ro(n, "lue:"lac0, "uc0s0in colored, "lac0ish red, dar0 gray, grayish (hite, o--:(hite, yello(ish (hite, sil+er:"ac0 and one surprising pie"ald coloring (ith to"iano patterning, =.something those o- us e2uine people can identi-y (ith easily "ecause in horses, itIs usually a t(o:tone coloring o"lac0 P (hite : a"solutely "eauti-ul mar0ings o-ten (ith these t(o colors "eing e,pressed together in the tail and mane. 5ne can only imagine ho( those t(o colors are e,pressed in a 1as2uatch. That this occurs in a primate certainly must "e a +ery unusual mar0ing and may "e another de+elopment that has arisen -rom "reeding (ithin a close society, clan or tri"e as many o- the 1as2uatch pro"lems must. )t may also "e that the (hite coloring against "lac0 hair is in reality the graying o- the indi+idual and not to"iano coloring at all.

) disco+ered that there (as no report to "e -ound o- a literal al"ino colored sas2uatch in any data"ase ) had access too. The s0in coloring "eneath the hair (as usually reported as @aucasian, oli+e, "ro(n or Negroid. According to the thic0ness o- the haired indi+idual, hair "ecomes a "eauti-ul natural sun "loc0ing mechanism and against "lac0 hair is seen as (hite s0in or @aucasian colored s0in "y contrast. As a statistical model, the B!E5 data"ase turned out to "e a useless tool to add to these statistics "ecause there is no search capa"ility on that (e"site. 1till, ) (as a"le to also determine -rom (hat ) had to dra( -rom that hair has "een reported and descri"ed as curly, straight, (a+y, short, long, medium length, (et, dry. and that is (as thic0, sparse, thin, hea+y, -ine, coarse, unruly, un0empt, dirty, smelled, (as (ild, oily loo0ing, matted, sil0y and se+eral accounts o- ha+ing 3hardly any hair at all.4

Sha*e off all that hair and you ha*e a human body loo,ing bac, at you
1o (hat are (e in research to ma0e o- the +arying degrees o- "ody hair "eing reported during encountersF The pro"lem o- "ody hair may "e as simple as UU6ypertrichosis, also 0no(n as I(ere(olsyndrome,I (hich is characteri/ed "y e,cessi+e "ody hair in a"normal places on the human torso. (ypertrichosis is a genetic disorder, e,tremely rare in humans "ecause o- the (idely dispersed genetics (e ha+e to dra( -rom. ho(e+er, in a limited gene pool such as the poc0ets o- 1as2uatches in northern @ali-ornia #-or e,ample' :the gene pool is so dramatically limited ma0ing it highly possi"le that "oth parents, a-ter generations o- in:"reeding in a closed society, most pro"a"ly (ill carry this recessi+e gene P (ill sho( up in "oth male P -emale children in the 1as2uatch population. )n -act, )Im "etting on that "eing the riddle o- the hair issue. Sha*e off all that hair and you ha*e a human body loo,ing bac, at you )n medical circles it is re-erred to as hypertrichosis lanuginose, (hich in simpli-ied terminology means e,cessi+e hairiness o- the "ody. !or hundreds oyears, societies ha+e maintained a certain -ascination (ith the "i/arre and the un0no(n. )n the past, persons (ith congenital disorders that cause e,cessi+e "ody:hair gro(th ha+e "een so dramatic and romantici/ed that those indi+iduals (ith rare hypertrichosis syndrome (ere, at one time, a cro(d:dra(ing money:ma0ing phenomena in many $%th century circus side:sho( acts. These indi+iduals ha+e in +arious places in the literature, "een re-erred to as dog:men, hair:men, human 10ye terriers, ape:men, (ere(ol+es, and (omo sil*estris #Brandt, $B%&. !elgenhauer, $% %'. 1ince the >iddle Ages, hundreds o- indi+iduals (ith congenital hypertrichosis ha+e "een descri"ed, and according to the most recent estimates, appro,imately 339 cases are documented ade2uately and de-initi+ely in the literature #Baumeister'. There are hundreds oother lesser cases o- hypertrichosis that are undiagnosed. 7omen also de+elop hirsutism, gro(ing Uandrogen dependent hair in

places (here men usually gro( it. 7omen (ith hirsutism might gro( hair on their upper lip, chest, chin and along the mandi"ular ;a( line "ut typically this is caused "y a -emale ha+ing an a"normal amount otestosterone in her system...or other male hormones and sometimes the hormonal im"alance is seen in con;unction (ith ha+ing inherited recessi+e genes -rom "oth parents -or hypertrichosis. #Both parents must carry this gene in order -or it to "e e,pressed in their o--spring, or not as is o-ten the case, see ;ournal of (uman &enetics in citation notes'. 7hen these -actors are "red do(n through eons o- time in a closed society, the current day results could end up (ith all mem"ers o- a tri"e e,pressing "odily hair in ;ust a"out all areas including -acial hair on -emales. ) o-ten (onder i- this might "e the case (ith the su";ect in the Patterson -ilm V she sports a moustache, chin (his0ers P 2uite thic0 -acial hair=. is she the e,ception or the ruleF ) donIt 0no(. (hat ) can tell you is that recent photographs ta0en in 200% @anada sho( this same o"ser+a"le inherited characteristic in -acial hair that -lo(s along the mandi"ular ;a( line on a 1as2uatch there. 7hen during the course o- human e+olution, did humans shed their thic0er primate coatsF At some point, thic0 hair must ha+e "ecome more o- a "urden than an asset. :scientists ha+e determined a num"er o- potential ans(ers as to ho( that came a"out. 5ne theory proposes that early man might ha+e "een a (ater:d(elling ape, and less hair (as "etter suited to his a2ueous en+ironment. Another theory e,plains it as an adaptation to pre+ent the spread o- parasites, since they thri+e in thic0er hair, or -ur iapplica"le. 5thers point to the milestone o- "ipedalism that occurred around t(o million years ago. By standing erect instead o- on all -ours, humans e,pose only one:third o- their "odies to direct sunlight. (ith that posture, a -ull co+ering o- hair (ouldnIt "e necessary -or sun protection. #Barlo(' The 1as2uatch it seems is a "it more haired than the a+erage Joe, (hich is (hy ) "ecame interested in the su";ect o- hypertrichosis as a possi"le reason -or the B! hair issues. This has "een, more or less a -our page re+ie( o- (hat (e 0no( a"out 1as2uatch hair (hich turns out to "e essentially +ery little. H. Bobbie Short, <==>
Dr. Este"an 1armiento comments on hair 6EEE >i0e Phillips 1as2uatch Eesearch page contains a study o- hair colorM httpM<</mphillips."logspot.com< ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

UU6ypertrichosis 6ypertrichoses is e,cessi+e hair gro(th at inappropriate locations, such as on the e,tremities, the head, the "ac0 and the -emale -ace P nec0. )t is caused "y genetic or ac2uired -actors, and is an Uandrogen:independent process. This concept does not include hirsutism, (hich is an Uandrogen:dependent e,cess hair gro(th in (omen and children. #>edical 7e"ends' UAndrogen is the generic term -or any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates the de+elopment o- masculine characteristics "y "inding androgen receptors. Androgens are "etter 0no(n as ana"olic steroids in sport medicine. Androgens, (hich (ere -irst disco+ered in $%3 , are also called androgenic

hormones or testoids. They are also the precursor o- all estrogens, the -emale se, hormones. The primary and most (ell:0no(n androgen is testosteroneS Photos o- hirsutism and hypertrichosis e,amples (ere )nternet stoc0.... K 8reen, John, 3Sasquatch, the Apes Among Us3 $%&B pg 2B9 Pin0er, Eay, a +eteran o- 3 years in police crime la" techni2ues, -ormerly Jos Angeles Police Dept. Lrant/, Dr. 8ro+er 1., anthropologist, pu"lished Big Foot-Prints A Scientific !nquiry into the "eality of Sasquatch' $%%2 page $2B !@itation -or !uerst : The Dayton Daily Ne(s. >onday, No+em"er , $%%? O The Times, Jondon >onday 2 April 200$ The Journal o- 6uman 8eneticsM A ne) form of hypertrichosis inherited as an ?-lin,ed dominant trait, .arch @>AB 1ummaryM A -amily (ith a distinct -orm o- congenital generali/ed hypertrichosis (as studied. >ales (ere more se+erely a--ected than -emales, (ho e,hi"ited asymmetric hair distri"ution. This -inding (as attri"uted to UUUlyoni/ation, since genealogical studies indicated an W:lin0ed pattern oinheritance. A "ac0 mutation is postulated as the origin o- this ne( phenotype. UUUJyoni/ation, A term used -or the phenomenon o- W inacti+ation, (hich (as -irst proposed "y the geneticist >ary Jyon. Jyoni/ation also called W:inacti+ation is a process "y (hich one o- the t(o copies o- the W chromosome present in -emale mammals is inacti+ated. The inacti+e W chromosome is silenced "y pac0aging into transcriptionally inacti+e heterochromatin. W:inacti+ation occurs so that the -emale, (ith t(o W chromosomes, does not ha+e t(ice as many W chromosome gene products as the male, (hich only possess a single copy o- the W chromosome. The choice o- (hich W chromosome (ill "e inacti+ated is random in placental mammals P humans "ut once an W chromosome is inacti+ated it (ill remain inacti+e throughout the li-etime o- the cell. #Puc0' Puc0, J #$%%B' 3W )nacti+ation in !emales (ith W:lin0ed Disease4 Ne( England Journal o- >edicine Dan-orth @6 31tudies on hair (ith special re-erence to hypertrichosis4 Arch Dermatol 1yphilol $2M3B0V 90$ !elgenhauer 7E #$% %' (ypertrichosis lanuginosa uni*ersalis. J 8enet 6um $&M$V99 Barlo(, Tom. N(o) the hairy ape )ent bald#3 !inancial Times Aug. 2%, $%%B. 7hate+er the e+olutionary trigger (as the sum o- those adaptations le-t humans (ith sporadic "ody hair patterns. Baumeister, Dr. Eoy, $%%3 The 7orld Ee+ie(erM 5rang Pende0 or the Jittle >an o- the !orest, 5cto"er 2009 The >anchester 5nline dot com, >anchester, AL NAmerica%s 7errifying 6oodland .onster-menN By 7arren 1mith : 1A8A >aga/ine July $% % article pro+ided "y Eon 1cha--ner

Bindernagel, Dr. John 3$orth America%s &reat Ape, the Sasquatch,' $%%B !ahren"ach, Dr. 7. 6enner Ph.D., Ja"oratory o- >icroscopy, B3? E. Jas Animas Trail, 8old @anyon, Ari/ona B?$$B Paulides, Da+id P 6ar+ey PrattIs 200% "oo0, 7ribal Bigfoot, page 3&2:3 Brunner, Dr. 6ans, (orld reno(ned hair e,pert @hi+ers, Dr. Da+id, @am"ridge Ani+ersity Primatologist Da+ies, Adam, crypto/oologist AL 1y0es, Dr. Bryan, Pro-essor o- 6uman 8enetics, 5,-ord )nstitute o- >olecular >edicine, AL !uerst, Dr. Paul, pro-essor o- molecular genetics, 5hio 1tate Ani+ersity Poirier, Dr. !ran0, Anthropologist, -ormerly 5hio 1tate Ani+ersity 1cha--ner, Eon, 5hio -or his data"ase search P help (ith re-erences -or this article, June 200% >orley, John, Te,as "iologist -or his assistance (ith this article. !oote, Jim P our -riend, 1arah in @ali-ornia -or their assistance (ith this article. Johols0e, Len his 2002 report is -iled hereM httpM<<(((."ig-ootencounters.com<s"s<chautau2ua.htm
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C.(%)&) @(+ !!T C4!&&,@4))/

5n 5cto"er $$, $%%& the 75EJD J5AENAJ, pu"lished in Tai(an, carried an interesting article on Big-oot. The article is in @hinese, so ) had a -riend interpret it -or me. This (as done o+er the telephone and ) recorded (hat he

said. ) do not 0no( ho( to spell the names o- the cities and -ailed to as0 him the spelling. Any(ay, ) ha+e the names on tape and can get the spelling ineeded. The summari/ed story in plain English is as -ollo(s. A (oman (ho (or0s -or a 7ildman Eesearch @enter in @hina (as going through the "elongings o- her recently deceased -ather. 6er -ather had "een (ith the 7ildli-e Eesearch @entre in @hina. Among the "elongings she -ound a +ideo tape ta0en in $%B that contained -ootage o- an unusual person in a +ery remote, -orested area o- @hina. The person, a male, a"out 33 years old, (as +ery tall #a"out t(o meters or -eet ? inches'. 6e had a small head and (hat appeared to "e a 0ind o- tail. 6is "ody shape and arms and legs are similar to those o- the North American Big-oot. 6e did not ha+e any noticea"le long hair and did not spea0 any language. 6e too0 -airly large steps (hen he (al0ed. The mother o- the N"oyN (as still ali+e (hen the +ideo (as ta0en. The mother stated that she had "een 0idnapped<a"ducted "y a N@hinese (ildmanN a-ter the death o- her hus"and and the "oy (as an o--spring o- the NrelationshipN (ith the (ildman. The (oman pre+iously had a son "y her hus"and. The son (as an o--icer in the army and he persuaded his mother to tell her story to the 7ildli-e Eesearch People. 1he told her story under the condition that the research people (ould not re+eal her identity (hile she (as ali+e "ecause he (as ashamed o- (hat had happened. The article goes on to state that @hinese (ild:men ha+e "een recorded as -ar "ac0 as $00:200B@. )t also mentions the -inding o- a mon0ey:"oy in $%32 in the NJong Ei+er areaN "ut (asnIt anymore speci-ic than that, ...un-ortunately no mention o- the +illage name. ) ha+e since learned that the @hinese say N@hang:;iang,N or ;ust NJiangN (hich means 3Cong "i*er#N )t re-ers, o- course to the longest ri+er in @hina and the third longest in the (orld a-ter the Nile and the Ama/on, the Cangt/e Ei+er, (hich has as its source the treeless mountains o- Tanggula Eanges in Apper Xinghai. The ri+er (inds ,300 0ilometers #3,%00 miles' through the country -rom (est to east and earns the name @hang;iang. The e,tensi+e ri+er cuts through the heart o- @hina and is regarded "y the @hinese as the geographical mar0er di+iding the country into north and south. )t (inds its (ay through the $0 pro+inces o- Xinghai, Ti"et, Cunnan, 1ichuan, 6u"ei, 6unan, Jiang,i, Anhui, Jiangsu and 1hanghai "e-ore disgorging its (aters into the Cello( 1ea. #1hort'
, ,,,

"OT#$ F%OM TAP#& T#'#PHO"# O"(#%$ATIO" )n the pro+ince o- WWWWWW, -irst disco+ered in the (orld o- a cross "et(een

a human and a N"ig-oot.N 5n 1eptem"er 2 , $%%& in the @hinese Eesearch @enter -or the Big-oot presented one o- the (onders o- the (orld, on the screen appeared to "e (hat (as ;ust a normal na0ed person, male, upon closer e,amination its head seemed to "e smaller than usual, noticea"le 0ind o- tail -ormation on its "ac0, the height o- the su";ect is a"out t(o meters tall, (hen he (al0s his steps are -airly large, the "ody shape and e,tremities are similar to that noted -or the Big-oot, he does not spea0 any language, there is no noticea"le long hair on the su";ect, the super+isor o- the research center said this -ilm (as disco+ered in among her -atherIs "elongings (hen he passed a(ay last year, her -ather used to "e secretary o- the 7ildli-e Eesearch in @hina, the recording (as made in $%B , in the neigh"orhood o- 1hennong;;ia, (hich is a +ery -amous place in @hina -or its +irgin -orests, it is a place (here a lot othese rare species ha+e "een seen, "ecause it has not "een touched "y humans or society. At the time they recorded the su";ect he (as estimated to "e a"out 33 years old. the mother o- the su";ect (as still ali+e, and that (oman had "een a (ido( -or a long time and ne+er mentioned anything a"out this e+ent "ecause she -eels a little "it ashamed o- (hat happened and this (oman does ha+e an older son, the son o- her and her hus"and The older son (ho (as an o--icer in the army, persuaded the mother to tell the research center e,actly (hat happened, the research center promised not to re+eal the identity and the e+ent (hile she (as ali+e, according to the mother (hat happened (as she (as 0idnapped "y the (ildman, more -unding more research is under (ay, the (ild man has "een recorded since ancient times, -irst recording $00 or 200 B@ also &00 AD, as (ell as $900: $?00 AD. As -ar as cross "reed "et(een the (ild "east and the human it is -airly rare, there (as a case in $%32 (here in the neigh"orhood o- the Jong Ei+er, there (as a mon0ey:"oy that (as disco+ered, it (as not reported until a-ter its death. The parents and the "oyIs "eha+ior is e,tremely close to the mon0ey "ut it also had -eatures o- the human "eing as (ell.
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Bigfoot Encounters

The Co(ie
)ts pro-ound geographical isolation ma0es Australia an unli0ely ha"itat -or a missing lin0 that could e,ist -or millions o- years (ithout "eing documented "y science, especially since no primates are indigenous to the continent. Ne+ertheless, the land do(n under claims its o(n +ersion o- Big-oot, the Co(ie, (hich has "een reported primarily in Ne( 1outh 7ales and the 8old @oast o- Xueensland. The creatureIs long history can "e traced "ac0 to a"origine legends. The earlier name -or the creature (as the Cahoo, (hich according to some accounts (as an a"origine term meaning Nde+ilN or Ne+il spirit.N But more li0ely, the indirect source o- the name (as Jonathan 1(i-t, (hose 8ulli+erIs Tra+els #$&2 ' includes a su"human race called the Cahoos. 6earing the a"originesI -ear-ul accounts o- this male+olent "east, nineteenth:century European settlers pro"a"ly applied the name Cahoo to the Australian creature themsel+es. The -irst recorded sighting o- a Cahoo "y a European came in $BB$, (hen an Australian ne(spaper reported that se+eral (itnesses had seen a large "a"oon:li0e animal that stood taller than a man. )n $B%9, another indi+idual claimed to come -ace to -ace (ith a N(ild man or gorillaN in Ne( 1outh 7ales "ush. A $%03 ne(spaper printed the testimony o- a man (ho said he (atched as a"origines 0illed a Cahoo, (hich he said loo0ed Nli0e a "lac0 man, "ut co+ered all o+er (ith gray hair.N )n $%$2, 8eorge 1ummerell (as riding on horse"ac0 "et(een Bom"ala and Bem"o0a (hen he sa( a strange creature on all -ours drin0ing -rom a cree0. The animal rose up on its hind -eet to a height o- se+en -eet and loo0ed at 1ummerell. Then it disregarded the horseman, -inished its drin0, and peace-ully (al0ed a(ay into near"y (oods. The -ollo(ing day, 1ummerellIs -riend 1ydney 7heeler Jephcott rushed to the scene o- the sighting and disco+ered an a"undance o- handprints and -ootprints. Jephcott descri"ed the -ootprints as humanli0e "ut huge, and ha+ing only -our toes per -oot. 6e said he made plaster casts o- the trac0s and turned them in to a local uni+ersity, "ut there is no record o- a scienti-ic analysis "eing rendered. 1ometime in the $%&0s, the term NCo(ieN supplanted 3Cahoo,N -or reasons that remain as mysterious as the creature. 5ne possi"le origin o- the ne(er name is the a"origine (ord youree, descri"ed as a legitimate nati+e term -or the hairy man:monster. The Australian accent could easily contort NyoureeN into NCo(ie.N )n $%&$, a Eoyal Australian Air !orce helicopter carrying a cre( o- sur+eyors landed atop 1entinel >ountain, a remote and inaccessi"le pea0. >uch to their surprise, the team disco+ered -resh -ootprints in mud, much larger than human -ootprints, in a place (here no 0no(n "iped could possi"ly "e present. Co(ie sightings continued steadily throughout the I&0s. )n $%& , "ac0pac0ers in Ne( 1outh 7ales reported seeing a -i+e:-oot -emale Co(ie (hose -ur stan0 to high hea+en. Also in Ne( 1outh 7ales, Betty 8ee reported seeing a giant creature co+ered (ith "lac0 -ur outside her home in $%&&. 1hortly therea-ter, her -ence (as 0noc0ed do(n and large -ootprints surrounded the scene. A man in the 8old @oast city o- 1pring"roo0 #home o- the Co(ie statue sho(n on this page' said that aN"ig "lac0 hairy man:thingN appeared "e-ore him (hile he (hile chopping (ood in $%&B. N)t ;ust stared at me and ) stared "ac0,N he said. N) (as so num", ) couldnIt e+en raise the a,e ) had in my hand.N

)n $%%&, a (oman residing in Tanimi Desert (as a(a0ened at 3 a.m. "y a horri"le animal:li0e noise ;ust outside her "edroom (indo(. 7hen she (ent out to in+estigate, she (as con-ronted (ith an un"eara"le stench that sent her into the dry hea+es, and she sa( a se+en:-oot hairy creature tear through her -ence as it made a hasty retreat. The ne,t day, police disco+ered a num"er o- giant ootprints and a some(hat shredded irrigation pipe that had seemingly "een che(ed upon. 1ome Co(ie theorists speculated that a current drought had -orced the creatures into inha"ited areas to -ind (ater. The Co(ie may "e nothing "ut a tall tale, and it may "e rooted in a -anci-ul ancient legend. An a"origine -ol0 tale e,plains that (hen their people -irst migrated to Australia thousands o- years ago, they encountered on the ne( continent a sa+age race o- ape:men. The a"originesI ancestors (ent to (ar against the ape:men, and in the end the humans triumphed, than0s to their a"ility to ma0e (eapons. 1ome ha+e (ondered i- this tale might contain some element o- truth, and it is a -e( diehard sur+i+ors -rom this un0no(n primate species that (ould later "e 0no(n as the Cahoo and the Co(ie.
Bac) to reatures* Bac) to +hat,s "e-* Bac) to "e-spaper . Maga/ine Articles* Home0Main Portions of this website are reprinted and sometimes edited to fit the standards of this website under the Fair Use Doctrine of International Copyright Law as educational material without benefit of financial gain. http !!www".law.cornell.edu!uscode!#$!#%$.html This proviso is applicable throughout the entire Bigfoot Encounters Website.

Bigfoot Encounters

"y Paul 1tonehill, Para1cope @orrespondent

T6E EA11)AN 1N57>AN

Dditor%s note 7he opinions on the e+istence of Bigfoot and supernatural phenomena e+pressed in this article are trictly those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the *ie)s of ParaScope, !nc# its editors or this )ebsite### ::: %%B :: 1ightings o- a Big-oot:li0e hominoid creature ha+e "een reported -or many years in rugged, isolated areas oEussia. As a conse2uence, Big-oot has "een studied "y numerous Eussian scientists and researchers o- the paranormal.

5ne o- the leading Eussian authorities on Big-oot (as >aya By0o+a, (ho passed a(ay in $%% , lea+ing "ehind a egacy o- serious scienti-ic in2uiry into the phenomenon. By0o+a graduated -rom the >osco( Agricultural Academy n $%??. !or many years she studied Big-oot #naming it Eelict 6ominoid', and she authored three "oo0s on the lusi+e creatureM A Cegend for Adults. (e !s, 7hough (e .ust $ot Be. and $ot 7hat Frightful 7hing###

Beginning in $%&2, By0o+a organi/ed a do/en e,peditions to search -or traces o- animals un0no(n to science. None ohese e,peditions en;oyed the support o- o--icial "odies. A-ter long years o- study, she came to some interesting onclusions.

Big-ootIs appearance, descri"ed "y many eye(itnesses, "etrays the creatureIs earthly origin. )t has a traditional onstitution. that is, -our lim"s (ith -i+e -ingers each, one head, and one trun0. )t loo0s li0e a man or a huge ape, its "ody co+ered in -ur. Big-oot is nocturnal and mo+es +ery -ast. And it possesses an une,plained de-ense mechanism hat ma0e it Nin+isi"leN to humans. No one has e+er seen a Big-oot d(elling, and no"ody 0no(s anything a"out the easons -or this "eastIs migrations.

The most stunning property attri"uted to Big-oot is his a"ility to disappear and appear suddenly, as i- Ndissol+ingN nto thin air. This unusual property has led to +arious, sometimes -antastic hypotheses o- Big-ootIs origin. 1ome tend o loo0 -or its trac0s in other dimensions, (hile others connect its appearance (ith A!5 acti+ity. By0o+a "elie+ed that here (as no "asis -or these suppositions. 6o(e+er, she care-ully pointed out that "ecause (e ha+e no access to the ";ect o- our in2uiry, (e cannot supply an ade2uate scienti-ic e,planation o- the (hole phenomenon. 7e can only try o piece together Big-ootIs characteristics using the testimonies o- as many di--erent (itnesses as possi"le.

Big-ootIs -ur has "een compared to that o- a mon0ey. 6o(e+er, some "ig-ootologists disagree, asserting that large pes li+e only in (arm en+ironments. Antil recently, scientists "elie+ed that apes could only li+e in places (here the ir temperature ne+er drops "elo( $9 degrees @elsius, and (here there are no sharp temperature -luctuations. Cet it s common 0no(ledge that Big-oot has "een encountered across the glo"e, -rom red:hot deserts to areas inside the Arctic @ircle.

The di+ersity o- nature suggests a -e( possi"le e,planations. There are se+eral (ell:0no(n animals that can li+e in onditions (hich are seemingly unsuita"le -or any 0ind o- li-e. 5ne e,ample is the so:called Nsno( mon0eyN #>acaca peciosa', -ound in sparsely populated regions o- Northern Japan. As a rule, >acacae speciosae li+e in the tropics. Anli0e their close relati+es, the Nsno( mon0eysN ha+e light, thic0 -ur. They are larger and li+e in mountainous terrain (here sno( co+ers the ground -our months out o- the year. The maca2ues -ind their -ood :: grass, young sprouts, lea"uds and tree "ar0 :: under the sno(. By0o+a and her colleagues (ere +ery interested in the peculiarities o- the sno( mon0eysI -ur, the structure o- their s0in, and their "eha+ior. 1cienti-ic studies such as the ones conducted on Polar "ear -ur at Northeastern Ani+ersity in Boston, >assachusetts, may o--er +ital clues to the Big-oot enigma. There are

e+eral interesting points o- comparisonM despite its (hiteness, the -ur o- the Polar "ear is capa"le o- con+erting %0 percent o- the sunIs energy it catches into (armth. Big-oot inha"itants inside the Arctic @ircle ha+e -ur o- the same olor. Polar "ears con+ert into (armth almost all o- the ultra+iolet rays and part o- the +isi"le ones, and re-lects light +enly throughout the (hole +isi"le spectrum, (hich is (hy it appears (hite to people. E,periments sho(ed that (hen a portion o- this -ur is placed under the glass o- a solar collector, the e--iciency o- the apparatus increases "y ?0 percent and more. Thus, peculiarities o- the -ur can enhance the sur+i+al o- a -lesh:and:"lood creature. Despite such acts, ho(e+er, some /oologists and "ig-ootologists re-use to discuss the +ery possi"ility o- Big-oot li+ing inside the Arctic @ircle.

>aya By0o+a coined a term -or the phenomenon o- Big-ootIs sudden disappearancesM the creature Ncamou-lages its "io-ieldN to "ecome in+isi"le. This phenomenon has "een noted in Big-oot encounters in the 6imalayas #although, By0o+a noted, the creature 0no(s no limits and can "e encountered on all -i+e continents'.

Ti"etan Nred:hattedN mon0s say that the NyetiN possesses control o+er its (ill :: or, to "e more speci-ic, it can stop the cti+ity o- its "rain specially to "ecome in+isi"le. >on0s themsel+es can do thisM indeed, it is a necessary part o- their radual per-ection. The Nred:hattedN mon0s "elie+e that Big-oot #yeti' is the only creature on Earth that has preser+ed he a"ility to dissol+e and "ecome completely in+isi"le to those around it. The mon0s say that Europeans ha+e o-ten ighted it, o"ser+ed Big-oot as a real o";ect, and e+en -ollo(ed it. Each time they (ere le-t disappointed. Big-oot disappeared e+ery time... right into thin air.

By0o+a thin0s this is a case o- Npsychological suggestion.N )t is directed not out(ard, "ut in(ard, at itsel-, as proposed "y Pro-essor Porshne+ in his $%&9 "oo0 A"out Early 6uman 6istory. E,cessi+e psychic, ner+ous or physical strain an trigger spontaneous natural autotraining that leads to a lethargic state. This does not produce complete physical disappearance, "ut in+isi"ility +is:a:+is the o"ser+er. Pro-essor Porshne+ concluded that humans ha+e lost this and imilar a"ilities as a result o- the increasing comple,ity o- the human psyche. Popular "elie-s o--er proo- o- this. )n the ourse o- e+olution the humans ha+e gained much, including speech, "ut ha+e lost something at a certain stage o- our +olution, too. Big-oot, (ho has not attained the capacity -or speech, may "e a creature parallel to homo sapiens, our enetic companion, a mem"er o- the same order "ut not a"o+e or "elo( us, and "y no means our ancestor. The mystery surrounding Big-oot has led to many (ild guesses e,pressed "y people (ho ha+e ne+er seriously (or0ed to n+estigate the phenomenon. The +oices o- psychics and parapsychologists are the loudest in this out:o-:0ey chorus. By0o+a (as 2uite con+inced that analogues o- this earthly creatureIs properties should "e sought on Earth, not in (ild antasies. This, By0o+a said, is the only sensi"le approach to the su";ect.

Big-ootIs a"ility to adapt to +astly di--erent en+ironments and its mysterious de-ense mechanisms ma0e the creature ,tremely elusi+e. But in By0o+aIs assessment, the -acts (ere ama/ingly simpleM this creature can do e+erything that homo sapiensI ancestors, and modern humans, could do at the pre+er"al stage o- their e+olutions. These are the hings humans stri+e to return to and (hich (e admire (hen (e encounter signs o- our e+olutionary past in gi-ted ndi+idualsM telepathic communication, the a"ility to -ind a lost person, e,traordinary +ision o- situations that occur n the other side o- the glo"e #or inside the Earth', and so on.

By0o+a stated that Big-ootIs "eha+ior (as o- no less interest than its natural gi-ts. Eye(itnesses spea0 o- encounters hat lasted only seconds, a minute at the most. Big-oot is ne+er encountered -ace to -ace. And despite its a"ility to +anishN in -ront o- human eyes, By0o+a-eared that the species might "e dying out.

6umansI hunger -or 0no(ledge, accompanied "y their complete loss o- interest in the Earth itsel- and its inha"itants, ea+es Big-oot (ith poor chances -or sur+i+al, said By0o+a. 1he apparently (as not a(are o- ecological de-ense mo+ements in the 7est #(hich are no( ta0ing root in the East as (ell'. But she (ent on to say that there are those in Eussia (ho are NimpatientN and tired o- (aiting -or relia"le data o- the creatureIs real e,istence. They are ready to hoot the o"stinate creature at the -irst opportunity, and so put an end to this mystery once and -or all. 5thers "elie+e

hat Big-ootIs corpse (ill someho( "ring them the No"le pri/e.

Big-ootIs po(er-ul set o- de-ense mechanisms o--ers it a natural ad+antage in the -ace o- this ad+ersity. 1ome Eussian ye(itnesses say that it has the a"ility to in-luence people, -illing them an unusual -ear ;ust short o- complete paralysis. By0o+a (as con+inced that this stemmed -rom a -orm o- Nancestral memoryN that "inds humansI nocturnal ears to notions o- Big-oot. 1he -ound une2ui+ocal proo- o- this assumption during the e,pedition she headed in $%%2.

t is interesting to note that during the same e,pedition, By0o+aIs guide, >a0sim, disco+ered a do/en -ootprints #right nd le-t -eet' no less than $.? meters apart. The trac0s ran do(n the stony slope o- a hill. The stony slope descended at n angle o- 30 degrees. only the -oolhardy (ould attempt to go do(n. The trac0s ran among shaggy -ir:trees, (hich ro( close together in the taiga. Nights are pitch:"lac0 here, especially "et(een 3M00:9M00 a.m., more so (hen it is aining. 1ometime later more -ootprints (ith (ell:mar0ed toes (ere seen not -ar o--, an inch longer than a si/e:2% "oot.

Encounters (ith animals al(ays occur on the la0e inside the Arctic @ircle (here By0o+a o-ten led her e,pedition. During one incident at this location, (hich occurred at the "eginning o- this century, a local 1aami met the creature "y a ri+er that -lo(s into the la0e. Ta0ing pity on the Big-oot, he le-t it some -ood. E+er since that -irst encounter in he (inter, the 1aami loo0ed a-ter his dependent. 7hen the 1aami (as dying, he as0ed his daughter to continue i+ing the hominoid creature -ood. This is (hat By0o+a called an Nad+anced contact.N They are 2uite rare, "ut t(o uch contacts are said to "e ta0ing place in Eussia no(M one is in the Ar0hangels0 region, the other near Tologda. 1imilar relations ha+e "een reported "et(een Big-oot and local people o- the @aucasus region, (here population density is higher than in the North. Jocal hunters ha+e in-ormed By0o+a and her colleagues that all the "ig game ha+e e-t the area. This e,odus has "een caused "y geological prospecting and tourist routes (hich pass right through the emote, hidden settlements and sacred places o- the 1aami people.

Eussian researcher Ale,ei 1itni0o+ and his team o- researchers reported a +ery strange encounter that too0 place in %%3, (hile on their (ay to Ja0e Tonee. Their plan (as to determine the optimal time to conduct an e,pedition to earch -or proo- o- the possi"le ha"itation o- a gigantic serpent in the region. #There ha+e "een numerous reports "out the e,istence o- such a serpent in the !ar Eastern part o- Eussia, in the Primors0aya taiga.'

The e,plorers had "een planning to study the area -or se+eral years, "ut had "een una"le to do so "ecause o- a lac0 oesources and the (retched state o- the Eussian economy. )n $%%3 1itni0o+ and his colleagues decided that no matter (hat, the Ja0e Tonee area had to "e e,plored. Too many distur"ing reports (ere coming -rom the area to "e ignored. The group o- e,plorers had "arely "egun their tre0 (hen they had encountered a creature 0no(n to the locals as sno( man.N They (ere crossing the ri+er on a ra-t, and on the other "an0 o- the ri+er noticed a man (ho (as co+ered (ith reddish -ur. The e,plorers recall that they -elt no -ear. The creature turned around, made a sound resem"ling runts, and then disappeared in the thic0et. A -e( seconds later the ra-t had reached the shore, and 1itni0o+ (ith a olleague chased the creature. Their -ello( e,plorer 1ergei guarded the ra-t. They did not -ind the creature, and came "ac0 to the ri+er. 1ergei did -ind a "arely +isi"le -ootprint at the site (here they -irst sighted the Nsno( man.N 1itni0o+ ecalls that the creature (as only three meters a(ay (hen they sa( it, and it (as plainly +isi"le. The (eather (as unny and clear. The creature (as a"out t(o meters in height. its -ur (as o- a dar0 hue, and not thic0. )ts head (as ome(hat triangular in shape, (idening to(ard its "ase. #The "ase (as straight, "ut -rom the -orehead to(ard the ro(n the head narro(ed.' The creature had small eyes, (ide nostrils, and a slit in place o- a mouth. The nec0 (as not +isi"le, and it loo0ed as i- the head (as placed on (ide shoulders. )t possessed a po(er-ul chest.

Ja0e Tonee is -ull o- mysterious, anomalous phenomena. 1itni0o+ had collected many descriptions o- the Nsno( manN nd has gathered statements -rom the local populace, including hunters (ho ha+e encountered Big-oot in the (ilds. 6o(e+er, Eussia has neither the -inancial means nor the (ill to e,plore the taiga in the current era o- chaos and near: narchy. There are many areas in that part o- the taiga concealed -rom human eyes -or millennia. 1ecret settlements

ha+e "een -ound deep in the thic0 (oods. !or centuries, reports a"out strange creatures and rituals ha+e lea0ed -rom he taiga. The Eussian Nsno( manN could "e yet another creature hidden deep in the impenetra"le -orests.

Talentin 1eptuno+ is a Doctor o- Biological 1ciences (ho resides in 1t. Peters"urg, Eussia. !or years, Dr. 1eptuno+ has conducted research on Big-oot, and he has headed a num"er o- important e,peditions. Dr. 1eptuno+ reported the esults o- his e,peditions in the summer o- $%%? in Anomaliya, a Eussian ne(spaper dedicated to co+ering anomalous phenomena #)ssue 22, $%%?'. 6e is one o- the -e( courageous scientists (ho continue (ith this contro+ersial research, lthough they themsel+es are on the edge o- po+erty. No -unds are "eing allocated -or any signi-icant research, and Dr. 1apuno+ is -ear-ul -or the -uture o- Eussian crypto"iology. Being a true scientist and patriot, Dr. 1apuno+ cares -or he ecological (ell:"eing o- his country. Cet he has noticed that science is "eing dread-ully neglected in todayIs Eussia.

And still the scientists carry on their (or0, collecting data a"out the mysterious Nsno( man.N Ties that had "een e+ered (hen the 1o+iet Anion disintegrated are slo(ly "eing restored. )n-ormation is no( coming into Petrograd #as ts deni/ens li0e to call 1t. Peters"urg' -rom the Baltic states and @entral Asia. 1ome in-ormation has "een e,changed (ith American researchers, too. The @aucasus >ountains ha+e "een cut o-- -rom research "ecause o- armed con-licts, "ut research in the Pamir:Altai >ountains, the Arals, and in the Eussian North(est goes on.

n the summer o- $%%?, Dr. 1apuno+ and his colleagues too0 part in an e,pedition o- the @enter -or Ecological 1a-ety. The area o- operation (as the Ti"orgs0iy region o- the Larels0y )sthmus #a %0:mile:long isthmus in Larelia, north(est Eussia, "et(een the 8ul- o- !inland and Ja0e Jadoga'. Dr. 1apuno+ (as also a participant in the ,ploration (or0 o- the NLripto"iologiyaN society in the 1orta+els0y and 5lonets0y regions o- Lareliya. the area is no(n -or the a"sence o- human inha"itants. Dr. 1apuno+ has studied a num"er o- reports o- a huge "eing stal0ing he area. Eussian military "order guards ha+e con-irmed that they ha+e tried to capture the mysterious creature, "ut o no a+ail.

5ne sighting o- a Nsno( manN too0 place July 30, $%%?, at $$M00 a.m. )gor L., a technician -rom Petrograd, (as (al0ing in the -orest, near the Tas0elo+o +illage. 6e recalls suddenly "ecoming +ery disoriented. )gor 0ne( the area 2uite (ell, yet he 0ept N(al0ing in circles.N A -eeling came to him that a strange dus0 has descended. !inally )gor came o a clearing in the -orest. 6e noticed a giant sil+er:-urred man at a distance. The three:meter:high creature made a e( steps to(ard )gor, "ut then disappeared "ehind trees. Dr. 1apuno+ recei+ed this report ate, and (as una"le to personally in+estigate the area until 1eptem"er. 1ergei Tur0in, another Big-oot researcher, came along. The ground (here the sighting too0 place (as dry and co+ered (ith grass. No interesting ground traces (ere detected. 6o(e+er, ome dried:out trees near"y had a strange type o- damage to their "ar0. A creature (ith thic0 chisel:li0e nails had torn a(ay the "ar0, up to a height o- three meters. 7hate+er it (as, it pparently had a taste -or the lar+a o- the "ar0:eating insects. )n June, Dr. 1apuno+ had +isited Eiga, Jat+ia. 6e had "een in+ited "y his Jat+ian colleagues to help open a Nsno( manN e,hi"it in the >useum o- Nature. Also during this isit, Dr. 1apuno+ participated in the planning o- an e,pedition to -ind the Nsno( manN in the Pamir:Altai. #the Altai >ountains are a mountain system in @entral Asia, North(estern @hina, and 7est >ongolia. The highest pea0 there ?,000 -eet. The Pamirs are a mountain system mostly in Tad/hi0istan. The highest Pamirs pea0 is 2?,000 -eet.'

The scientists had (or0ed out a scheme to lure the Nsno( manN "y using the se,ual pheromones o- -emale apes. A pheromone is any o- +arious chemical su"stances secreted e,ternally "y certain animals that con+ey in-ormation to nd produce speci-ic responses in other indi+iduals o- the same species. Dr. 1apuno+ (as not a"le to ;oin the ,pedition, "ut his Eiga colleagues under the scienti-ic leadership o- >. Ludrya+tse+, a "iologist and criminologist, (ere a"le to e,plore the mountainous route.

There, in the mountains o- the Altai, the Nsno( man,N approached the camp, gro(led, and "reathed hea+ily on three onsecuti+e nights, attracted "y strong se,ual secretions -rom -emale apes. Each time, it le-t its memora"le -ootprints.

he scientists had no trou"le identi-ying them. The scientists tried to ta0e pictures o- the creature, ha+ing "rought long a special camera -or the ;o". But e+ery time the creature appeared, these e,perienced, strong and (ell:armed men (ere stric0en (ith panic and terror. As hard as this may "e to "elie+e, Dr. 1apuno+ himsel- has reported -eeling uch -ear on many occasions (hile pursuing the elusi+e creature.

Dr. 1apuno+ has made many important -indings a"out the Nsno( man.N The creature is an ecological antipode to homo sapiens. )t li0es to +isit those areas that ha+e a lo(er anthropogenetic load. That is (hy the Nsno( manN has "een sighted in -or"idden, closed:o-- areas :: the "orderlands, nature reser+es, and similar places. !or e,ample, in the outhern part o- the Aral mountains #a mountain system in Eussia e,tending -rom the Arctic 5cean to the North "order o- La/a0hstan, traditionally regarded as the "oundary "et(een Europe and Asia', there ha+e "een many ecent encounters (ith the Nsno( man.N This area (as closed o-- -or a long time "ecause o- radioacti+e pollution. 5nce the radiological to,icity had diminished and the en+ironment (as healed to some e,tent "y nature, the nthropogenetic pressure remained lo(, and the Nsno( manN seems to ha+e made its (ay there. )- same processes a0e place in @herno"yl, it is natural to suppose that the Nsno( manN may e+entually appear there as (ell. The onclusion isM areas (here Nsno( manN encounters are most -re2uently reported tend to o--er the creature an cological ad+antage. )t is interesting to note that the Eussian sports industry has paid attention to the scientistsI indings. the military:industrial comple, has per0ed its ears up as (ell. The Nsno( manN em"odies progressi+e "iological solutions -or the adaptation o- human0ind to its ha"itat. 7hat humans get -rom material culture, the Nsno( manN has o"tained in the course o- "iological progress. There has "een pro-ound research in Eussia on the creatureIs mo+ements #"ased on a+aila"le photographs and -ilms'. And "ac0 in $%%9, a Eussian military college "egan studying he mo+ements o- the Nsno( man,N hoping to use the creatureIs sur+i+al techni2ues in military applications.

5ne o- the most interesting #and relati+ely recent' encounters too0 place in No+em"er o- $%%2. Anatoly Do"ren0o, (ho li+es in the +illage o- 1amoryado+o #Dmitro+ District, >osco( Eegion' and (or0s in a local childrenIs anatorium, (as (al0ing his Alsatian dog near his sanatorium. 1uddenly the dog "ristled up and snarled angrily. Anatoly then sa( a t(o:legged hairy monster a"out a hundred meters a(ay.The creature (as mo+ing a(ay, to(ard he -orest. The man says that he could ma0e out Nrusty:colored matted hair on the creatureIs "ac0N -rom the distance. 7hen Do"ren0oIs son, )gor, an army captain, learned a"out the encounter, he +isited the area o- the sighting, ccompanied "y some employees -rom the sanatorium. )gor -ound some (ell:preser+ed prints o- huge "are -eet in the mud that (ere nearly ?0 centimeters long and $? centimeters (ide at the "roadest part. The participants treated the prints li0e material e+idence, co+ering them -or "etter preser+ation. Jater )gor reported his -indings to a ne(spaper, nd the ne(spaper arranged a thorough e,amination o- the location o- the sighting. Jocal d(ellers (ere inter+ie(ed, ome o- (hom had seen signs o- the unusual guestIs presence "e-ore. The search party disco+ered the place (here the reature had spent at least one nightM the attic o- an a"andoned summer cottage. Not one "ut t(o creatures seemed to ha+e "een there. The second set o- trac0s e+idently "elonged to a -emale. the -eet (ere smaller. The in+estigation ohis case has not ended.

There ha+e "een interesting sightings in the Ar0hangels0 Eegion as (ell. )n autumn o- $%B%, Pro-essor o- >edicine Dr. N. Aleuts0y -le( to the local taiga to gather some her"s. 6e (as on the "an0 o- a ri+er (hen a "ear cu" came up to him and yelped. The Pro-essor heard the cu"Is mother roaring near"y. Dr. Aleuts0y had a 0ni-e (ith him, "ut -elt it (ould "e a poor de-ense against an angry "east. The doctor hastily a"andoned his "as0et -ull o- mushrooms and aced "ac0 to his "oat. 1uddenly he heard a "lood:chilling scream -rom "ehind. Turning his head, the doctor sa( a orilla:li0e creature holding the "ear in its hands. The "east (as 2.? meters tall, its "ody co+ered (ith thic0 "ro(n ur. )t (as a -emale, and its large teeth (ere "ared. 6olding the "ear "y the hind legs the creature tore the animal in (o (ithout any +isi"le e--ort. The (hole episode lasted ;ust a -e( seconds.

Dr. Aleuts0y told his "i/arre story to t(o o- his companions. They decided it (ould "e (isest to -orget the e+ent and not tell any"ody a"out it. 5nly a-ter some time had passed did they decide to report the story. Juc0ily the ye(itnesses had a sound "iological "ac0ground. But as more time passed, Dr. Aleuts0y couldnIt help "ut "egin to

dou"t the earthly e,istence o- the creature he had sighted. Cet another sighting too0 place on January 29, $%%2 in the illage o- 1osnino :: si, 0ilometers -rom the ancient Eussian to(n o- Largopol. T(o creatures co+ered (ith long ri//ly hair entered the "arrac0 o- a army unit engaged in road construction. 5ne (as enormously tall, a"out 2.? meters, the other (as hal- the si/e. @ircumstantial e+idence suggests that the larger one (as a -emale, and the other ne (as its child. The "a"y ;umped on to the soldiersI night:ta"le (hile its mother stopped "y the sto+e, (a+ed its ong arms, and ga+e a series o- short cries in a +ery lo( +oice. Then the strangers, (ho encountered neither understanding nor appro+al, ran a(ay and hid in the -orest.

During this incident, the strange creatures (ere sighted "y a do/en people. >ore soldiers had seen the creatures a hort time "e-ore, in the morning, e+ening, and at night, "ut they did not "elie+e their eyes. A-ter the incident some oldiers -elt ill and (ent to consult the unitIs doctor. 5ne (itness could not utter a (ord. 6is speech returned se+eral days later. The strangers le-t "ehind some tu-ts o- hair #they ha+e not "een identi-ied so -ar', a drop o- coagulated "lood and large -ootprints. The -ootprints (ere ?0 centimeters long, $? centimeters (ide and 20 centimeters deep. he sno( (as 0nee:deep -or humans. No record o- the Eussian studies o- Big-oot (ill "e complete (ithout mentioning >i0hail 1ergeye+itch Celtsin #no relation to the President o- Eussia'. Bac0 in early $%B0s his underground report irculated in the A.1.1.E. among researchers o- anomalous phenomena.

Celtsin (as a ;ournalist and the deputy science chie- o- the N8issar:B2N e,pedition. This e,pedition, (hich has studied he Nsno( manN phenomenon since $%&9, (as organi/ed (ith the help o- Lomsomols0aya Pra+da ne(spaper. 1ince %B$ the N8issarN e,pedition has e,plored the Pamir mountains, and Pra+da has reported its -indings. E+en >osco( Ne(s ne(spaper pu"lished a large article a"out the Nsno( manN #N1no( >an in the >ountains o- Tad/hi0istan,N No+em"er $?, $%B$'.

The head o- the N8issarN e,pedition, )gor !ran0o+ich T/atl, re+ealed the latest in-ormation his e,plorers had "tained. Cet another 1o+iet scientist, Pro-essor B.!. Porshne+ had produced a monograph titled NThe >odern 1tate - the Eelict 6ominoid )ssue.N There (ere many people in the old A.1.1.E. (ho (ere 2uite interested in the su";ect. >a;or pu"lications such as Te0hni0a:>olode/hi #$% , $% %, $%&B' and Nau0a y religiya #$% 9, $% B', as (ell as many ne(spapers and maga/ines, -eatured articles a"out the Nsno( man.N >any eye(itnesses said that near areas (here these apeli0e creatures (ere sighted, strange giant -ootprints #?0: 0 centimeters' (ere o-ten -ound. >.1. Celtsin, in his account o- the N8issar:B3N e,pedition, mentions that other anomalous phenomena #A!5s and "iophysical phenomena' (ere also detected in the Pamir mountains.

n $%%9 my colleagues -rom the Carosla+l A!5 8roup #Curi Ale0sandro+ich 1mirno+ and others' too0 part in the 8issar:B9N e,pedition. 6e had a mandate -rom the Jeningrad 8eographic 1ociety o- the A.1.1.E. )n the Pamir mountains, the Carosla+l researchers met (ith ).!. Tat/l. 6e summari/ed -or them his e,periences and 0no(ledge ohe Nsno( man.N )n his +ie(, the Nsno( manN is an o";ecti+e reality. Tat/l has studied the creature -or many years. 6e points out that ape:li0e creatures study humans, ;ust as (e study them. The Nsno( man,N according to Tat/l, possesses a po(er-ul "io-ield. )t -eeds on "erries. 1ometimes it attac0s sheep, "ut it eats only their li+er. The Nsno( manN does not eat much, relati+e to its massi+e si/e.

As a rule, the Nsno( manN lea+es no traces o- its death. )n some cases, people ha+e attempted to shoot the creature. These indi+iduals reportedly died a-ter(ards under mysterious circumstances. )t is +ery di--icult to catch a glimpse ohis elusi+e hominoid. Big-oot hates "right lights, it is a nocturnal creature. )t can hide under any stone, it sees +ery (ell at night, and it is +ery care-ul. 6uman "eings can al(ays sense (hen the ape:li0e creatures loo0 at them. 1ometimes Big-oot thro(s pe""les at humans as its (ay o- "eing -unny. 6o(e+er, should "ig stones "e tossed, one had "etter lea+e immediately. As a rule, stones tossed "y Big-oot do not hit humans. it generally aims at other near"y argets, such as camp-ires. No one has e+er "een con-ronted "y an aggressi+e Nsno( man.N

Tat/l "elie+es Big-oot 0no(s all there is to 0no( a"out humans. There ha+e "een reported cases o- Big-oot helping

people (ho (ere in danger, and sometimes it (arns humans o- impending dangers. )n $%B2, a group o- tourists amped at the Bolshoi )gi/a0 Ea+ine #Tad/i0 11E' (ere -rightened a(ay (hen stones "egan hitting their camp-ire. 1econds later a landslide "uried their camp :: "ut the tourists managed to escape unharmed. >.1. Celtsin resides in Bulgaria. The current (herea"outs o- ).!. Ta/tl are not 0no(n. #) understand he has priceless archi+e o- research papers, s0etches, maps and -indings a"out Big-oot.' They ha+e no -unds to study Big-oot, and there are currently no 8issarN:type e,peditions to e,plore the Altai:Pamir mountains. >aya By0o+a passed a(ay in $%% . The Petrograd esearchers remain the most acti+e today, "ut their hands are tied "y pauperi/ation - their country.

ha+e (ritten much a"out the strange giants o- the @aucasus >ountains and the mysterious giant under(ater hominoids o- 1i"eria. The @aucasus area is no( closed to us "y (ar-are. As -or 1i"eria, ) ha+e not recei+ed any reports rom my colleagues there in t(o years. >y -riend and -ello( researcher, pu"lisher, author, and e,plorer Ale,ander Eempel, (ho has collected much data on anomalous phenomena in the !ar East o- Eussia #including Big-oot' has disappeared (ithout a trace, li0e so many others ha+e in that crum"ling nation (e call Eussia. 6uge societal changes ha+e roc0ed Eussia in its tortured economic and political transition. Jet us hope the search -or Big-oot<yeti<sno( man is not -orgotten during this transition.

Paul 1tonehill P.5. Bo, ?&$%?$ Tar/ana, @A %$3?&:$%?$ G @opyright $%%B Paul 1tonehill (ith (ritten permission to use $%%B Bo""ie 1hort

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The Almas of the Atlai: Our Cousins the Mongolian Monstrosities

Historically, the @ongols were pretty hardcore. ;enghis :han famously remar0ed +and was 1uoted more or less !erbatim by 7onan the Barbarian/, G" manIs greatest wor0 is to brea0 his enemies, to dri!e them before him, to ta0e from them all the things that ha!e been theirs, to hear the weeping of those who cherished themJ. 5eIre tal0ing about a tough people with a serious sense of fatalism reflected in @ongolian pro!erbs such as GHe who drin0s dies. He who does not drin0, dies as wellJ. hat is ob!iously the 0ind of intestinal fortitude and supercharged*le!el of testosterone that it ta0es to run roughshod o!er all of "sia and much of 3astern 3urope from the #%th K #(th 7entury ".A. =ne wonders what mythological monsters could possibly arise in such a conte2t, or alternati!ely, perhaps we should ta0e their monsters a little more seriously, since these fol0s do not scare easily. @ongolia is the #,th largest country in the world, nestled between )ussia in the north, and 7hina in the south, and also one of the most sparsely populated, with ($F of its %., million people residing in the capital city of Dlan Bator, and '&F of the population is actually nomadic. @ost of @ongolia is about as remote as remote gets. Homo Erectus inhabited @ongolia roughly -&&,&&& years ago +s0eletal remains found in ca!es/, and it is thought that modern humans reached @ongolia about (&,&&& years ago, that is, human*li0e ancestors appear to ha!e resided in @ongolia for about .8&,&&& years before those pes0y Homo Sapiens e!er wor0ed up the gumption to 9oin the party. 5ith the ;obi Aesert in the south, mountains in the north and west, and steppes in between, winters in @ongolia are largely influenced by the Siberian "nticyclone weather patterns. "s you probably recogni4e, when the word GSiberianJ appears in a sentence, one simply substitutes Greally, really coldJ +a!erage 6anuary temperature in @ongolia is *%% degrees Fahrenheit/. Dlan Bator has the distinction of being the worldIs coldest capital city. ;i!en the inhospitable, nay brutal, en!ironment @ongolians li!e in, it is unsurprising that they ta0e their mythological monstrosities in stride. =f course, the acid* spitting olgoi*0hor0hoi +the @ongolian Aeath 5orm/ gets a lot of press, but reports are largely confined to the ;obi Aesert, so if you simply stay out of the ;obi, your odds of being digested by a giant red worm that loo0s li0e a human intestine are relati!ely low. Far more fre1uently sighted in the historical record, are the @ongolian "lmas +singularL"lmasty/, the wild men of @ongolia, often thought to represent a relic population of human ancestors.

"lmas, #,th 7entury, ibetan

"rtistIs )endering of Homo 3rectus

:hwit, son of Mana, reported to be half "lmasty, died #,$(

"lmas Aepiction K ibetan @edica

he "lmas are reputed to be si2*foot tall, bipedal creatures, co!ered in reddish brown fur, with anthropomorphic facial features, including pronounced brow ridges, flat noses, and no chin, and unli0e the Himalayan Neti, their beha!ior is considered far more human, than ape*li0e. hey are said to inhabit the Camir and 7aucasus @ountains of central "sia and the "ltai @ountains of southern @ongolia. @odern accounts documenting footprints, as well as nati!e traditions dating bac0 hundreds of years attest to the e2istence of the "lmas, including the e2change of trade goods between remote @ongolian !illages and "lmas. British anthropologist @yra Shac0ley noted that drawings of "lmas also appear in an ancient ibetan apothecary handboo0, commenting G he boo0 contains thousands of illustrations of !arious classes of animals including reptiles, mammals and amphibia, but not one single mythological anima, li0e its medie!al 3uropean counterparts which often listed many fantastic animals in its medical boo0s. Being that e!ery creature in the ibetan medicinal boo0 are well documented actual species, with the e2ception of the "lmas, gi!es some !alidity to the creatureIs e2istenceJ. 3uropean accounts of encounters with the "lmas date to the mid*#$th 7entury. Ba!arian nobleman Hans Schiltberger +#'-&*#((& ".A./ in fighting the =ttoman 3mpire for the :ing of Hungary in #',8 ".A., was 0noc0ed on the head and ta0en prisoner. "fter the Battle of "n0ara in #(&% he appears to ha!e followed amerlane + imur the Lame/ to

Samar0and in D4be0istan, later accompanying one of imurIs sons on an e2pedition to Siberia and @ongolia. Dpon his return to Ba!aria in #(%., Shiltberger became a chamberlain of Au0e "lbert III, and wrote an account of his 9ourney called the Reisebuch, wherein he describes an encounter with the "lmas. 6ust as a point of comparison, he also mentions what we today identify as the Cr4ewals0i horse of @ongolia, a nati!e steppe horse whose e2istence was rumored and doubted, but was later !erified +it is currently a rare and nearly e2tinct species that has now been reintroduced into the @ongolian wildOpre!iously, the last wild Cr4ewals0i horse was seen in #,88/. The assals in Tartar! wander a"out in winter and summer# with their wi es and children# and their cattle# and when the $ing encamps# there must "e erected one hundred thousand huts% &ow when the son of the a"o e' named $ing of Tartar!# and who was named (egre# had come to )digi# he went with him into the a"o e'named countr!# I"issi"ur# and the! tra elled two months "efore the! arri ed there% There is a mountain in that countr!# which is thirt!'two da!s* +ourne! in e,tent% The people there# themsel es sa!# that at the e,tremit! of the mountain is a desert# and that the said desert is the end of the earth- and in this same desert no"od! can ha e an ha"itation# "ecause of sna$es and wild "easts% On the same mountain there are sa ages# who are not li$e other people# and the! li e there% The! are co ered all o er the "od! with hair# e,cept the hands and face# and run a"out li$e other wild "easts in the mountain# and also eat lea es and grass# and an!thing the! can find% The lord of the countr! sent to )digi# a man and a woman from among these sa ages that had "een ta$en in the mountain (.ohann Schilt"erger*s /0eis"uch1 2345# Manuscript translated "! 6arl 7riedrich &eumann# 2859)% ?i0olay Cr4ewals0i +#-',*#---/, a )ussian geographer of Colish descent, following in the footsteps of Shiltberger, made four 9ourneys throughout 7entral "sia, 7hina, ibet, "nd Siberia on behalf of the )ussian ;eographical Society, collecting flora and fauna largely un0nown to the 5est at the time. He obligingly !erified the e2istence of the species of steppe horse noted by Shiltberger, and modestly named it after himself, but dies of ypus before he could underta0e his fifth 9ourney to the 3ast. =pinions !ary among researchers, but he describes an encounter with bears in @ongolia, that many classify as "lmas sightings, since the nati!e guides he employed scoffingly told him that they 0new what bears loo0ed li0e, and what he was seeing was not a bear. In traditional 3uropean imperialist fashion, he was a bit of a snot about it. :efore arri ing in 6an'su we heard from the Mongols of some e,traordinar! animal which ranged through this pro ince# and was $nown to the inha"itants under the name of $ung'guressu# i%e% ;man"east* <e were told that it had a flat face li$e that of a human "eing# and that it often wal$ed on two legs# that its "od! was co ered with a thic$ "lac$ fur# and its feet armed with enormous claws- that its strength was terri"le# and that not onl! were hunters afraid of attac$ing it# "ut that the inha"itants remo ed their ha"itations from those parts of the countr! which it isited% These accounts were corro"orated "! the Tangutans in 6an'su# who one and all declared that an animal answering to the a"o e description inha"ited their mountains# "ut that it was rare% <hen we =uestioned them if it were not a "ear the! shoo$ their heads# and assured us it was not# adding that the! $new well enough what a "ear was li$e% >pon arri ing in 6an'su in the summer of 2854# we offered a reward of fi e lans to an!one who would show us where one of these fa"ulous "easts could "e found% &o"od!# howe er# came forward# to impart the desired information- unless that the Tangutan# who was acting temporaril! as our guide# did certainl! sa! that the $ung'guressu inha"ited the roc$s on Mount ?ad+ur% :ut on our repairing to that sacred mountain# in the middle of August# we saw no trace of the e,traordinar! animal# and almost despaired of e er seeing one# when one da! I heard that a s$in might "e seen at a little temple a"out ten miles from Chertinton# Hither we proceeded after a few da!s# and ha ing made a present to the superior# re=uested him to show us the rare s$in% The re=uest was granted# when what was m! astonishment to see# instead of some e,traordinar! animal# a small "ear's$in stuffed with straw@ All the stories we had heard were after all a pac$ of fa"les# and the narrators# after listening to m! assurances that this creature was none other than a "ear# declared that the $ung'guressu ne er showed itself to people# and that its trac$s alone were occasionall! seen "! huntsmen% This "ear# whose s$in I now saw# stood 3 feet high - the muAAle protruding - the head and forepart of the "od! a dirt! white color - the "ac$ dar$er# and the paws almost "lac$ - the hind feet long and narrow# and the claws a"out an inch long# "lunt# and of a dar$ color% >nfortunatel! I could not ta$e more accurate

measurements# or e,amine it more closel!# for fear of e,citing suspicion% In the following spring# as we were returning from 6o$o'nor to Cho"sen# one morning# on the "orders of a forest in 6an'su# we saw one of these "ears wild and engaged in catching alpine hares% <e went towards it- "ut it made off# and although pursued "! our dogs# ne er turned to "a!% <e fired se eral long shots after the "ear# "ut onl! wounded it# and to our e,treme regret it got off% The one we saw in 6o$o'nor# as far as we could +udge in the distance# was of the same color as thestuffed specimen we had seen at the temple# "ut rather larger# and a"out e=ual in siAe to our flesh' eater - ; it seemed to ha e an unusual long "od!# and a $ind of hump on its "ac$% The Mongols told us that the! were plentiful on the :ur$han :uddha and Shuga ranges# where the! inha"it the roc$! parts# in summer# howe er# descending to the plains - and said the! had e en "een seen on the "an$s of the Murui'ussu% (BrAhe als$i # 285C# p439'4D2) "lmas sightings ha!e persisted into our modern era, including the #,'. report of @ongolian "cademy =f Sciences member Aord9i @eiren, who was shown an "lmas s0in being used ritually in a monastery in the middle of the ;obi Aesert< the #,(' )ed "rmy capture of an "lmas prisoner< syben Mhamtsarano collection of accounts dating from #,&.*#,(&< he #,8' ethnographic wor0 of )ussian pediatrician I!an I!lo! who reported obser!ing an "lmas family group from a distance of half a mile, and collected numerous @ongolian stories of interactions with the "lmas, including reports by @ongolian children that they had played with "lmas children, and were not afraid of them< and into the #,-&Is where reports ha!e filtered in from remote e2perimental agricultural stations of encountering "lmas corpses. "mong crypto4oologists, the "lmas is often e1uated with Bigfoot, Sas1uatch, and the Neti, but interestingly, the "lmas is credited with being distinctly Gmore humanJ, e!en to the point of using tools, communicating through gestures, and occasionally wearing simple animal fur clothing as protection from the elements, leading many to speculate that the "lmas probably represent a well*hidden relic population of Homo erectus, based on the details of physiognomy and beha!ior reported. =ne of the most celebrated tales of the "lmas is the story of Mana, dating from the #--&Is. he following account is paraphrased by the International 7enter from Hominology from wor0 by )ussian in!estigators Igor Burtse!, Amitri Bayano!, "le2ander @ash0o!tse!, and Boris Corshne!, who collected o!er a hundred accounts of the local myth of the capture and taming of an "lmas woman, who surprisingly is credited with ha!ing four children by a human father. =ne son, named :hwit, died in #,$( +picture abo!e/. The manner of her capture is ague% Bro"a"l! she had alread! changed hands "! sale when she "ecame the propert! of the ruling prince E%M% Ach"a who was the titular head of the (aadan region% She passed into the possession of one of his assals# named Chelo$ua and still later she was presented to a no"leman# )dgi ?ena"a# who isited the region% He too$ her awa!# still shac$led and chained# to his estate in the illage of T$hina on the Mo$ a 0i er# 58 $ilometres from Su$humi# the capital of A"$haAia% At first ?ena"a lodged her in a er! strong enclosure and no"od! entured in to gi e her food# for she acted li$e a wild "east% It was thrown to her% She dug herself a hole in the ground and slept in it and for the first three !ears she li ed in this wild state# graduall! "ecoming tamer% After three !ears she was mo ed to a wattle'fence enclosure under an awning near the house# tethered at first# "ut later she was let loose to wander a"out% Howe er she ne er went far from the place where she recei ed her food% She could not endure warm rooms and the !ear round# in an! weather# slept outdoors in a hole that she made herself under the awning% Her s$in was "lac$# or dar$ gre!# and her whole "od! co ered with reddish'"lac$ hair% The hair on her head was tousled and thic$# hanging mane'li$e down her "ac$% She could not spea$# o er decades that she li ed with people# (ana did not learn a single A"$haA word- she onl! made inarticulate sounds and mutterings# and cries when irritated% :ut she reacted to her name# carried out commands gi en "! her master and was scared when he shouted at her% And this despite the fact that she was er! tall# massi e and "road# with huge "reasts and "uttoc$s# muscular arms and legs# and fingers that were longer and thic$er than human fingers% She could spla! her toes widel! and mo e apart the "ig toe% 7rom remem"ered descriptions gi en to Mash$o tse and Borshne # her face was terrif!ing- "road# with high chee$"ones# flat nose# turned out nostrils# muAAle'li$e +aws# wide mouth with large teeth# low forehead# and e!es

of a reddish tinge% :ut the most frightening feature was her e,pression which was purel! animal# not human% Sometimes# she would gi e a spontaneous laugh# "aring those "ig white teeth of hers% The latter were so strong that she easil! crac$ed the hardest walnuts% She li ed for man! !ears without showing an! change: no gre! hair# no falling teeth# $eeping strong and fit as e er% Her athletic power was enormous% She would outrun a horse# and swim across the wild Mo$ a 0i er e en when it rose in iolent high tide% Seemingl! without effort she lifted with one hand an eight!'$ilo sac$ of flour and carried it uphill from the water'mill to the illage% She clim"ed trees to get fruit# and to gorge herself with grapes she would pull down a whole ine growing around the tree% She ate whate er was offered to her# including homin! and meat# with "are hands and enormous glutton!% She lo ed wine# and was allowed her fill# after which she would sleep for hours in a swoon'li$e state% She li$ed to lie in a cool pool side "! side with "uffalos% At night she used to roam the surrounding hills% She wielded "ig stic$s against dogs and on other perilous occasions% She had a curious o"session for pla!ing with stones# $noc$ing one against another and splitting them% She too$ swims the !ear round# and preferred to wal$ na$ed e en in winter# tearing dresses that she was gi en into shreds% Howe er# she showed more tolerance toward a loin'cloth% Sometimes she went into the house# "ut the women were afraid of her and came near onl! when she was in a gentle mood- when angr! she presented a scar! sight and could e en "ite% :ut she o"e!ed her master# )dgi ?ena"a# and he $new how to "ring her to heel% Adults used her as a "og! figure with children# although (ana ne er actuall! attac$ed children% She was trained to perform simple domestic tas$s# such as grinding grain for flour# "ringing home firewood and water# or sac$s to and from the water'mill# or pull her master*s high "oots off% (International Institute for Hominolog!)% " !ariety of e2planations ha!e been offered for the e2istence of the "lmas, from relic populations of Homo erectus or ?eanderthals, Aeniso!a hominins, or feral humans with hypertrichosis +abnormal hair growth on the body/ K which seems an awfully unparsimonious and ungenerous way to characteri4e what may be the few proud remaining ancestors of the human genealogical tree, or perhaps e!en remnant populations of an e!olutionary dead end. =f course, maybe theyIre 9ust a bunch of hairy dudes. 5e may be loo0ing at our own future, as famed physical anthropologist )ichard Lea0ey obser!ed, G"n e!olutionary perspecti!e of our place in the history of the earth reminds us that Homo sapiens sapiens has occupied the planet for the tiniest fraction of that planetIs four and a half thousand million years of e2istence. In many ways we are a biological accident, the product of countless propitious circumstances. "s we peer bac0 through the fossil record, through layer upon layer of long*e2tinct species, many of which thri!ed far longer than the human species is e!er li0ely to do, we are reminded of our mortality as a species. here is no law that declares the human animal to be different, as seen in this broad biological perspecti!e, from any other animal. here is no law that declares the human species to be immortal.J )eferences Corshne!, Boris. he Struggle for roglodytes . Crostor @aga4ine, 6uly #,8- pp. ##'*##8 +in )ussian/. Cr4he!als0i, ?i0olaP @i0haPlo!ich, #-',*#---. @ongolia, the angut 7ountry, "nd the Solitudes of ?orthern ibet, Being a ?arrati!e of hree NearsI ra!el In 3astern High "sia. LondonE S. Low, @arston, Searle, Q )i!ington, #-.8. Schiltberger, 6ohannes, :arl F. ?eumann, and 6 B. elfer. he Bondage and ra!els of 6ohann SchiltbergerE " ?ati!e of Ba!aria, in 3urope, "sia, and "frica, #',8*#(%.. LondonE Crinted for the Ha0luyt Society, #-.,.

<erewolfF ?ene Ma! ),plain ),cess Hair Eisorder

Li!eScience Staff R 6une &', %&## &'E#(pm 3 Submit )eddit

Supatra "?at" Sasuphan was diagnosed with hypertrichosis, or "werewolf syndrome." 7reditE guinnessworldrecords.com Biew full si4e image

Scientists ha!e disco!ered a genetic mutation responsible for a disorder that causes people to sprout thic0 hair on their faces and bodies. Hypertrichosis, sometimes called "werewolf syndrome" is a !ery rare condition, with fewer than #&& cases documented worldwide. But researchers 0new the disorder runs in families, and in #,,$ they traced the appro2imate location of the mutation to a section of the S chromosome +one of the two se2 chromosomes/ in a @e2ican family affected by hypertrichosis. @en with the syndrome ha!e hair co!ering their faces and eyelids, while women grow thic0 patches on their bodies. In @arch, a hai girl with the condition got into the ;uinness Boo0 of 5orld )ecords as the world>s hairiest child

TH) STO0G O7 M>CHAHAT HA00G

by Peter Byrne

*ccording to the (ndians, there was once a large number of @igfoot living on Hancouver (sland, a large island, 5$,63< s-uare miles in area, off the west coast of @ritish Columbia. The (ndians knew about them, feared them, and respected them, but granted that they were harmless. !ne of the (ndians of the %ootka Tribe, who lived at %ootka in 59$<, claims to have been carried off by them and held captive for some time. The story, told to me by ather *nthony Terhaar of 't. *ngel *bbey in !regon, is a curious one. ather *nthony, a much,loved missionary priest who traveled the west coast of Hancouver (sland for many years, was living at %ootka at the time of the story and he knew 'uchalat .arry very well. 'uchalat .arry was a trapper and something of a rarity among his fellow tribesmen. .e was, according to ather *nthony, a tough, fearless man, of excellent physi-ue. (n the course of his trappingI he was wont to spend long weeks in the forest alone, something that the average (ndian did not do in those days, The (ndians of the coast were apparently a rather timid people and they seemed to regard the deep forest as the home and territory of the @igfoot. When they went into the deep inland forest for any reason, they never went alone. 'uchalat .arry was different from other (ndians. .e went in the forest alone and feared nothing. Late one autumn 'uchalat .arry set off for the woods, with his traps and camping gear. .is plan was to set out a trap line and stay in the woods for several months. .e headed for his

favorite hunting area, the Conuma 4iver, at the head of Tlupana (nlet. rom %ootka he paddled his own canoe to the mouth of the Conuma. There he cached the canoe and headed upstream on foot. *pproximately twelve miles upstream he made his base camp and, after building himself a lean,to, started to put out his trap line. !ne night, while wrapped in his blankets and clad only in his underwear, he was suddenly picked up by a huge male @igfoot and carried off into the hills. .e was not carried very far, probably a distance of about two or three miles, at the most. When daylight came he was able to see that he was in a sort of camp, under a high rock shelf and surrounded by some twenty @igfoot They were of all sexes and sizes. or some time, they stood around him and stared at him. The males to the front of the curious group females behind them and young ones to the rear. 'uchalat .arry was frightened at first and his fear grew to terror when he noticed, he said, the large number of bones lying around the campsite. When he saw these he was convinced that the @igfeet were going to eat him. The @igfeet did not harm him in any way. !ccasionally one came forward and touched him, as if feeling him, and when they discovered that his 0skin0 was loose B it was in fact his woolen underwear B several came forward and pulled at it gently. While they looked at him and examined him, 'uchalat .arry sat with his back to the rock wall and did not move. .e was cold and hungry, but his thoughts were only on escape. &ome time in the late afternoon, curiosity on the part of the @igfeet seemed to slacken and with most of the @igfeet out of camp, probably food,gathering he thought, there came the opportunity that he needed. .e leapt to his feet and ran for his life, never looking back. .e ran downhill, toward where he guessed the river to be and sure enough, he soon came to his campsite. (n what must have been blind panic he bypassed his camp and ran for twelve miles to where his canoe was cached at the mouth of the Conuma. ather *nthony describes the story of 'uchalat .arryJs arrival at %ootka as follows. (t was probably three in the morning. .e and his brother @enedictines were asleep and the village was -uiet. &uddenly there was a series of wild cries from the waters of the inlet. Lights were lit and he and others hurried down to the water1s edge. There, near,frozen and exhausted in his canoe, lay 'uchalat .arry. .e was barefoot and clad only in his wet and torn underwear and he had paddled his canoe through the winter night 68 miles from the mouth of the Conuma 4iver. ather *nthony and his companions carried the almost lifeless form up from the water1s edge. (t took three weeks to nurse 'uchalat .arry back to sanity and good health. ather *nthony, who took him into his own care, did the nursing and he told me D#eter @yrneE that during the course of these three weeks, 'uchalat .arry1s hair turned to pure white. The story of the kidnapping came out slowly. *t first 'uchalat .arry would talk to no one. Then he told ather *nthony what had happened and, later, others. When he was fully recovered to health he was asked when he planned to go back to collect his belongings, the camp e-uipment, his pots and pans, his trap line and above all, his rifle, at the lean,to on the Conuma. (n 59$< a trap line and all of its pieces must have been worth a great deal to an island (ndian. * rifle alone would be regarded as a highly prized possession. @ut 'uchalat .arry never went back to the Conuma. %ot only did he never return thereI according to ather *nthony, he never left the settlement at %ootka, never went in the woods again for the rest of

his life. .e preferred to lose all of his valuables and probably hard,won possessions rather than risk another encounter with the @igfeet. Late in 59K$ ( had occasion to visit Hancouver (sland. ( was on a routine investigating trip and when ( found myself at %ainimo, not too far by road from the west coast and the scene of 'uchalat .arry1s adventure, ( drove there. ( stopped in +old 4iver and obtained from the 4oyal Canadian 'ounted #olice some maps and instructions on how to get to the Conuma 4iver area. %owadays there is a logging road that runs all the way down to the mouth of the river, and one &unday morning, with the logging trucks out of the way, ( drove there and made camp on the Conuma. ( spent several days there, walking the riverbed and exploring. ( tried to make a rough determination of where 'uchalat .arry might have had his lean,to and ( found a place that offered a good campsite, twelve miles from the mouth of the river on the edge of a series of high bluffs. The salmon were running in the Conuma while ( was there and all night long ( could hear them splashing up the shallow waters of the river. (n the morning black bear worked the river, getting the salmon that had come ashore in the night or had become tangled in the limbs of fallen trees that lay in the river. ( counted six bears in several days. The country was generally wild and deserted and the actual mouth of the Conuma, where it flowed into the salt waters of the inlet, was one of the most beautiful places ( have ever seen. &ome of the forest close to the river had been logged off, but the logging work had moved on west and while ( was there it was -uiet. The days began with morning mists on the river and then warmed to the clear crispness of perfect autumn weather. )venings were cool and damp and nights bright with starlight that provided almost enough light to read. ( found no sign of @igfoot on the Conuma, nor any sign of 'uchalat .arry1s trap line or lean,to. ( hardly expected to find anything of the latter, after forty, odd years. @ut even though 'uchalat .arry was long gone, the river and the forest remained unchanged, The splashing salmon, the cold, clear water of the Conuma, the moss,covered banks, the shallow pools in the forest that the Conuma drained, that were the breeding places of the salmon, the river birds, the plodding bears, the deep silent waters of the inlet, all were as they must have been forty years before, when 'uchalat .arry cached his canoe and made his camp there.
L #eter @yrne, The Search for Bigfoot, 59K8. The story of Muchalat arry is an outta!e from Mr. Byrne"s #oo! $ith his permission %&&&. Bo##ie Short

0>:G C0))6
&tories about the &as-uatch have been appearing in print from time to time since the 5<A3s, and ( have clipping in my files from almost every year since the early 59$3s. @ut the modern history of the &as-uatch really dates from &eptember 5965, when one of these creatures paid a visit B in broad daylight B to an (ndian family named Chapman. While the *merindian stories have usually been

dismissed as legend, or laughed off because (ndians are not supposed to be reliable, this experience was accompanied by too much physical evidence to be ignored. The Chapman family consisted off +eorge and ?eannie Chapman and children numbering, at my visit, four. 'r. Chapman worked on the railroad, and was living at that time in a small place called 4uby Creek, 73 miles up the raser 4iver from *gassiv, @ritish Columbia, in Canada1s great western province. (t was about 7 in the afternoon of a sunny, cloudless day when ?eannie Chapman1s eldest son, then aged 9, came running to the house saying that there was a cow coming down out of the woods at the foot of the nearby mountain. The other kids, a boy aged K and a little girl of 8, were still playing in a field behind the house bordering on the rail track. 'rs. Chapman went out to look, since the boy seemed oddly disturbed, and they saw what at first she thought was a very big bear moving about among the bushes bordering the field beyond the railway tracks. &he called the two children who came running immediately. Then the creature moved onto the tracks and she saw to her horror that it was a gigantic man covered with hair, not fur. The hair seemed to be about four inches long all over, and of a pale yellow,brown color. To pin down this color 'rs. Chapman pointed out to me a sheet of lightly varnished plywood in the room where we were sitting. This was of a brown,ochre color. This creature advanced directly toward the house and 'rs. Chapman had, as she put it, 0much too much time to look at it0 because she stood her ground outside while the eldest boy B on her instructions B got a blanket from the house and rounded up the other children. The kids were in a near panic, she told us, and it took two or three minutes to get the blanket, during which time the creature had reached the near corner of the field only about 533 feet away from her. 'rs. Chapman then spread the blanket and, holding it aloft so that the kids could not see the creature or it them, she backed off at the double to the old field and down on to the river beach out of sight, and then ran with the kids downstream to the village. ( asked her a leading -uestion about the blanket. .ad her purpose in using it been to prevent her kids seeing the creature, in accord with an alleged *merindian belief that to do so brings bad luck and often deathG .er reply was both prompt and surprising. &he said that, although she had heard white men tell of that belief, she had not heard it from her parents or any other of her people whose advice regarding the so,called &as-uatch had been simply not to go further than certain points up certain valleys, to run if she saw one, and not to struggle if one caught her as it might s-ueeze her to death by mistake. 0%o,0 she said, 0( used the blanket because ( thought it was after one of the kids and so might go into the house to look for them instead of following me.0 This seems to have been sound logic as the creature did go into the house and also rummaged through an old outhouse pretty thoroughly, hauling from it a 88,gallon barrel of salt fish, breaking this open, and scattering its contents about outside. :The irony of it is that all those three children /(/ die within three yearsI the two boys by drowning, and the little girl on a sickbed. *nd Cust after ( interviewed the Chapmans they also were drowned in the raser 4iver when a row,boat capsized.; 'rs. Chapman told me that the creature was about KM feet tall. &he could estimate its height by the various fence and line posts standing about the field. (t had a rather small head and a very short,

thick neckI in fact really no neck at all, a point that was emphasized by William 4oe and by all others who claim to have seen one of these creatures. (ts body was entirely human in shape except that it was immensely thick through its chest and its arms were exceptionally long. &he did not see the feet which were in the grass. (ts shoulders were very wide and it had no breasts, from which 'rs. Chapman assumed it was a male, though she also did not see any male genitalia due to the long hair covering its groin. &he was most definite on one point2 the naked parts of its face and its hands were much darker than its hair, and appeared to be almost black. +eorge Chapman returned home from his work on the railroad that day shortly before A in the evening and by a route that by,passed the village so that he saw no one to tell him what had happened. When he reached his house he immediately saw the woodshed door battered in, and spotted enormous humanoid footprints all over the place. +reatly alarmed B for he, like all of his people, had heard since childhood about the 0big wild men of the mountains,0 though he did not hear the word &as-uatch till after this incident B he called for his family and then dashed through the house. Then he spotted the foot,tracks of his wife and kids going off toward the river. .e followed these until he picked them up on the sand beside the river and saw them going off downstream without any giant ones following. &omewhat relieved, he was retracing his steps when he stumbled across the giant1s foot,tracks on the river bank farther upstream. These had come down out of the potato patch, which lay between the house and the river, had milled about by the river, and then gone back through the old field toward the foot of the mountains where they disappeared in the heavy growth. 4eturning to the house, relieved to know that the tracks of all four of his family had gone off downstream to the village, +eorge Chapman went to examine the woodshed. (n our interview, after 5< years, he still expressed voluble astonishment that any living thing, even a K,foot,A, inch man with a barrel,chest could lift a 88,gallon tub of fish and break it open without using a tool. .e confirmed the creature1s height after finding a number of long brown hairs stuck in the slabwood lintel of the doorway, above the level of his head. +eorge Chapman then went off to the village to look for his family, and found them in a state of calm collapse. .e gathered them up and invited his father,in,law and two others to return with him, for protection of his family when he was away at work. The foot,tracks returned every night for a week and on two occasions the dogs that the Chapmans had taken with them set up the most awful racket at exactly $ o1clock in the morning. The &as-uatch did not, however, molest them or, apparently, touch either the house or the woodshed. @ut the whole business was too unnerving and the family finally moved out. They never went back.

+he Chapman6s house at &uby Cree0

*fter a long chat about this and other matters, 'rs. Chapman suddenly told us something very significant Cust as we were leaving. &he said2 0(t made an awful funny noise.0 ( asked her if she could imitate this noise for me but it was her husband who did so, saying that he had heard it at night twice during the week after the first incident. .e then proceeded to utter exactly the same strange, gurgling whistle that the men in California, who said they had heard a @igfoot call, had given us. This is a sound ( cannot reproduce in print, but ( can assure you that it is unlike anything ( have ever heard given by man or beast anywhere in the world. To me, this information is of the greatest significance. That an *merindian couple in @ritish Columbia should give out with exactly the same strange sound in connection with a &as-uatch that two highly educated white men did, over A33 miles south in connection with CaliforniaJs @igfoot, is incredible. (f this is all hoax or a publicity stunt, or mass,hallucination, as some people have claimed, how does it happen that this noise B which defies description B always sounds the same no matter who has tried to reproduce it for meG These were probably the last words on the &as-uatch that the Chapmans uttered and ( absolutely refuse to listen to anybody who might say they were lying. *dmittedly, honest men are such a rarity as possibly to be non,existent, but ( have met a few who could -ualify and ( put the Chapmans near the head of the list.

I 7O>?HT TH) AB)M)& O7 MO>&T ST% H)H)&S# <A%

Told by red @eck of Felso, WashingtonI written &eptember $K, 59AK by his son L 4onald *. @eck, 59AK

'hat are (#omina#le Sno$men) *red Bec! is +ualified to tell $hat they are.

e $as one of a

party of five miners attac!ed #y them in %&,-. the most famous of such incidents in /orth (merica. The incident has #ecome a legend in the /orth$est. e tells the real facts after -0 years of silence.

Introduction (t is my intention in this book not only to tell you about the historic encounter ( had with these mysterious creatures, but also to reveal to the public what ( believe they are. Truth often is stranger than fiction, but the strangeness comes from the clouds surrounding our minds, not from the mystery itself. This is not a large book, but may the largeness be conveyed by the picture ( hope to paint of truth. 'uch has been written about that day in 59$6, and ( feel it right that ( express my views at last. To avoid embarrassment to the relatives of the other four men involved in the 59$6 incident, ( have not directly mentioned their names. The name, .ank, is a pseudonym of one of the main characters in the incident.

Fred Bec0 with the gun he used at 7pe Canyon

Chapter 8ne ) +he 7ttac0 irst of all, ( wish to give an account of the attack and tell of the famous incident of ?uly, 59$6, when the 0.airy *pes0 attacked our cabin. We had been prospecting for six years in the 't. &t. .elens and Lewis 4iver area in &outhwest Washington. We had, from time to time, come across large tracks by creek beds and springs. (n 59$6 ( and four other miners were working our gold claim, the Hander White. (t was two miles east of 't. &t. .elens near a deep canyon now named 0*pe Canyon0 B which was so named after an account of the incident reached the newspapers. .ank, a great hunter and good woodsman, was always a little apprehensive after seeing the tracks. The tracks were large and we knew that no known animal could have made them2 the

largest measured nineteen inches long. (t was in the middle of ?uly, and we had received a good assay on our claim, and everyone was excited. ( remember ( had a tooth that was aching, and ( suggested to .ank that he should take me to town to see a dentistI but he was so enthused in the prospects of the gold mine, he barely took time to answer me. .e replied that 0+od or the /evil0 could not get him away from there. We had all come up in his ord, and ( had no way to get to town unless he took me. &o when we went back to our cabin, on the north side of the canyon, ( had a nagging tooth ache and little appetite for our evening meal of beans and hotcakes. .ank, though apprehensive, was still determined. We had been hearing noises in the evening for about a week. We heard a shrill, peculiar whistling each evening. We would hear it coming from one ridge, and then hear an answering whistling from another ridge. We also heard a sound which ( could best describe as a booming, thumping sound B Cust like something was hitting its self on its chest. .ank asked me to accompany him to the spring, about a hundred yards from our cabin, to get some water, and suggested we take our rifles B to be on the safe side. We walked to the spring, and then, .ank yelled and raised his rifle, and at that instant, ( saw it. (t was a hairy creature, and he was about a hundred yards away, on the other side of a little canyon, standing by a pine tree. (t dodged behind the tree, and poked its head out from the side of the tree. *nd at the same time, .ank shot. ( could see the bark fly out from the tree from each of his three shots. &omeone may say that that was -uite a distance to see the bark fly, but ( saw it. The creature ( Cudged to have been about seven feet tall with blackish,brown hair. (t disappeared from our view for a short time, but then we saw it, running fast and upright, about two hundred yards down the little canyon. ( shot three times before it disappeared from view. We took the water back to the cabin, and explained the affair to the rest of the partyI and we all agreed, including .ank, to go home the next morning as it would be dark before we could get to the car. We agreed it would be unsound to be caught by darkness on the way out. %ightfall found us in our pine,log cabin. We had built the cabin ourselves, and had made it very sturdy. (t stood for years afterward, and was visited by many sight seers until a few years ago when it was burned to the ground B the circumstances of the fire, ( do not recall. (n the cabin, we had a long bunk bed in which two could sleep, feet to feet B the rest of us sleeping on pine boughs on the floor. *t one end of the cabin, we had a fireplace, fashioned out of rocks. There were no windows in the cabin. &o darkness found all of us in the cabin, more calm now :and my tooth was better, somehow the excitement seemed to work a temporary cure on it;. We were sitting around, puffing on pipes, and talking about the trip home the next day. )ach of us settled down in his crude, but welcomed bed, and soon fell asleep. *bout midnight, we were all awakened. .ank, who was sleeping on the floor was yelling and kicking. @ut the noise that had awakened us was a tremendous thud against the cabin wall. &ome of the chinking had been knocked loose from between the logs and had fell across .ank1s chest. .e had his rifle in his hand and was waving it back and forth as he kicked and yelled. :.ank always slept with his gun near by B it was a 4emington automatic, my gun being a 73,73 Winchester,

which ( still have;. ( helped to get the chinking off him, and he Cumped to his feet. Then, we heard a great commotion outside2 it sounded like a great number of feet trampling and rattling over a pile of our unused shakes. We grabbed our guns. .ank s-uinted through the space left by the chinking. @y actual count, we saw only three of the creatures together at one time, but it sounded like there were many more. This was the start of the famous attack, of which so much has been written in Washington and !regon papers through out the years. 'ost accounts tell of giant boulders being hurled against the cabin, and say some even fell through the roof, but this was not -uite the case. There were very few large rocks around in that area. (t is true that many smaller ones were hurled at the cabin, but they did not break through the roof, but hit with a bang, and rolled off. &ome did fall through the chimney of the fireplace. &ome accounts state ( was hit in the head by a rock and knocked unconscious. This is not true. The only time we shot our guns that night was when the creatures were attacking our cabin. When they would -uiet down for a few minutes, we would -uit shooting. ( told the rest of the party, that maybe if they saw we were only shooting when they attacked, they might realize we were only defending ourselves. We could have had clear shots at them through the opening left by the chinking had we chosen to shoot. We did shoot, however, when they climbed up on our roof. We shot round after round through the roof. We had to brace the hewed,logged door with a long pole taken from the bunk bed. The creatures were pushing against it and the whole door vibrated from the impact. We responded by firing many more rounds through the door. They pushed against the walls of the cabin as if trying to push the cabin over, but this was pretty much an impossibility, as previously stated the cabin was a sturdy made building. .ank and ( did most of the shooting B the rest of the party crowded to the far end of the cabin, guns in their hands. !ne had a pistol, which still is in my family1s possession, the others clutched their rifles. They seemed stunned and incredulous. The attack continued the remainder of the night, with only short intervals between. * most profound and frightening experience occurred when one of the creatures, being close to the cabin, reached an arm through the chinking space and seized one of our axes by the handle :a much written about incident and a true one;. @efore the thing could pull the axe out, ( swiftly turned the head of the axe upright, so that it caught on the logsI and at the same time .ank shot, barely missing my hand. The creature let go, and ( pulled the handle back in, and put the axe in a safe place. * humorous thing ( well remember was .ank singing2 0(f you leave us alone, we1ll leave you alone, and we1ll all go home in the morning.0 .e did not mean it to be humorous, for .ank was dead serious, and sang under the impression that the 0'ountain /evils0 as he called them, might understand and go away. The attack ended Cust before daylight. ?ust as soon as we were sure it was light enough to see, we came cautiously out of the cabin. (t was not long before ( saw one of the apelike creatures, standing about eighty yards away

near the edge of *pe Canyon. ( shot three times, and it toppled over the cliff, down into the gorge, some four hundred feet below. Then .ank said that we should get out of there as soon as possibleI and not bother to pack our supplies or e-uipment outI 0*fter all,0 he said, 0it1s better to lose them, than our lives.0 We were all only too glad to agree. We brought out only that which we could get in our packsacks. We left about two hundred dollars in supplies, powder, and drilling e-uipment behind. ( tried to persuade everyone not to relate the happenings to anyone, and they agreed, but .ank soon let the cat out of the bag. We made our way to &pirit Lake, and .ank went in to the ranger station. .e had told the ranger earlier about the tracks, and the ranger had replied, 0Let me know if you find out what they are.0 That was Cust what .ank did, to the puzzlement of the ranger. When we were back home in Felso, Washington, he told some of his friends, and somehow the story leaked out to the papers, and the +reat .airy *pe .unt of 59$6 was on. Local reporters interviewed us. They came from #ortland and &eattle B even a big game hunter from )ngland came asking -uestions, and he had a large gun with him that must have been an elephant gun. 'any people flocked to the 't. &t. .elen1s area looking for the 0+reat .airy *pes0, or 0'ountain /evils.0 (, myself, went back with two reporters and a detective from #ortland, !regon. We found large tracks, and they photographed them. We did not see any of the *pemen then, nor could we find the ones we had shot. &o people were asking -uestions2 Was it trueG !r was it Cust a wild taleG ( can assure you it is true. *re they humanG animalG or devilsG ( will answer that -uestion in this book. That was a great 0*pehunt0 in 59$6, and the last few years, more and more people have reported seeing them. There is an *pehunt being revived again, and another man has written a book on the subCect and has formed a club whose purpose is to find evidence to prove what they already believe2 that abominable snowmen of *merica do exist. * wealthy person has offered a large sum of money for anyone that can capture one alive. &ightings have been reported in Canada, Washington, !regon, and northern California. @ut the purpose of this book, is not only to relate my experiences, but also to bring to light my knowledge about the *bominable &nowmen. ( do not wish to embark upon an expedition, but ( wish to tell what these beings are. Chapter +wo Longview /aily %ews :&at,&un, ?une $K,$<, 59A6; L)+)%/*4N 'T. &T. .)L)%& *#)')% C*LL)/ L)+(T('*T) The legend of the apemen of 't. &t. .elens returns, like hay fever, with summer weather. The story of the apemen of the beautiful conical mountain situated in the Cascade

4ange of &outhwest Washington, is a favorite in the area, but it Cust may have some basis in fact. There is more basis to support it than %epal1s Neti or northern California1s 0@ig oot0 and probably as much as Loch %ess1 monster. Last summer, two different #ortland groups who visited the region reported sighting the monsters, usually described as from K to 53 feet tall, hairy and either white or beige,colored. Three persons in a car on a lonely forest road said they saw one of the creatures when it flashed across the headlight beams of their car near the wilderness area which includes such places as 0*pe Canyon.0 * #ortland couple fishing on the Lewis 4iver south of the mountain saw a huge beige figure 0bigger than any human0 amble off into the brush. !ld timers aren1t surprised, Cust amused. The apeman legend actually is older than the white man1s habitation of the #acific %orthwest. (ndian Legend orestry employes have investigated many reports of the strange creatures. *ccording to (ndian legend, the 0apes0 were the ferocious &elahtik (ndians, a band of renegades much like giant apes in appearance who lived like wild animals in the secluded caves of the Cascades. The first recorded encounter of the apes with white men was in 59$6. * group of five prospectors rushed into Felso to report that a group of great, ape,like creatures had attacked them in the middle of the night. The miners said they had been working a mine on the east slopes of 't. &t. .elens. /uring the daytime, they saw some of the apes and fired at them to halt an apparent attack. !ne of the apes appeared to have been hit and rolled into a deep ravine. That night, according to the account, the apemen hurled rocks onto the cabin and 0danced and screamed until daylight.0 Then came the 0great ape hunt 3f 59$6.0 Law enforcement officers and a flock of newspapermen made up a posse that went into the area. The armed searchers fired at anything that moved, so the report went. They returned to tell of finding huge footprints, but no apes. The legend grew from that point for several years, then subsided with only sporadic reports of traces of the apes. 4esponsible persons, experienced mountaineers and skiers, have given credence to the story. @ob Lee of #ortland, a leader of the 59A5 .imalayan expedition and adviser to last year1s .imalayan expedition, said last year he had a strange experience. Lee has

never claimed to have seen the apes, but said 0there was something strange on the high slopes of the mountain.0 .e was a member of a party that searched for ?im Carter, an experienced skier and mountaineer, who vanished on the mountain in 5983. .is disappearance remains a mystery. &omebody Watched *t the time, Lee was a member of the &eattle 'ountain &earch and 4escue unit. .e described the search for Carter as 0the most eerie experience ( ever had.0 .e said that every time he was cut off from the rest of the search party he felt 0somebody was watching me.0 Carter, he said, had climbed the mountain with some companions on a warm, clear &unday. .e left the group to take a picture and said he would ski to the left of the group. .e was never seen again. .is tracks, however, indicated that he suddenly took off down the mountain in a wild, death,defying run that no experienced skier would make B unless he was pursued, Lee said. The track went in the direction of *pe Canyon. @ut no trace of Carter or his e-uipment was found although the area was combed for two weeks. Lee recalled stories of about $8 persons who claim they had encountered the monsters during a $3 year period. The canyon named for the apes, is a lonely, ominous spot in a wild area. (t extends to a point near *pe Cave, thought to be the longest unitary lava tube in the world. There have been many reports of footprints in the area. &ome are described as being about 5< inches long and seemingly human. >nless the creatures are really fuzzy throwbacks, the lost (ndian tribe theory seems most likely to some of the fans of the mystery. (t has given rise to some suggestions, one of which is to leave well enough alone. The government might take over and shove benefits and subsidies at them B retroactive to the (ce *ge. *nd that, as well as costing a lot of money, would ruin a very good legend. Chapter +hree ) Bac0ground E,ents (n the first chapter ( told about the attack, and now ( want to go into the background, and tell a little concerning our activities. They will be colorful, and from them emerge a spiritual and metaphysical understanding of the case. irst of all, ( hope this book does not discourage too much those interested souls who are

looking and trying to solve the mystery of the abominable snowmen. (f someone captured one, ( would have to swallow most of the content of this book, for ( am about to make a bold statement2 %o one will ever capture one, and no one will ever kill one B in other words, present to the world a living one in a cage, or find a dead body of one to be examined by science. ( know there are stories that some have been captured but got away. &o will they always get away. ( say this confident by the evidence of my experiences, things that ( have not before revealed to the public, and ( also say it from the knowledge gained on the subCect later. (n this book ( will reveal thoroughly what ( know them to be. irst of all ( will say that 1they are not entirely of the world.1 ( know the reaction we experienced as these beings attacked out cabin impressed many with the concept of great ape,like men dwelling in the mountains. *nd ( can say that we genuinely fought and were -uite fearful, and we were glad to get out of the mountains but ( was, for one, always conscious that we were dealing with supernatural beings, and ( know the other members of the party felt the same. The events leading up to the ape episode were filled with the psychic element. &ince a young man ( had always been clairvoyant. When Cust a boy ( was in the pasture playing with my beanshooter. ( had bought it with some long earned coins. (t had a twisted wire handle. ( lost it, and as ( was crying, a kindly woman came up to me and put her arms around me. ( felt warm all over. 0Little boy,0 she said, 0don1t cry. +o home, you will find your beanshooter there.0 ( went home and found it, and as far as ( knew then it was the same one. @ut years later ( found the one ( lost. (t was weather beaten and the rubber was rotten. ( would be sleeping on the hard benches of the *dventist Church my folks used to attend, and ( would have my head in a lady1s lap, only when ( mentioned it to my folks, they said there was no one else there and took it to be a boy1s musings. *s ( grew older, ( saw visions and eventually ( was holding spiritual meetings. *fter 59$6 ( spent many years in healing work. !ur time spent in 't. &t. .elens was a series of psychic experiences. The method we found our mine was psychic. ( am mentioning these facts to help build a background of understanding in a case which has been wholly explained in a material sense. *s ( will explain the mysterious realities of the *bominable &nowmen, so must ( show some of my inner experiences, for in my mind the two have always been closely connected togetherI and as ( will show, these beings bear a direct association with the psychic realm. (n 59$$ we found the location of our mine. * spiritual being, a large (ndian dressed in buckskin, appeared to us and talked to us. .e was the picture of stateliness itself. .e never told us his name, but we always called him the +reat &pirit. .e replied once, 0The +reat &pirit is above me. We are all of the +reat &pirit, if we listen when the +reat &pirit talks.0 There was another spiritual being which appeared to us B more in the role of a comforting friend, and we learned her name. !ne of our party suggested later that we name our mine after herI and so the mining claim we later filed bore her last name. The big (ndian being told us there would be a white arrow go before us. *nother man, who was not present during the attack in

59$6, could see the arrow easily and clearly at all times. *nd ( could see it nearly as well. &o we started by the Lewis 4iver, south of 't. &t. .elens, and went up the 'uddy 4iver, and in all we followed the white arrow four days. The going was slow, for in those days it was very rugged territory. .ank1s temper was growing short as he climbed the hills. .e had always been a believer of spiritual things, and afterwards he was a believer. @ut he lost his temper and cussed. .e swore at the spirit leading us. .is face was red and we could not stop him2 0?ust a wild goose chase,0 he exclaimed, 0they lied to us, and got us running all over the hills, and ( want nothing more to do with them.0 .e went on and on. Then Cust when he had started to calm down, we all saw the arrow soar up high, change direction and swoop down. We had to follow in the general direction before we could find it again. (t hovered near the top of the north cliff of *pe Canyon. That was the site where we later blasted out our shaft. We got a little closer, and we all saw the image of a large door open, and the big (ndian appeared in front of it. .e spoke2 0@ecause you have cursed the spirit leading you, you will be shown where there is gold, but it is not given to you.0 With those words, he disappeared. Then we saw the door slowly close. There was a huge lock and latch, but as the door shut, the lock did not latch2 a closed door but it was not lockedO 0We Cust as well pack up and go home,0 one of the party said. *nd that is Cust the way our gold mine turned out B closed but not locked. We worked that mine for two years, and one assay showed well over $,333 dollars a ton. @ut as it turned out, what we had actually done was to cut the leaders. There is a pocket of gold in that cliff if someone is fortunate enough to find it. We gave up looking for it. The picture ( am trying to paint for you is a picture of manifestation. (n this book ( have showed also some of our high manifestation, as we had many of a high nature the six years we spent in the 't. &t. .elen1s area. !f course, the lower or grosser manifestations were in the appearing of these hairy creatures called *bominable &nowmen B also called .airy *pes, @igfoot and &as-uatch, according to the region they are seen in. ( believe they have always existed, although our encounter with them in 59$6 was the first maCor report of anyone coming in contact with them. !ther writings have documented the cases very well. ( Cust like to show the reason for their appearances. or six years all had been peaceful. We were simple men and hard working men, and an aura of good or spiritual power surrounded us. We had seen the tracks, but the makers of them had left us alone. %o one was really worried about the tracks as regarding any threat to our safety. @ut after one of us had lost his temper and denounced the spirit leading us a liar, from that time on, a -uiet apprehensiveness settled over us. We continued working our claim, but down deep we felt it would avail to no good end. We had bursts of enthusiasm but no success. *nd yet we did have success, because we learned. %othing can replace experience as a teacher. There are a couple experiences which show some light or evidence on the psychic nature of *bominable &nowmen2 the same thudding, hallow thumping noise we heard at night preceding the attack, we also had heard in broad daylight, although not nearly so loud. !ne of our party

was a little irritated with me. !n our excursions, he usually led the way and ( followed a little behind the others. We kept hearing that sound, and occasionally he turned around and would say, 0What1s thatO0 *fter six or eight times of him doing this, and after a few general discussions about the noise, he -uickly turned around one more time and eyed me, and said, 0@y golly boys, it1s not red making that noise after all.0 @ut he decided to give it a double check. .e made an excuse and wandered away from camp. When he came back, he said, 0%ow (1m certain it1s none of us. ( walked for half an hour and everywhere ( went, ( heard it. &ounds like there1s a hollow drum in the earth somewhere and something is hitting it.0 There is no doubt in my mind that these beings were present and observing us, but they had not yet appeared in physical form. *nother very striking experience which shows that they cannot be natural beings with natural bodies2 (t was before we made our cabin, and we were staying in a tent then. The tent was below a little cone shaped mountain called #umy @utte. * little creek flowed nearby, and there was a moist,sand bar about an acre in area. We would go there and wash our cooking utensils and bring our drinking water back. )arly one morning .ank came back to the tent. .e was rather excited. .e led us to the moist,sand bar, and took us almost to the center. There in the center of the sand bar were two huge tracks about four inches deep. There was not another track on that sand barO There we were standing in the middle of the sand bar, and not one of us could conceive any earthly thing taking steps 5A3 feet long. 0%o human being could have made these tracks,0 .ank said, 0and there1s only one way they could be made, something dropped from the sky and went back up.0 There was no third step. This is certainly another indication of what (1m saying about manifestation. ( have heard it said that many ages ago the 4ocky 'ountain and Cascade 'ountain 4anges were a center of a great civilization. ( do think the mountain areas are extra sensitive to spiritual vibration, usually of a higher order, but sometimes lower. We ourselves being extra sensitive to spiritual vibration, probably had come into contact with the manifestation of these being easier than, perhaps, the average person would have. !n the subCect of the &nowmen ( am not going to say 'asters told me this or that. (t would perhaps look impressive, but ( want to keep the record straight. 'asters have appeared in our home and talked with us, but not once do ( recall asking them anything on the subCect. &ince that day in 59$6, ( have went on and progressed and have learned much, and now ( can look back and put the puzzle together from the reservoir of knowledge ( have learned. (n the true sense everything in the material world is a manifestation. )ver since the time the first essence of consciousness formed from the +reat Hoid we cannot describe, different planes or dimensions of being were created or manifested. !ccasionally we of this dimension of space can be conscious of other beings of a different vibration and consciousness. The The *bominable &nowmen are from a lower plane.When the condition and vibration is at a certain fre-uency, they can easily, for a time, appear in a very solid body. They are not animal spirits, but also lack the intelligence of a human consciousness When reading of evolution we have read many times conCecture about the missing link between man and the *nthropoid *pe.

The &nowmen are a missing link in consciousness, neither animal nor human. They are very close to out dimension, and yet are a part of one lower. Could they be the missing link man has been so long searching forG The .uman &oul once dwelled in a spiritual body, and eventually incarnated, at the fall of man, into bodies like we have now. The beings we call *bominable &nowmen were not of the necessary high development to incarnate in human form. They had not reached that scale of spiritual evolution. They are the easiest beings materialized as evidenced by the many reports of their appearances to more people in recent years. (n fact, if the vibratory influence right for them is present they can manifest without any human being present at all. This accounts for the many tracks being seen along the mountain ranges of the West Coast and Canada. When this age or cycle of life that we are in moves on eventually to a higher cycle, and all life moves forward, these beings may stay and move up in consciousness in some other world in the far distant future. #erhaps the *pe @eings will toil the road of intelligence in that world which none of us can even imagine, and perhaps they too will lose nothing and gain by their experience. 'ost theories picture the &nowmen as material beings hiding in caves, and scampering over the mountains. The law of probability would be that eventually one would be found if their bodies were of physical construction only. (f one claims only the physical laws to explain their existence, then we can use a material logic to prove or disprove the premise. (f they are material life definite material evidence would surely be found. What material evidence we do have, in my opinion which ( believe firmly to be true, only shows material extrances into this plane, followed by the supernatural exits back into their own realm. ( and my companions have shot them, but could find no trace of them. (f they were material life like we know it to be on this globe, one would die naturally or accidentally and the remains be found. The easy way out for lots of people is to Cust consider it a wild tale. @ut too many people have seen them and the evidence is piling up to definitely prove this. The same line of escapism of thought concerning phenomenal sightings of lying &aucers is evident. * report recently showed 8,333,333 *mericans claimed to have seen lying &aucers. 'aterial things usually make a big splash in the material world, and spiritual things often do not make a ripple there. WhyG We can give proof of a phenomenon, but its nature is immersed in the &piritual and can only be explained by laws of the spiritual. @ut these happenings that seem strange to people is serving a very useful purpose B it is causing more people to think, and that is a path in the right direction. The *bominable &nowmen are Cust one small mystery among many. &ome day more people will conceive that the greatest proportion of life is a mystery, and he will seek and find solutions to them, and then the mysteries will be unveiled in their pure formsI and from that unveiling man

will find greater life. 'anifestation is made possible by vibration of power and certain fine substances. @eings manifested can be seen, heard, and take a definite form B sometimes less tangible but also, under other conditions, take a very tangible form. ( want to tell you a very amazing experience ( had in my mining days at 't. &t. .elens. ( was walking from &pirit Lake on the trail. (t was in the afternoon and ( was feeling a little lonely. *s ( came around a curve in the trail, ( met a very pleasant, beautiful young lady. &he began talking with me Cust as though she had always known me and had casually met me again. &he said her father was hunting and that she was headed back to her camp. &he had a Cacket with her, and she let me pack it as we walked along the trail together. &he told me all about herself and her father stating that she and her father came up every summer for an outing, to hunt, and to enCoy the beauties of nature. &he was one of the most pleasant persons ( had ever talked to in my life. When we parted, she told me where she and her father were camped, and asked me to visit them that evening. ( went, and had to walk about a mile. .er camp was east of ours, and -uite a distance for a young lady of eighteen, ( thought, to wander around in away from her father. When ( arrived at her camp, ( did not see her father, and never did see him. &he had a fire going, and a light colored blanket was spread out and she was sitting on it. (t was a warm summer evening, and we held another pleasant conversation. ( remember her telling me how she liked the fresh air of the mountains, and how wonderfully she loved nature. &he would be talking on a subCect, then pause and say, 0(sn1t that right, /adG0 This she said several times. There was no tent, cooking utensils, no food, and certaiply no visible father. The most amazing thing was ( did not at the time think her different than any other person. When she spoke to her invisible /ad, ( felt Cust like her /ad was there. ( left her and walked back to camp, but my mind seemed like it was a thousand miles away. ( could hear the other men talking, but it seemed like they were below me, and their voices sounded soft and distant. ( do not know anyone who had seen her but myself. !ne day we needed a pencil to make a description of our claim. We found we had not brought one along with us. )veryone was a little put out. @ut then it came B a pencil was in my hand. (t had tooth marks all over it. When that trip was over and ( was home, ( showed the pencil to my wife, and she said, 0Why, that1s a pencil ( bought when you were gone. .ow did you get itG0 &he said my oldest son, then a young tot, was chewing on it and she took it away from him and had put it in a drawer. &he went and looked and she found no pencil. (t is the time for the world to picF up its ears about the subCect of psychic phenomenon, and this more people are doing, but if there is a phenomenon, there is also a world from which its -ualities are manifested.

Chapter Four ) 9Part #: ;uestions and 7nswers Puestion2 0What is the purpose of this bookG0 *nswer2 0To set the record straight. The incident of 59$6 needs explaining that people can see it in fact. ( was involved in it. ( am K< now and wish to put the facts before the people. ( have never earned one cent from my experiences, and this is the first time ( have written anything on the subCect.0 Puestion2 0Can you tell of any colorful experiences you had on your trips to 't. &t. .elensG0 Nes, but ( cannot remember everything B that was over 63 years ago. ( wish ( could write more of such happenings, but ( must keep in the central theme of my book. ( remember one very dangerous thing2 we were bothered with rats in the cabin, and we would shoot at them with a pistol. !ne of us would hold a lantern while another would shoot. .ank had packed half a sack of dynamite inside the cabin, mistaking it for some potatoes one of the party had packed in. .e shot several rats off the sack before any of us realized what was in the sack. .e turned white as a sheet and had to sit down. *nd let me add another thing, if you boil beans in the mountains, put on a good lid and be patient.0 Puestion2 0.ow come you don1t use all the names of people in the storyG0 *nswer2 0To try and keep family harmony. (1d shout the truth from the housetops, but some people are sensitive about their past experiences when confronted with their present circumstances0 Puestion2 0What purpose could *bominable &nowmen have for existingG .ow can they fit in the plan of thingsG0 *nswer2 0&ometimes that -uestion is asked about all life, and more particularly about life other than human. When we speak of purpose we usually think of ourselves. ( think the main purpose lies in the beings themselves. They are a partof life, though different than we know life to be by our five senses. ( believe their main purpose is their desire to rise up higher and be something better. (f this is the case, then their life can be identified with the general progression of all life. ( am convinced by my own experiences and the many accounts ( have heard from others that they are very curious creatures, ( think if we had not shot at them they would have left us alone. ( think it possible that the curiosity is an instinct, or a search for a higher consciousness, possibly foreshadowing their coming into human coasciousness in another cycle of life. 'y advice to anyone who happens to see one is to be calm, and walk away, if on foot. !ffer no threat of force and (1m convinced no harm will come to you.0 Puestion2 0/o you think the 1blasting1 had anything to do with them attacking youG0

*nswer2 0%o, but it made them curious. !ur mistake was shooting them.0 Puestion2 0Could you explain what you mean by search for consciounessG *ren1t they conscious of somethingG0 *nswer2 0*ll life has some order of consciousness. &ome one might call the &nowmen a delayed race, awaiting for the highest expression of consciousness. That is the human consciousness. They seem to be curious about human beings more than anything elseI and ( think it possible, as time passes, they will manifest farther and farther away from the mountain ranges :which has been their natural, attractive habitat; and the time may come when you hear stories from cities of people seeing strange hairy like creatures. This is a distinct possibility. ?ust four days ago, ( received a letter from a friend from &eattle, Washington, and in it she told me of a lady who Cust recently had seen an *bominable &nowman right on the outskirts of Nakima, Washington. *nd as the letter stated, 0it was in or near her yard1.0 Puestion2 0/o you think people will see them in great numbers like they see lying &aucersG *nd do you wish to say anything about lying &aucersG0 *nswer2 0( doubt very much that they will be seen by tens of thousands of people like flying saucers. This is not a book on flying saucers, but ( will say that the nature of flying saucers is very high and lofty, and their purpose is important to us, the purpose of the *bominable &nowmen does not fit the aims of the life purpose in the degree as what the world calls >. .!21s.0 Puestion2 0.ow many apemen, by count, can you remember seeingG0 *nswer2 0( saw six ( could definitely count by number. ( realize now that ( had seen one years ago when ( was1a young man working in a logging camp near Felso, Washington. 'y brother and ( were -uartered in a tent. !ne night ( heard a rustling outside, and ( heard something pushing its way under our tent. * tall hairy figure stood before us watching us. (t scared my brother, who afterward said it was a large bear. @ut ( have seen enough bears to know that it was no bear. There was nothing else he knew to call it. >sually the mind will provide, in such a case, what seems like the only logical answer, even though what is seen does not fit the explanation at all. They think they must find an answer in the manner they are accustomed to finding it or the mind is not at rest. >nfamiliar things tend to disturb people. To learn of higher things of life there must be a shaking of concepts, 'an can then rise to a higher consciousness which is really his natural state. .e will begin to test things in the test tube of wisdom. Wisdom is the best medicine for man,kind.0 Puestion2 0Nou speak of telling the truth. /o you think you telling people the truth about *bominable &nowmen will help them understand truthG0 *nswer2 0&omehow ( was given this experience, and it can only be to use for good. or years ( never gave it much thought. ( grew in wisdom and came to understand many spiritual things. &omehow ( have received a key, and what ( can open with it, people need badly. ( look on my experience as a little mustard seed. )xplain it to

people, and it should certainly be explained, and many other doors :or people1s consciouness; will be opened. This is Cust one purpose of flying saucers. (t is the /ivine confounding the wisdom of the proud and material minded.0 Puestion2 0Can you tell a little more about the *pemen1s physical appearanceG0 *nswer2 0They are about seven feet tall, but many people have seen larger ones. They had large ears and a head that was in proportion with their large muscular body. Their shoulders were tremendous but they had slim hips. They were hairy but not shaggy. (n general they possess a very stout physical frame, but looked more like a giant human than an ape.0 Puestion2 0/o you think you and your companions hit the *pemen you shot atG0 *nswer2 0We certainly did. !ur eyes were keen in those days, and we were expert shots. When .ank shot the one peeking around the tree, he exclaimed, 1/on1t worry about that devil, red, ( got him right in the headO1 Later on ( examined the tree and there were three nicks where the bark had been grooved by his bullets. The one ( shot by *pe Canyon, ( had plainly in my sights. .e Cust tumbled over into the deep gorge. &ome people think the melting snow water, which flows heavily summer afternoons, washed him away. &ome others think the creatures came and packed their own away, and retired with them back to hidden lava caves. 'y views are plain on the subCect.0 Puestion2 0/id you say another *pehunt is on now similar to the one in 59$6G0 *nswer2 0This ( have heard. There is some difference in as much as this one will be an organized expedition and the one in 59$6 was a wild array of confusion. !n my trip back a man even took a shot at me. .e was on a hill above me. ( shot right back, my bullets kicking the dust up around his feet. There was a ranger with me and he was -uite put out and scolded me. The man came down the hill B he was carrying a gunny sack full of bread with him. &uch was the confusion then, The expedition now is a good thing B let the young men explore, nothing could better than for them to try and solve one of life1s little mysteries. (t should in time lead them to the gates of psychicism.0 Puestion2 0What do you mean by other dimensionsG0 *nswer2 0(t is hard to classify a spiritual subCect and apply a system to it. (t is a difference in time, space and the movement of matter. They are different planes of consciousness. .uman consciousness is the highest form we know because all human life has the spark of the /ivine Consciousness in their soul. @ut this world in which we live is not the only dimension that has human life. There are other planes of life, immaterial in comparison to our materiality. &ome of these planes, such as the ones mentioned above, are high, but there are also lower dimensions.0 Puestion2 0( wonder what people would have thought if the *pemen had killed everyone of the

59$6 partyG0 *nswer2 0That is a very hypothetical -uestion. There was enough physical force present to kill more than the number of our party. (f that fate had fallen on us in 59$6, they probably would have found five wrangled bodies and a disheveled cabin, and strange large tracks around the area. !f course, there would have been an investigation, but a so called logical explanation would have been given.0 Puestion2 0.ow would you feel if time proves you wrong, and shows the .airy *pes to be physical beingsG0 *nswer2 0To me that appears to firmly be an impossibility. @ut Cust say it did happen2 it is no sin to be wrong Cust as it does not make a person a saint to be right. ( am confident that they are mainfested beings, and ( offer that as fact.0 Puestion2 0(s it not claimed that some people found their excrements in CaliforniaG0 *nswer2 0Nes, that is what ( heardI but it does not change my mind at all, but strengthens what ( believe and know.0 Puestion 0.ow can it possibly do thatG0 *nswer2 0(f it is the excrements of *bominable &nowmen, this is what happened2 did not ( tell you there was a distinct possibility of them appearing greater distances away from the mountain rangesG #hysical evidence such as this shows a greater predominance or presence on the physical plane. They take on the physical nature for a time, and the excrements, having been derived from physical elements, remain. *ll this Cust proves a stronger physical manifestation by these beings which should result in more sightings as time goes on.0 9Part ': 1iscellaneous -elections *n (ndian once told me if ( ever saw a 0&elahtik0 to make sure ( expressed to them that ( was friendly, and the way to do it, he said was to take some cedar boughs and wave it at them, and in that way they would know ( had come in peace. When ( speak of *bominable &nowmen as being an lower order of life ( was not inferring that they are evil or bad. They Cust function on a plane lower than the human plane. %either are they completely dull minded with no sense of what they are doing. (n some of their encounters with people, they have displayed -uite a degree of cleverness.

* colorful incident occurred when we reached the ranger station at &pirit Lake after the attack on our cabin. The ranger, @ill Welch, is dead now, but ( had the honor to meet him again at my son1s house in *mboy, Washington, several years ago, and we reminisced the incident again2 .ank had walked to the ranger1s -uarters looking for him. 'r. Welch was outside in the barn where he had his pack horses. .ank, after speaking to 'r. Welch1s wife, started for the barn

and met 'r. Welch half way. .ank told him he had shot a mountain devil, and 'r. Welch asked if he did not mean a bear. .ank said, 0%o, a mountain devilO0 *nd 'r. Welch asked if he meant a wolverine, and .ank answered again, 0%o, a mountain devilO0

&ome people have claimed to have been kidnapped by *bominable &nowmen. ( can neither affirm nor deny this by any knowledge ( have on the subCect. (s it not one of the hardest tasks of life to separate precious pebbles of truth from out of the -uarry of professionG Net it is our supreme task to separate them B by our enlightenment, forsaking the shadows with light that will banish the shadows. ( once found a cave which is located near the point where *pe Canyon Creek empties into @ear Lake. (t was about 5$ feet wide and $3 feet in length. The cave was Cust a few feet above the waterline. ( entered the cave and found a whole heap of fish bones. @ones of other animals were plentiful too. What is the diet of the &nowmenG This incident could possibly shed some light on the -uestion. !f all the newspaper articles written about the experience in 59$6, ( only have two. (n another book out now there are dozens of reprinted stories telling of people1s encounters with *bominable &nowmen. The main purpose of this book is to tell my experiences. (n the early articles there was much skepticism expressed, but down through the years the experience has evolved into an attitude by the local papers of fond, though mildly skeptical, folklore. (t is a story that sounds interesting to many people, and they have revolved it into a legend. 4ecenty ( have heard that there are plans to make the *pe Canyon location into a &tate #ark. !ur mine, The Hander White, was located on the cliff of *pe Canyon, north side, and we had to use ropes to get up and down. There was a small ledge there, but we blasted a larger one. &ome stories state we used pack horses to pack our ore out, but the fact is that we never took any out. * few nuggets was the only gold ( ever obtained, and they were found in different locations. &ome stories say thatwe must have experienced a rock slide, and fabricated a tale of *pemen attacking our cabin. This could only have been written by someone who has never been there. *s previously stated there are very few rocks there and there was certainly no slide. When ( returned with the reporters, we found the things we left behind all strewed around in the cabin. To this day, ( do not know what became of the blasting powder we left behind. )ven before our experience in 59$6, ( heard reports of little sapling trees being twisted apart. *nd (, myself, saw the same things in the 't. &t. .elen1s area. &ome ( saw were freshly twisted. Work of the *bominable &nowmenG %o man had that much strength.

Chapter Fi,e ) +heories on the 8rigin of 7bominable -nowmen When ( wrote of the psychic nature of these beings, ( showed how people had come to see them. The manifestation takes place as a result of an energized substance surrounding these beings. To what degree the average person sighting them has a part in this, ( am not prepared to say. @ut ( do know that some persons who are psychic have a degree of involvement in a sighting and help trigger the phenomenon. %ow, for a little while, let us look backward in time and consider the origin of *bominable &nowmen. *s we are departing from our understanding of what we know them to be today, and are going back infinitely in time, we are looking into a past land unexplored except by a few adept ones. ( received this glimpse of time by inspiration but present it to you as a theory B for such it has to be. * man would be a fool if he stated such intangible explorations to be absolute fact. @ut an exploration is a starting point right or wrong in its conclusions. &omeone may challenge it by presenting a better concept B or add to it, or take a little away. &o let us look back many thousands of years in time2 @efore man incarnated in a physical body, the earth was much different than it is today. The air had much moisture and you and (, of today would not have been able to breathe it. &trange creatures were roaming the earth and flying through the air. These creatures were all intermingled B many, many kinds of materiality. &ome were conscious of the other and some were not conscious of the other. The appearance of these creatures was such that we could only call them monstrosities. &ome of these imperfect creatures slowly died out, or their kind of materiality ceased to exist in the same form and changed and went back into the universal source. Their form of consciousness incarnated again ages later in a higher life, namely primitive animal life. (n the case of others of a different construction they evolved into nature spirits. &ome retained their nature, changing very slowly, and remain on lower planes. The beings we are considering in this book had their origin in this period of great chaos, evolving very slowly to their present nature. ( do not wish to go beyond this point, and so let us return to the present. ( have found that most (ndians know more about *bominable &nowmen than one white man in a thousand. *fter the incident of 59$6 ( visited a dentist to have a tooth pulled. (t was a little town in )astern Washington. *s ( was coming out of the dentist office a man came up to me and asked2 0*re you the man who ( read about in the papers who was attacked by *pemenG0 ( told him ( was. 0Could you come with meG0 he asked. 0There is someone who would like to talk with you.0 .e took me to a tavern where he introduced me to 53 or 5$ Nakima (ndians. They wanted to make sure ( was the man, and when they were, and after asking me some -uestions, they told me about the 0&elahtiks0, the name by which they knew the *bominable &nowmen. They said the (ndians knew about them, but white men never believed the tales of (ndians. They said they were very careful never to go where they knew them to be, and if they ever found themselves in their presence they were doubly careful not to offend them. 0(f you ever harm one, they will get even,0one (ndian said. 0They never forget.0

They told me the 0&elahtiks0 migrated into Canada, and in fact traveled the mountain ranges nearly to 'exico. !ne of their favorite methods of traveling was floating down rivers at night, 0like logs0. They told tales about them running away with s-uaws. When ( asked them what they were, they replied, not like a man and not like a spirit, but in between. !ne (ndian, who must have been pretty well educated, said, 0They have not come out of evolution.0 With all the profound sightings reported it is probable that many sightings remain unreported. * friend of mine was fishing, .e strung a number of trout on a stick and laid them on a rock. .e walked down,stream and waded out into the river to continue his fishing. * little later he looked back and saw one of the hairy creatures picking up his string of fish. .e was thrashing them against the rock. &ome other friends were camped in the area. !ne morning they awoke to find their fire wood scattered along the trail, for a -uarter mile. !nce a friend and his wife saw an *peman on the main road leading to &pirit LakeI Washington. .e looked as though he was basking in the afternoon sun about K3 yards from the road. When his wife saw it, she began screaming. Then, my friend said, the thing Cust got up and walked away. ( have told of my past experiences, and have tried to explain about the present sightirigs. What does the future hold regarding the #henomenon of *bominable &nowmenG #erhaps some psychic will enter into their investigation. .e will probably keep records and have reliable witnesses to observe his work and to report his findings to the world. &ightings of *bominable &nowmen have been reported at various times from every maCor continent. They were of different appearances and sizes and the records of them date back many years. (s there an interrelated race of these beings awaiting their proper day of evolutionG ( am of the opinion that evolution is not only a law of the material world, but also the law of all the worlds we cannot perceive by the medium of our five senses. )verything seen and unseen is life and all life is progressive and changing. *re these beings even now evolving by stages into a higher consciousnessG Could they,indeed, be the missing link between man and the anthropoidG * link between material life and immaterial lifeG Will these beings who are wandering the earth today, and who present a weird image to us now, some day, some distant age from now, evolve into the noble ranks of human intelligenceG The answer to these -uestions cannot be answered by expeditions. (t can only come by man knowing more about his true self and more about the universe in which he dwells. &cience has reached near perfection in material knowledge, but has reached the borderland through which no finite intellect can pass. *ll life can be studied, but man will have to look into himself to tap a spiritual power and realize the spiritual laws and reason with a spiritual mind. 'an will have to break the little material shell he has around himself, which says this far you can only go and there is nothing more. What is outside that shell is pure life and it is even above

and of an higher order than material life, though material and spiritual life would work in harmony if we would let it work. ( have lived this experience with *bominable &nowmen. ( have encountered them on the slopes of 't. &t. .elens. ( have looked deep into myself to tell you of their nature. ( have had both the earthly experience of encountering them by *pe Canyon, and the spiritual experience of knowing and telling what they are. ( have walked through the messy cliffs of *pe Canyon, and seen a primeval loneliness, reminiscent of life as it must have been years ago. ( have explored the distant future which beckons to us with hope. ( have told you my story and it is true. *bominable &nowmen are a part of the creation. Will we hear much more from themG Will their habitat change from selected mountains to nearer our populous citiesG ( think they will. They are Cust one little mystery from the ocean of mysteries

TH) EIA0G O7 )H6A&AH <AH6)0

(f we are to believe the /iary of )lkanah Walker, pioneer *merican missionary in Washington &tate to the &pokane (ndians, he wrote2 0@ear with me if ( trouble you with a little of their superstitions. They believe in a race of giants, which inhabit a certain mountain off to the west of us. This mountain is covered with perpetual snow. They :the creatures; inhabit the snow peaks. They hunt and do all their work at night. They are men stealers. They come to the people1s lodges at night when the people are asleep and take them and put them under their skins and to their place of abode without even waking. Their track is a foot and a half long. They steal salmon from (ndian nets and eat then raw as the bears do. (f the people are awake, they always know when they are coming very near by their strong smell that is most intolerable. (t is not uncommon for them to come in the night and give three whistles and then the stones will begin to hit their houses.0 :/rury 59KA, pp. 5$$,5$7; 4everend Walker1s established mission was approximately located twenty,five miles northwest of present day &pokane, W*. .is diary entry of the snow peak to the west could be one of several peaks in the Cascade 4ange such as 't. @aker, 't. 4ainier, 't *dams or 'ount &t. .elens or possibly he could have meant 't. .ood on the !regon side of the Columbia 4iver. @ut &as-uatch researchers,

myself among them, generally believe the missionary was referring to 't. &t. .elens which has always carried legends of &as-uatches, ape,like men and of course the 59$6 story of red @eck in *pe Canyon. 'issionary Walker also penned pre,civil war references to this beautiful 't. &t. .elens as a place where the white man and the (ndians never fre-uented 0and who assert it is inhabited by a race of beings of a different species, who are cannibals and whom they hold in great dread.0 (n his private writings, he declared the (ndians called these different beings 0&eatcoes or &elahticks.0 Words, which he thought at the time of his writings possibly referred to renegade or outcast (ndians banished from tribal villages and not the elusive timber giant. !f this referential point we can1t be sure, but his diaries were the first to make mention of it

<IHHIAM 0O)FS S<O0& A77IEAIIT

(, W. 4oe of the City of )dmonton, in the province of *lberta make oath and say, :5; That the exhibit * attached to this, my affidavit, is absolutely true and correct in all details. &worn before me in the City of )dmonton, #rovince of *lberta, this $Ath day of *ugust, *./. 598K. :&igned; William 4oe :&igned; by W... Clark *ssistant Claims *gent %umber /./. $<$$ )".(@(T *. )ver since ( was a small boy back in the forest of 'ichigan, ( have studied the lives and habits of wild animals. Later, when ( supported my family in %orthern *lberta by hunting and trapping, ( spent many hours Cust observing the wild things. They fascinated me. @ut the most incredible experience ( ever had with a wild creature occurred near a little town called Tete ?aune Cache, @ritish Columbia, about eighty miles west of ?asper, *lberta. ( had been working on the highway near Tete ?aune Cache for about two years. (n !ctober, 5988, ( decided to climb five miles up 'ica 'ountain to an old deserted mine, Cust for something to do. ( came in sight of the mine about three o1clock in the afternoon after an easy climb. ( had Cust come out of a patch of low brush into a clearing when ( saw what ( thought was a grizzly bear, in the bush on the other side. ( had shot a grizzly near that spot the year before. This one was only about K8 yards away, but ( didn1t want to shoot it, for ( had no way of getting it out. &o ( sat down on a small rock and watched, my rifle in my hands.

( could see part of the animal1s head and the top of one shoulder. * moment later it raised up and stepped out into the opening. Then ( saw it was not a bear. This, to the best of my recollection, is what the creature looked like and how it acted as it came across the clearing directly toward me. 'y first impression was of a huge man, about six feet tall, almost three feet wide, and probably weighing somewhere near three hundred pounds. (t was covered from head to foot with dark brown silver,tipped hair. @ut as it came closer ( saw by its breasts that it was female.

+he 1ica 1ountain -as<uatch3 drawn under &oe6s direction by his daughter

*nd yet, its torso was not curved like a female1s. (ts broad frame was straight from shoulder to hip. (ts arms were much thicker than a man1s arms, and longer, reaching almost to its knees. (ts feet were broader proportionately than a man1s, about five inches wide at the front and tapering to much thinner heels. When it walked it placed the heel of its foot down first, and ( could see the grey,brown skin or hide on the soles of its feet. (t came to the edge of the bush ( was hiding in, within twenty feet of me, and s-uatted down on its haunches. 4eaching out its hands it pulled the branches of bushes toward it and stripped the leaves with its teeth. (ts lips curled flexibly around the leaves as it ate. ( was close enough to see that its teeth were white and even. The shape of this creature1s head somewhat resembled a %egro1s. The head was higher at the back than at the front. The nose was broad and flat. The lips and chin protruded farther than its nose. @ut the hair that covered it, leaving bare only the parts of its face around the mouth, nose and ears, made it resemble an animal as much as a human. %one of this hair, even on the back of its head, was longer than an inch, and that on its face was much shorter. (ts ears were shaped like a human1s ears. @ut its eyes were small and black like a bear1s. *nd its neck also was unhuman. Thicker and shorter than any

man1s ( had ever seen. *s ( watched this creature, ( wondered if some movie company was making a film at this place and that what ( saw was an actor, made up to look partly human and partly animal. @ut as ( observed it more, ( decided it would be impossible to fake such a specimen. *nyway, ( learned later there was no such company near that area. %or, in fact, did anyone live up 'ica 'ountain, according to the people who lived in Tete ?aune Cache. inally the wild thing must have got my scent, for it looked directly at me through an opening in the brush. * look of amazement crossed its face. (t looked so comical at the moment ( had to grin. &till in a crouched position, it backed up three or four short steps, then straightened up to its full height and started to walk rapidly back the way it had come. or a moment it watched me over its shoulder as it went, not exactly afraid, but as though it wanted no contact with anything strange. The thought came to me that if ( shot it, ( would possibly have a specimen of great interest to scientists the world over. ( had heard stories of the &as-uatch, the giant hairy (ndians that live in the legends of @ritish Columbia (ndians, and also many claim, are still in fact alive today. 'aybe this was a &as-uatch, ( told myself. ( levelled my rifle. The creature was still walking rapidly away, again turning its head to look in my direction. ( lowered the rifle. *lthough ( have called the creature 0it0, ( felt now that it was a human being and ( knew ( would never forgive myself if ( killed it. ?ust as it came to the other patch of brush it threw its head back and made a peculiar noise that seemed to be half laugh and half language, and which ( can only describe as a kind of a whinny. Then it walked from the small brush into a stand of lodgepole pine. ( stepped out into the opening and looked across a small ridge Cust beyond the pine to see if ( could see it again. (t came out on the ridge a couple of hundred yards away from me, tipped its head back again, and again emitted the only sound ( had heard it make, but what this half, laugh, half,language was meant to convey, ( do not know. (t disappeared then, and ( never saw it again. ( wanted to find out if it lived on vegetation entirely or ate meat as well, so ( went down and looked for signs. ( found it in five different places, and although ( examined it thoroughly, could find no hair or shells of bugs or insects. &o ( believe it was strictly a vegetarian. ( found one place where it had slept for a couple of nights under a tree. %ow, the nights were cool up the mountain, at this time of year especially, and yet it had not used a fire. ( found no sign that it possessed even the simplest of tools. %or a single companion while in this place. Whether this was a &as-uatch ( do not know. (t will always remain a mystery to me, unless another one is found. ( hereby declare the above statement to be in every part true, to the best of my powers of observation and recollection. :&igned; William 4oe

AH:)0T OSTMA&FS STO0G

( have always followed logging and construction work. This time ( had worked over one year on a construction Cob, and thought a good vacation was in order. @. C. is famous for lost gold mines. !ne is supposed to be at the head of Toba (nlet B why not look for this mine and have a vacation at the same timeG ( took the >nion &teamship boat to Lund, @.C. rom there ( hired an old (ndian to take me to the head of Toba (nlet. This old (ndian was a very talkative old gentleman. .e told me stories about gold brought out by a white man from this lost mine. This white man was a very heavy drinker B spent his money freely in saloons. @ut he had no trouble in getting more money. .e would be away a few days, then come back with a bag of gold. @ut one time he went to his mine and never came back. &ome people said a &as-uatch had killed him. *t that time ( had never heard of &as-uatch. &o ( asked what kind of an animal he called a &as-uatch. The (ndian said, 0They have hair all over their bodies, but they are not animals. They are people. @ig people living in the mountains. 'y uncle saw the tracks of one that were two feet long. !ne old (ndian saw one over eight feet tall.0 ( told the (ndian ( didn1t believe in their old fables about mountain giants. (t might have been some thousands of years ago, but not nowadays. The (ndian said2 0There may not be many, but they still exist.0 We arrived at the head of the inlet about 6233 p.m. ( made camp at the mouth of a creek ...The (ndian had supper with me, and ( told him to look out for me in about three weeks. ( would be camping at the same spot when ( came back ... %ext morning ( took my rifle with me, but left my e-uipment at the camp. ( decided to look around for some deer trail to lead me up into the mountains. !n the way up the inlet ( had seen a pass in the mountain that ( wanted to go through, to see what was on the other side.

7lbert 8stman tal0ing to author =ohn >reen

( spent most of the forenoon looking for a trail but found none, except for a hogback running down to the beach. &o ( swamped out a trail from there, got back to my camp about 7233 p.m. that afternoon, and made up my pack to be ready in the morning. 'y e-uipment consisted of one 73, 73 Winchester rifle, ( had a special home,made prospecting pick, axe on one end, pick on the other. ( had a leather case for this pick which fastened to my belt, also my sheath knife. The storekeeper at Lund was co,operative. .e gave me some cans for my sugar, salt and matches to keep them dry. 'y grub consisted mostly of canned stuff, except for a side of bacon, a bag of beans, four pounds of prunes and six packets of macaroni, cheese, three pounds of pancake flour and six packets of 4ye Fing hard tack, three rolls of snuff, one -uart sealer of butter and two one,pound cans of milk. ( had two boxes of shells for my rifle. The storekeeper gave me a biscuit tin. ( put a few things in that and cached it under a windfall, so ( would have it when ( came back here waiting for a boat to bring me out. 'y sleeping bag ( rolled up and tied on top of my pack sack, together with my ground sheet, small frying pan, and one aluminum pot that held about a gallon. *s my canned food was used, ( would get plenty of empty cans to cook with. The following morning ( had an early breakfast, made up my pack, and started out up this hogback. 'y pack must have been at least eighty pounds, besides my rifle. *fter one hour, ( had to rest. ( kept resting and climbing all that morning. *bout $233 p.m. ( came to a flat place below a rock bluff. There was a bunch of willow in one place. ( made a wooden spade and started digging for water. *bout a foot down ( got seepings of water, so ( decided to camp here for the night, and scout around for the best way to get on from here. ( must have been up to near a thousand feet. There was a most beautiful view over the islands and the &trait B tugboats with log booms, and fishing boats going in all directions. * lovely spot. ( spent the following day prospecting round. @ut no sign of minerals. ( found a deer trail leading towards this pass that ( had seen on my way up the inlet. The following morning ( started out early, while it was cool. (t was steep climbing with my heavy pack. *fter a three hours climb, ( was tired and stopped to rest. !n the other side of a ravine from where ( was resting was a yellow spot below some small trees. ( moved over there and started digging for water.

( found a small spring and made a small trough from cedar bark and got a small amount of water, had my lunch and rested here 1till evening ... ( made it over the pass late that night. %ow ( had downhill and good going, but ( was hungry and tired, so ( camped at the first bunch of trees ( came to ... ( was trying to size up the terrain B what direction ( would take from here. Towards west would lead to low land and some other inlet, so ( decided to go in a northeast direction ... had good going and slight down hill all day. ( must have made 53 miles when ( came to a small spring and a big black hemlock tree. This was a lovely campsite, ( spent two days here Cust resting and prospecting. The first night here ( shot a small deer... :Two days later; ... ( found an exceptionally good campsite. (t was two good,sized cypress trees growing close together and near a rock wall with a nice spring Cust below these trees. ( intended to make this my permanent camp. ( cut lots of brush for my bed between these trees. ( rigged up a pole from this rock wall to hang my packsack on, and ( arranged some flat rocks for my fireplace for cooking. ( had a really classy setup... *nd that is when things began to happen. ( am a heavy sleeper, not much disturbs me after ( go to sleep, especially on a good bed like ( had now. %ext morning ( noticed things had been disturbed during the night. @ut nothing missing ( could see. ( roasted my grouse on a stick for breakfast... That night ( filled up the magazine of my rifle. ( still had one full box of $3 shells and six shells in my coat pocket. That night ( laid my rifle under the edge of my sleeping bag. ( thought a porcupine had visited me the night before and porkies like leather, so ( put my shoes in the bottom of my sleeping bag. %ext morning my pack sack had been emptied out. &ome one had turned the sack upside down. (t was still hanging on the pole from the shoulder straps as i had hung it up. Then ( noticed one half,pound package of prunes was missing. *lso my pancake flour was missing, but my salt bag was not touched. #orkies always look for salt, so ( decided it must be something else than porkies. ( looked for tracks but found none. ( did not think it was a bear, they always tear up and make a mess of things. ( kept close to camp these days in case this visitor would come back. ( climbed up on a big rock where ( had a good view of the camp, but nothing showed up. ( was hoping it would be a porky, so ( would get a good porky stew. These visits had now been going on for three nights... This night it was cloudy and looked like it might rain. ( took special notice of how everything was arranged. ( closed my pack sack, ( did not undress, ( only took off my shoes, put them in the bottom of my sleeping bag. ( drove my prospecting pick into one of the cypress trees so ( could reach it from my bed. ( also put the rifle alongside me, inside my sleeping bag. ( fully intended to stay awake all night to find out who my visitor was, but ( must have fallen asleep. ( was awakened by something picking me up. ( was half asleep and at first ( did not remember where ( was. *s ( began to get my wits together, ( remembered ( was on this prospecting trip, and in my sleeping bag. 'y first thought was B it must be a snow slide, but there was no snow around my camp. Then it felt like (

was tossed on horseback, but ( could feel whoever it was, was walking. ( tried to reason out what kind of animal this could be. ( tried to get at my sheath knife, and cut my way out, but ( was in an almost sitting position, and the knife was under me. ( could not get hold of it, but the rifle was in front of me, ( had a good hold of that, and had no intention to let go of it. *t times ( could feel my packsack touching me, and could feel the cans in the sack touching my back. *fter what seemed like an hour, ( could feel we were going up a steep hill. ( could feel myself rise for every step. What was carrying me was breathing hard and sometimes gave a slight cough. %ow, ( knew this must be one of the mountain &as-uatch giants the (ndian told me about. ( was in a very uncomfortable position B unable to move. ( was sitting on my feet, and one of the boots in the bottom of the bag was crossways with the hobnail sole up across my foot. (t hurt me terribly, but ( could not move. (t was very hot inside. (t was lucky for me this fellow1s hand was not big enough to close up the whole bag when he picked me up B there was a small opening at the top, otherwise ( would have choked to death. %ow he was going downhill. ( could feel myself touching the ground at times and at one time he dragged me behind him and ( could feel he was below me. Then he seemed to get on level ground and was going at a trot for a long time. @y this time, ( had cramps in my legs, the pain was terrible. ( was wishing he would get to his destination soon. ( could not stand this type of transportation much longer. %ow he was going uphill again. (t did not hurt me so bad. ( tried to estimate distance and directions. *s near as ( could guess we were about three hours travelling. ( had no idea when he started as ( was asleep when he picked me up. inally he stopped and let me down. Then he dropped my packsack, ( could hear the cans rattle. Then ( heard chatter B some kind of talk ( did not understand. The ground was sloping so when he let go of my sleeping bag, ( rolled downhill. ( got my head out, and got some air. ( tried to straighten my legs and crawl out, but my legs were numb. (t was still dark, ( could not see what my captors looked like. ( tried to massage my legs to get some life in them, and get my shoes on. ( could hear now it was at least four of them, they were standing around me, and continuously chattering. ( had never heard of &as-uatch before the (ndian told me about them. @ut ( knew ( was right among them. @ut how to get away from them, that was another -uestionG ( got to see the outline of them now, as it began to get lighter, though the sky was cloudy, and it looked like rain, in fact there was a slight sprinkle. ( now had circulation in my legs, but my left foot was very sore on top where it had been resting on my hobnail boots. ( got my boots out from the sleeping bag and tried to stand up. ( found that ( was wobbly on my feet, but ( had a good hold of my rifle. ( asked, 0What you fellows want with meG0 !nly some more chatter. (t was getting lighter now, and ( could see them -uite clearly. ( could make out forms of four people. Two

big and two little ones. They were all covered with hair and no clothes on at all. ( could now make out mountains all around me. ( looked at my watch. (t was 62$8 a.m. (t was getting lighter now and ( could see the people clearly. They look like a family, old man, old lady and two young ones, a boy and a girl. The boy and the girl seem to be scared of me. The old lady did not seem too pleased about what the old man dragged home. @ut the old man was waving his arms and telling them all what he had in mind. They all left me then. ( had my compass and my prospecting glass on strings around my neck. The compass in my lefthand shirt pocket and my glass in my right hand pocket. 5 tried to reason our location, and where ( was. ( could see now that ( was in a small valley or basin about eight or ten acres, surrounded by high mountains, on the southeast side there was a H,shaped opening about eight feet wide at the bottom and about twenty feet high at the highest point B that must be the way ( came in. @ut how will ( get outG The old man was now sitting near this opening. ( moved my belongings up close to the west wall. There were two small cypress trees there, and this will do for a shelter for the time being. >ntil ( find out what these people want with me, and how to get away from here. ( emptied out my packsack to see what ( had left in the line of food. *ll my canned meat and vegetables were intact and ( had one can of coffee. *lso three small cans of milk B two packages of 4ye Fing hard tack and my butter sealer half full of butter. @ut my prunes and macaroni were missing. *lso my full box of shells for my rifle. ( had my sheath knife but my prospecting pick was missing and my can of matches. ( only had my safety box full and that held only about a dozen matches. That did not worry me B ( can always start a fire with my prospecting glass when the sun is shining, if ( got dry wood. ( wanted hot coffee, but ( had no wood, also nothing around here that looked like wood. ( had a good look over the valley from where ( was B but the boy and girl were always watching me from behind some Cuniper bush. ( decided there must be some water around here. The ground was leaning towards the opening in the wall. There must be water at the upper end of this valley, there is green grass and moss along the bottom. *ll my utensils were left behind. ( opened my coffee tin and emptied the coffee in a dishtowel and tied it with the metal strip from the can. ( took my rifle and the can and went looking for water. 4ight at the head under a cliff there was a lovely spring that disappeared underground. ( got a drink, and a full can of water. When ( got back the young boy was looking over my belongings, but did not touch anything. !n my way back ( noticed where these people were sleeping. !n the east side wall of this valley was a shelf in the mountain side, with overhanging rock, looking something like a big undercut in a big tree about 53 feet deep and 73 feet wide. The floor was covered with lots of dry moss, and they had some kind of blankets woven of narrow strips of cedar bark, packed with dry moss. They looked very practical and warm B with no need of washing. The first day not much happened. ( had to eat my food cold. The young fellow was coming nearer me, and seemed curious about me. 'y one snuff box was empty, so ( relied it toward him. When he saw it coming, he sprang up -uick as a cat, and grabbed it. .e went over to his sister and showed her. They found out how to open and close it B they spent a long time playing with it B then he trotted over to the old man and showed him. They had a long chatter. %ext morning, ( made up my mind to leave this place B if ( had to shoot my way out. ( could not stay much longer, ( had only enough grub to last me till ( got back to Toba (nlet. ( did not know the direction but ( would go down hill and ( would come out near civilization some place. ( rolled up my sleeping bag, put that inside

my pack sack B packed the few cans ( had B swung the sack on my back, inCected the shell in the barrel of my rifle and started for the opening in the wall. The old man got up, held up his hands as though he would push me back. ( pointed to the opening. ( wanted to go out. @ut he stood there pushing towards me B and said something that sounded like 0&oka, soka.0 ( backed up to about sixty feet. ( did not want to be too close, ( thought, if ( had to shoot my way out. * 73,73 might not have much effect on this fellow, it might make him mad. ( only had six shells so ( decided to wait. There must be a better way than killing him, in order to get out from here. ( went back to my campsite to figure out some other way to get out. ( could make friends with the young fellow or the girl, they might help me. (f ( only could talk to them. Then ( thought of a fellow who saved himself from a mad bull by blinding him with snuff in his eyes. @ut how will ( get near enough to this fellow to put snuff in his eyesG &o ( decided next time ( give the young fellow my snuff box to leave a few grains of snuff in it. .e might give the old man a taste of it. @ut the -uestion is, in what direction will ( go, if ( should get outG ( must have been near $8 miles northeast of Toba (nlet when ( was kidnapped. This fellow must have travelled at least $8 miles in the three hours he carried me. (f he went west we would be near salt water B same thing if he went south B therefore he must have gone northeast. (f ( then keep going south and over two mountains, ( must hit salt water someplace between Lund and Hancouver. The following day ( did not see the old lady till about 6233 p.m. &he came home with her arms full of grass and twigs and of all kinds of spruce and hemlock as well as some kind of nuts that grow in the ground. ( have seen lots of them on Hancouver (sland. The young fellow went up the mountain to the east every day, he could climb better than a mountain goat. .e picked some kind of grass with long sweet roots. .e gave me some one day B they tasted very sweet. ( gave him another snuff box with about a teaspoon of snuff in it. .e tasted it, then went to the old man B he licked it with his tongue. They had a long chat. ( made a dipper from a milk can. ( made many dippers B you can use them for pots too B you cut two slits near the top of any can B then cut a limb from any small tree B cut down back of the limb down the stem of the tree B then taper the part you cut from the stem. Then cut a hole in the tapered part, slide the tapered part in the slit you have made in the can, and you have a good handle on your can. ( threw one over to the young fellow, that was playing near my camp, he picked it up and looked at it then he went to the old man and showed it to him. They had a long chatter. Then he came to me, pointed at the dipper then at his sister. ( could see that he wanted one for her too. ( had other peas and carrots, so ( made one for his sister. .e was standing only eight feet away from me. When ( had made the dipper, ( dipped it in water and drank from it, he was very pleased, almost smiled at me. Then ( took a chew of snuff, smacked my lips, said that1s good. The young fellow pointed to the old man, said something that sounded like 0!ok.0 ( got the idea that the old man liked snuff, and the young fellow wanted a box for the old man. ( shook my head. ( motioned with my hands for the old man to come to me. ( do not think the young fellow understood what ( meant. .e went to his sister and gave her the dipper ( made for her. They did not come near me again that day. ( had now been here six days, but ( was sure ( was making progress. (f only ( could get the old man to come over to me, get him to eat a full box of snuff that would kill him for sure, and that way kill himself, ( wouldn1t be guilty of murder. The old lady was a meek old thing. The young fellow was by this time -uite friendly. The girl would not hurt anybody. .er chest was flat like a boy1s B no development like young ladies. ( am sure if ( could get the old man out of the way ( could easily have brought this girl out with me to civilization. @ut what good would

that have beenG ( would have to keep her in a cage for public display. ( don1t think we have any right to force our way of life on other people, and ( don1t think they would like it. :The noise and racket in a modern city they would not like any more than ( do.; The young fellow might have been between 55,5< years old and about seven feet tall and might weight about 733 lbs. .is chest would be 83,88 inches, his waist about 7A,7< inches. .e had wide Caws, narrow forehead, that slanted upward round at the back about four or five inches higher than the forehead. The hair on their heads was about six inches long. The hair on the rest of their body was short and thick in places. The women1s hair on the forehead had an upward turn like some women have B they call it bangs, among women1s hair,do1s. %owadays the old lady could have been anything between 63,K3 years old. &he was over seven feet tall. &he would be about 833,A33 pounds. &he had very wide hips, and a goose,like walk. &he was not built for beauty or speed. &ome of those lovable brassieres and uplifts would have been a great improvement on her looks and her figure. The man1s eyeteeth were longer than the rest of the teeth, but not long enough to be called tusks. The old man must have been near eight feet tall. @ig barrel chest and big hump on his back B powerful shoulders, his biceps on upper arm were enormous and tapered down to his elbows. .is forearms were longer than common people have, but well proportioned. .is hands were wide, the palm was long and broad, and hollow like a scoop. .is fingers were short in proportion to the rest of his hand. .is fingernails were like chisels. The only place they had no hair was inside their hands and the soles of their feet and upper part of the nose and eyelids. ( never did see their ears, they were covered with hair hanging over them. (f the old man were to wear a collar it would have to be at least 73 inches. ( have no idea what size shoes they would need. ( was watching the young fellow1s foot one day when he was sitting down. The soles of his feet seemed to be padded like a dog1s foot, and the big toe was longer than the rest and very strong. (n mountain climbing all he needed was footing for his big toe. They were very agile. To sit down they turned their knees out and came straight down. To rise they came straight up without help of hands or arms. ( don1t think this valley was their permanent home. ( think they move from place to place, as food is available in different localities. They might eat meat, but ( never saw them eat meat, or do any cooking. ( think this was probably a stopover place and the plants with sweet roots on the mountain side might have been in season this time of the year. They seem to be most interested in them. The roots have a very sweet and satisfying taste. They always seem to do everything for a reason, wasted no time on anything they did not need. When they were not looking for food, the old man and the old lady were resting, but the boy and the girl were always climbing something or some other exercise. * favorite position was to take hold of his feet with his hands and balance on his rump, then bounce forward. The idea seems to be to see how far he could go without his feet or hands touching the ground. &ometimes he made $3 feet. @ut what do they want with meG They must understand ( cannot stay here indefinitely. ( will soon have to make a break for freedom. %ot that ( was mistreated in any way. !ne consolation was that the old man was coming closer each day, and was very interested in my snuff. Watching me when ( take a pinch of snuff. .e seems to think it useless to only put it inside my lips. !ne morning after ( had my breakfast both the old man and the boy came and sat down only ten feet away from me. This morning ( made coffee. ( had saved up all dry branches ( found and ( had some dry moss and ( used all the labels from cans to start a fire. ( got my coffee pot boiling and it was strong coffee too, and the aroma from boiling coffee was what brought them over. ( was sitting eating hard tack with plenty of butter on, and sipping coffee. *nd it sure tasted good. ( was smacking my lips pretending it was better than it really was. ( set the can down that was

about half full. ( intended to warm it up later. ( pulled out a full box of snuff, took a big chew. @efore ( had time to close the box the old man reached for it. ( was afraid he would waste it, and only had two more boxes. &o ( held on to the box intending him to take a pinch like ( had Cust done. (nstead he grabbed the box and emptied it in his mouth. &wallowed it in one gulp. Then he licked the box inside with his tongue. *fter a few minutes his eyes began to roll over in his head, he was looking straight up. ( could see he was sick. Then he grabbed my coffee can that was -uite cold by this time, he emptied that in his mouth, grounds and all. That did no good. .e stuck his head between his legs and rolled forwards a few times away from me. Then he began to s-ueal like a stuck pig. ( grabbed my rifle. ( said to myself, 0This is it. (f he comes for me ( will shoot him plumb between his eyes.0 @ut he started for the spring, he wanted water. ( packed my sleeping bag in my pack sack with the few cans ( had left. The young fellow ran over to his mother. Then she began to s-ueal. ( started for the opening in the wall B and ( Cust made it. The old lady was right behind me. ( fired one shot at the rock over her head. ( guess she had never seen a rifle fired before. &he turned and ran inside the wall. ( inCected another shell in the barrel of my rifle and started downhill, looking back over my shoulder every so often to see if they were coming. ( was in a canyon, and good travelling and ( made fast time. 'ust have made three miles in some world record time. ( came to a turn in the canyon and ( had the sun on my left, that meant ( was going south, and the canyon turned west. ( decided to climb the ridge ahead of me. ( knew that ( must have two mountain ridges between me and salt water and by climbing this ridge ( would have a good view of this canyon, so ( could see if the &as-uatch were coming after me. ( had a light pack and was making good time up this hill. ( stopped soon after to look back to where ( came from, but nobody followed me. *s ( came over the ridge ( could see 't. @aker, then ( knew ( was going in the right direction. ( was hungry and tired. ( opened my packsack to see what ( had to eat. ( decided to rest here for a while. ( had a good view of the mountain side, and if the old man was coming ( had the advantage because ( was up above him. To get me he would have to come up a steep hill. *nd that might not be so easy after stopping a few 73,73 bullets. ( had made up my mind this was my last chance, and this would be a fight to the finish ... ( rested here for two hours. (t was 7233 p.m. when ( started down the mountain side. (t was nice going, not too steep and not too much underbrush. When ( got near the bottom, ( shot a big blue grouse. &he was sitting on a windfall, looking right at me, only a hundred feet away. ( shot her neck right off. ( made it down the creek at the bottom of this canyon. ( felt ( was safe now. ( made a fire between two big boulders, roasted the grouse. %ext morning when ( woke up, ( was feeling terrible. 'y feet were sore from dirty socks. 'y legs were sore, my stomach was upset from that grouse that ( ate the night before. ( was not too sure ( was going to make it up that mountain. ( finally made the top, but it took me six hours to get there. (t was cloudy, visibility about a mile. ( knew ( had to go down hill. *fter about two hours ( got down to the heavy timber and sat down to rest. ( could hear a motor running hard at times, then stop. ( listened to this for a while and decided the sound was from a gas donkey. &omeone was logging in the neighborhood. ( told them ( was a prospector and was lost ... ( did not like to tell them ( had been kidnapped by a &as-uatch, as if ( had told them, they would probably have said, he is crazy too. The following day ( went down from this camp on &almon *rm @ranch of &echelt (nlet. rom there ( got the

>nion @oat back to Hancouver. That was my last prospecting trip, and my only experience with what is known as &as-uatches. ( know that in 59$6 there were four &as-uatches living, it might be only two now. The old man and the old lady might be dead by this time.
rom2 Sas+uatch1 The (pes (mong 2s by ?ohn +reen :59K<, @.C. Canada2 .ancock .ouse

Bluff Creek
By Ivan T. Sanderson

In August of 1958 on the morning of the 27th to be precise a very sane and sober citizen by the name of
Mr !era"d #re$% of &a"yer to$nship% 'umbo"dt #ounty% north$est #a"ifonia% an active member of the (aptist #hurch% a teetota"er and a man $ith a reputation in his community that can on"y be described as heroic in face of certain a"most uni)ue pensona" tragedy% $ent to his $or* $ith heavy+duty e)uipment at the head of this ne$ "umber access road being pushed into uninhabited and on"y rough"y surveyed territory near the borders of 'umbo"dt and ,e" -orte #ounties .his huge b"oc* of territory is crossed *itty+corner from the south at /i""o$ #ree* to the northeast by a $inding b"ac*top road% and from east to $est by on"y four other roads of "o$er grade 0ogging trai"s and some 12eep+roads1 no$ finger into it from these roads and from the main arteries that enc"ose it to north% $est% south% and east% but these are of very "imited e3tent and are hard"y used at a"" !erry #re$4s cra$"er+tractor had been "eft overnight at the head of the ne$ road about 25 mi"es north of its digression from the narro$ b"ac*top that runs north through the 'oopa 6as it is on maps7 Amerindian 8eservation from /i""o$ #ree* to a p"ace $ith the de"ightfu" name of 'appy #amp up near the 9regon border !erry $as an o"der member of a cre$ bu""dozing this ne$ road into virtua""y une3p"ored territory for one Mr (ay /a""ace% subcontractor to Messrs ("oc* and #ompany $ho had% in turn% contracted $ith the -ationa" :ar*s &ervice to carry out the $or* 'e is a "oca" man 'is fe""o$ $or*ers $ere for the most part a"so "oca" men and inc"uded a nephe$% !ames #re$% a very "eve"+headed young chap% others $hom I sha"" mention by name in a minute% and t$o e3perienced "oggers of 'uppa Indian origin .he cre$ had considerab"e heavy e)uipment at the scene of operations and had started $or* in "ate May as soon as $hat "itt"e sno$ there is in this area had me"ted and the much more dead"y mud had firmed up .he road had been under construction for t$o seasons a"ready .he country is mountainous; though this is the understatement of the year% being to most intents and every$here a"most vertica" so that you can on"y go up on a"" fours or do$n on your bottom <n"ess you ma*e an e3aggerated and e3hausting c"imb you cannot see more than about four s)uare mi"es of the country because you are a"$ays on the side of something going either straight up or a"most straight do$n and un"ess a tree has fa""en or been cut out% you can4t see anything because bare roc* is confined to the uppermost summits of the pea*s and ridges .he road cra$"s "aborious"y up the face of the $estern $a"" that enc"oses a stream *no$n as ("uff #ree* It is sti"" unsurfaced and $hen I visited it in 1959 $as an*"e+deep in u"tra+fine dust that surpasses anything the deserts of Arizona can produce at their damnedest A"" a"ong this mountainous trai" there are the stumps of vast trees cut and hau"ed out% and great s"ides of friab"e sha"es% gray% bro$n% b"ue% or even green that have been s"iced out of the sheer va""ey side .he great dozers and cra$"ers c"an* and roar in the hot summer sun"ight as they gna$ their re"ent"ess $ay into this time"ess "and .he great trees seem to recoi" a "itt"e from their mechanica" 2ang"ing and screeching% but day by day these bright ye""o$ and red monsters munch a$ay ever deeper into one of the "ast of America4s rea" $i"dernesses

.hose emp"oyed on this $or* "ived during the $or*+$ee* in camp near this road+ head .hey had trai"ers or tents or prefabricated houses and some of them had their fami"ies $ith them and stayed there a"" $ee* 9thers $ith fami"ies resident in nearby communities norma""y $ent home on =riday night and returned on the fo""o$ing Monday morning .he younger fe""o$s usua""y did "i*e$ise% for the drive to /i""o$ #ree* too* on"y about 2 hours for those $ho *ne$ the road !erry #re$4s practice $as to return to his fami"y over the $ee* end% "eaving his machine par*ed at the scene of current operations 'e had been on this 2ob for > months that year before the eventfu" morning $hich b"e$ up the storm that "itera""y roc*ed 'umbo"dt #ounty% #a"ifornia and made the pages of the $or"d press but $hich then sort of fo"ded in upon itse"f and $as heard of no more for a year /hat !erry #re$ discovered $hen he $ent to start up his 1cat1 $as that somebody had inspected it rather thorough"y during the previous night% as cou"d be p"ain"y seen by a series of footprints that formed a trac* to% a"" around% and then a$ay from the machine &uch trac*s $ou"d not have aroused his curiosity under norma" circumstances because there $ere three dozen men at that road+head and the ne$"y scraped roadbed $as covered $ith soft mud areas a"ternating $ith patches of "oose sha"e /hat did start"e him $as that these footprints $ere of a shoe"ess or na*ed foot of distinct"y human shape and proportions but by actua" measurement 2ust 17 inches "ong? 9f these% !erry #re$ too* an e3treme"y dim vie$ 'e had heard te"" of simi"ar trac*s having been seen by another road gang $or*ing 8 mi"es north of a p"ace ca""ed @orbe" on the Mad 8iver ear"ier that year and his nephe$% !im #re$% had a"so mentioned having come across something simi"ar in this area (eing a pragmatic fami"y man he fe"t% he to"d me% some considerab"e annoyance that some 1outsider1 shou"d try to pu"" such a si""y stunt on him 'e at first stressed an outsider because% a"though his fe""o$ $or*ers "i*ed a harm"ess 2o*e as much as any man% he *ne$ they $ere far too tired to go c"omping around in the dar* after the sort of $or*ing day they put in on that 2ob% ma*ing si""y "ootprints around the e)uipment .hen% he te""s me% he got to thin*ing about this outsider and $ondered 2ust ho$ he had got there $ithout passing the camps farther do$n the road and being spotted% and ho$ he had gotten out again% or $here he had gone over these precipitous mountains c"othed in tang"ed undergro$th 'e fo""o$ed the trac*s up And that is $here he got his second shoc* Aoing bac*$ard he found that they came a"most strain do$n an inc"ine of about 75 degrees on to the road ahead the par*ed 1cat1% then proceeded do$n the road on one side% circ"ed the machine% and then $ent on do$n the road to$ard the camp (efore getting there% ho$ever% they cut across the road and $ent straight do$n an even steeper inc"ine and continued into the forest $ith measured stride varying on"y $hen an obstac"e had to be stepped over or the ban* $as so steep purchase cou"d be obtained by digging in the hee"s .he stride $as enormous and proved on measurement to be from BC to C5 inches and to average about 55 inches or a"most t$ice that of his o$n !era"d #re$ $as not on"y mystified; he $as considerab"y peeved 'e $ent to fetch some of his co""eagues .hen he received his third shoc* that morning .he ma2ority of them% stout fe""o$s and good friends that they $ere% refused to even go and "oo* at this preposterous phenomenon that he to"d them he had found and he had a hard time persuading any of them that even the trac*s $ere there Dventua""y% some of the men% $ho had in any case to go that $ay to their $or*% agreed to go a"ong $ith him and ta*e a "oo* .hen they got their shoc*s and% !erry to"d me% some of them 1"oo*ed at me rea" )ueer 1 (ut there $ere others $ho reacted different"y% and it then transpired that a"" of them had either seen something simi"ar thereabouts or e"se$here% or had heard of them from friends and ac)uaintances $hom they regarded as tota""y re"iab"e .he on"y Amerinds present said nothing at that time .hen they a"" $ent bac* to $or* -othing further happened for a"most a month% then once again these monstrous (igfeet appeared again overnight around the e)uipment and farther do$n the road to$ard the va""ey% notab"y around a spring About that time% Mr (ay /a""ace% the contractor% returned from a business trip 'e had heard rumors on his $ay in that either his men $ere pu""ing some *ind of stunt up in the hi""s or that some 1outsider1 $as pu""ing one on them 'e paid "itt"e attention to these reports but he $as% he to"d me% some$hat apprehensive because the 2ob $as a tough one% s*i""ed and re"iab"e $or*ers $ere not p"entifu"% and the "ocation $as not conducive to the staying po$er of anyone /hen he reached the camp and heard the detai"s of the (igfeet he $as more than 2ust s*eptica" 'e $as do$nright angry Moreover% a"" he encountered $as more ta"* $hich he at that time suspected $as some sort of pran* but 2ust possib"y one prompted by more than mere high spirits or boredom .he matter $as unti" then and for a further > $ee*s a pure"y "oca" affair *no$n on"y to the men $or*ing on the road% and their immediate fami"ies for they did not care to spea* about it to casua" ac)uaintances or even

friends .hen% in the midd"e of &eptember a Mrs !ess (emis% $ife of one of the men $or*ing on the road and one of the s*eptics among the cre$% $rote a "etter to the "eading "oca" ne$spaper% the Humboldt Times of Dure*a% $hich said in part 1A rumor started among the men% at once% of the e3istence of a /i"d Man /e regarded it as a 2o*e It $as on"y yesterday that my husband became convinced that the e3istence of such a person 6E7 is a fact 'ave you heard of this $i"d manE1 Mr Andre$ Aenzo"i of that paper to"d me that he regarded this "etter $ith a thorough"y 2aundiced eye but that the "onger he sa$ it about his des* the brighter gre$ the c"ear b"ue "ight of his bui"t+in ne$s+sense% unti" he cou"d restrain himse"f no "onger and ran the "etter in a dai"y co"umn that he $rites

!erry #re$ $ith one of the footprint casts 6from The Province ne$spaper% C 9ctober 19587 .here $as "itt"e response $here he had e3pected a near storm of derision; instead a tric*"e of tentative"y confirmatory correspondence began to come in from the /i""o$ #ree* area .his $as continuing sub rosa $hen% on 9ctober 2% the ma*er of the trac*s appeared again on his apparent"y rather regu"ar round "eaving trac*s for > nights in succession and then vanishing again for about 5 days .his time !erry #re$ had prepared for his advent $ith a supp"y of p"aster of :aris and made a series of casts of both right and "eft feet ear"y one morning .$o days "ater he too* a coup"e of days off to drive to Dure*a on persona" business and carried the casts a"ong $ith him to sho$ to a friend /hi"e there somebody mentioned to Andre$ Aenzo"i that a man $as in to$n $ho had made casts of the prints and he $as persuaded to go and fetch !erry Andre$ Aenzo"i is an o"d ne$shand but of the ne$ schoo"; he can sense a good story as fast as any man but he is proper"y averse to too good a story /hen he met !erry #re$ and sa$ his trophies he rea"ized he had some rea" "ive ne$s% not 2ust a 1story%1 on his hands% and he ran a front+pager on it $ith photographs the ne3t day .hen the ba""oon $ent up .he $ire services pic*ed it up and a"most every paper in the country printed it $hi"e cab"es of in)uiry f"ooded in from abroad .he first I heard of it $as a cab"e from a friend in 0ondonF he seemed to be s"ight"y hysterica" I get a "ot of esoteric cab"es during the year about sea monsters% t$o+headed ca"ves% reincarnated Indian gir"s% and so forth% the ma2ority of $hich I am constrained to do something about because the $or"d is% after a""% a "arge p"ace and $e don4t *no$ much about a "ot of it as yet% but this one I fran*"y refused to accept most"y because I rather natura""y assumed that the "ocation as given 6#a"ifornia7 must be a comp"ete error or a mis)uote I $rac*ed my brains for any p"ace name in Durasia or Africa that might have nine "etters% begin $ith 1@1 and end in 1ia 1 .he best $e cou"d come up $ith $as #orinthia but this $as even more un"i*e"y .hen somebody suggested #arpathia% the country of ,racu"a and other humanoid unp"easantnesses% and $e actua""y spent C do""ars on a fo""o$+up .here are fe$ peop"e interested enough in such abstruse matters as to spend that sum in pursuit of truth but I fancy there $ere many on the morning of 9ctober C% 1958 $ho doubted $hat they read in their morning papers 2ust as fervent"y as I did this cab"e .he point I $ant to ma*e is that this $ho"e bit did sound )uite absurd even to us% $ho became immune to such shoc*s years ago It is a"" very $e"" for abominab"e creatures to be pounding over sno$+covered passes in -epa"

and .ibet; after a"" giant pandas and ya*s% and an ante"ope $ith a nose "i*e !immy ,urante% and other un"i*e"y things come from thereabouts; and it is even conceivab"e that there might be "itt"e hairy men in the vast forests of Mozambi)ue in vie$ of the a"most e)ua""y un"i*e"y more or "ess hair"ess pigmies of the eastern #ongo $hich are there for a"" tourists to see% but a ui"d man $ith a 17+inch foot and a 55+inch stride tromping around #a"ifornia $as then a "itt"e too much to as* even us to stomach% especia""y as $e had not yet got the ne$s+ stories .he amazing thing in this case $as that the $or"d press too* it serious"y enough even to carry it as a ne$s item -ot so the rest of humanity 9ne and a""% apart from a fe$ ardent mystics and professiona" crac*pots% and inc"uding even the citizens of 'umbo"dt #ounty itse"f rose up in one concerted ho$" of righteous indignation Dverybody connected $ith the business% and notab"y poor Mr Aenzo"i% $as immediate"y a"most smothered in bric*bats In the meantime ho$ever% a number of other things had happened Most notab"e among these $as the reappearance of 1(igfoot1 as he $as ca""ed one night before 8ay /a""ace returned to his operationans -o$ it so happened that a brother of the contractor% /i"bur /a""ace% $as $or*ing on this 2ob and he% besides seeing the foot+trac*s many times% $itnessed three other annoying and to him most start"ing occurrences% $hich he had reported to his brother I $i"" repeat these rough"y in his o$n $ords $hich appeared to me not on"y straightfor$ard but most convincing =irst% it $as reported to him by one of his men that a near"y fu"" 55+ga""on drum of diese" fue" $hich had been "eft standing beside the road $as missing and that (igfoot trac*s "ed do the road from a steep ban* to this spot $here it had stood% then crossed the road% continued on do$n the hi"" and fina""y $ent over the "o$er ban* and a$ay into the bush /i"" /a""ace $ent to inspect and found the trac*s e3act"y as the men had stated 'e a"so found the oi" drum at the bottom of steep ban* about 175 feet from the road It had ro""ed do$n this ban* and had apparent"y been thro$n from the top /hat is more% it had been "ifted from its origina" resting p"ace and apparent"y carried to this point% for there $ere no mar*s in the soft mud of its having been either ro""ed or dragged a"" that distance &econd% a "ength of 18+inch ga"vanized stee" cu"vert disappeared from a dump overnight and $as found at the bottom of another ban* some distance a$ay .hird% he reported a $hee" $ith tire for a 1carry+a""1 earth+mover% $eighing over 755 pounds% had "i*e$ise been in part "ifted and in part ro""ed a )uarter of a mi"e do$n the road and hur"ed into a deep ravine 8ay /a""ace% ho$ever% sti"" remained s*eptica" even after hearing this from his o$n brother 'o$ever% on his first morning at the "ocation he stopped for a drin* at a spring on the $ay do$n the hi"" and stepped right into a mass of the big prints in the soft mud around the outf"o$ .hen% I gather from him% though he is a man $ith a $onderfu""y good humor% he got 1good and mad 1 .here $as for him no "onger any )uestion about the e3istence of these monstrous human+"i*e trac*s but there remained the )uestion as to $ho $as perpetrating them% and $hy 8ay /a""ace is a hard+boi"ed and pragmatic man and he $as a"ready e3periencing troub"e *eeping men on the 2ob 'andpic*ed as they $ere not a fe$ had 2ust had to "eave for one apparent"y good reason or another 9n"y "ater did he "earn that a"most a"" of them did so not because they $ere scared by the (igfoot% but either because their $ives $ere or because of the ribbing they had to ta*e $hen they $ent bac* to civi"ization% even for the evening to nearby /i""o$ #ree* 8ay /a""ace said he at first thought somebody $as de"iberate"y trying to $rec* his contract and he $as not a"one 'o$ever% the "oca" representative of the Humboldt Times% Mrs D"izabeth 6(etty7 A""en% set about to investigate the possibi"ity on her o$n% and discovered beyond a doubt that neither good nor bad pub"icity% nor any *ind of 1scare1 actua""y made any difference to Mr /a""ace4s contract =irst he $as a subcontractor; second he $as more than up to schedu"e; third there $as no time set on the 2ob; and fourth% it $as basica""y contracted by Messrs ("oc* and #ompany $ith the =orest &ervice on a performance% not a time% basis 8ay /a""ace got so angry he brought in a man named 8ay @err% $ho had read of the matter in the press and as*ed for a 2ob in order to be ab"e to spend his spare time trying to trac* the cu"prit @err brought $ith him a friend by the name of (ob (reaze"e% $ho had hunted professiona""y in Me3ico% o$ned four good dogs% and a (ritish+made gun of enormous ca"iber $hich considerab"y impressed the "oca"s @err% an e3perienced e)uipment operator% did a fu"" dai"y 2obF (reaze"e did not ta*e a 2ob but hunted .rac*s $ere seen and fo""o$ed by them .hen one night in "ate 9ctober% these t$o $ere driving do$n the ne$ road after dar* and state that they came upon a gigantic humanoid or human+shaped creature% covered $ith C+ inch bro$n fur% s)uatting by the road .hey said it sprang up in their head"ights and crossed the road in t$o strides to vanish into the undergro$th .hey $ent after it $ith a f"ash"ight but the underbrush $as too thic* to see anything .hey measured the road and found it to be e3act"y 25 feet $ide from the p"ace $here the creature had s)uatted to the "itt"e ditch $here it had "anded after those t$o strides &purred by this encounter they

redoub"ed their hunting forays but their dogs disappeared a fe$ days "ater $hen they $ere fo""o$ing (igfoot4s trac*s some distance from the road+head .hey $ere never seen again though story $as to"d but "ater denied by its te""er that their s*ins and bones $ere found spattered about some trees .hough this story $as denied% there is as much reason to be"ieve that this $as done to obviate ridicu"e as to c"ear a conscience A"" this $as% of course% ta*en $ith hoots of derision by everybody even in /i""o$ #ree* $ho bad not seen any trac*s but $ith one notab"e e3ception .his $as Andre$ Aenzo"i and he sent his ne$spaper4s senior staff photographer to ("uff #ree* .he party sa$ fresh trac*s at night and photographed them .hey a"so found something e"se; as did 8ay /a""ace "ater 6I have this first hand from these professiona" s*eptics 7 At first% the photographer to"d me% he $as more than 2ust s*eptica" but $hen he found the trac*s and inspected them he not on"y $as convinced that they $ere not a hoa3 or a pub"icity stunt but% as he put it% 1I got the most a$fu" fee"ing that I can4t rea""y describe% but it $as nearer fright than anything I ever fe"t $hen in service 1 (ut $orse $as in store for the ne$smen for% in fo""o$ing the trac*s do$n the road% they came across a pi"e of faeces of typica""y human form but% as they put it% 1of abso"ute"y monumenta" proportions 1 'e then added% 1I can on"y describe it as a 2+ton bear $ith chronic constipation 1 .hey contemp"ated going to fetch a shove" and some container and ta*ing this bac* to Dure*a for ana"ysis but it $as a hot night and a 5+hour drive over a dangerous road and a"so% as they readi"y admitted% that strange "aziness that so often intervenes in offbeat and rather a"arming cases of this nature too* over and cast the die :ress coverage had gone far enough% and they $ere not eco"ogists 0ater% 8ay /a""ace stumb"ed upon a simi"ar enormous mass of human+shaped droppings 'e shove"ed them into a can and found that they occupied e3act"y the same vo"ume as a sing"e evacuation of a 1255+pound horse =urther foot+trac*s and other incidents continued a"" that fa"" and throughout the $inter unti" the spring of 1959 ending in =ebruary 'o$ever% "ater in the spring% t$o f"iers% a husband and $ife in a private p"ane% $ere f"ying over the ("uff #ree* area It $as Apri" and there $as sti"" sno$ on the mountain+tops some of $hich are bare of trees It is a""eged that they spotted great trac*s in the sno$ and that on fo""o$ing them up they sighted the creature that had made them It $as enormous% humanoid% and covered $ith bro$n fur% according to secondhand accounts I tried% and am sti"" trying to "ocate this coup"e% $ith the co+operation of "oca" f"iers% severa" of them having heard of the report% and despite the praise$orthy c"annishness of f"iers and their $i""ing offers to he"p% I have not at the time of $riting been ab"e to identify this coup"e .he story may be a rumor or $ishfu" thin*ing &o a"so may% three other recent and a $ho"e host of past% o"d% and even ancient reports of actua" meetings $ith one or more (igfeet in this area Among these are a""eged statements by t$o doctors of having met one on 8oute 299 ear"ier in 1958; and of a "ady of much probity $ho $ith her daughter sa$ t$o% one sma""er by far than the other% feeding on a hi""side above the 'oopa Ga""ey .his "ady% to $hom a partner of mine ta"*ed but $ho does not $ish her name pub"icized% a"so stated that $hen she $as a young gir"% peop"e used to see these creatures from time to time $hen they $ent fishing up certain cree*s% and she once sa$ one s$imming ("uff #ree* $hen it $as in f"ood &he a"so stated that in the o"den days peop"e did not go above certain points up the side va""eys% due to the presence of these creatures More important $as a positive f"ood of further a""eged discoveries of simi"ar foot+trac*s by a"" manner of "oca" citizenry over a $ide area and e3tending bac* for many years that came to "ight as soon as the "oca" press began to ta*e this $ho"e matter serious"y (ut as these came in% pub"ic resentment and ridicu"e mounted so that the reporters became ever more cagey =ina""y% (etty A""en% $ho as an o"d+time resident $ith e3perience as an Assistant < & #ommissioner in A"as*a% started ta"*ing to the 'uppa and Huro* Amerinds about these matters and% "itt"e by "itt"e% an amazing picture emerged In August of 1958 on the morning of the 27th to be precise a very sane and sober citizen by the name of Mr !era"d #re$% of &a"yer to$nship% 'umbo"dt #ounty% north$est #a"ifonia% an active member of the (aptist #hurch% a teetota"e s this the creature that bridges the gap bet$een man and apeE If so% he4s the greatest anthropo"ogica" find in history and he $as a"ive "ess than five years ago? I must admit that even I% $ho have spent most of my "ife in this search% I am fi""ed $ith $onder as I report the fo""o$ingF .here is a comparative"y fresh corpse% preserved in ice% of a specimen of at "east one *ind of u"tra+primitive% fu""y+haired man+thing% that disp"ays so many heretofore une3pected and non+human characters as to $arrant our dubbing it a 1missing "in* 1 'ere is the amazing story of this historic findF Dar"y in !anuary of this year% I $as

sitting at my type$riter 2ust staring at nothing and the staff and t$o visiting students from #hicago $ere busi"y $or*ing a$ay% $hen the phone rang .he ca""er $as a Minneapo"is man $ho introduced himse"f as a zoo"ogist and o$ner of an anima" import+e3port business specia"izing in repti"es 'e gave as credentia"s% references to t$o ne$ species of iguana "izard that he discovered in the #aribbean .his may sound rather pecu"iar% but in the anima" business% it is much better than giving a ban* reference After a genera" chat% this fe""o$ to"d me he had 2ust returned from #hicago $here he had visited the famous annua" &toc* =air /hi"e there% he had inspected a sidesho$% $hich consisted of a sing"e "arge coffin in a trai"er+truc* In this coffin% $hich $as g"ass+covered and bright"y "it $ith strip "ights% there $as a huge b"oc* of ice% about ha"f of it as c"ear as the air in the room% the rest frosty or dar*"y opa)ue In the ice $as the corpse of a "arge% po$erfu""y bui"t man% or 1man+thing%1 comp"ete"y c"othed in dar*% stiff hair about three inches "ong My informant urged me to go ta*e a "oo* at it% since he% being a rea" student of $hat $e ca"" A(&Mery 6abominab"e+sno$man re"ated information7 and having read everything avai"ab"e on the sub2ect% fe"t that it $as the rea" thing% despite its being bi""ed as a mystery I receive stories "i*e this a"most every day% a"though they don4t usua""y come in by phone /e give every one as carefu" consideration as is possib"e because $e "ong ago rea"ized that nothing% ho$ever pecu"iar it may sound at first% is impossib"e (ut after more than thirty years of scientific appraising% po"ice inte""igence training and professiona" reporting% $e have become rather agi"e and $e don4t go off ha"f+coc*ed Moreover% $e 2ust can4t afford to go charging off after every 1hare1 that is put up% even by those $ho sound eminent"y sensib"e and $hose stories ma*e basic sense As a mere item% this ca"" from Minneapo"is shou"d have gone into our hopper and been sub2ected to $hat one may ca"" 1due process%1 since giant human bodies and s*e"etons% and phony corpses of pygmies% and 1#ardiff Aiants1 made of $ood or p"aster ro"" in at a steady c"ip .his is not to say that $e do not routine"y inspect as many carniva"% mid$ay% sports and other e3hibits as $e can% because there are sti"" some e3traordinary specimens "anguishing in these some$hat neg"ected bac*$aters 9n this occasion% ho$ever% that "itt"e be"" rang inside me as it used to $hen I discovered a ne$ anima" $hi"e co""ecting professiona""y for zoos and museums I started pac*ing one of our station $agons $ith my trave"ing office and recording e)uipment It happened that $or*ing )uiet"y a$ay in his o$n room at the other end of the house $as 2ust about the on"y man in the $or"d fu""y )ua"ified to pronounce upon such an item as this ,r (ernard 'euve"mans% of the 8oya" Academy of &ciences of his native (e"gium% and author of% among others% a boo* entit"ed On the Track of Unknown Animals. In this, he reviewed the whole Asiatic and outh American field of so!called Abominable nowmen and other manlike creatures. He has s"ent the last twenty years collecting further data on the sub#ect, traveling the world and corres"onding with all the great scientists who have taken this matter seriously $ such as Professors Porshev and hmakoff of %ussia& Academician %inchen of 'ongolia& (rs. Osman!Hill and )ohn *a"ier of +ngland& Professors ,arleton . ,oon and -eorge Agogino in this country& (r. .iswas of India& Professor Tei/o Ogawa of )a"an, and others. I am not going to pinpoint 2ust $here $e $ent at this time% other than to say that it $as $est of the Mississippi% because I *no$ on"y too $e"" $hat pub"icity can do% so I respect the p"ea of the gent"eman in $hose care this e3hibit is stored during the $inter season especia""y because it is on his private property .urning into a mote" and ensconcing ourse"ves% I rang the gent"eman concerned and he invited us up the ne3t morning /e got there by bac*+trac*ing and using a compass% and eventua""y barre"ed into a beautifu" sno$+ covered garden surrounded by a grove of p"anted conifers And there stood a "ove"y ranch+type house on the one hand and a "arge trai"er truc* on the other /e $ere most gracious"y received% and% in fact% invited to stay as house guests 9ur host turned out to be in one of my o"d businesses and so $e spo*e the same "anguage @no$ing $hy $e had come% he soon got around to donning a par*a% and $e tottered out to the trai"er to "oo* at the 1.hing 1 -o$% supposing you had spent your entire adu"t "ife searching for the sarcophagus of% say% &aint =rancis of Assisi% and fina""y found it .hen you discovered that the body of the &aint himse"f $as preserved therein 'o$ $ou"d you fee"E 0oo*ing at the body of a descendant of one of my possib"e ancestors especia""y since it "oo*ed as I had a"$ays e3pected it $ou"d rea""y shoo* me up /e spent the afternoon photographing it I he"d the "ights and things for (ernard $hi"e he tried to get shots in under the opa)ue parts of the ice /e "eft at sundo$n .he ne3t day% $e got do$n to the gritty part Aetting in added e)uipment% $e drove bac* up the mountain and

moved in on our charming host and hostess It $as rea""y freezing co"d by that time% but $e $ent to $or* right a$ay Armed $ith ru"es and such% $e carried on a"" that evening and again the ne3t morning 9n the $ho"e% (ozo% as $e nic*named him% is a sturdy% appro3imate"y si3+foot+ta"" 1human%1 covered $ith t$o+ to four+inch% stiff% but thic*"y gro$ing hair% e3cept on the so"es of his feet% the pa"ms of his hands% his penis and his face 'e has nai"s% not c"a$s or 1overgro$n1 nai"s% on both his hands and feet 'e has practica""y no nec*% the musc"es from the side of his head forming a great triang"e that f"o$s into his shou"ders% $hich are very $ide and constructed "i*e those of a po$erfu" human $rest"er 'is torso is $hat is common"y ca""ed barre"+shaped and it tapers do$n not to a $aist% but to rather narro$ hips 'is "egs are actua""y about the standard "ength for a si3+ foot man% but his arms are "onger than the average 'is most outstanding features% and those $hich stri*e one first% are his hands .hese are enormous% rather spatu"ate% but of entire"y human proportions e3cept for one feature .his is the thumb% $hich is s"ender and e3cessive"y "ong% reaching% it seems% a"most to the "ast 2oint of the first or inde3 finger .he feet are more than ten inches $ide% measured across the toes .he toes are "arger and both stubby and 1tubby%1 and the "itt"e toe is a"most as big as the others .he feet and the toes are covered $ith many "ong hairs that appear to be very stiff and curve do$n Most significant% ho$ever% is the fact that the big toe "ies a"ongside the ne3t one% as it does in us 6it is $hat is ca""ed apposed% as distinct from the big toe of the apes $hich is opposed "i*e our thumb 7 .his is the one and a"most on"y c"ear distinction bet$een men 6'ominids7 and apes 6:ongids7 (ozo4s face is his most start"ing feature% both to anthropo"ogists and anyone e"se and for severa" reasons <nfortunate"y% both eyeba""s have been 1b"o$n out1 of their soc*ets 9ne appears to be missing% but the other seems 6to some% at "east7 to be 2ust visib"e under the ice .his gives (ozo a gruesome appearance% $hich is enhanced by a considerab"e amount of b"ood diffused from the soc*ets through the ice .he most arresting feature of the face is the nose .his is "arge but on"y fair"y $ide% and is distinct"y 1pugged%1 rather "i*e that of a :e*inese dog but not "i*e that of a gori""a% $hich actua""y doesn4t have a nose% per se .he nostri"s are "arge% circu"ar and point straightfor$ard% $hich is very odd .he mouth is on"y fair"y $ide and there is no inversion of the "ips; in fact% the average person $ou"d say he had no "ips at a"" 'is 1muzz"e1 is no more bu"ging% ruminant% or pushed for$ard than is our o$n; not at a"" prognathous "i*e that of a chimp 9ne side of the mouth is s"ight"y agape and t$o sma"" teeth can be seen .hese shou"d be the right upper canine and the first premo"ar .he canine or eyetooth is very sma"" and in no $ay e3aggerated into a tus*% or simi"ar to that of a gori""a or a chimp (ut to me% at "east the most interesting features of a"" are some fo"ds and $rin*"e "ines around the mouth 2ust be"o$ the chee*s .hese are abso"ute"y human% and are "i*e those seen in a heavy+2o$"ed% o"der $hite man 0et me say% simp"y% that one "oo* $as actua""y enough to convince us that this $as from our point of vie$% at "east 1the genuine artic"e 1 .his $as no phony #hinese tric*% or 1art1 $or* If nothing e"se confirmed this% the appa""ing stench of rotting f"esh e3uding from a point in the insu"ation of the coffin $ou"d have been enough .hen again% you may $e"" be ab"e to foo" me% I fu""y admit (ut I defy anybody to foo" (ernard 'euve"mans in a case "i*e this Hou 2ust cannot 1ma*e1 a corpse "i*e this% either out of bits and pieces of the bodies of other anima"s% or of $a3% $ith some ha"f a mi""ion hairs inserted into it And you can4t get the *ind of hairs that cover this corpse from any other *ind of anima" that I *no$ of A"so% the proportions of this body% and severa" of its specia" features% are 2ust not *no$n at a"" or% at "east% have never been suggested either by pa"eonto"ogists $ho have studied the fossi" bones of primitive man+things% or even by the s*i""ed artists $ho have f"eshed out and made constructions of $hat the former have found In fact% any 1artists1 setting out to 1ma*e1 such a thing $ou"d have had to have a mode"% and none is avai"ab"e (ut% apart front that% you can4t comp"ete"y foo" t$o trained morpho"ogists $ith zoo"ogica"% anatomica" and anthropo"ogica" training -o? (ozo is the genuine artic"e .his body has been on pub"ic e3hibit for near"y t$o years in 9*"ahoma% I""inois% .e3as% /isconsin and other states /hy didn4t anybody spot $hat he rea""y $as unti" my correspondent sa$ him in #hicagoE /e""% 2ust ho$ many peop"e $ith proper training in any of the bio"ogica" sciences 6inc"uding medica" practitioners and students7 go to such sho$sE If any do% ho$ many are trained physica" anthropo"ogists or primato"ogistsE 'o$ many have ever heard of the A(&M searchE .he ans$er isF practica""y nobody $ho attended the e3hibit .he agent $ho has hand"ed this e3hibit and $ho acts as careta*er for it during the $inter off+season to"d me that it $as first heard of through a group of Americans $hose officia" duties too* them bac* and forth across the :acific =rom these% it $as "earned that this 1curiosity1 $as "ying in a C%555+pound b"oc* of ice% in a sort of super p"astic bag% in a "arge commercia" deep freeze unit in

'ong @ong It $as offered for sa"e by an e3porter $ho is in the business of mar*eting a"" manner of goods% inc"uding curios An American bought it .he se""er offered various stories as to the origin of the thing According to one% it $as found f"oating in a b"oc* of sea+ice in internationa" $aters some$here in the (ering &ea by a 8ussian sea"ing ship% and $as hau"ed aboard and put in the ho"d .his ship put into a #hinese port and the #hinese authorities seized the specimen and off+ "oaded it% $hereupon it 1disappeared1 for some months into 8ed #hina (y this account% the specimen 6sti"" in some C%555 pounds of ice7 fina""y turned up in 'ong @ong An a"ternate story to"d ho$ it $as found by a !apanese $ha"ing outfit some$here off the coast of @amchat*a% ta*en to !apan and then so"d to the e3porter in 'ong @ong .here are a"so other versions% but none can be confirmed; no names of any ships invo"ved have been ascertained% and nothing further is *no$n I have been to"d that 1the greatest e3perts1 inspected the specimen $hen it first arrived in this country and that they too* hair and b"ood samp"es =rom these% 1the b"ood proved to contain both red and $hite ce""s 1 -o samp"es of either b"ood or hair are% ho$ever% avai"ab"e% though I did trac* do$n some of the a""eged hairs% $hich turned up in a university "aboratory in the south As*ing for copies of reports on these from 1great e3perts%1 I $as to"d that none $ere avai"ab"e% but that the hair had been pronounced to be more "i*e those of Mongo"ian humans than any other *no$n man or anima" (ozo is 1o$ned1 by someone $ho $ishes to remain anonymous and $ho proposes to *eep him on the carniva" circuit for another year% and then donate him to some institution .here $as an initia" a"most furious resistance to any suggestion of pub"icizing this thing in any $ay% though I $as sho$n pub"ished $rite+ups of it in trade magazines It $as e3p"ained that the o$ner 1did not $ant to foo" the pub"ic1 and had therefore bi""ed this e3hibit as a mystery% and as most probab"y being some *ind of 9rienta" fa*ery Moreover% he does not $ant to *no$ $hat the thing in the ice rea""y is because% if it is a phony% he fee"s that by advertising it as some sort of 1ice+age man%1 he $ou"d be committing a fraud on the pub"ic .echnica" reports on this item a"ready constitute a fair+sized vo"ume% and these $i""% in due course% be pub"ished in technica" 2ourna"s I $i"" not attempt to $eigh you do$n $ith a"" the detai"s% a"though many of them $ou"d ma*e most e3citing artic"es in themse"ves I am on"y hoping that they $i"" do so one day% $hen (ozo is afforded the homage $hich he% of a"" 'ominids ever born% manifest"y deserves .he fo""o$ing statements have been made by "eading anthropo"ogists and primato"ogists% but it must be c"ear"y understood that a"" $ere accompanied by a genera" rider to the effect that their comments are based so"e"y on inspections of the photographs% dra$ings and measurements% and the pre"iminary reports submitted by ,r (ernard 'euve"mans and Ivan . &anderson% and that unti" the specimen is 3+rayed and proper"y e3amined% they cannot% of course% ma*e any more categoric statements at this time ,8 #A80D.9- & #99- 6:rofessor of Anthropo"ogy% 'arvard7 1.he pictures and description of this specimen indicate that it is a $ho"e corpse and not some composite or mode" =urther% it is that not on"y of a 'ominid but of some *ind of man% though disp"aying a number of most une3pected anatomica" features% that $i"" be of the utmost interest to physica" anthropo"ogists 1 ,8 !9'- 8 -A:ID8 6:rimate (io"ogy :rogram% &mithsonian Institution7 1Assuming its va"idity% it is )uite c"ear 6to me7 that the specimen be"ongs to neither fami"y 6meaning :ongid or ape% or 'ominid or man7% and I $ou"d prefer to erect a ne$ fami"y rather than try and force it into one of the o"d ones Members of such a fami"y might be ca""ed 1parahumans1; in other $ords% hominoid types $hich evo"ved in para""e" to both% and from a common stoc* 1 :89=D&&98 / # 9&MA-+'I00 6Her*es 8egiona" :rimate #enter% Dmory <niversity% At"anta7 1I rea""y do not *no$ $hat to ma*e of this one e3cept that $ith the "imited data avai"ab"e it stri*es me as more :ongid than 'ominid% but be that as it may no pains shou"d bo spared to obtain this 6for proper e3amination7 before it becomes irrecoverab"e for one reason or another 1 :89=D&&98 AD98AD A AA9AI-9 6:a"eo+Indian Institute% Dastern -e$ Me3ico <niversity% :orta"es -e$ Me3ico7 1.he description of $hat seems to be natura""y deve"oped sea ice and the detai"ed ana"ysis of the visib"e parts of the enc"osed body suggest $e are dea"ing $ith a 'omo ma"e of un*no$n time period /hi"e it is impossib"e to ru"e out fraud% the structure of the ice and the comp"e3ity of ma*ing a composite anima" $ith scientific continuity ma*e this un"i*e"y /hi"e the enc"osed body seems to e3hibit both hominid and pongid features% the human

factors predominate and the non+human characteristics cou"d be e3aggerated through ice magnification% sea b"oat% and genera" body decomposition It is possib"e $e are dea"ing $ith a modern human anoma"y% a"though abso"ute determination must $ait unti" the body can undergo chemica" and physica" ana"ysis under "aboratory conditions 1 COMMENT BY BERNARD HEUVE MANS !D. S".# Brussels Un$vers$%y& '.(.S.. ondon& "olla)ora%or S"$en%$f$*ue. Royal Ins%$%u%e of Na%ural S"$en"es# Bel+$u,& In%erna%$onal Ins%$%u%e of So"$olo+y# Ro,e& In%erna%$onal Un$on for %-e .ro%e"%$on of Na%ure and Na%ural Resour"es./ 1=98 the first time in history% a fresh corpse of -eandertha"+"i*e man has been found It means that this form of 'ominid% thought to be e3tinct since prehistoric times% is sti"" "iving today .he "ong search for rumored "ive 1ape+men1 or 1missing "in*s1 has at "ast been successfu" .his $as not accomp"ished by e3peditions to far a$ay p"aces and at great e3pense% but by the accidenta" discovery% in this country% of a corpse preserved in ice .he specimen is an adu"t human+"i*e ma"e% si3 feet ta""% differing from a"" types of modern man by these stri*ing characteristicsF 1 D3treme hairiness; 2 An apparent shortness of the nec*;I > A barre"+shaped torso% more rounded than in modern man; B D3treme"y "ong arms% $hich must reach to the *nees $hen hanging; 5 ,isproportionate hands and feet 'ands are e"even inches "ong and more than seven inches $ide =eet are eight inches $ide C :ecu"iar re"ative proportions of both fingers and toes .he thumb is "onger than modern man4s and the toes are a"" near"y the same size Most of these characteristics agree $ith $hat is *no$n of the c"assic -eandertha"s Is has been estab"ished thatF 1 It cannot be an artificia"% entire"y manufactured ob2ect 6it is actua""y decomposing7; 2 It cannot be a composite% produced by assemb"ing anatomica" parts ta*en from "iving beings of different species 6if the face "oo*s mere"y unusua"% both hands and feet are un*no$n in any zoo"ogica" form7; > It cannot be a norma" individua" be"onging to any one of the *no$n races of modern man 6even the hairiest of the 1hairy Ainus1 of !apan are not that hairy7; B It cannot be an abnorma" individua"% or frea*% be"onging to any of the *no$n races of modern man because% in a"" cases of hypertrichosis% i e abnorma" deve"opment of the hair% the most hairy areas are the outside of the upper head% the chin% chee*% upper "ip% a3i""ae% midd"e of chest and crotch; here% these areas have a "ess profuse gro$th of hair Moreover% the specimen cannot have been preserved in ice for centuries or mi""ennia .his is physica""y impossib"e .he pecu"iar structure of the ice and the presence of a poo" of b"ood around the head sho$ that% immediate"y after death% the corpse $as p"aced in a freezer tan* fi""ed $ith $ater and artificia""y frozen A "arge ca"iber bu""et entering the right eye apparent"y *i""ed the specimen .he impact b"e$ out the rear of the s*u"" and forced the "eft eye out of its soc*et .o sum up% this specimen is a contemporary representative of an un*no$n form of 'ominid% most probab"y a re"ic of the -eandertha" type .he be"ief% based on strong testimonia" evidence% that sma""% scattered popu"ations of -eandertha"s survive% has been he"d for years by some scientists% most"y 8ussian and Mongo"ian A fu"" scientific report of the present finding% $ith a description of this ne$ form of "iving 'ominid under the name of Homo "ongoides 0i.e. 1A"elike 'an21 has been "ublished in 3ebruary, in the .ulletin of the %oyal Institute of *atural ciences of .elgium 6Go" B5 -o B7 &andersonJs :aper on the Minnesota Iceman 1:re"iminary ,escription of the D3terna" Morpho"ogy of /hat Appeared to be the =resh #orpse of a 'itherto <n*no$n =orm of 0iving 'ominid1 by Ivan . &anderson .he possibi"ity of the continued e3istence of one or more *inds of u"tra+primitive hominids in various parts of Durasia% 9rienta"ia% Africa% and -orth and &outh America% has been mooted for severa" decades .he suggestion has never% it appears% been )uestioned in Mongo"ia% #hina% .ibet% and surrounding provinces% but it $as not unti"

the ear"y years of this century that :rofessor% no$ Academician% G A @a*h"ov introduced the matter to the $estern scientific $or"d in 8ussia &tarting in 1925 a comp"ication arose in the misnaming of another reported creature in the eastern 'ima"ayas% ca""ed in co""o)uia" -epa"i the 4Meh+.eh4% $hich appe""ation has since been converted and contracted to Heti and become synonymous $ith the fa"se moni*er 4.he Abominab"e &no$man4 .his "atter is c"ear"y a tradition of if not a series of factua" records of some form of high"y advanced% mountain+c"imbing pongid; and it is the consensus of educated opinion that% if such a creature does sti"" e3ist% it $i"" most probab"y prove to be a descendant of or re"ated to -iganto"ithecus known from fossil remains in ad#acent southern ,hina. #oncurrent"y% severa" reports of as yet undiscovered pongids emanated a"so from Africa 'o$ever% a"" reports of bipeda"% fu""y+haired anthropoids from the other four continents named above% $ithout e3ception concur in describing the creatures as being hominid% and "eaving uni)ue"y human+"i*e footprints $ith an opposed great toe Apart from this feature% there $ou"d appear to be considerab"e variation both in the size and form% and the behaviour of these hominids .hese characters and characteristics spread the possibi"ity of their identification a"" the $ay from neandertha"oid types of ' sapiens to the ear"iest Austra"opithecines .his paper describes the e3terna" morpho"ogy of $hat appeared to us to be a fresh corpse of one type of such "arge% fu""y+haired% bipeda" primate that $as preserved in ice% in a refrigerated coffin% in the <nited &tates of America% and $hich $as e3amined by the $riter in co""aboration $ith ,r (ernard 'euve"mans of :aris INTRODUCTION 9n the 12th ,ecember% 19C8% the &ociety 6K7 of $hich the $riter is Administrative ,irector received a te"ephone ca"" from a Mr .erry #u""en of Mi"$au*ee% /isconsin% to inform us that he had inspected a corpse of $hat appeared to be a fu""y+haired hominid preserved in partia""y c"ear ice in a side+sho$ at the Internationa" 0ivestoc* D3position4s annua" fair in #hicago during the period 28th -ovember to the 7th of ,ecember Mr #u""en $ho $as then un*no$n to us is a zoo"ogist maintaining a commercia" enterprise specia"izing in herpeto"ogy% and is the discoverer of severa" ne$ species of iguanid "izards in the #aribbean area Mr #u""en4s report inc"uded some detai"s of this corpse4s appearance that% ta*en together% prompted us serious"y to consider the possibi"ity of its being a rea" body% and not 2ust a mode" or composite constructed by orienta" artists% "ong noted for fa*ing 4mermaids4% as the e3hibit $as bi""ed Mr #u""en further repeated to us a story of the origin of this specimen a""eged"y re"ated to him by the man in charge of the e3hibit% a Mt =ran* , 'ansen According to his account at that time% it had been found f"oating in a si3+thousand+pound b"oc* of ice in the sea some$here off the east &iberian coast by a 8ussian sea"ing vesse"; $as then confiscated by the main"and #hinese authorities% but had fina""y turned up in 'ong @ong .his story $as subse)uent"y changed severa" times% and first to the origina" discoverers having been a !apanese $ha"ing vesse"% but a"" accounts coincided $ith Mr 'ansen4s fina" e3p"anation% given direct"y to us% that he found it in an enormous p"astic bag in a deepfreeze p"ant o$ned by a #hinese gent"eman of (ritish nationa"ity in 'ong @ong In vie$ of the inte""igence received from Mr #u""en% and after having the e3istence of the specimen confirmed by t$o of our &ociety4s members from #hicago% Messrs 8ichard #ro$e and 8ichard Arybos% I traced Mr 'ansen on the phone and decided to drive out to his home $hich is near /inona% Minnesota% and $here he had the specimen stored for the $inter It so happened that one of our members% ,r (ernard 'euve"mans% =e""o$ of the ,omitato Italiano "er lo tudio dei Problemi della Po"ola/ione, and of the 4oological ociety of 5ondon, and a ,ollaborateur scientifi6ue a l7Institut %oyal des ciences *aturelles de .elgi6ue % $as staying at our &ociety4s head)uarters on his first visit to the <nited &tates en route to #entra" and &outh America to study mamma"s threatened $ith e3tinction ,r 'euve"mans% as is *no$n to the ,omitato, and as is also universally a""reciated, has devoted many years to the investigation of re"orts of ultra!"rimitive hominids said still to be living. The writer therefore invited (r. Heuvelmans to accom"any him on this investigative tri". /e "eft on the 1Bth of ,ecember and e3amined the specimen on the 1Cth% 17th% and 18th days of that month 'euve"mans too* a "arge number of photographs of the specimen in both co"or and b"ac*+and+$hite .he $riter made detai"ed technica" dra$ings% emp"oying prescribed methods that are out"ined in fig 2 /e first e3amined the specimen together% and then during the ne3t t$o days $e did so separate"y 9ur subse)uent reports $ere $ritten $ithout reference to each other unti" comp"eted% $hen the resu"ts $ere compared and a "ist of divergencies in detai" but not in opinions $as composed .hese origina" reports $ere not a"tered and are on fi"e

&ubse)uent"y% ne$ and fu""er papers $ere prepared by both of us $hi"e resident in different p"aces .hese $ere not compared 'euve"mans submitted his 6in a =rench version7 to the Institut %oyal des ciences *aturelles de .elgi6ue, and it has been "ublished in their .ulletin, *o. 89, 8, .ru:elle, ;< 3ebruary, ;=>=. This "a"er is the writer7s $ Ivan T. anderson7s $ final summation, brought u" to date as of the ;?th )une, ;=>=. THE S.ECIMEN .his is 4preserved4% in c"ear ice% in a rectangu"ar b"oc* C4111 "ong by 2481 $ide and 6said to be7 >4C1 in depth .his b"oc* is said to have been cut from a much "arger piece of 6a""eged"y7 drift+ice% found f"oating in the sea .his origina" b"oc* is said to have $eighed C555 American pounds .his $as first trimmed around the sides to its present dimensions and then about t$o feet $ere ta*en off the bottom to a point $here the under% or bac* side% of the contained specimen cou"d be seen .hen% the o$ner states% he had a professiona" 4ice+carver4a technician and artist $ho creates "arge decorative pieces for ban)uets in c"ear ice by chise"ing and ab"atingshave do$n the upper surface as far as possib"e to the upper contours of the corpse .his resu"ted in a 4mountainous4% surface in "o$ re"ief% the up$ard bu"ges doming a"" protuberances such as the feet% *nees% abdomen $ith a hand on top of the same% the chest% the face% and the "eft arm that is thro$n bac* over the head .he $ho"e b"oc* $as then "o$ered into an insu"ated coffin% measuring interna""y e3act"y >C1 3 74B1% $ith t$o "arge ny"on straps passed under either end of the b"oc* about a foot in from the ends .he t$o+inch space a"" around it $as then fi""ed $ith tap+$ater and frozen so"id $ith a refrigeration unit attached to the coffin .he corpse is on"y partia""y visib"e for t$o reasons =irst% considerab"e sections of the ice have re+crysta""ized in tabu"ar p"astrons of opa)ue constitution &econd% there has been considerab"e e3udation of gases from the corpse forced out$ard from a"" orifices and from s*in pores through the hair+fine tubu"es that penetrate even c"ear% amorphous% pa"aeocrystic% and other forms of ice .hese have created 4bursts4 of f"o$er"i*e% tri+dimensiona" 4crops4% of semi+opa)ue 4t$igs4% of crysta""ine ice .hese t$o features of the matri3 in $hich the corpse is encased ma*e it e3ceeding"y difficu"t to inspect its detai"s 'o$ever% $ith strong f"ood"ights directed from the "o$est ang"e possib"e above the g"ass top of the coffin% many detai"s are brought out $hen the surface of the corpse is vie$ed from direct"y above It $as by this means that the dra$n reconstruction $as made .he corpse or $hatever it is rotting .his cou"d be detected by a strong stench typica" of rotting mamma"ian f"esh e3uding from one of the corners of the insu"ation of the coffin /hatever this corpse may be% it $ou"d seem to inc"ude f"esh of some *ind; and such cannot be preserved permanent"y in mere ice% a"though the temperature $ithin the coffin is in this case *ept at a ma3imum of 5+ degrees = 0ROSS MOR.HO O0Y Any conc"usions that fo""o$ amount% fran*"y% to "itt"e more than specu"ation because the specimen cou"d not be hand"ed and had to be vie$ed from no c"oser than a foot at best% through four sheets of p"ate g"ass and a varying amount of c"ear% frosted% or tota""y opa)ue ice .his $ho"e e3ercise is therefore e)uiva"ent to describing an un*no$n form of any anima" fi3ed in a so"id b"oc* of p"astic such as is used to encase demonstration specimens but $ith more than ha"f the e3posed surfaces identifiab"e on"y as a shado$ under opacity 1. Overall I,2ress$on. Our f$rs% $,2ress$on on v$e3$n+ %-$s s2e"$,en 3as $%s +rea% )ulk# and %-$s +ro3s on "on%$nually %-e lon+er one $ns2e"%s $%# and es2e"$ally 3$%- %-e use of s$de l$+-%$n+. Above a""% it is the hands that are most start"ing because of their e3cessive bu"* not mere dimensions and $hich "oo* out of a"" proportion to the body and even to the immense arms .he other notab"e impression $as% from the outset% that the thing $as some *ind of human% hominid% or humanoid and this% despite severa" e3treme"y pongid features .his cou"d be $hat is ca""ed a psycho"ogica" effect% but is probab"y due most to the "ength of the "egs and the 4stance4% of the creature on its bac* in such a typica" human position 4. Bulk and 5e$+-%. T-ere $s no 3ay of es%$,a%$n+ $%s 3e$+-%# s$n"e only %3o6d$,ens$onal ,easure,en%s "an )e %aken and one $s %-us una)le %o es%$,a%e $%s +ross ,ass. Ma,,als as a 3-ole avera+e a)ou% %-e dens$%y of sal% 3a%er# )u% )ulk $s no real "r$%er$on. .he $riter% $ho is e3act"y si3 feet ta"" but $eighs on"y 1C5 pounds% cannot sin* even in fresh $ater% $hi"e he can name t$o men of the same height but )uite fat $ho% a"though a"most professiona" s$immers 6as far as body actions7 sin* at rea""y e3traordinary speed even in sa"t $ater the moment they cease to s$im

Dstimates of the $eight of anima"s other than man are more than hazardous% e3cept by such specia"ized e3perts as the breeders of domestic anima"s -everthe"ess% assuming the "egs are as bu"*y as $e assume% $e $ou"d suggest some$here in the neighborhood of 255 pounds for the $eight of this specimen .he author happened to obtain the record 0o$"and Aori""a a specimen of -orilla gorilla matschei $ in the Assumbo 'ountains of the ,ameroon, and this when stretched out, measured #ust si: feet from crown to "lantar surface and had a =7@1 arm!s"an, but weighed more than ><< "ounds. 7. Measure,en%s. All ,easure,en%s 3ere f$rs% %aken d$re"%ly fro, %-e "or2se us$n+ a s%ra$+-% ed+e rule fro, %-e "en%er of %-e -ead6end of %-e "off$n %o %-e "en%ral 2o$n% a% %-e foo%6end. A lar+e ,e%al se%6s*uare 3as ,oved alon+ %-$s# f$rs% do3n one s$de and %-en do3n %-e o%-er of %-$s f$8ed "en%ral rule. T-e fron% ed+e of %-e se%6s*uare 3as e8%ended )y ano%-er ,e%al ruler so %-a% $% rea"-ed %-e s$des of %-e "off$n. :oints of reference $ere fi3ed from direct"y above by "ying on top of the g"ass of the coffin ,ra$ings $ere "ater made from these measurements on the sca"e of 1L21 to >1% and a 1L21 grid $as then ru"ed on a c"ear p"astic sheet% over"aid on the comp"eted dra$ings% and the measurements chec*ed thereby .he reference points had necessari"y to be arbitrary in that the idea" points such as convergence of the "egs behind the scrotum in the groin% tip of the e"bo$% etc $ere not a"$ays visib"e at a""% $hi"e those points that $ere c"ear"y visib"e had to again be 2udged through the thic* hair covering =rom these measurements it $ou"d at first appear that the arms are e3cessive"y "ong% $ithout ta*ing into account the hands .his% ho$ever% is not necessari"y so% as $i"" be seen be"o$ =urther% a very strong $ord of caution shou"d be put on record here; name"y% that $hi"e the right "eg 6to the "eft in the dra$ing% of course7 is definite"y raised considerab"y at the *nee+2oint $hi"e the other% 6the "eft7 appears to be fu""y e3tended $ith the foot turned do$n$ard% there isin this author4s estimation% at "east a very distinct possibi"ity that both "egs are e"evated from the groin .hus% their "ength cou"d be severa" inches greater in the overa"" than as sho$n in the photographs and s*etches .he measurements of the 4face4% eye+soc*ets and nares 6orifices7% the hands% the penis% and the right foot as seen are of considerab"y greater precision than the other measurements because of the absence of hair .he mouth% ho$ever% is indeterminate since t$o+thirds of it are invisib"e under opa)ue ice 9. .ro2or%$ons. T-ese 3e "ons$der %o )e of ,u"- +rea%er s$+n$f$"an"e# es2e"$ally $n re+ard %o $den%$f$"a%$on and "lass$f$"a%$on# )u% nu,erous 3ords of "au%$on are -ere re*u$red. On de%a$led and so,e3-a% 2rolon+ed analys$s# %-e 2ro2or%$ons : a2ar% fro, %-e )ulk as o22osed %o %-e l$near ,easure,en%s of %-e -ands : are no% as ou%ra+eous or e8"e2%$onal# as f$rs% $,2ress$ons 3ould $nd$"a%e. 'ur%-er# as %-e 3-ole "or2se "anno% )e seen fro, d$re"%ly a)ove !nor 2-o%o+ra2-ed $n %-$s 3ay/ due %o %-e lo3 %ru"k "e$l$n+# far %oo +rea% a no%$on of len+%- of every%-$n+ $s +a$ned. T-e una$ded -u,an eye $s very de"e2%$ve $n ;ud+$n+ ,easure,en%s fro, an an+le of 9< de+rees# as 3as a)undan%ly 2roved $n %-$s "ase 3-en %-e s"ale dra3$n+ "o,2osed fro, a"%ual ,easure,en%s %aken fro, d$re"%ly a)ove a% ea"- 2o$n%# as des"r$)ed a)ove# 3as "o,2ared 3$%- our rou+- es%$,a%es ,ade )efore %-ese dra3$n+s 3ere "o,2le%ed and +r$dded# and 3$%- %-e f$nal 2-o%o+ra2-s. .he feature that at first thro$s one off is the e3cessive size of the torso% and the fact that the chest ho$s into the abdomina" mass and continues as in apes% incidenta""y do$n to the hips% as opposed to a 4$aist4 6<nfortunate"y% the nave" cannot be seen% so no measurement bet$een it and even the scrotum can be obtained 7 .his u"tra+massive 4body4% gives the impression of great "ength =urther% $hat $ou"d seem to be the c"avic"es actua""y arch up under the chin% and this adds to the impression At the same time% the "egs at first appear to be "ong% if not very "ong .his is most odd 6again probab"y 4psycho"ogica"47 and cou"d be due to preconceived notions to a zoo"ogist% at "east that pongids have short "egs and hominids "ong ones .he truth is that% as can no$ be seen in the appended technica" dra$ings% the "egs are short and% 2udging by the combined "engths of both% 2ust about match the torso from c"avic"es to scrotum .he $idth of the chest is great in proportion to the torso "ength but again% not e3cessive"y so for a hominid (e it noted that it is enormous compared to that of a chimpanzee or orang% but not compared to that of a ma"e gori""a .hen again% a very high proportion of human beings have 2ust these dimensions and proportions% and these do not have to be hod+carriers or $rest"ers

.he shou"ders a"so are 6$ere7 une3pected"y $ide% though by no means e3cessive"y so for either man or gori""a% $hi"e there is a type of very "arge% very hirsute chimpanzee that has even broader shou"ders 6.his type% of $hich $e have seen on"y t$o specimens% one in the 8ochester Moo fifteen years ago% and the other in a primate co""ection in ="orida in 1959% is in our opinion a distinct species and not necessari"y even of the genus :an 7 .he proportion of 4face4% to body genera""y is not actua""y e3cessive for a hominid and is definite"y sma"" for a pongid% but as the head is thro$n bac*% nothing above or behind the "o$ forehead and there is a 4forehead4 above the very s"ight bro$+ridges $ith their "ine of scant eyebro$ hairs can be seen .he face is e3ceeding"y $ide% but the eye+soc*ets and the nares are disproportionate"y "arge even for such an 6apparent"y7 brachycepha"ic type of face It 2ust so happened that $hi"e this paper $as in preparation a young man% seventeen years of age% and a *een ath"ete notab"e for his record in his schoo" bas*etba"" team% $as introduced to us A mutua" friend arranged the meeting $hen $e $ere discussing the proportionate "ength of the arms and hands to the body of this specimen% and as a resu"t of mentioning that the young ath"ete4s hands reached more than ha"f$ay do$n his thighs .he attached photographs $ere ta*en $ith the author as a chec* since both are e3act"y si3 feet ta"" and $eigh about the same 1C5 pounds .he author has to buy the "ongest standard arm+"ength for shirts for his size% yet% as $i"" be noted% his $rists are a"most three inches above those of Mr 8ichard 0ambert 6the ath"ete7% as may be ca"cu"ated from the b"ac* "ines dra$n across both right $rists; $hi"e% further% the hands of the "atter e3tend a"most si3 inches "o$er than those of the author 6see photo% =ig >7 /e $ere a"so ab"e to ta*e comparative photographs% to sca"e% of this young man4s hands and feet compared $ith those of the author 6.hese are reproduced as =igs B% 5% C and 77 =rom these it $i"" be seen that $hi"e Mr 0ambert4s hands are in perfect proportion for the norma" $hite #aucasoid% they have a span and "ength considerab"y e3ceeding those of the author 6$ith ring for identification7 .his gent"eman4s feet "ead us into )uite another matter due to the e3traordinary "ength of his toes a matter that is not pertinent to the present discussion =rom these comparisons $ith a person% $e shou"d stress% pic*ed at random and )uite by chance it is manifest that% disregarding the bu"* of the specimen under revie$% neither its hands nor its arms are e3cessive"y "ong% $hi"e their proportions fa"" $e"" $ithin the range of human beings .he feet of the specimen% ho$ever% do disp"ay a remar*ab"e proportion% being 6proportionate"y7 more than t$ice as $ide as those of Mr 0ambert% and near"y t$ice as $ide as those of the author 'o$ever% it is in the $idth and overa"" bu"* of the individua" fingers and toes that this specimen diverges most strong"y from the typica" human proportions .his matter is further discussed be"o$ =ina""y% the "ength of the penis in the specimen is not great for a hominid and it is not *no$n if it is erected or semi+erected but $ou"d be very "arge for the average pongid% if f"accid It is not $e"" seen% being in c"ear ice but under a top fi"m of opa)ue ice .he scrotum is sma"" and $rin*"ed and the testic"es sma""% but this detai" is even harder to see DETAI ED MOR.HO O0Y .o see and record the detai"s of the specimen4s morpho"ogy ca""ed for specia" side "ighting and pro"onged peering from severa" ang"es before the true conformation of the parts cou"d be reconstructed A"" the fo""o$ing is thus derived from mere con2ectures .here is a great dea" e"se that both of us 4fee"4% or 4be"ieve4% $e sa$% but these detai"s are not stated herein 9n"y those points upon $hich both of us agreed subse)uent"y and $e made our detai"ed e3aminations separate"y and compared notes on"y "ater are here$ith discussed =urther% there is of course no proof% of a proper scientific nature% that this specimen $as the corpse of anything recent"y a"ive 1. T-e 'a"e. T-$s $s del$)era%ely no% referred %o as %-e -ead )e"ause# as s%a%ed a)ove# none of %-e la%%er# o%-er %-an %-e fa"e# "an )e seen. T-$s $s of a yello3$s- : $.e. Cau"aso$d =3-$%e= or 2$nk$s- : "olor and naked )u% for %3o ,os% re,arka)le -a$r %ra"ks. T-e f$rs% runs u2 %-e se2%u, )e%3een %-e nares fro, %-e %o2 of %-e u22er l$2 !%-ere $s no ,ous%a"-e )u% so,e s"an%# al,os% fel$ne6l$ke 3-$skers/ %o %-e fron%al 2o$n% of %-e very =2u+=# nose. T-e o%-er $s a ,ere s"a%%er$n+ of )r$s%ly# s-or% -a$rs on %-e )ro3 r$d+es )u% no% ;o$n$n+ a"ross %-e !non6e8$s%en%/ )r$d+e of %-e nose. T-ere are v$r%ually no )ro3 r$d+es# and %-e fore-ead slo2es only sl$+-%ly )a"k3ard# as far as "an )e seen. T-e ,alars are 3$de and 2ro,$nen% and %-e "-$n $s 3$de. Bu%# ,os% no%a)le %o %-$s au%-or# 3ere a ser$es of folds and 3r$nkles around %-e ,ou%-.

.he eye soc*ets are une3pected"y round and rather "arge (oth eyeba""s are out and% in the opinion of this author% are missing 'o$ever% both the careta*er and 'euve"mans assert that they can see one of them on the "eft chee* .here is considerab"e outf"o$ of red b"ood from the "eft eye soc*et $hich streams off into c"ear ice to the right 6i e to the right side as seen from above7 of the face .he nose is by far the most unusua" feature of the face .his is pronounced"y $hat is ca""ed 4pugged4% being turned up$ards 2ust "i*e that of a :e*inese dog% and having the "arge% e3act"y round nares pointing straight for$ard to the genera" p"ane of the face .he nostri"s are f"eshy and rather heavy% but f"o$ into the upper "ip $ithout a noticeab"e crease .o some e3tent the $ho"e nasa" structure may be "i*ened to that of a young gori""a% but there is more actua" 4nose4% and this is turned up$ards rather than being f"attened% $hi"e it is not% as a $ho"e% very $ide in comparison% proportionate"y% to the $idth of the face% as in many human beings 4. T-e Torso. T-$s# as -as already )een sa$d# $s very )ulky# 3$%- 3$de s-oulders# and $% %a2ers only sl$+-%ly do3n %o %-e -$2s : no% %o a 3a$s%. T-ere are no v$s$)le 2e"%oral ,us"les and %-e n$22les are ra%-er far %o %-e s$des. T-ere $s v$r%ually no ne"k $n fron% : only a)ou% an $n"-# 3-$"- $s "overed 3$%dense -a$r : des2$%e %-e fa"% %-a% %-e -ead $s %-ro3n )a"k. I% $s $,2oss$)le %o see -o3 %-e -ead $s a%%a"-ed %o %-e s-oulders on e$%-er s$de )e"ause of o2a*ue $"e. T-e ,os% ou%s%and$n+ fea%ure of %-e %orso $s %-e 2os$%$on# "onfor,a%$on# and al$+n,en% of %-e "lav$"les. Unl$ke -u,ans# %-ese )o3 u23ards# ,ee%$n+ -$+- over %-e ne"k so %-a%# seen fro, %-e fee%6end# %-e u22er %orso looks ;us% l$ke a 2lu,2# 2lu"ked and s%uffed +oose. I -ave seen su"- a s%ru"%ure $n -u,an d3arfs $n 3-o, $% $s a +ross a)nor,al$%y. T-e "onfor,a%$on on %-$s s2e"$,en# -o3ever# looks a)solu%ely na%ural. 7. T-e Ar,s. T-ese# 3-$le a22ear$n+ very ,ass$ve# are 2ro)a)ly ra%-er slender )u% are "lo%-ed $n %-e lon+es% -a$r on %-e 3-ole )ody# or a% leas% %-ose 2ar%s of $% %-a% "an )e seen. T-e u22er ar, +$ves ra%-er def$n$%e ev$den"e of )e$n+ ,u"- ,ore slender %-an %-e forear, 3-$"-# des2$%e %-e -eavy -a$r "over$n+# -as an e8%re,ely 3$de 3r$s%. It shou"d be noted that the on"y arm visib"e is the "eft 6to the right side of the corpse as no$ vie$ed7 and that this has a very visib"e brea*% from $hich b"ood e3udes and in $hich the ends of the radius and u"na may be seen on the dista" side .his is $hat gives the $ho"e arm% as thro$n up and bac*% the first appearance of being a sort of f"accid 4tentac"e4 more "i*e that of an octopus 9. T-e Hands. T-ese are# as -as )een sa$d# )y far %-e ,os% no%$"ea)le and ou%s%and$n+ ,or2-olo+$"al s%ru"%ures v$s$)le. T-ey "an only )e des"r$)ed as enor,ous )u% %-$s# as -as also already )een no%ed# $s due ,ore %o %-e$r +rea% )ulk %-an %o %-e$r a"%ual l$near ,easure,en%s. T-ey are sl$+-%ly ,ore 2$nk %-an %-e res% of %-e sk$n# and %-ey are no% 3-a% $s "o,,only "alled =+narled=. To %-e "on%rary# %-ey look ,ore l$ke %-ose of a -u+e ,an 3-o -as -ad -$s -ands $n very -o% d$s-3as-$n+ 3a%er for so,e -ours. .hat this effect is not due to post mortem b"oat $ou"d seem to be indicated by the fact that the sub+digita" pads are not s$o""en nor the fo"ds bet$een them ob"iterated In fact% the "atter are rather prominent .he bac* of the right hand is very heavi"y haired% but the individua" fo""ic"es are far apart and the stiff hairs curve gent"y over the sides and the tips of the fingers above the nai"s .he "atter are 4cropped4 2ust as if they had been neat"y manicured; are rather f"at and ye""o$ in co"or; and are a"most s)uare .here is no evidence of post mortem gro$th 9f the hands% the most remar*ab"e feature is the thumb .his appears to be as fu""y opposed as is ours% but it is remar*ab"y s"ender and appears to reach a"most to the termina" 2oint of the first or inde3 finger It a"so tapers% rather than e3panding "i*e the average man4s .he nai" on the thumb is not visib"e on either hand .he *nuc*"es are neither prominent nor even $e""+defined A most notab"e feature of the pa"mar surface of the hands is one that puzz"es us .his is that there is an enormous and prominent pad on the 4hee"4% at the outer side% behind or 4above4% the fifth digit bac* .his far e3ceeds the sub+po""e3 pad in dimensions and protuberance =rom this one is forced to specu"ate $hether this creature may indeed spend time on a"" fours% $ith the hands app"ied to the ground in a p"antigrade manner as are those of the baboons .he conformation of this pad is brought out in the s*etch 6=ig I7 <. T-e 0en$%al$a. T-e 2en$s $s *u$%e d$ff$"ul% %o see even 3$%- s%ron+ l$+-% a% var$ous lo3 an+les# and $% -as )een so,e3-a% over6e,2-as$>ed $n %-e dra3$n+ "o,2ared %o %-e o%-er v$s$)le surfa"e. T-$s 3as done del$)era%ely %o re"ord %-e "o,2end$u, of o)serva%$ons 3e ,ade u2on $% fro, var$ous an+les.

It is s"ight"y curved or bo$ed to the right 6"eft% as seen from above7% is rather s"ender% and tapers to a point% from $hich this author fe"t he sa$ a sma"" f"ora"+shaped emission of pin*er f"esh some four mi""imeters in $idth It is pa"e ye""o$ .he scrotum is very hard to see and this author is some$hat dubious of $hat is herein stated It appears to be $rin*"ed% is bro$nish% and shaped as if containing t$o sma"" testic"es .here is no hair on the penis but there appears to be on the scrotum ?. T-e e+s. A"%ually# $% $s $,2oss$)le %o de%er,$ne %-e real len+%- or )ulk of %-ese# and for several reasons. '$rs%# as no%ed a)ove# )o%- ,ay )e eleva%ed a% %-e +ro$n fro, %-e su2$ne 2os$%$on of %-e )ody as a 3-ole. Se"ond# %-e r$+-% le+ $s ,ore eleva%ed a% %-e knee %-an $s %-e lef%# 3-$le )o%- ankles are -$dden )elo3 o2a*ue $"e. T-$rd# %-e %-$+-s and s-anks are dee2ly )ur$ed $n %-e $"e# )u% %-ey are very -eav$ly "lo%-ed $n lon+# s%$ff# s%ra$+-% -a$rs %-a% ,ask %-e$r ou%l$nes. T-e knees are# -o3ever# very 2ro,$nen% and read$ly seen# )ear$n+ only very s2arse s-or% -a$rs. T-ey are 2$nk and %-e 2a%ella $s %y2$"ally -u,an. T-$s 3e "ons$der %o )e of %-e +rea%es% s$+n$f$"an"e as 2on+$ds ;us% do no% -ave =knees=# "ons%ru"%ed l$ke %-$s. @. T-e 'ee%. T-ese are# of "ourse# %-e key 2o$n% $n %-$s 3-ole "ase. As 3e no%ed $n our $n%rodu"%ory re,arks# %-e only re,a$n$n+ "r$%er$on for se2ara%$n+ %-e -o,$n$ds fro, %-e 2on+$ds : on 2urely ,or2-olo+$"al +rounds# %-a% $s : $s 3-e%-er %-e -allu8 $s a22osed or o22osed. 5e 3ould s%ress %-e ,or2-olo+$"al as a+a$ns% %-e ana%o,$"al "r$%er$a -ere. In %-$s "ase# %-e fee% are def$n$%ely -o,$n$d. T-a% %-ey are a22aren%ly e8"ess$vely 3$de and# $% 3ould see, )y 2ro+nos$s# ra%-er s-or%# and due %o %-e s$>e and =2ud+$ness=# of %-e %oes# 3ould see, %o $nd$"a%e %-a% %-ey -ave %-e 2ro2or%$ons of 3-a%ever lef% %-e alle+edly =neander%-alo$d=# %ra"ks A $,2r$n%s $n %-e "ave "lay of To$rano $n I%aly !see )$)l$o+ra2-y/. .he for$ard pro2ecting foot is pin* in co"our% has bu"bous termina" pads% and horny ye""o$ish nai"s that are a"so 4cropped4% in that they do not cur" over the ends of the toes as do ours if "eft untrimmed and as those of the Au"ivavans are said to dosee reference in 8ussian $or*s to these under the heading of the )elmogu/!)e/! Tyrmak or 7,o""er *ails7, of the Tien han. The hair on the to" of this foot is very long and curves over the toes and is very "rofuse to either side, curving over the main "lantar mass. The toes are astonishingly e6ual in si/e, the little toe being large and the great!toe rather small in "ro"ortion. A"" form an a"most straight 4front4% $hich $ou"d seem to be the idea" conformation for steady for$ard progress in sno$ or "oose soi"s 6&)uare+fronted sno$+shoes have at "ast been found to be much more efficient and "ess tiring to $ear than the standard spind"e+shaped form7 .here is fina""y one point about the feet that the $riter cannot confirm nor abso"ute"y assert .his is that% as reconstructed 6through a very "ong and repeated inspection through the ice7 there $ou"d seem to be ./9 post+ ha""u3 p"antar pads such as form such a prominent feature of the &as)uatch+9hmah+'ungerussu+,zuteh% giant type of primitive hominid TRICHO O0Y .here is "itt"e that can be said about the true dimensions% conformation or even co"oring of the hairs at the present stage of investigation% e3cept to note that the body is genera""y very fu""y haired .he careta*er to"d us that $hen they $ere shaving do$n the ice% samp"es of hair $er ta*en and sent to 1the greatest e3perts1 /hen as*ed $ho these $ere% he cou"d not 1remember1% but stated that they had gone to 1&omebody some$here in -e$ !ersey1 /hen as*ed if there $ere any reports made on these samp"es% Mr 'ansen to"d us that there had been% but that they $ere 1In our #a"ifornia officer1% adding that he $ou"d get us copies .hese have not eventuated -o overa"" description of the pe"age of this specimen is possib"e on t$o counts =irst% on"y about a third of it can be seen c"ear"y% though fortunate"y these portions do represent most of the front% or ventra" side of the creature &econd% the hair+trac*s are very e"aborate .he "atter prob"em has% ho$ever% been fu""y overcome by combining the s*etches of both authors and rendering the agreed+upon composite on the accompanying dra$ing +=ig I A number of points of great interest to mamma"ogists are herein brought out &tarting at the hands% $e find first that their bac*s are covered $ith sparse but "ong% curved hairs that drape over the $ho"e hand .hese emerge right do$n to the top of the u"timate 2oints of a"" digits .he hair on the under or inner side of the $rist is visib"e; but this on the "eft $rist a"one% $hich is he"d above the head% pa"m up$ards .his narro$ band of hair stands straight up but curves one $ay to$ards the hand at one side% and bac*$ards up the inner side of the arm on the

other A"" the hair visib"e on the upper arm f"o$s even"y to the e"bo$% as it does in the chimpanzee particu"ar"y .hat on the upper arm% ho$ever% f"o$s do$n$ards from the shou"der to that point% so that the t$o f"o$s form a 4drip+tip4% on the outside of the e"bo$ .he arrangement of the hair in the armpits must be e3amined in the accompanying dra$ing .he amazing thing to us is that the a3i""a is fi""ed $ith the same type of hair as the surrounding areas .here is no sign of true a3i""ary hair such s that of humans =urther% neither of us cou"d find any evidence of pubic hair either% though there is undoubted"y fair"y thic*% fine hair a"" over the pubic region .his absence of these types of hair is typica""y pongid; even simioid Apart from the sparse brist"es on the bro$ ridges mentioned above and the curious stubb"y "ine up the front of the septum bet$een the nares% the face is na*ed 'o$ever% there appears to be hair above the bro$% and f"o$ing bac*$ards on the side of the head 6-o ears are visib"e as the head is thro$n bac* into opa)ue ice 7 <nder the chin there is a dense for$ard+pointing mass of short hairs fi""ing in the inch to t$o+inch 4nec*4% bet$een the immense arched c"avicu"ar torso top and the $ide chin .he most stri*ing features of the tricho"ogy of the torso are t$ofo"d =irst% there is a sort of fringe of $hat is obvious"y a "ong+haired cape covering the dorsum $hich 2ust emerges around the sides of the torso and forms a sort of continuous in+curved eaves 6as on a house7 .he rest of the chest is a"most na*ed but for $ide"y scattered "ong% "an*% straight hairs .hese are concentrated as sho$n in the dra$ing do$n the mid"ine of the sternum% being s"ight"y parted in the median "ine and then f"o$ing on do$n$ards into the sparse pe"age of the be""y region .he contrast bet$een the 4eaves4 of the bac* cape and this sparse"y+haired chest and front is very stri*ing and is% it shou"d be noted% comp"ete"y in accord $ith pongid tricho"ogica" arrangement rather than $ith that of hominids 'uman beings $ith deve"oped hypertrichosis invariab"y manifest e3cessive gro$th first on the chest and front of the be""y% and this hair is a"most invariab"y ova" in section and thus cur"y or even *in*y .he pe"age in the inguina" region is not visib"e .he "egs from the uppermost point visib"e on the thighs to the bottom of the shan*s% $here they disappear be"o$ opa)ue ice% are $e""+haired .hese hairs are perfect"y straight% on an average over t$o inches "ong% $ide"y separatedtheir fo""ic"es being $e"" over an eighth of an inch apart and a"" ho$ straight do$n$ard =ina""y% the tops of the feet are very heavi"y haired% and right do$n to the ends of the termina" 2oints of the digits .hese hairs "oo* $iry% are fair"y $ide"y spaced% and curve gent"y over the feet in a"" directions .he 'airs It is% of course% impossib"e to supp"y or even suggest any concrete facts about these apart from mere visua" observation =rom this% nonethe"ess% and as seen through the c"earest ice covering% it $ou"d appear that they are e3treme"y coarse or thic*% average about t$o to three inches in "ength more or "ess a"" over the body% and are most"y )uite straight .hose that curve have been mentioned above An interesting fact is the very $ide separation of their fo""ic"es /e tried to measure these distances but the distortion caused by the ice made it a"most impossib"e; but $e $ou"d estimate that it is on an average near"y as much as a )uarter of an inchsay three to four mi""imeters 9n the chest and upper be""y they are even more $ide"y spaced% and despite the e3treme"y 4hairy4 appearance of the arm% $e have reason to be"ieve that the fo""ic"es are no c"oser together there% the effect being due simp"y to the much "onger "ength of the individua" hairs .he 4cape4% as far as it can be seen% is definite"y dar*er and denser and appears to be 2et b"ac* .he rest of the pe"age is dar* bro$n% but one most important point stands out /ou"d that $e cou"d give abso"ute proof of this observation but% $ithout having e3amined so much as one hair $e cannot; yet% a"" the "ong% straight hairs $ou"d seem to this observer to be definite"y but du""y banded in $hat is *no$n to mamma"ogists as the typica" 4agouti4 manner .his is to say each hair has "ighter bands% starting $ide at the base and decreasing in $idth to$ards the top If this be a va"id observation% $e have here a most uni)ue item in that no hominid or pongid hair is *no$n $ith this type of co"oration -ot unti" $e come to the so+ca""ed 4mon*eys4 #ynopithecoids% #o"oboids% #ercopithecoids% etc do $e encounter this condition CONC USION .his paper describes% in some$hat genera" terms% the resu"ts of a pre"iminary inspection of the corpse of $hat appeared to be some form of "arge primate of hominid form .he notion that it is a 1composite1% manufactured from parts of human corpses andLor other anima"s% must% of course% sti"" be considered% since the body has not yet actua""y been e3amined; shou"d it be% the artist% $ho put it together% inserting severa" mi""ion hairs in a s*in before it rotted or $as preserved% $ou"d have to have had some concept to $or* from% and there is no such

e3tant .his for the fo""o$ing reason .his body is not that of any *no$n hominid or pongid and% $hat is much more significant% it does not conform to any reconstruction or artist4s conception of any fossi" man or ape or other anthropoid Its genera" features and particu"ar characters as detai"ed above disp"ay an e3traordinary mi3ture of $hat have unti" no$ been assigned either to men or apes% but it a"so sho$s others that have never been assigned or attributed to any of either 'o$ever% t$o separate companies specia"izing in mode"+ma*ing for $a3$or* museums% e3hibits% and fi"m companies in 'o""y$ood #a"ifornia% have been traced% and individua" mode"+ma*ers $or*ing for both have stated that they made copies $ith $a3 or "ate3 and using hair from bears Mr 'ansen% the careta*er% informed us in !anuary of this year that such a mode" had been made in Apri" of 19C7 because the o$ner of the origina" $as $orried about its safety An ob2ect such as this cou"d possib"y be constructed% starting $ith the s*in of a "arge ma"e% pa"e+s*inned chimpanzee% using a human s*u""% g"ove+ma*ers $ood rac*s for the hands% and so forth .he origina" cou"d have been of this nature% and then a copy% or copies% made from it !ust in case this might not be the origin of the specimen% $e shou"d consider the a"ternative; name"y% that it is a genuine corpse of a comparative"y recent"y *i""ed specimennot 1fossi"ized1 in any $ay of some form of para+ hominid .his is the considered opinion of 'euve"mans and is based on as thorough an e3amination as he $as ab"e to ma*e considering that the specimen is encased in ice that is more than ha"f opa)ue% and sun* about t$o feet be"o$ the g"ass cover of its container And% if this is the correct interpretation% $e $ou"d opine that it $ou"d more probab"y be on the hominid rather than the pongid stem of anthropoid evo"ution !ust $here it shou"d be p"aced on that stem can not% of course% be said unti" it has been proper"y e3amined out of its ice enve"opment =urther% and much more important% $i"" be any ana"ysis of its b"ood% p"asma and other body f"uids% if they are sti"" sufficient"y preserved for typing Dven then% $e may $e"" be confounded because these specimen disp"ays such a combination of characters attributed to the t$o present"y thought )uite $ide"y separated fami"ies of anthropoid primates And this constrains us to add a note of added caution In vie$ of the fact that pongids and hominids have no$ been sho$n to fa"" into severa" groups% together vide the #aucasoid and #ongoid hominids $ith the gori""as and chimpanzees on the one hand; and the Mias% &iamangs% and Aibbons among the pongids $ith the Mongo"oid hominids on the other% is it not possib"e that not on"y the hominids but the pongids have a grid+"i*e genetic originE If this be the case% cou"d the concept not be further e3tended to inc"ude a"" the anthropoids so that there may have been and% in this case may sti"" be tru"y 1man"i*e apes1 and 1ape"i*e men1E .his specimen is by severa" criteria a hominid% noticeab"y by its feet% but it has many pongid characters Are the diagnostic features $e are current"y emp"oying to separate the apes from men va"idE If not% are both our fami"ies inva"id% and cou"d both groups form but one comp"e3E If so% $e $i"" have to add the 1'airy Man1 to ,esmond Morris4 *aked A"e. Anything of this nature will absolutely demand an overall revision of our ideas of both "hysical and social anthro"ology, and will "resent a somewhat alarming "roblem to scientists and religionists alike. .his author4s persona" opinion as to the precise identity of this specimen is at the moment not formu"ated As a trained zoo"ogist and one $ho spent many years co""ecting mamma"ian and particu"ar"y primate specimens for e3amination% dissection and preservation in the fie"d and $hi"e fresh% $e $ou"d not presume to ma*e any definite pronouncement upon anything other than a pure"y genera"ized% overa"" description of its e3terna" appearance .he corpus must be freed from its ice encasement and proper"y e3amined first 'o$ever% some specu"ation as to the ta3onomic status of this creature% if it fina""y proves to be rea"% is perhaps permissib"e% since $e do have detai"ed measurements and photographs to bac* it up It is 'euve"mans4 opinion% $hich he states categorica""y in his paper 6op cit 7% that this body represents the fresh remains of a neandertha"oid human &uch hominids are current"y c"assed as a sub+species of 'omo sapiens% yet 'euve"mans has named this item 'omo pongoides% and thus of fu"" specific ran* .hough $e suggested that appe""ation 6pongoides7 in the first p"ace% $e envisaged it either as a subspecific to H. sa"iens $ since we have no idea as to the e:ternal mor"hology of the fossil neanderthaloids $ or merely as a "ossible s"ecific for some other genus of anthro"oid. However, this suggestion was "urely tentative in that, des"ite the e:istence of this s"ecimen, we have no more idea of its anatomy, histology, or "hysiology than we do of the e:ternal mor"hology of the neanderthalers. I am therefore officially disassociating my name from that given in Heuvelmans7 "a"er. /e are constrained to do this not on"y because $e are persona""y averse to naming any specimen before it has

been physica""y obtained and proper"y e3amined% but a"so more precise"y because $e are not convinced that this specimen is neandertha"oid or even a member of the genus 'omo as present"y constituted =urther sti""% it might not even be an Anthropoid% but rather a survivor of a "ine divergent from% and possib"y "ying bet$een% the hominid and the pongid branches% but derived from a common ancestor to a"" three In the absence of the corpus itse"f% as of the time of $riting% and in vie$ of our tota" "ac* of *no$"edge of the e3terna" morpho"ogy of any anthropoids other than the "iving hominids and pongids% $e consider it to be most incautious to attempt to identify this specimen as of no$% and more especia""y to confine it $ithin a sub+specific tit"e And anent this; one essentia" feature of this specimen seems to have been over"oo*ed /hat can be seen of the conformation of the face% meaning the front of the head% in no $ay conforms to any *no$n fossi" hominidapart from the 2uveni"e austra"opithecoids and particu"ar"y to that of any neandertha"er of comparab"e size .here is no prognathicism; virtua""y no bro$ridges; the forehead does not s"ope acute"y; the t$o teeth that can be seen are infanti"e In fact% from $hat can be assessed of the anatomica" structure of the fore part of the s*u""% this creature is a"most as far removed from the standard neandertha"oid construction as is possib"e In these same respects% it sho$s no more affinity $ith Homo erectus, H. habilis 0what is known of same2, or more es"ecially such 7lower7 ty"es as were once called "ithecanthro"ines, australo"ithecines, or suchlike. In fact, if it does "rove to be a hominid, by whatever criteria may be decided u"on to define that family when and if it is e:amined, it might well be called Homo "ongoides& but it most certainly should not be assigned to the neanderthal race or com"le:. 9ur fina" conc"usion% therefore% is that the specimen $e inspected $as that of a genuine corpse as opposed to a composite or a construction and that it is some form of primate /e $ou"d categorize it% as of no$% as an anthropoid% but $hether it is a hominid% a pongid% or a representative of some other previous"y unsuspected branch of that super+fami"y $e are not prepared either to say or even to specu"ate .here are certain firm indications that the specimen e3amined by 'euve"mans and this $riter though it has been removed from the p"ace $here $e sa$ it% and hidden% $hi"e a substitute mode" has been insta""ed has not been destroyed and may therefore eventua""y become avai"ab"e for proper scientific e3amination <nti" such time as this is achieved $e advise that it serve on"y as a pointer to the possib"e continued e3istence of at "east one *ind of fu""y+haired% u"traprimitive% anthropoid+"i*e primate% and be used on"y as a "ever to pry open the hitherto hidebound notion that any such thing is impossib"e SUBSIDIARY NOTE 9n the 8th of May% 19C9% the &mithsonian Institution issued the fo""o$ing re"ease regarding the specimen described in this paper 1.he &mithsonian Institution has $ithdra$n its interest in the so ca""ed Minnesota Iceman as it is satisfied the creature is simp"y a carniva" e3hibit made of "ate3 rubber and hair Information has been received from a re"iab"e source% that the &mithsonian is not at "iberty to disc"ose% concerning the o$nership of the mode" as $e"" as the manner% date% and p"ace of its fabrication .his information% combined $ith some recent suggestions received from Ivan . &anderson% the science $riter and origina" 4discoverer4 of the Iceman% as to the manner in $hich the creature cou"d have been artificia""y made% has convinced us beyond reasonab"e doubt that the 4origina"4 mode" and the present so ca""ed 4substitute4% are one and the same 1 ,r !ohn -apier% the ,irector of the :rimate (io"ogy :rogram at the &mithsonian% points out that the &mithsonian4s attitude has been one of s*epticism combined $ith open+mindedness throughout% and that their on"y interest in the affair has been to discover the truth $hich they are reasonab"y certain is as stated above .his procedure $as in part initiated by the author and for three reasons =irst% $e "earned that% 2ust as Mr 'ansen had himse"f informed the &mithsonian in $riting% the specimen that 'euve"mans and the present author had inspected had permanent"y $ithdra$n from pub"ic disp"ay and a fabricated copy made &econd% $e traced a professiona" mode"+ma*er% $or*ing for a reputab"e firm in #a"ifornia $ho stated that he had made 2ust such a copy .hird% this $riter $as as*ed $hether he having spent t$enty years co""ecting and preserving mamma"s for the (ritish Museum of -atura" 'istory cou"d ma*e anything "i*e the origina" .$o of my previous assistants in that $or* happened to be avai"ab"e and% after consu"tation% $e $ere ab"e to submit a memorandum describing% in out"ine% ho$ $e $ou"d proceed &imu"taneous"y% the &mithsonian traced

another man% a"so in #a"ifornia% $ho stated that he had made a "ate3 mode"% using bear hair% in Apri" of 19C7 As a resu"t of these facts% it $as deemed advisab"e to defray any further e3penditure of time and effort in the hope of obtaining the origina" specimen for proper e3amination .his ne$ mode" $ent on pub"ic e3hibit in May of this year It $as photographed $ith the permission of the careta*er% and the photographs c"ear"y demonstrate that it is not the origina" specimen e3amined by us and in a number of readi"y discernib"e detai"s It is% in fact% a very fair reproduction of Mr !ohn &choenherr4s 4artist4s conception4% that i""ustrated a popu"ar artic"e by this author in ARGOSY magazine and $hich had appeared a month previous"y .hese detai"s $ere not visib"e in 'euve"mans4 photographs but they $ere )uite "egitimate embe""ishments by this fine artist for the purposes of a pure"y popu"ar artic"e Mr 'ansen has throughout adhered to his initia" e3p"anation of the discovery of the origina" specimen% as having been found in 'ong @ong% and he has a"$ays stated that he never did *no$ $hat it rea""y $as% $hi"e the o$ner refused to disc"ose the resu"ts of a""eged hair and b"ood ana"ysis Mr 'ansen is a sho$man% and on"y emp"oyed to e3hibit this specimen by its o$ners 'e has to"d us fran*"y that $hat is no$ on e3hibit is a copy and man+made #omparison of the photographs of $hat he no$ has on vie$ $ith those of the origina" corpse ta*en by ,r (ernard 'euve"mans prove this beyond any doubt SUMMARY .his paper describes the 4discovery4 of the corpse of $hat appears to be a hominoid type of anthropoid% fu""y c"othed in hair% preserved in ice in a g"ass+covered coffin that is *ept at 5+degrees = .his $as housed in a specia" trai"er+truc* on private property near /inona% Minnesota% < & A % by a careta*er $ho had been responsib"e for moving it around the <nited &tates for t$o years and e3hibiting it at fairs% on mid$ays% and in carniva"s .he specimen is said to be o$ned by a resident of #a"ifornia $ho% after pub"ication of a detai"ed description of the specimen by ,r (ernard 'euve"mans 6op cit 7% a""eged"y removed and hid it% substituting a mode" for ne3t year4s e3hibit .he specimen is said to have been found in a refrigeration p"ant in 'ong @ong% and to have originated some$here in northeastern Asia &o far the o$ner has refused to give any precise detai"s as to its origin or ho$ it $as brought to the <nited &tates .he e3terna" morpho"ogy of this specimen is herein described as far as it cou"d be ascertained visua""y% and by photography% through four sheets of p"ate+g"ass $ith a "ayer of ice be"o$ that $as more than one ha"f opa)ue =rom $hat cou"d be seen% the specimen is hereby dec"ared to be% in a"" "i*e"ihood% a comp"ete corpus% and not either a composite or a construction It is 2udged to be a primate and most probab"y an anthropoid% but no conc"usion or even specu"ation as to $hether it is specifica""y a hominid% a pongid% or a representative of some other hitherto un*no$n branch of the anthropoid stoc* is advanced .he specimen $e inspected% a"though a""eged"y removed and hidden% has notas far as $ritten e3pressions have so far been madebeen destroyed% and the o$ner refused to ma*e it avai"ab"e for e3amination by the &mithsonian Institution Its re"ative va"ue% as of no$ is% therefore% pointed out to be essentia""y and on"y potentia" proof of the continued e3istence of at "east one form of human+"i*e anthropoid such as up ti"" no$ has been f"at"y denied as being possib"e by the ma2ority of not on"y physica" and cu"tura" anthropo"ogists but a"so by primato"ogists As such% it is suggested that it might constitute a very va"uab"e contribution to *no$"edge% and potentia""y to a better understanding of primate% anthropoid% and possib"y hominid ancestr

What is it?
A Strange Creature Captured Above Yale. A British Columbia Gorilla
(Correspondence of he !ail" Colonist#

3ale. B.4.. ?uly 7rd 5<<6 n the immediate !icinity of ?o. ( tunnel, situated some twenty miles abo!e this !illage, are bluffs of roc0 which ha!e hitherto been unsurmountable, but on @onday morning last were successfully scaled by @r. =nderdon0>s employees on the regular train from Lytton. "ssisted by @r. 7osterton, the British 7olumbia 32press 7ompany>s messenger, and a number of gentlemen from Lytton and points east of that place who, after considerable trouble and perilous climbing, succeeded in capturing a creature which may truly be called half man and half beast. "6ac0o" as the creature has been called by his capturers, is something of the gorilla type standing four feet se!en inches in height and weighing #%. pounds. He has long, blac0, strong hair and resembles a human being with one e2ception, his entire body, e2cepting his hands, +or paws/ and feet are co!ered with glossy hair about an inch long. His fore arm is much longer than a man>s fore arm, and he possesses e2traordinary strength, as he will ta0e hold of a stic0 and brea0 it by wrenching or twisting it, which no man li!ing could brea0 in the same way. Since his capture he is !ery reticent, only occasionally uttering a noise which is half bar0 and half growl. He is, howe!er, becoming daily more attached to his 0eeper, @r. ;eorge elbury, of this place, who proposes shortly starting for London, 3ngland, to e2hibit him. His fa!orite food so far is berries, and he drin0s fresh mil0 with e!ident relish. By ad!ice of Ar. Hannington raw meats ha!e been withheld from 6ac0o, as the doctor thin0s it would ha!e a tendency to ma0e him sa!age. he mode of his capture was as follows E ?ed "ustin, the engineer, on coming in sight of the bluff at the eastern end of the ?o. ( tunnel saw what he supposed to be a man lying asleep in close pro2imity to the trac0, and as 1uic0 as thought blew the signal to apply the bra0es. he bra0es were instantly applied, and in a few seconds the train was brought to a standstill. "t this moment the supposed man sprang up, and uttering a sharp 1uic0 bar0 began to climb the steep bluff. 7onductor ).6. 7raig and 32press @essenger 7osterton, followed by the baggage man and bra0emen, 9umped from the train and 0nowing they were some twenty minutes ahead of time immediately ga!e chase. "fter fi!e minutes of perilous climbing the then supposed demented Indian was corralled on a pro9ecting shelf of roc0 where he could neither ascend nor descend. he 1uery now was how to capture him ali!e, which was 1uic0ly decided by @r. 7raig, who crawled on his hands and 0nees until he was about forty feet abo!e the creature. a0ing a small piece of loose roc0 he let it fall and it had the desired effect of rendering poor 6ac0o incapable of resistance for a time at least. he bell rope was then brought up and 6ac0o was now lowered to terra firma. "fter firmly binding him and placing him in the baggage car "off bra0es" was sounded and the train started for Nale. "t the station a large crowd who had heard of the capture by telephone from Spu44um Flat were assembled, each one an2ious to ha!e the first loo0 at the monstrosity, but they were disappointed, as 6ac0o had been ta0en off at the machine shops and placed in charge of his present 0eeper. he 1uestion naturally arises, how came the creature where it was first seen by @r. "ustin T From bruises about its head and body, and apparent soreness since its capture, it is supposed that 6ac0o !entured too near the edge of the bluff, slipped, fell and lay where found until the sound of the rushing train aroused him. @r. hos. white and @r. ;ouin, 7.3., as well as @r. @a9or, who 0ept a small store about half a mile west of the tunnel during the past two years, ha!e mentioned ha!ing seen a curious creature at different points between 7amps #' and #., but no attention was paid to their remar0s as people came to the conclusion that they had either seen a bear or stray Indian dog. 5ho can unra!el the mystery that now surrounds 6ac0oU Aoes he belong to a species hitherto un0nown in this part of the continent, or is he really what the train men first thought he was, a cra4y Indian

he story of !ac*o is a piece of &as)uatch+capture fo"*"ore that refuses to die% despite a superb investigative artic"e pub"ished in 1975% co+authored by !ohn Areen and &abina / &anderson .he history and investigation of the historica" !ac*o on"y began in earnest $ithin the "ast fe$ decades% not the 1885s% of course A ne$s reporter named (rian Mc@e"vie% during the 1955s% became interested in the then+ current stories of the &as)uatch% being carried by his "oca" (ritish #o"umbian papers Mc@e"vie searched for o"der reports /hat he found $as the (aily .ritish ,olonist% B !u"y 188B% artic"e about !ac*o .he account detai"ed the sighting of a sma""ish hairy creature 61something of the gori""a type17 supposed"y seen and captured near Ha"e% (#% on >5 !une 188B% and housed in a "oca" 2ai" 617 Mc@e"vie shared the !ac*o account $ith !ohn Areen and 8ene ,ahinden Me@e"vie to"d them this $as the on"y record of the event due to a fire that had destroyed other area ne$spapers of the time !ohn Areen% in 1958% found and intervie$ed a man 6August #ast"e7 $ho remembered the !ac*o ta"* of the time% but he said his parents did not ta*e him to the 2ai" to see the beast 9ther senior citizens remembered the ta"* of the creature% but no one cou"d produce any tru"y good evidence for or eye$itness accounts 6other than the (ritish #o"onist story7 of !ac*o .he story4s first modern appearance in a hardbound boo* prope""ed the !ac*o incident into the modern "iterature% and as they say% history .he boo*% of course% $as Ivan . &anderson4s 19C1 Abominable nowmanA 5egend ,ome to 5ife 9ther authors% inc"uding !ohn Areen% 8ene ,ahindenL,on 'unter% Arover @rantz% and !ohn -apier% $ou"d fo""o$% as $ou"d years of rehashers and men4s magazine $riters .he story $as repeated again and again -everthe"ess% !ohn Areen $as sti"" digging into the 2ourna"istic evidence for the story 'e had discovered that% yes% $hi"e the ne$spapers from the time do not e3ist in the (# Archives 6as Mc@e"vie had found out to his dismay7% there are microfi"ms of (# ne$spapers from the 1885s at the <niversity of (ritish #o"umbia Areen then found t$o important artic"es that thre$ "ight on the $ho"e affair .he -e$ /estminister% (#% 'ainland -uardian of 9 !u"y 188B% mentioned the story and notedF 1.he 4/hat Is It4 is

the sub2ect of conversation in to$n 'o$ the story originated% and by $hom% is hard for one to con2ecture Absurdity is $ritten on the face of it .he fact of the matter is% that no such anima" $as caught% and ho$ the #o"onist $as duped in such a manner% and by such a story% is strange 1 9n 11 !u"y 188B% the .ritish ,olumbian carried the ne$s that some 255 peop"e had gone to the 2ai" to vie$ !ac*o (ut the 1on"y $i"d man visib"e1 $as a man% $ho $as humorous"y ca""ed the 1governor of the goa" N2ai"O% $ho comp"ete"y e3hausted his patience1 fie"ding the repeated in)uiries from the cro$d about the none3istent creature As Areen has pointed out% the ,olonist never disputed its critics Areen 6$ith &anderson4s $ido$7 $rote of the !ac*o story as a piece of historica" 2ourna"istic fiction in the artic"e% 1A"as% :oor !ac*o%1 Pursuit 8% 1 6!anuary 19757% pages 18+19 ,espite !ohn Areen fee"ing 1it doesn4t "oo* good for !ac*o%1 peop"e have uncritica""y reported the !ac*o story% $ith e"der citizens4 remembrances of the media attention to it% as if that is evidence for the rea"ity of !ac*o% for years <nfortunate"y% a $ho"e ne$ generation of homino"ogists% &as)uatch searchers% and (igfoot researchers are gro$ing up thin*ing that the !ac*o story is an ironc"ad cornerstone of the fie"d% a foundation piece of history proving that &as)uatch are rea" !ac*o may have more to do $ith "oca" rumors brought to the "eve" of a ne$s story that has evo"ved into a modern fab"e Is it a fab"e of caution% rea""y% not of rea"ityE -otesF 617 In -orth America% at the end of the 19th century% the use of 1gori""a1 in artic"e references 6as I detai"ed in a 3ortean Times co"umn in 19977% is direct"y re"ated to the media attention about gori""as $hipped up by ,u #hai""u4s sensationa"istic trave"s in Africa and his boo* that came out in 18C1 Gernon 8eyno"ds 6The A"es% 19C7 p 1>77 $ritesF 1After 6,u #hai""u4s7 trip% $hich "asted from 185C to 1859% ,u #hai""u returned to the <nited &tates% $here he received $idespread acc"aim 1 In 18C>% another famous gori""aLtrave" boo* $as pub"ished% $ritten by American e3p"orer /in$ood 8eade% after he spent five months in gori""a country -ineteenth century artic"es about 1strange creatures1 + $hether rea" or imagined + often thus "abe"ed them as 1gori""as