Kết Cấu Bê tông cốt thép

Chng 1
M U.
1. BN CHT CA B TNG CT THP:
B tng ct thep la vt liu xy dung phuc hop do BT va ct thep cung cng tac
chju luc:
B tng la da nhn tao duoc ch tao tu cac vt liu roi ( Cat, soi,...goi la ct liu)
va cht kt dinh (Xi mng hoc cac cht deo).
B tng ct thep:

Nen t t
Keo kem
Keo, nen tt
B tng
Cung phi hp lam vic
Ct thep

thy ro y ngha kinh t ky thut cua vic t ct thep vao BT tao nn 1 kt cu BTCT, lam th
nghim n gian sau:
Nen
Keo
- Un mt dm b tng ta thy dm b pha hoai kha sm do
vt nt xut hin vung b tng chu keo. Trong khi o
vung BT chu nen ng sut nen con kha be so vi kha nng
chu nen cua BT. Nh vy kha nng chu lc cua BT vung
nen cha c tn dung ht gy lang ph vt liu (Ma
thng kha nng chu nen cua BT ln hn t 10-20 ln kha
nng chu keo cua no).
Cung dm tng t nh vy nhng nu t mt
lng ct thep thch h p vao vung b tng chu keo th kha
nng chu lc cua dm tng ln rt nhiu. Khi BT vung keo
b nt th ct thep se thay th BT tip nhn toan b ng lc
trong vung keo, va dm vn con kha nng chu tai. Dm
BTCT ch b pha hoai khi BT vung nen b ep v hoc ct
thep chu keo b t.
Nen
Keo
Mc khac thep chu keo va nen u tt nn co th t thep vao ca vung chu nen tng kha nng
chu lc cua vung nen , giam kch thc tit din hoc chu cac lc keo xut hin ngu nhin.
Vy thc cht b tng ct thep la mt vt liu xy dng hn hp ma trong o b tng va ct
thep a lin kt hp ly vi nhau cung lam vic trong mt kt cu.
S d b tng va ct thep co th cung lam vic c la do:
- Luc dinh bam giua BT va ct thep: B tng khi ninh kt th dnh cht vi ct thep nn
ng lc co th truyn t BT sang ct thep va ngc lai. Lc dnh co y ngha hang u, nh o co th
khai thac ht kha nng chu lc cua ct thep, han ch b rng khe nt...
- Giua b tng va thep khng xay ra phan ung hoa hoc co hai. B tng co c chc,
bao boc bao v ct thep khng b han r va ngn nga ta c dung co hai cua mi trng i vi thep.
- B tng va thep co h s gian no nhit gn bng nhau (
ct
= 1,2.10
-5
;
b
=10
-5
1,5.10
-5
).
Nn khi nhit thay i trong pham vi thng thng di 100
0
C th ng sut ( ban u ) xay ra
trong vt liu khng ang k.
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP 1
Chng 1
2. PHN LOI BTCT:
2.1. Phn loi theo phng php ch to :
a. B tng ct thp ton khi (BTCT ti ch):
BTCT toan khi khi thi cng ngi ta tin hanh ghep van khun, t ct thep va BT ngay tai v
tr thit k cua kt cu.
* u im: - Cac cu kin lin kt toan khi nn kt cu co cng ln, chu tai trong ng tt.
- Co th ch tao cac cu kin theo hnh dang tuy y.
* Nhc im: - Tn vt liu lam van khun, a giao.
- Thi cng chu anh hng thi tit.
Trong thc t bin phap thi cng nay la ph bin, ngi ta a co nhiu bin phap hiu qua khc
phuc cac nhc im trn: S du ng van khun van nng bng kim loai, van khun trt, dung phu
gia ng cng nhanh, dung BT thng phm .. ..
b. B tng ct thp lp ghp:
Theo phng phap nay ngi ta phn kt cu thanh cac cu kin ring bit co th ch tao sn
nha may hay sn bai, ri em lp ghep lai thanh kt cu tai v tr thit k. PP nay khc phuc c
phn nao nhc im cua BT toan khi.
* u im: - Co iu kin Cng nghip hoa trong thi cng xy dng.
- Tit kim vt liu lam van khun.
- Rut ngn thi gian thi cng, am bao cht lng.. ..
* Nhc im: - Cn co cac phng tin vn chuyn, cu lp.
- X ly cac m i ni phc tap.
- cng cua kt cu khng ln.
BTCT lp ghep co hiu qua v s dung nhn lc, phng tin thi cng va nguyn vt liu khi lam
tt cng tac tiu chun hoa va nh hnh hoa.
c. B tng ct thp na lp ghp:
Theo PP na lp ghep, ngi ta tin hanh lp ghep cac cu kin c ch tao sn cha hoan chnh,
sau o t thm ct thep, ghep van khun va BT tai ch hoan chnh kt cu.
* u im: - cng cua kt cu ln.
- Giam khi lng van khun, co th loai bo ct chng.
* Nhc im: - Cn giai quyt tt lin kt g a BT cu va mi.
- T chc thi cng phc tap.
2.2. Phn loi theo ct thp :
- B tng co ct mm. (d<40mm, d un).
- B tng co ct cng (d>40mm, thep hnh).
Chng 1
2.3. Phn loi theo trng thi ng sut:
a. B tng ct thp thng:
Khi ch tao cu kin, ct thep trang thai khng co ng sut. Ngoai cac ni ng sut do co ngot va
nhit , trong BT va ct thep ch xut hin ng sut khi co tai trong.
b. B tng ct thp ng lc trc:
Khi ch tao cu kin, ct thep ban u c keo cng, lin kt
cht vi BT, khi bung ra ct thep co lai gy nen trong BT.
Nh co ng sut nen trc trog BT, ngi ta co th khng cho xut hin vt nt hoc han ch b
rng khe nt.
2.4. Phn loi theo trng lng th tch:
B tng nng co 1800 kg/ m
3
(2500): Se nghin cu trong giao trnh.
B tng nhe co < 1800 kg/ m
3
: Phng hng hin nay.
3. U NHC IM CU BTCT
3.1. u im:
Re tin hon so voi thep khi kt cu co nhjp vua va nho, cung chju tai nhu nhau. S dung
vt liu a phng (cat, soi, a..) tit kim thep.
Chju luc tt hon kt cu g va gach da. Kt cu BTCT chu c tt ca cac loai tai trong
tnh, ng va ng t.
Chju lua tt hon g va thep. B tng bao v cho ct thep khng b nung nong sm. Ch cn
lp b tng day 1,52 cm u tranh hu qua tai hai do nhng am chay bnh thng gy ra.
Tui tho cua cng trinh cao, chi phi bao duong it. BT co cng tng theo thi gian,
chng chu tac ng cua mi trng tt, ct thep c BT bao boc ba o v khng b g.
Vic tao dang cho kt cu thuc hin d dang. Va BT khi thi cng dang nhao co th
vao cac khun co hnh dang bt ky, ct thep u deo un theo hnh dang cua kt cu.
3.2. Nhc im :
Trong luong ban thn lon nn gy kho khn cho vic xy dng kt cu co nhp ln bng
BTCT thng.
Khc phuc: Dung BT nhe, BTCT LT, kt cu vo mong,...
B tng ct thep d co khe nut o vung keo khi chju luc. Vi kt cu BTCT co khe nt
trong vung chu keo la kho tranh khoi, thng thng th b rng khe nt khng ln lm va t anh
hng n cht lng s dung cua kt cu. Tuy nhin trong thc t cung co trng hp co nhu cu
phai ngn nga hoc han ch khe nt: kt cu trong mi trng xm thc, cac ng ng hay b
cha cht long.. khc phuc: Tnh toan han ch khe nt, s dung BTCT LT..
Cach m va cach nhit kem hon g va gach da. Co th s dung kt cu co l rng, kt cu
nhiu lp, BT xp..
Thi cng phuc tap, kho kim tra cht luong. Khc phuc: B tng ct thep lp ghep.
Kho gia c va sua chua. (ong inh, uc,...) . Thit k cn phai phu hp yu cu s dung
hin tai va d kin phat trin m rng, .
Chng 1
4. PHM VI NG DNG CA B TNG CT THP
B tng ngay nay c s dung rng rai trong cac nganh xy dng va tr thanh mt trong
nhng vt liu xy dung chu yu. ( Vt liu cua th k: 7080% b tng ct thep.)
B tng ct thep c s dung rng rai cac nc Lin x 71%, My 58%, Phap 79%, c
64%.
Xy dng cng nghip: Kt cu chu lc nha 1 tng va nhiu tng, ng khoi, bun ke, xi l,
mong may, hanh lang vn chuyn v.v.. Cng trnh cp thoat nc...
Xy dng dn dung:
Xy dng cng trnh giao thng: Cu, ng, ta vet, u tau, cu tau, vo hm xe in ngm...
Xy dng cng trnh thuy li: Tram bm, may dn nc, p, thuy in,...
Xy dng cng trnh quc phong: Cng s kin c, doanh trai,...
Xy d ng cng trnh thng tin.
5. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN:
1850: Lambot (Phap) ch tao chic tau bng li st ngoai trat vi thuy,...
Qua trnh phat trin chia thanh 3 giai oan:
- Giai oan phat minh va mo mm trong thc tin, b tr ct thep theo cam tnh.
- Giai oan nghin cu l lun va s dung rng rai (sau 1880), nghin cu v cng cua
BT va ct thep, lc dnh gia BT va ct thep, giai thch s lam vic chung gia chung.
- Giai oan phat trin hin tai: XD cac phng phap tnh toan theo ng sut cho phep da
trn c s cua mn SBVL, tnh theo giai oan pha hoai co xet n tnh bin dang deo cua vt liu,
tnh theo trang thai gii han. Nghin cu va ch tao thanh cng BTCT LT
( Xem giao trnh b tng ct the p _ Pham s Lin, 7).
Hi ngh ln th 7 BTCT LT toan th gii (26 nc) Tai New York co 102 ai biu Xa
Hi Chu Ngha, hop hn 1 tun.
a thng 3 hun chng Freisine: Mikhilop (Lin X), Link (M), Lenad (c),... B
tng cng cao: 1000,1500,2000,2500#. Thap v tuyn Canada bng BTCT LT cao 545m; Cu
ban dm Nht vt nhp l=230m; Tm ay cua nha may in nguyn t (c) 90*60*3m khng cn
khe lun; Khoa Vt liu xy dng trng giao thng Mascova: b tng 3000#.
Chng 2
TNH NNG C LY CUA VT LIU.
1. B TNG
- Tnh nng c hoc cua BT la ch cac loai cng va bin dang.
- Tnh nng vt ly la ch tnh co ngot, t bin, kha nng chng thm, cach nhit, ... cua BT.
1.1. Cng ca B tng:
Cng la ch tiu c hoc quan trong, la mt c trng c ban cua BT, phan anh kha nng
chu lc cua vt liu. Thng cn c vao cng phn bit cac loai b tng.
Cng cua BT phu thuc vao thanh phn va cu truc cua no. xac nh cng cua
BT phai lam cac th nghim, th nghim pha hoai mu la phng phap xac nh cng mt cach
trc tip va dung ph bin. Ngoai ra co th dung cac PP gian tip: siu m, ep lom vin bi trn b
mt BT.. va co th thc hin trn kt cu.
a Cng chu nn: R
n
.
xac nh cng chu nen cua BT thng ngi ta th nghim nen cac mu lp phng
co canh a=10, 15, 20 cm, hay khi lng tru ay vung, khi tru tron.
Cng nen cua mu:
h 2d
d
h = 4a
Ban nen N
P
Mu
a
a
N
P
a
a
a
F
R
n
=

B tng thng co R
n
=100 600 kg/cm
2
.
Cng khi vung (k hiu R) xac nh mac BT v chu nen
a
a
4a
b Cng chu ko: R
k
.
a (= 10cm)
Mu chu keo trung tm.
R
k
=
N
F
P
.
b
4h
P
Mu chu keo khi un. a = b (= 15cm)
R
k
=
3.5M
bh
2
.
Trong o: N
P
, M: Lc keo va mmen un lam pha hoai mu.
B tng thng co R
K
= 1040 kg/cm
2
.
c Cc nhn t nh hng n cng ca BT:
* Thanh phn va cach ch tao BT: y la nhn t quyt nh n cng BT.
- Cht lng va s lng xi mng.
- cng, sach, cp phi cua ct liu.
- T l N/X.
- Cht lng cua vic trn va BT, m va bao dng BT.
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP
1
Chng 2
Cac yu t nay u anh hng n cng BT nhng mc co khac nhau. Th du t l N/X anh
hng ln n R
n
con sach cua ct liu anh hng nhiu n R
K
...
* Thi gian (tui cua BT):
Cng cua b tng tng theo thi gian, luc u tng nhanh sau tng chm dn.
Cng b tng tng theo thi gian c xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
Cng thc cua Sec (1926):
t
t 28
R
t
R
28
R
R
t
=R
1
+(R
10
- R
1
)lgt.
Cng thc cua Nga (1935), (Skrantaep):
(vi t = 7-300 ngay)
R
t
= R
28
.
lgt
lg28
0,7 R
28
.lgt.
Trong o: R
1
, R
10
, R
28
, R
t
, la cng cua b tng tng ng vi tui 1, 10, 28 va t ngay.
(Cng thc cua Sec, kha phu hp vi thc t nhng bt tin v phai xac nh cng b
tng tui 1 ngay va 10 ngay; cng thc Nga cho kt qua phu hp vi thc t khi tui b tng 7
ngay bng xi mng Porland va dng h trong iu kin bnh thng).
* iu kin th nghim:
Lc ma sat gia ban nen va mu th anh hng n cng BT khi nen. Khi b nen ngoai
bin dang theo phng lc tac dung, mu con n ngang. Chnh s n ngang qua mc lam cho BT b
pha v do ng sut keo (kha nng chu keo cua BT kem hn chu nen nhiu ln).
Bin dang ngang u
Bi trn
Thp 2: Khng co ma sat (2)

Thp 1: Co ma sat trn mt tip xuc
Bin dang ngang
khng u

K t qua cho thy trng hp 1 mu co cng ln hn: R
(1)
> R
(2)
. Giai thch:
Trng hp (1): Lc ma sat trn mt tip xuc gia ban nen va mu th co tac dung nh mt vanh
ai can tr s n ngang cua BT khi mu th chu nen. Cang xa mt tip xuc th anh hng cua lc
ma sat cang giam nn mu b pha hoai theo nhng ng nt dang 2 hnh chop.
Trng hp (2): Khng co lc ma sat nn BT t do n ngang khi chu nen va ng sut keo ngang
phn b kha ng u trn chiu cao mu nn cac vt nt theo phng ng va gn song song nhau.
(Khi th nghim khng c phep bi du ...)
Kch thc mu th cung anh hng n cng BT: Mu kch thc nho chu anh hng
cu a lc ma sat ln nn co cng ln hn mu th co kch thc ln. Do vy khi th nghim cac
mu th co kch thc khac vi mu th tiu chun (150*150*150) th phai qui v cng mu
th tiu chun bng cach nhn thm vi h s qui i. Mu lng tru co cng be hn mu khi
vung co cung kch thc ay R
lt
= (0.7-0.8)R...
Tc gia tai khi th nghim cung anh hng n cng cua mu: Khi tc gia tai
chm cng at khoang 0.85 tr s thng thng va khi gia tai nhanh cng cua mu co th
tng 1.2-1.4 ln. Khi th nghim phai tun theo quy trnh TN, thng vi tc 2kg/cm
2
-s.
2
Chng 2
* iu kin dng h: Mi trng co nhit va m ln th thi gian ninh kt cua BT co th rut
ngn i rt nhiu. Nu dng h BT bng hi nc nong th cng tng nhanh trong vai ngay
u nhng BT se don hn va co cng cui cung thng thp hn so vi BT dng h trong iu
kin tiu chun.
1.2. Mc B tng:
La tr s cua cac c trng c ban v cht lng cua BT. Tuy theo tnh cht va nhim vu cua
kt cu ma quy nh mac theo cac c trng khac nhau.
a Mc theo cng chu nn: K hiu M
Mac theo cng chu nen la ch tiu c ban nht i vi moi loai BT va kt cu.
Mac theo cng chu nen la con s ly bng cng chu nen trung bnh (tnh theo n
v KG/cm
2
) cua cac mu th khi vung canh 15 cm, tui 28 ngay, c dng h va th nghim
theo iu kin tiu chun (t
0
20
0
C, W 90%).
M la ai lng khng th nguyn. Quy pham qui nh mac chu nen cua BT theo cp sau:
B tng nng: M100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600.
B tng nhe: M50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300.
(Khi chon mac BT theo cp qui nh d dang s dung cac s liu v thanh phn va cac c trng
c ly c lp sn)
B tng ct thep phai dung BT co M 150.
b Mc theo cng chu ko: K hiu K.
Cac kt cu co yu cu chng nt.. BT con c chon theo ch tiu chu keo.
Mac theo cng chu keo la con s ly bng cng chu keo trung bnh (tnh theo n
v KG/cm
2
) cua cac mu th tiu chun.
Quy pham qui nh mac chu keo theo cp sau:
B tng nng: K10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40.
B tng nhe: K10, 15, 20, 25, 30.
c Mc theo kh nng chng thm: K hiu T.
Mac theo kha nng chng thm la con s ly bng ap sut ln nht (tnh bng atm) ma mu
chu c nc khng thm qua.
Cp chng thm cua BT: T2, T4, T8, T10, T12.
T cn quy nh cho cac kt cu co yu cu chng thm hoc chc chc cua BT nh cac
cng trnh thuy li, thuy in...
1.3. Bin dng ca B tng:
a Bin dng do ti trng tc dng ngn hn:
Th nghim nen mu th hnh lng tru vi
tc tng tai t t ta lp c th gia ng sut
va bin dang nh hnh ve. Khi con nho th t
cong nhng khi th cong nhiu.
N

b

d
h

3
Chng 2
b
O
R
n
(2)
D
A
b1
0
(1)
ch
b1
h

d
-im D ng vi luc mu b pha hoai: ng sut at
R
n
va bin dang cc ai
ch
.
-Nu khi
b
at n
b1
< R
n
ta giam tai t t th c
ng giam tai khng trung vi ng tng tai, bin
dang cua BT khng phuc hi hoan toan, khi
b
= 0
vn con
d
. Tc la bin dang toan phn cua BT gm
2 phn: Mt phn co th khi phuc goi la bin dang
an hi
h
, mt phn khng th khi phuc lai c
goi la bin dang deo
d
:

b
=
h
+
d
.
Do vy BT la vt liu an hi-deo.
Tc gia tai khac nhau th cac ng biu din quan h - khac nhau.

b
v
3
v
1
v
2

Tnh cht an hi cua BT c c trng bi mun an hi ban u E
b
. Mun bin dang
deo cua BT E
b
la mt gia tr thay i. Quan h gia E
b
va E
b
c rut ra t quan h - trn.

b
= E
b
.
h
;
b
= E
b
.(
h
+
d
) = E
b
.
b
.
E
b
=
h
b
E
b
= E
b
vi =
h
b
la h s an hi.
Khi be bin dang chu yu la an hi, ( 1) Khi ln bin dang deo tng ln giam dn
(v
1
=0,2 hay 0,15).
Bin dang gii han khi nen trung tm 0,002.
Bin dang gii han khi un 0,0035.
E
b
thay i theo mac BT (co bang tra).
Khi chu keo cung co bin dang an hi va bin dang deo: E
bk
=
k
E
b
.
Bin dang cc han khi keo kha be 0,00015.
Th nghim cho thy khi BT chu keo sp nt th
k
0,5 nn
ch
=
R
E
k
b
05 .
=
2R
E
k
b
.
Mun chng ct: G=
E
b
21 ( ) +
0,4 E
b
vi =0,2 la h s Posson.
b Bin dng do ti trng tc dng di hn: Hin tng t bin ca BT.
Th nghim nen mu n (
b
,
b
) ri gi tai trong thi gian dai, di tac dung cua tai trong
dai han, bin dang cua BT tip tuc tng theo thi gian, mi u tng nhanh sau tng chm dn.
Phn bin dang deo tng ln do tai trong tac dung dai han goi la bin dang t bin.
4
Chng 2
Hin tng bin dang deo tng theo thi gian trong khi ng sut khng i goi la hin tng
t bin cua BT.
b N N
tb

t
1

2
0

Nh vy bin dang deo ban u cung la mt phn cua t bin (bin dang t bin nhanh). Khi
b
nho
th
tb
co gii han, con khi
b
gn at n R
n
th
tb
tng khng ngng va mu b pha hoai.
Cac nhn t anh hng n bin dang t bin:
- ng sut trong BT ln bin dang t bin ln.
- Tui BT luc t tai ln bin dang t bin be.
- m W mi trng ln bin dang t bin be.
- T l N/X ln, cng ct liu be bin dang t bin ln.
- Cung t l N/X nhng lng X tng bin dang t bin tng.
Co th biu din t bin qua mt trong hai ch tiu sau:
- c trng t bin: =
tb
/
h
. Khng th nguyn.
- Sut t bin: c=
tb
/
b
(cm
2
/KG).
Cac ch tiu , c u tng theo thi gian, va at n gii han n nh la
0
, c
0
.
* Tac hai cua hin tng t bin:
- Lam tng vong cua cu kin.
- Lam tng un doc cua cu kin chu nen.
- M rng khe nt trong BT.
- Gy mt mat ng sut trong ct thep ng lc trc.
b
c Bin dng do ti trng lp li:
Nu tai trong tac dung ln kt cu lp i lp lai
nhiu ln (t vao ri d ra nhiu ln) th bin dang deo se
c tch luy dn: gy hin tng moi cho kt cu .
d Bin dng do co ngt:
Co ngot la hin tng BT giam th tch khi ninh kt trong khng kh (Nu ninh kt trong
nc BT co th n ra chut t).
Hin tng co ngot xay ra lin quan n s bin i ly hoa cua xi mng, cht keo sinh ra
trong qua trnh thuy hoa xi mng co th tch < th tch cht sinh ra no, do nc bay hi v.v..
Bin dang co ngot chu yu trong giai oan ng cng u tin, sau chm dn. Co ngot phn
b trn b mt ln chiu su, s co ngot b mt nhiu hn bn trong.
Mc co ngot khi ng cng trong khng kh (2-4).10
-4

, trong nc n ra =1/5-1/2 mc
co
Cac nhn t anh hng n bin dang co ngot:
- S lng va loai XM: lng XM co ngot , XM co hoat tnh cao co ngot .
- T l N/X tng co ngot tng.
5
Chng 2
- Cat nho hat, ct liu rng co ngot tng.
- Cht phu gia lam BT ninh kt nhanh co ngot tng.
- BT chng hp nhit cao th co ngot t hn.
Co ngot la mt hin tng co hai:
- Lam thay i hnh dang va kch thc cu kin.
- Gy ra khe nt trn b mt BT (V co ngot khng u trn b mt va chiu su bn trong
co ngot t can tr bin dang co ngot bn ngoai lam cho lp BT nay chu keo gy nt), lam thay
i cu truc cua BT, giam kha nng chu lc va tui tho cua cng trnh.
Cac bin phap khc phuc:
- Chon thanh phn ct liu hp ly, han ch l ng nc trn, t l N/X hp ly.
- m chc BT, bao dng BT thng xuyn m trong giai oan u.
- Cac bin phap cu tao nh b tr khe co dan, t ct thep cu tao nhng ni cn thit
chu ng sut do co ngot gy ra, v.v..
2. CT THP:
2.1. Yu cu i vi ct thp dng trong BTCT:
- am bao cng theo thit k.
- Phai co tnh deo cn thit.
- Phai dnh kt tt va cung chu lc c vi BT trong moi giai oan lam vic cua kt cu.
- D gia cng: d un, ct, va han c ...
- Tn dung c trit kha nng chu lc cua ct thep khi kt cu b pha hoai.
- Tit kim thep va tn t sc L.
2.2. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca ct thp:
ch
b

0

d
Biu ng sut-bin dang:
xac nh cng cua ct thep ngi ta thng tin
hanh th nghim keo cac mu thep va ve biu ng sut-bin
dang:
Trn biu co phn thng ng vi giai oan an hi, phn
cong va nm ngang ng vi giai oan co bin dang deo. oan nm
ngang c goi la thm chay (thep trang thai chay deo).
Nu keo thep trong giai oan an hi ri giam tai th
ng giam tai tr v theo ng tng tai n gc toa .
Nu keo thep n giai oan co bin dang deo ri giam tai th biu khng v theo ng
cu ma song song vi oan biu din giai oan an hi va co mt bin dang d la
d
. Va nu keo mu
thep nay ln na th co giai oan an hi ln hn, vung co bin dang deo giam.
Cn c theo biu trn, ngi ta qui nh 3 gii han sau:
- Gii han bn: La ng sut ln nht thep chu c trc khi b t.
- Gii han an hi: La ng sut cui giai oan an hi.
- Gii han chay: La ng sut u giai oan chay deo.
6
Chng 2
2.3. Phn loi ct thp:
a Phn loi theo cng:
- Ct mm: d 40mm, co th un c. (Tit din vung, tron.. co th trn hoc co g)
- Ct cng: d >40 mm, thep hnh I, L,[ ( Cac ct cng nay co th chu lc khi thi cng ).
b Phn loi theo tnh cht c hc:
* Thep deo.
- Trn biu quan h - co thm chay ro rang, co vung bin dang deo ln,
gh
=(6 25)%.
- Co tnh bin cng ngui: Keo thep vt qua gii han chay, sau o giam tai ng sut tr
v v tr s khng, sau 48 gi keo thep lai, kt qua cho thy cng cua thep c nng cao nhng
thep co tnh don hn. Li dung tnh cht nay keo ngui thep nhm nng cao gii han an hi cua
thep ln. (Thc t bng cach chut ngui hay dp ngui). Thng la CT3, CT5, ...
* Thep don: (Thep rn).
- Khng co thm chay ro rang, thng ngi ta ly ng sut tng ng vi =0,2 % la gii
han chay quy c,
gh
=(24)%.
Thng la thep cng cao.
2.4. Cc loi thp:
Theo TCVN 1651-75: CI, CII, CIII, CIV. Vi cac ng knh danh ngha 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 36, 40 mm. Nhom CI co dang tron trn; CII, III, IV co g.

Theo tiu chun Nga:
AI, AII, AII, AIV, AV la thep can nong;
A-IIB, A-IIIB la thep keo ngui..
Cac c trng c hoc cua thep Vit Nam
Gii han chay kg/cm
2
Gii han bn kg/cm
2
Nhom thep

gh
%
25
19
14
6
3.800
5.000
6.000
9.000
2.200
3.000
4.000
6.000
6-40
10-40
6-40
10-32
CI
CII
CIII
CIV
Co nc t tn thep theo gii han chay hoc t theo gii han bn, v.v..
3. B TNG CT THP
3.1. Lc dnh gia B tng v ct thp:
S d gia BT va ct thep co th cung cng tac chu lc c la nh lc dnh gia chung.
a Cc nhn t to nn lc dnh:
- Lc ma sat do b mt g gh cua ct thep (y la nhn t chu yu vi thep co g).
- Lc dan do keo xi mng co tac dung nh mt lp h dan BT vao ct thep (25%).
- Do co ngot khi ng cng BT ep cht vao ct thep lam tng lc ma sat.
7
Chng 2
b Th nghim xc nh lc dnh:
Ch tao mu bng cach BT m ly
mt oan ct thep, ri tin hanh th
nghim keo hoc nen cho ct thep tut
khoi BT.
Lc dnh c biu th bng sut dnh
trung bnh tac ng trn 1cm
2
b mt
ct thep.
tb
=
N
d l
n
. .
.
N
tb
l
n
max
d
d
N
tb
l
n
max
Trong o: N la lc keo (nen) tut ct thep.
d la ng knh ct thep.
l
n
la chiu dai oan ct thep chn vao BT

Lc dnh cc ai:
max
=
N
d l
n
. . .
=
1
.
.
tb
.
Trong o: la h s hoan chnh biu lc dnh. ( < 1)
Cng thc thc nghim:
max
=
R
m
n
.
Trong o: m la h s phu thuc b mt ct thep: thep co g m=23,5; thep trn m=3,66.
3.2. nh hng ca ct thp n co ngt v t bin ca B tng:
a nh hng n co ngt:
Do s dnh kt gia b tng va ct thep ma ct thep can tr bin dang co ngot cua BT. Kt
qua ct thep b nen lai con BT b keo ra.
1
<
0
(=
a
)
*Xet hai mu th :
0
(2) (1)
- Mu (1) bng b tng.
- Mu (2) bng b tng ct thep.
Mu (1) BT t do co co ngot
0
Mu (2) do ct thep can tr BT co co
ngot
1
<
0
bng bin dang co lai cua ct thep
a
.
So vi mu (1), BT mu (2) a b keo ra mt lng
0
-
1
. Nh vy ct thep a anh hng
n bin dang co ngot cua BT: no lam cho BT b keo con ct thep b nen lai, o la ng sut ban u
do co ngot trong BTCT.
ng sut trong BT:
kc
= (
0
-
1
)..E
b
.
ng sut trong ct thep:
a
=
1
.E
a
.
Hp lc trong BT: N
k
=
kc
.F
b
.
Hp lc trong ct thep: N
a
=
a
.F
a
.
V la lc ni tai nn chung cn bng nhau: N
a
= N
k
8
Chng 2
Suy ra:
a
=

0
1
.
.
E
n
a
+
;
kc
=

. .
.
0
1
E
n
b
+
; Trong o n =
E
E
a
b
va =
F
F
a
b
.
ng sut keo do co ngot va ng sut keo do tai trong gy ra lam BT b nt sm hn so vi
khi khng co anh hng cua co ngot, th nhng khi a co khe nt th anh hng cua co ngot giam
va giai oan pha hoai th khng con anh hng na n kha nng chu lc cua cu kin.
Trong kt cu siu tnh lin kt tha ngn can co ngot cua BTCT nn xut hin ni lc phu.
b nh hng n t bin:
Ct thep cung anh hng n bin dang t bin cua BT nn thng di tac dung cua tai trong dai
han gia BT va ct thep co s phn phi lai ni lc.(Se xet sau cac cu kin chu lc cu th).
3.3. S ph hoi v h hng ca BTCT:
a S ph hoi do chu lc:
- Vi thanh chu keo: Sau khi BT b nt, ct thep chu toan b lc keo. Pha hoai khi ng
sut trong ct thep at gii han chay.
- Vi ct chu nen: Pha hoai khi ng sut nen trong BT at n cng chu nen.
- Vi dm chu un: Pha hoai khi ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay hoc
khi ng sut trong BT vung nen at n cng chu nen.
b S hu mn ca B tng v cc bin php bo v:
Di tac dung cua mi trng kha nng chu lc va tnh nng s dung cua kt cu BTCT b giam
dn do s huy mon cua b tng va ct thep.
B tng b n mon la do: Tac dung c hoc (ma, dong chay, s ong va tan bng lin
tip..), Tac dung sinh hoc (rong ru, ha, vi khun sng, bin..) hoa tan va cun i lam BT tr nn
xp, Tac dung hoa hoc (cac cht axt, kim..) xm thc b mt hoc thanh phm cua cac phan ng
hoa hoc co th tch ln hn th tch cac cht tham gia phan ng, lam nt ne khi BT.
Ct thep b huy mon, b g tao ra cac Oxuyt hoc cac mui st co th tch ln hn th tch
ban u, lam cho lp BT bao quanh ct thep b v bong.(Mi trng n mon: Axit vi bt k nng
nao, khng kh co cha hi Axit vi m thay i lun, cac dung dch Sufat m c, cac cht
kim nhit cao, nc ngm thng xuyn thm qua BT 1 chiu, nc bin..).
* Bin phap bao v:
B tng cn co cng cao va c chc b mt cua kt cu chu cac tac ng c
hoc.
Khi thit k cac phn xng co mi trng n mon cn ht sc chu y vic chon loai kt cu,
vt liu thch hp va cac bin phap bao v cn thit: giam kha nng n mon cua mi trng bng
bin phap thng gio, thng hi tt, trung hoa cac dung dch va hi Axit, nn san nha phai dc thoat
nc tt, khi thi cng phai am bao cht lng BT. Tranh dung cac kt cu co nhiu b phn khut.
Khi cn phai dung cac bin phap c bit: BT tm nha, sn phu, trat bao v, lat lp phu
bng s, thuy tinh,...
Cn cao sach bui g trn ct thep trc khi s dung.
9
Chng 2
am bao chiu day lp BT bao v.
Bao v ct thep chng lai tac dung cua dong in khuych tan 1 chiu (gy in phn) bng
cach chu y vn cach in, ng dy thoat in, v.v..

1
Chuong 3
NGUYN LY CU TAO & TNH TOAN KT CU BTCT.
Cu tao la vn rt quan trong trong thit k. Vic cu tao chnh xac va hp ly phai c
xem ngang hang nh vic tnh toan chnh xac trong thit k kt cu. Cu tao kt cu B tng Ct
thep phai am bao cac yu cu v chu lc, bin dang, khe nt, n nh, chng xm thc, h hong
trong qua trnh s dung, yu cu v thi cng va tit kim vt liu.
Thit k kt cu BTCT gm 2 vic chinh: tinh toan va cu tao c xem ngang hang.
Ni dung tnh toan gm: Xac nh tai trong va tac ng; Xac nh ni lc do tng loai tai
trong va cac t hp cua chung; Xac nh kha nng chu l c cua kt cu hoc tnh toan tit din va
ct thep.
Vic cu tao gm: Chon vt liu (mac BT va nhom ct thep) phu thuc mi trng s dung,
tnh cht chu lc, tnh cht cua tai trong, vai tro cua kt cu..,Chon kch thc tit din, B tr ct
thep, Lin kt gia cac b phn va chon giai phap bao v chng xm thc.
Cn giai quyt thoa ang mi quan h gia hai phn trn nhm am bao: an toan cua kt
cu va tit kim vt liu, phu hp vi iu kin thi cng.
1. NGUYN L TNH TON KT CU B TNG CT THP
Khi Kt cu BTCT ra i th mn Sc Bn Vt Liu a phat trin tng i hoan chnh nn
ngi ta a vn dung ly thuyt nay vao tnh toan Kt cu BTCT. o la phng phap ng sut cho
phep (phng phap nay c dung rng rai n mai thi gian gn y, ngay nay mt s nc vn
dung).
Nhng cang ngay vic nghin cu loai vt liu mi nay su sc hn, ngi ta a cai tin
phng phap tnh toan Kt cu BTCT cho phu hp vi tnh cht cua vt liu. Tc la khng coi
BTCT la vt liu an hi ma xem chung la vt liu an hi deo. a PP tnh theo giai oan pha
hoai thay PP tnh theo ng sut cho phep (1931) va sau chin tranh th gii th hai a phat trin
thanh PP tnh theo trang thai gii han.
1.1. Ti trng, tc ng:
Tai trong tac dung ln cng trnh do nhiu nguyn nhn vi tnh cht cung nh thi gian tac dung
khac nhau. tin vic xac nh tai trong va tnh ni lc do tng loai, ngi ta tin hanh phn loai.
Co cac cach phn loai nh sau:
- Theo tinh cht: chia lam 3 loai
Tai trong thng xuyn (tnh tai): la tai trong tac dung khng i sut qua trnh s dung
cng trnh (trong lng ban thn kt cu, cac vach ngn c nh..). Tnh tai c xac nh theo s
liu cu th v cu tao.
Tai trong tam thi (hoat tai): co th thay i v im t, tr s, phng chiu tac dung (tai
trong s dung trn san, do cu truc, do t, tai trong gio..).
Tai trong c bit: loai tai nay t khi xay ra, co th ch tnh vi cac cng trnh c bit hoc
theo v tr a ly ( ng t, n, chay, do cac vi pham nghim trong n ch ky thut cua qua
trnh cng ngh, do cac thit b mt chnh xac tam thi hoc b h hong gy ra, do lun nn v nhng
thay i cn ban trong c cu nn..)
- Theo phuong, chiu: chia lam 2 loai
Tai trong ng: hu ht do trong lc (trong lng ban thn, cac trong lng s dung..).
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHIP. 1
Chuong 3
Tai trong ngang (gio, lc ham cu truc trong cac nha cng nghip, ng t..).
- Theo trj s khi tinh theo PP trang thai gioi han: chia lam 2 loai
Tr s tiu chun (Tai trong tiu chun): la tai trong do thit k qui nh ly trong iu kin
lam vic bnh thng cua kt cu (Tt nhin tr s tai trong tiu chun nay cung a c ly hn
chut t so vi tai trong thng xuyn tac dung ln kt cu, theo s liu thc t hoc cac kt qua
thng k).
Tai trong tnh toan: la tai trong a co xet n s tng giam bt thng cua tai trong thc t so
vi tr s tiu chun trong trng hp nguy him nht.
S tng giam cua tai trong tnh toan so vi tai trong tiu chun c biu th qua h s tin cy v
tai trong (h s vt tai) n.
TTTT=n.TTTC. (3-1)
TTTC, n: Ly theo TCVN 2737-1995.
Th du: - i vi trong lng ban thn n=1,1; co khi n<1 nu s giam tai la nguy him.
- i vi cac loai khac n=1,21,4.
- Theo thoi han tac dung cua tai trong: chia lam 2 loai
Hoat tai co mt phn tac dung dai han (gm trong lng cac thit b c nh, tai trong trn
san nha kho, trong lng mt s b phn cua cng trnh co th thay i v tr (nh t ng ngn), ap
lc cac cht long, cht kh trong ng ng, b cha..)
Va mt phn tac dung ngn han (do cac thit b vn chuyn di ng, ngi i lai, ac va
cac thit b nhe, tai trong gio, tai trong phat sinh do vn chuyn va lp ghep, trong lng cua vt
liu va thit b xy dng hay sa cha cng trnh..)
1.2. Ni lc:
- Vi kt cu tnh nh (dm, ct ..n gian): Dung PP tnh cua SBVL hoc CHKC.
- Vi kt cu siu tnh (dm ln tuc, khung, vo mong..): V BTCT la vt liu hn hp, BT vung nen
thng co vt nt, BT chu nen va ct thep co bin dang deo.. Nn khi tnh toan theo cac PP cua
CHKC hoc ly thuyt an hi th kt qua cung ch c xem la gn ung (Vi kt cu thng thng
mc sai s trong pham vi cho phep)
tnh ni lc va thc hin cac t hp ni lc cn thanh lp mt s s tnh:
- Mt s tnh vi tnh tai (cho ni lc T
g
).
- Mt s s tnh vi cac trng hp co th xay ra cua hoat tai (cho cac ni lc T
i
).
Ni luc tinh toan la t hop cua T
g
va cac T
i
: T= T
g
+ T
i
(3 - 2)
1.3. Tnh ton tit din BTCT:
Tnh toan v kha nng chu lc cua kt cu BTCT ta gp 2 dang bai toan sau:
- Bai toan kim tra: Cac thng s v tit din BT va ct thep a cho trc, cn xac nh ni lc ln
nht ma TD co th chu c, vy iu kin kim tra la : T T
td
. (3 - 3)
- Bai toan tinh ct thep (BTthit k): cung t iu kin (3 - 3) nhng trong biu thc xac nh T
td

th ct thep con la n s (cn xac nh).
Chuong 3
a. Phng php tnh theo ng sut cho php:
Thc cht cua phng phap la xac nh ng sut trn cac tit din giai oan lam vic (Tc la khi
cu kin chu tai trong s dung), va em so sanh vi ng sut cho phep cua vt liu xem co thoa
man iu kin: [].
Trong o:
- : ng sut ln nht do tai trong s dung gy ra trong vt liu.
- []: ng sut cho phep cua vt liu.
[]=R/k R: gii han chu lc cua vt liu.
k >1 h s an toan.
Phng phap nay do Navire a ra va a vao quy pham Phap nm 1906.
Gia thit tnh toan:
Gia thuyt TD phng: TD trc va sau khi bin dang vn la phng va vung goc vi truc
cua cu kin.
Quy i tit din gm B tng & Ct thep thanh TD tng ng ch co BT. Da vao
iu kin bin dang cua Ct thep & BT tai v tr Ct thep o la bng nhau:
a
=
bk
.

a
=
a
/E
a
=
bk
=
bk
/E
b

a
=(E
a
/E
b
)*
bk
=n
bk
.
Tc la i vi mt din tch ct thep chu keo tng ng vi n ln din BT hay din tch ct thep
F
a
quy i thanh nFa din tch BT.
S ng sut cua min BT chu nen xem la tam giac (Tc an hi); Khng xet BT chu
keo ma ch xet din tch B tng quy i cua ct thep chu keo (G II TTUS-BD).
Tit din quy i va s ng sut (TD ch nht):
M
h
h
0
D
b
D
a
x
b
a
nF
a
bmax
Mmen quan tnh cua TD quy i i vi truc
trung hoa:
J
qd
=bx
3
/3+nF
a
*(h
0
-x)
2
.
V tr truc TH xac nh bng cach cho m men
tnh cua TD quy i ly i vi truc o = 0:
S
qd
=bx
2
/2-nF
a
*(h
0
-x)=0.
Theo SBVL, ng sut ln nht cua BT chu nen:

bmax
=M*x/ J
qd
[
b
].
ng sut keo tai din tch BT tng ng:
bk
=M*(h
0
-x)/ J
qd
.
Vy ng sut trong ct thep :
a
=n
bk
=n*M*(h
0
-x)/ J
qd
[
a
].
Trong o: [
a
], [
b
]: ng sut cho phep cua BT va Ct thep .
Uu dim: Ra i sm nht cho nn giup cho ngi thit k co khai nim tng i ro rt v
s lam vic cua Kt cu nn kt cu thit k co an toan kha cao.
Nhuoc dim:
Tit din BTCT khng bin dang theo gia thuyt TD phng v BTCT khng phai la vt
liu ng cht, v BT co bin dang deo va co vt nt trong vung keo ...
BTCT khng phai la vt liu an hi hoan toan.
H s n thay i theo tr s ng sut trn tit din, tuy thuc s hiu thep va BT. H s n
cho trong qui pha m co tnh cht c l.
H s an toan k=R/[] nhng trong thc t k cua BT & ct thep khng ging nhau th h
s nao la h s an toan cua kt cu.
Chuong 3
( Vit Nam PP ng sut cho phep vn c dung trong qui pham tnh toan cu cng,
ng b, ng st.).
b. Phng php tnh theo ni lc ph hoi:
Ni dung c ban cua phng phap la: Xac nh ni lc ln nht do tai trong gy ra tai TD
tnh toan ri em so sanh vi kha nng chu lc cua TD o. iu kin kim tra nh sau:
T
c
T
p
/k hay k* T
c
T
p
.
Trong o:
T
c
: Ni lc do tai trong gy ra tai TD xet.
T
p
: Kha nng chu lc cua TD ( Con goi la ni lc pha hoai cua TD ).
k >1: H s an toan cua kt cu.
Th du i vi cu kin chu un, ngi ta a xem ng sut trong min BT chu nen phn b theo
hnh ch nht ch khng phai theo dang ng cong thc t (Sai s < 2%) n gian hoa cng
thc tnh toan.
M
Db
= 0 [M]- R
a
F
a
*(h
0
-x/2) = 0.
M
h
h
0
b
x
D
b
R
a
.F
a
a
F
a
Co c [M]= R
a
F
a
*(h
0
-x/2).
Chiu cao vung BT chu nen xac nh t iu kin
X=0 R
a
F
a
=R
n
bx.
Vy mun cho an toan phai thoa man
M [M]/k.
Uu dim: Hn so vi PP ng sut cho phep, no a
xet n s lam vic cua vt liu giai oan deo va
cho khai nim ro rang hn v an toan cua kt cu .
Nhuoc dim:
- H s an toan k= T
p
/ T
c
gp chung lai nh vy la cha xac ang v vn an toan cua kt
cu phu thuc rt nhiu yu t nh tai trong, vt liu, iu kin lam vic v.v.. V vy khng th
anh gia an toan bng mt h s duy nht c.
- Cha xet n bin dang va khe nt cua kt cu la hai vn cung rt c quan tm.
Phng phap nay c a vao qui pham Lin X 1949.
2. PHNG PHP TNH CU KIN THEO TRNG THI GII
HN:
2.1. Cc trng thi gii hn (TTGH):
- TTGH la trang thai ma t o tr i kt cu khng thoa man cac yu cu ra cho no (do
chu lc qua sc,do mt n nh, do bin dang qua ln hoc do khe nt xut hin va m rng v.v..)
- Kt cu BTCT c tnh theo 2 nhom TTGH: TTGH th I (TTGH v cng ) va TTGH
th II (TTGH v iu kin s dung)
Muc ch cua vic tnh theo TTGH la am bao cho kt cu khng vao bt k mt TTGH nao trong
thi gian s dung. Kt cu nao cung phai tnh theo TTGH I. Va tuy thuc yu cu cu th ma con co
th phai tnh theo TTGH khac na.
Chuong 3
a. Tnh theo TTGH v cng (TTGH I):
TTGH th I c qui nh ng vi luc kt cu bt du bj pha hoai, bj mt n djnh v hnh dang
va v tr, bj hong do moi do tac dung ng thi cua tai trong va mi trng.
iu kin tnh toan v kha nng chu lc la: ni luc do tai trong gy ra trn TD kha nng chju
luc cua TD: T T
gh
.
T: La ni lc ln nht co th phat sinh tai TD do tai trong tnh toan gy ra.
T
gh
: La gii han be nht v kha nng chu lc cua TD (Xac nh theo cng cua vt liu
tai TD ang tnh co th be hn cng qui nh v vt liu khng th tuyt i ng cht c, va
phai xet iu kin lam vic cu th cua vt liu & kt cu (cng tnh toan)).
- Tnh theo TTGH th I la cn thit i vi moi kt cu cung nh cho cac b phn.
- Tnh theo TTGH th I cho moi giai oan: ch tao, vn chuyn, cu lp, s dung, sa cha..
(mi giai oan vi s tnh phu hp).
b. Tnh theo TTGH v iu kin s dng(TTGH II):
Tinh theo TTGH thu II v bin dang:
Bin dang hoc chuyn v do tai trong gy ra bin dang hay chuyn v ti a ma qui pham cho
phep: f [f].
Tinh theo TTGH thu II v khe nut:
Phn ra hai trng hp:
- Nu kt cu c phep nt th b rng khe nt do tai trong gy ra b rng khe nt ma qui pham
cho phep i vi kt cu o: a
n
[a
n
].
- Nu kt cu khng cho phep nt th ni lc do tai trong gy ra tai TD ang xet Ni lc ti a ma
TD co th chu c khi sp nt: T
c
T
n
.
(Co th xem T
c
la ng sut keo ln nht trong BT, T
n
la cng chu keo cua BT)
2.2. Cng tiu chun v cng tnh ton:
a. Cng tiu chun ca ct thp:
Khi san xut ct thep, phai lam th nghim keo mu kim tra cng : Vi thep deo ktra theo
GH chay, thep don ktra theo GH bn loai bo ph phm.
- Cuong d tiu chun cua ct thep ly bng gia trj kim tra d loai bo ph phm.
b. Cng tiu chun ca BT:
Th nghim cac mu th, co cng trung bnh: R
tb
=
R
n
n
i 1
n
=
(3 - 8)
t D
i
= R
i
- R
tb
, lch qun phng: d =
D
n 1
i
2
(3 - 9)
Cng theo mt xac sut am bao qui nh: R
xs
= R
tb
- s.d = R
tb
(1-s.v). (3 - 10)
Trong o: v =
d
R
tb
la h s bin ng.
s la h s chun phu thuc vao xac sut bao am va quy lut cua ng cong phn phi.
Chuong 3
Cng tiu chun cua BT ly theo xac sut bao am 95% va vi dang phn phi chun, ta co
s=1.64, vi BT nng va cht lng thi cng trung bnh v=0.135.
Cuong d tiu chun cua BT: R
tc
R
tb
(1-1,64.0.135) 0.78R
tb
. (3 - 11)
c. Cng tnh ton:
Cng tnh toan la cng a xet n an toan va iu kin lam vic cua vt liu:
R
T
=R
TC
* m/k.
Cng tnh toan cua B tng R
b
= m
b
.R
b
c
/ k
b
.
Ct thep R
a
= m
a
.R
a
c
/ k
a
.
Trong o:
k
b
, k
a
: H s an toan cua BT & ct thep .
k
a
: 1.11.25 vi ct can nong, 1.51.75 vi si keo ngui va si cng cao.
k
b
: 1.31.5 (tuy thuc trang thai chu lc nen hay keo) .
m
a
, m
b
: H s iu kin lam vic cua vt liu.

(Cng tiu chun: la tr s cng trung bnh cua hang loat mu th (Cac mu th o ging
nhau, ch tao va th nghim trong iu kin nh nhau). Cng tiu chun do nha nc qui nh.
Tuy cac mu th c ch tao nh nhau nhng kt qua th nghim cho thy cac mu co
cng khng ging nhau. Sau th nghim hang loat mu th ngoai ra a dung phng phap xac
xut thng k x ly cac kt qua th nghim o.
Cng tnh toan: la cng a xet n tnh khng ng cht va iu kin lam vic cua vt liu
Tc la R
TT
=R
TC
.k.m.
Th du R
TT
cua B tng R
b
=k
b
.m
b
.R
b
c
.
Ct thep R
a
=k
a
.m
a
.R
a
a
.
Trong o: k
b
, k
a
: H s ng cht cua b tng & ct thep .
k
a
: 0,7 -0,9.
k
b
: 0.4-0,6.
m
a
, m
a
: H s iu kin lam vic cua vt liu.
H s iu kin lam vic cua kt cu m: la h s xet n cac nhn t anh hng n s lam vic cua
kt cu(co li hay bt li) ma ta khng th xet n mt cach trc tip c trong luc xac nh ni
lc va kha nng chu lc cua vt liu.
Th du nh s sai lch gia s tnh va s thc, s lam vic khng gian cua kt cu, s
khng chnh xac cua cng tnh toan, iu kin thi cng anh hng n cht lng vt liu v.v..
m=1: iu kin lam vic bnh thng.
m ><1 : m dung khi xac nh kha nng chu lc cua kt cu).
2.3. u im ca phng php tnh theo TTGH:
Co cac u im cua phng phap tnh theo ni lc pha hoai, ng thi khc phuc nhng
nhc im cua phng phap nay ..., a trnh bay ro rang hn v cac yu cu i vi kt cu, vn
an toan c cp t m y u hn.
Nhng tn tai chung hin nay la mu thun gia hai vic lam tnh toan ni lc va tnh toan
tit din. Tnh ni lc bng phng phap CHCK xem vt liu la an hi. Tnh tit din th xem vt
Chuong 3
liu la an hi deo nn cha trit . Khc phuc bng cach dung ly thuyt deo tnh ni lc nhng
rt phc tap kho ap dung cho ngi thit k.
3. NGUYN L CHUNG V CU TO:
BTCT la vt liu hn hp s lam vic phc tap. n gian tnh toan ngi ta a ra mt s gia
thuyt xac nh ni lc hoc tnh toan tit din, co nhng gia thuyt khng hoan toan phu hp
vi thc t lam vic. V vy khi b tr ct thep cn tun thu cac quy nh cu tao nhm phat huy ht
kha nng chu lc cua vt liu, tranh cac pha hoai cuc b.
3.1. Khung v li ct thp:
Ct thep trong kt cu BTCT khng t ring le ma lin kt vi nhau thanh khung hoc li
:
- Gi v tr ct thep khi thi cng.
- Cac ct thep cung nhau chu cac lc tp trung cuc b.
- Chu cac ng sut phc tap ma trong tnh toan khng xet n c.
Lin kt cac ct thep bng cach buc hoc han.
1. Khung ct thep: Noi chung gm ct doc, ct ngang, ct thi cng. Thng t ct, dm.

a. Khung ct buc:
Buc
Van khun
Buc
Buc bng si thep 0,8 1.
* u im: - Chu tai trong ng tt.
- B tr ct thep linh ng.
- Khng cn thit b han.
* Nhc im: - Chu lc khng tt bng han.
- Chm, khng c gii hoa.
Thanh ni ngang
(1-3 thanh/m).
b. Khung ct hn:

2. Li ct thep :
Co th buc hoc han li phng hoc
cun nhng am bao mi cun G 500 kg
phu hp cn cu thiu nhi khi thi cng.
3.2. Ct chu lc v ct cu to:
Trong giao trnh, tng loai cu kin c ban u co qui nh va hng dn cu th v tac dung, yu
cu va cach b tr thep, v vy y ch trnh bay mt s khai nim c ban:
- Ct chu lc: Dung chu cac ng lc phat sinh do tai trong, c xac nh theo tnh toan.
- Ct cu tao: Lin kt cac ct chu lc thanh khung hoc li, giam s co ngot khng u
cua BT, chu ng sut do co ngot va thay i nhit , giam b rng khe nt, han ch bin dang
(vong), phn b tac dung cua tai trong tp trung..
Chuong 3
3.3. Neo ct thp:
Neo ct thep nhm bao am phat huy ht kha nng chu lc cua ct thep, tranh pha hoai cuc b do
tut. oan neo c tnh t mut ct thep n TD ma no c tnh toan chu lc. oan neo c xac
nh theo kha nng truyn lc gia BT va ct thep (lc dnh).
2,5d
3d
6,25d
Un tay
Cng thc xac nh oan neo: l
neo
= (m
neo
.
R
R
a
n
+)d
1. Neo nh moc u:
Ct thep tron trn chu keo phai co moc neo hai u
cho ct thep khi chu lc khng b trt trong b tng.
3,25d
2,5d

Un may
2. Neo bng cach han cac thep neo u:

3.4. Un ct thp:
Tai ch ct thep b un cong, ct thep khi
chu lc se ep cuc b vao BT va gy ng sut tp
trung tai o phn b lc nen cua ct thep ra (Tit
din rng hn) u hn. Ct thep c un cong vi
ban knh cong r 10d.
3.5. Ni ct thp:
Ct thep co th ni vi nhau bng han hay buc.
a. Ni buc (ni chng ):
Cho phep buc khi ct thep co d < 32 va mi ni khng c t tai TD c tn dung ht
kha nng chu lc.
Khng c buc khi d > 32 va khi kt cu chu keo hoan toan (Thanh bung chu keo va
thanh canh ha cua dan..).
oan l
neo
phai theo quy nh cua oan neo:
Keo: l
neo
250 mm.
Nen: l
neo
200 mm.
b. Ni hn:
Han i u: cho loai thep A
I
-A
IV
.
Han i u co nep: A
I
-A
IV
.
Han ghep: A
I
-A
III
.
4d 2d
d
F
F
F
F
10m
4d
d
r 10d
d
l
neo
}

Tuy thuc mac BT
va loai ct the p
{
d
1
d
2
0.85 d
2
10 mm
Chuong 3

(1/2)
10d
5d
d8
(1/2)
8d
4 ng han 2 bn
2 ng han 1 bn
4d
d10

3.6. L p BT bo v :
- Co tac dung bao v ct thep di tac dung xm thc cua mi trng, am bao lc dnh gia BT va
ct thep.
- Lp BT bao v tnh t mep ngoai BT n mep gn nht cua ct thep khng c be hn tr s ti
thiu a
0
quy nh nh sau:
i vi ct chu lc:
a
0
= 10mm : Ban va vo co chiu day <100
a
0
= 15mm : Ban va vo co chiu day 100, dm hoc sn co h<250.
a
0
= 20mm : Dm co h 250, ct.
a
0
= 30mm : Mong lp ghep va dm mong.
a
0
= 35mm : Mong tai ch co BT lot.
a
0
= 70mm : Mong tai ch khng co BT lot
i vi ct ai, cu tao:
a
0
= 10mm : Khi h 250.
a
0
= 15mm : Khi h 250.
Ngoai ra lp BT bao v con tuy thuc vao mi trng s dung va cht lng bao quan ma co th
tng 5 20mm hoc giam 5mm (nhng ti thiu a
0
= 10mm).
3.7. B tr v khong cch gia cc ct thp:
Nu ct thep b tr qua day se anh hng n lc dnh, kho BT..Khoang h gia cac ct thep
trong moi trng hp phai ng knh ct thep (t
0
d). Ngoai ra con phu thuc vao:
{
- Nu ct thep nm ngang hoc nghing khi BT:
30
d
t
0

c
2
c
2
c
1
c
1
c
2
{
t
0
t
0

t
0
50
{
t
0

t
0
{
30
d
t
0
1.5d

25
d

25
d

- Nu ct thep t ng khi BT: t
0
50.
Ngoai ra khoang cach gia cac ct thep cung khng nn qua ln nhm tranh cac vt nt do co ngot,
thay i nhit , tranh s pha hoai cuc b va n nh cua khung (li) ct thep khi thi cng.. Trong
moi trng hp t
0
400.
Chuong 4
CU KIN CHU UN.

Cu kin chu un la cu kin chu M hay ng thi M & Q.

P
M&Q Q = 0
P
M&Q

Cu kin chu un la loai cu kin c ban rt quan trong c s dung rng rai va thng
gp nht nh dm, san, cu thang, ...
Co th quy v hai loai c ban: ban va dm.
1. C IM CU TO:
1.1 Bn:
1. Djnh ngha: Ban la
loai kt cu phng co chiu day
kha be so vi chiu dai va chiu
rng. (h=330 cm, thng t
610 cm).
Ban co th 1 nhp hay
nhiu nhp, toan khi hay lp
ghep.
Trong kt cu nha ca ban co kch thc mt bng thng bng 24m.
Chiu day ban chon theo yu cu chu lc va cng (bin dang, vong, goc xoay..).
2. Ct thep trong ban gm co ct chju luc va ct phn b (A
I
, A
II
).
h
Ct phn b
Ct chu lc
a. Ct thp chu lc:
Nm trong mt phng tac dung cua M (t doc theo nhp), b tr trong vung keo.
Chon va b tr theo tnh toan.
Dung thep A
I
hoc A
II
, d=512 mm, khoang cach gia cac ct thep a=720 cm.(Nu khoang
cach ct thep qua ln th phn BT gia 2 ct thep khng chu anh hng cua ct thep ...). Tai gi ct
mu chu M
+
th a 100 tin BT; Tai ni co M > th:
a 200 khi chiu day ban h 150,
a 1.5h khi chiu day ban h > 150,
Tai ni co M< th ti thiu phai co 3 thanh/1m dai ban.
b. Ct thp phn b (cu to):
t vung goc ct chu lc (Nm bn trong ct thep chu lc) tao thanh li.
Co d=48; a=2030 cm (a khng qua 350) t theo cu tao.
1
Tac dung: gi v tr ct chu lc khi thi cng, chu ng
lc do co ngot, thay i nhit , phn phi anh hng cua lc
tp trung ra cac ct ln cn.
Din tch ct phn b / 1M b dai ban 10% din tch ct chu lc tai TD co M
max
.
c
l
neo
10d
c15 khi d10
c1,5d khi d>10
Chuong 4
oan gi ta ban phai co u chiu dai keo ct chu lc mt oan neo l
neo
>5d su vao
gi (Thng ly l
neo
=10d; d la ng knh ct chu lc). Trong pham vi gi phai co ct phn b.
S hiu BT thng 150 200
#
i khi 300
#
.
l
h
1.2 Dm:
b
h 1. Djnh ngha:
Dm la loai kt cu co chiu ngang
va chiu cao kha be so vi chiu dai.

2. Hinh dang tit din dm:
b
h Dm mong
Tit din dm thng co dang
ch nht, I, T, hp, khuyn, ...

3. Kich thuoc tit din dm:
{
Chiu cao h =
1
8
1
20
nhp
- Bi s cua 50 h 600.
- Bi s cua 100 h > 600.

Chiu rng h =
1
2
1
4
h
( tin qui cach hoa van khun va tiu chun hoa kch thc cua dm ).
{
- Bi s cua 50 b >250.
- 100, 120, 150, 180, 200, ...
4. Ct thep:
Ct thep trong dm thng dung A
I
, A
II
, A
III
co ng knh t 10 32 bao gm ct doc
chu lc, ct ai, ct xin, ct doc cu tao.
a. Ct dc chu lc:
Chu M. t doc theo nhp dm vung BT chu keo hay nen. ng knh d = 10-32
Xac nh theo tnh toan, co th b tr 1, 2 hay nhiu lp (khi b 150 phai co t nht 2 thanh)

Ct doc
chu lc
Ct xin Ct ai Ct doc ct
ai 2 nhanh ai 4 nhanh

b. Ct ai:
Dung chu lc ct, lin kt ct doc thanh khung, gn vung BT chu keova vung BT chu
nen vi nhau chu m men.
Tnh toan theo lc ct.
ng knh ct ai thng dung: 6mm i vi h < 800; 8mm i vi h 800.
c.Ct xin:
Dung chu lc ct Q hoc co luc ch a ct doc ln chu M
(-)
trn.
Chuong 4
Thng la ct doc un ln vi goc nghing :

- 45
0
khi h 800.
- 60
0
khi h > 800.
- 30
0
khi dm thp va ban.
d. Ct dc cu to:
Ct doc
phu
Ct gia
Khi dm co chiu cao ln h > 700 th trn khoang cach
gia phai t ct thep phu cach nhau 40 - 50 cm. =10 14.
Co tac dung gi n nh ct ai, chu ng lc co ngot va nhit
.
Ct doc
chju luc
Ct gia: la ct doc t trong vung BT chu nen gi
v tr ct ai (tao thanh khung). t theo cu tao, ng knh
10 14.
(Cac yu cu cu tao se trnh bay chi tit trong cac muc sau ). lam ct chu lc trong cu kin
chu un ngi ta con dung thep hnh (Ct cng) va khung ct han khng gian.
2. S LM VIC CA DM
M
Q
KHE NUT

KHE NUT
Quan sat mt dm BTCT chu tai cho n

luc b pha hoai, ta thy s lam vic cua dm din
bin nh sau:
Ban u khi tai trong cha ln dm vn con
nguyn ven. Tai trong tng ln n mt mc nao
o trong dm xut hin cac vt nt. Tai khu vc
gia dm ni co M > co vt nt thng goc vi
truc dm; Tai khu vc gn gi ta ni co Q > th
vt nt nghing. Khi tai trong kha ln th dm b
pha hoai: hoc theo tit din co vt nt thng goc
hoc theo tit din co vt nt nghing.
Nhu vy vic tinh toan va cu tao cac cu kin chju un theo diu kin cuong d nhm:
- Khng bj pha hoai trn TD thng goc: Tinh toan theo cuong d trn TD vung goc.
- Khng bj pha hoai trn TD nghing: Tinh toan theo cuong d trn TD nghing.
(Mt khac trong sut qua trnh t tai th vong cua dm c tng dn ln va khe nt ngay cang m
rng. am bao s lam vic bnh thng cho kt cu con phai tnh kim tra vong, nt)
3. TRNG THI S - BD TRN TIT DIN THNG GC:
Quan sat qua trnh th nghim un mt dm BTCT t luc t tai n luc pha hoai. Din bin cua US
- BD trn TD thng goc co th phn thanh 3 giai oan sau:
3.1 Giai on I:
Khi tai trong con nho (M), vt liu lam vic
an hi, US & BD trn tit din tun theo nh lut
Hook. Tai trong tip tuc bin dang deo trong
P
I
x
a
F
a
bk
M
3
I
a
x
a
F
a
bk
=R
k
M
b
<R
n
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHI
Chuong 4
BT phat trin (nht la vung keo). S ng sut
trong BT cong i. n khi ng sut trong min
BTchu keo at n R
k
(
bk
=R
k
) th BT vung keo
sp sa nt TTUS-BD cua TD vao giai oan I
a
.
3.2 Giai on II:
Tai trong BT chu keo nt. Tai trong
tip tuc vt nt m rng, tai khe nt BT vung
keo khng chu lc na ma toan b lc keo do ct
thep chu (trn khe nt con 1 phn BT chu keo
nhng rt nho). Min BT chu nen co bin dang deo
kha ln s ng sut b cong nhiu.
Nu lng ct thep chu keo khng nhiu lm th khi tai trong ng sut trong ct thep
at gii han chay R
a
(
a
=R
a
). TTUS-BD cua TD vao giai oan II
a
.
II
b
<R
n
x
a
<R
a
M
II
a
x
a
=R
a
M
b
<R
n
3.3 Giai on III:
Tai trong s ng sut trong min BT
chu nen b cong i nhiu. Khe nt m rng va phat
trin dn ln pha trn, min BT chu nen thu hep
dn lai. ng sut trong ct thep vn R
a
v vao
trang thai chay deo (Bin dang ma ng sut
khng ).
Khi ng sut trong BT chu nen at R
n
b pha
hoai: truong hop pha hoai thu nht (pha hoai deo).
Trng hp 1
(pha hoai deo)
b
=R
n
x
a
=R
a
M
Trng hp 2
(pha hoai don)
x
a
<R
a
M
b
=R
n
Nu lng ct thep chu keo t kha nhiu, khi tai trong trang thai US-BD cua TD chuyn trc
tip t giai oan II sang giai oan III ma khng qua trang thai II
a
. Tit din b pha hoai khi BT chu
nen at R
n
trong khi ng sut trong ct thep chu keo cha at gii han chay (
a
< R
e
). Dy la
truong hop pha hoai thu 2: pha hoai don.
Khi thit k cu kin chu un cn tranh trng hp pha hoai don v s pha hoai xay ra t ngt khi
bin dang con kha be, khng bit trc c (nguy him). Mt khac khng tn dung ht kha nng
chu lc cua vt liu (Ct thep ch mi at
a
< R
a
).
Doc theo chiu dai dm tuy theo tr s cua M va v tr khe nt ma cac tit din vung goc cua dm
co th vao cac giai oan cua TTUS-BD khac nhau (T giai oan I n III).
4. TNH TON THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN THNG GC
4.1 Tnh cu kin c TD ch nht:
Tit din ch nht la loai TD ph bin nht cua cu kin chu un, v mt cu tao no thng co
hai loai: Trn tit din ch dt ct chju keo goi la ct don; Trn tit din co ct chju luc dt ca
trong vung keo ln vung nen : Ct kep. Ta se ln lt xet tng trng hp.
Chuong 4
a. Tnh tit din ch nht c ct n:
a) So d ung sut:
Khi nghin cu trang thai S & BD trn tit din thng goc cua cu kin chu un ta bit
rng trng hp pha hoai deo: ng sut trong BT chu nen va trong Ct thep chu keo u at ti
tr s gii han v cng , nn a tn dung c ht kha nng chu cua vt liu (lai xay ra khng
t ngt nguy him). V vy ngi ta xem no la TTGH v cng trn TD thng goc cua dm.
* S ng sut dung tnh toan tit din TTGH nh sau:
- ng sut trong vung BT chu nen: at cng chu nen R
n
.
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at cng chu keo R
a
.
(S ng sut vung nen phn b dang ch nht)
* Giai thch cac k hiu:
x/2
F
a
x
h
h
0
h
x/2
x/2
R
n
M
gh
R
n
bx
h
0
-x
R
a
F
a
b
a
- x: Chiu cao vung BT chu ep.
- h
0
: Chiu cao lam vic cua TD
dm h
0
= h - a.
- a: Khoang cach t trong tm F
a

n mep di TD.
- F
a
: Toan b din tch ct thep
chu keo.
- M: Mmen un do tai trong tnh toan gy ra trn TD.
b) Cng thuc co ban:
Da vao s ng sut ta thit lp cac phng trnh cn bng cua cac ng lc trn TD:
Phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln phng truc dm:
.X= 0 R
a
F
a
= R
n
bx. (4 - 1)
Tng m men vi truc qua trong tm ct thep chu keo va vung goc vi mp un cua dm:
.M.F
a
= 0 M
gh
= R
n
bx.(h
0
-0.5x). (4 - 2)
iu kin cng (am bao cho TD khng vt qua TTGH th I) la:
M M
gh
M R
n
bx.(h
0
- 0,5x). (4 - 3)
Kt hp (4-1)&(4-3): M R
a
F
a
.[h
0
- 0,5x]. (4 - 3a)
tin s dung (nht la khi tnh toan bng tay), ta tin hanh mt s phep bin i:
t = x/h
0
, Cac cng thc trn vit lai nh sau:
T (4-1) R
a
F
a
= .R
n
bh
0
. (4 - 4)
T (4-3) M
gh
= R
n
b h
0
2
. .(1-0,5).
T (4-3a) M
gh
= R
a
F
a
h
0
.(1-0,5).
t A = .(1 - 0,5), = (1 - 0,5), ta co:
M A.R
n
b h
0
2
. (4 - 5)
M . R
a
F
a
h
0
. (4 - 6)
c) Diu kin han ch:
khng xay ra pha hoai don th ct thep F
a
khng c qua nhiu, theo (4-1) tng ng la
han ch chiu cao vung nen x. Kt qua thc nghim cho thy trng hp pha hoai deo xay ra khi
chiu cao vung BT chu nen khng vt qua gii han sau: x
0
h
0
. (4 - 7)
Hay A A
0
=
0
.(1-0,5
0
) .
Vi
0
phu thuc vao mac BTva loai ct thep (tra bang).
Chuong 4
Th du: Vi ct thep co R
a
3000 kg/cm
2
, BT M 200 :
0
=0,62.
- BT M 250 300 :
0
=0,58.
T R
a
F
a
=R
n
bx F
a
=
a
n
R
.b.x R

a
0 n 0
R
.b.h .R
= F
a max
.
Goi =
0
a
b.h
F
la ham lng ct thep th ham lng cc ai:
max
=
F
b.h
amax
0
=
0
R
R
n
a

Mt khac nu ct thep t qua cung b pha hoai don khi BT vung keo nt ma lng ct thep
khng u chu toan b ng lc t BT vung keo truyn sang, vy:

min

max
. Vi
min
=0,05%.
d) Cac bai toan ap dung:
Bai toan 1: Bit kch thc TD b, h, mmen M, Mac BT, loai ct thep (R
n
, R
a
). Tnh ct thep F
a
?
Giai:
- Cn c mac BT va nhom ct thep: (tra bang) R
n
, R
a
,
0
, A
0
.
- Tnh h
0
= h - a .
V cha co F
a
nn phai gia thuyt trc a : a = 15-20 vi ban, a = 30-60 vi dm.
- T phng trnh (4 - 5) xac nh A: A =
M
R bh
n 0
2
(4 - 8)
- Kim tra A theo iu kin han ch:
Nu A A
0
(thoa man K han ch) tra bang co
Tnh F
a
: F
a
=
M
.R h
n 0
(4 - 9)
Kim tra ham lng thep: = F
a
/(b.h
0
)
min
. Phu hp khi =0,3 0,6% i vi ban.
=0,6 1,2% i vi dm.
Co F
a
chon thep va b tr trn tit din. Chu y kim tra lai h
0
thc t so vi h
0
chon ban u
(h
chon
= h - a
chon
): Yu cu h
0
cu tao h
0
chon (thin v an toan).
Nu A > A
0
th hoc tng kch thc TD .
tng Mac BT.
t ct thep vao vung nen (t ct kep).
Bai toan 2: Bit M, Mac BT, loai ct thep. Yu cu chon b, h, va tnh ct thep F
a
?
Giai:
n
, R
a
,
0
, A
0
.
Ap dung cac cng thc (4 - 4) & (4 - 5) bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 4 n: b, h, va F
a
. giai
cn chon trc 2 n, tin nht la chon trc b & :
Chon trc b theo kinh nghim, theo yu cu cu tao, theo kin truc..
Chon : = 0,3 0,4 i vi dm.
= 0,1 0,25 i vi ban.
( c chon sao cho lng thep tnh c phu hp vi kch thc TD)
T chon tra bang c A. Chiu cao lam vic cua TD h
0
:
h
0
=
1
A
.
M
R b
n
(4 - 9)
Chuong 4
Chiu cao TD: h = h
0
+ a (a chon nh BT1) (h nn chon tron s va t s h/b= 2 4 la hp ly.
Nu khng thoa man phai chon lai b va tnh lai nh ban u).
Sau khi co bxh hop ly thi vic tinh F
a
tin hanh ging nhu bai toan 1.

Bai toan 3: Bit b, h, F
a
, Mac BT, loai ct thep. Tnh kha nng chu lc cua tit din M
td
.
Giai:
n
, R
a
,
0
, A
0
.
- Cn c vao cach b tr ct thep xac nh c a ri tnh h
0
= h - a .
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n , M
td
nn bai toan hoan toan xac nh.
T (4 - 4) =
R F
R bh
a a
n 0
.
Nu
0
: tra bang co A, th vao (4 - 5) M
td
= A.R
n
b.h
0
2
.
Nu >
0
chng to F
a
qua nhiu, BT vung nen b pha hoai trc nn kha nng chu lc c
tnh theo kha nng cua vung nen, tc chon =
0
hay A=A
0
M
td
=A
0
.R
nb
h
0
2
.
b. Tnh tit din ch nht c ct kp:
a) Diu kin dt ct kep:
Khi tnh ct n co iu kin h/c A=
M
R bh
n 0
2
A
0
.
Nu A =
M
R bh
n 0
2
> A
0
th: - Tng kch thc TD.
- Hoc tng Mac BT.
- Hoc dt ct kep.
Nhng vic t ct kep khng phai luc nao cung la kinh t. Kt qua nghin cu cho thy ch nn t
ct kep khi A 0,5 nu A >0,5 th nn tng kch TD.
Vi vy diu kin d tinh ct kep la A
0
< A
M
R bh
n 0
2
0,5.
a'
h
0
M
gh
R
n
R
a
F
a
R
a
F
a
a
F
a
F
a

h
0
a
b
h
x
b) So d ung sut:
n TTGH ng sut trong:
- Ct thep chu keo F
a
at R
a
- Ct thep chu nen F
a
at R
a

- B tng vung nen at R
n
.
Trong o:
- F
a
: Tng din tch ct thep chu nen.
- R
a
: Cng chu nen cua ct thep F
a
.
- a: Khoang cach t trong tm F
a
n mep trn chu nen cua TD.
(Cng chu nen tnh toan R
a
cua ct thep c xac nh co k n s lam vic chung v nen
gia BT & ct thep: Khi BT b nen hong co bin dang
ch
(
ch
2.10
-3
) nn bin dang cua F
a
cung
khng th vt qua ghan nay, vy ng sut nen trong F
a
khng th vt qua tr s
ch
. E
a

36004000 KG/cm
2
. Qui nh ly R
a
= R
a
nu R
a
3600 KG/cm
2
.
R
a
= 3600 KG/cm
2
nu R
a
3600 KG/cm
2
.)
c) Cng thuc co ban:
Chuong 4
Phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln phng truc dm:
.X= 0 R
a
F
a
= R
n
bx + R
a
F
a
. (4 - 11)
Tng m men vi truc qua trong tm ct thep F
a
va vung goc vi mp un cua dm:
.M
Fa
= 0 M
gh
= R
n
bx.(h
0
- 0,5x) + R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (4 - 12)
iu kin cng (am bao cho TD khng vt qua TTGH th I) la:
M M
gh
M R
n
bx.(h
0
- 0,5x) + R
a
.F
a
(h
0
- a). (4 - 13)
Cung dung mt s ky hiu nh trng hp ct n:
t = x/h
0
, A = .(1 - 0,5), Cac cng thc trn vit lai nh sau:
T (4-11) R
a
F
a
= .R
n
bh
0
+ R
a
.F
a
. (4 - 14)
T (4-13) M A.R
n
b h
0
2
+ R
a
.F
a
(h
0
- a). (4 - 15)
(Ta co cac cng thc tng t trng hp t ct n, ch co thm thanh phn lc R
a
F
a
).
d) Diu kin han ch:
cu kin khng b pha hoai don t pha BT chu nen phai thoa man iu kin:
x
0
h
0
hay A A
0
. (4 - 16)
ng sut nen trong F
a
at n R
a
phai thoa man iu kin:
x 2a. (4 - 17)
(ng sut nen trong F
a
at n R
a
khi F
a
co bin dang tng i ln. Nu F
a
qua gn truc TH th
khi BT b nen hong ng sut trong F
a
vn con < R
a
).
Cac cng thc c ban ch ap dung tnh toan TD khi cac K han ch c thoa man.
e) Cac bai toan ap dung:
Bai toan 1: Bit M, b, h, Mac BT, loai ct thep. Tnh F
a
, F
a
?
Giai:
n
, R
a
, R
a
,
0
, A
0
.
- Xac nh h
0
= h - a (a va a c chon trc nh trng hp ct n).
- Kim tra iu kin cn thit tnh ct kep : A
0
A =
M
R bh
n 0
2
0.5 (4 - 18)
Hai phng trnh (4 - 14), (4 - 15) cha 3 n s , F
a
, F
a
nn phai loai bt n s bng cach
chon trc =
0
tc A=A
0
. (Bng cach nay ta li dung ht kha nng chu nen cua BT nn ct thep
F
a
, F
a
tnh ra co (F
a
+ F
a
) be nht).
Thay A = A
0
vao (4-15) tm c: F
a
=
M - A R bh
R (h
0 n 0
2
a
'
0
a')
(4 - 19)
Th F
a
vao (4-14) c: F
a
=
0 0
R bh
R
n
a
+
R
R
F
a
'
a
a
'
(4 - 20)
Khng qun kim tra lai a, a a gia thuyt!
Bai toan 2: Bit M, b, h, Mac BT, loai ct thep va F
a
. Tnh F
a
?
Giai:
n
, R
a
, R
a
,
0
, A
0
.
- Xac nh h
0
= h - a (a c chon trc nh trng hp ct n).
- Bai toan xac nh v co hai phng trnh cha 2 n s.
T (4-15) tnh A: A =
M - R F (h
R bh
a
'
a
'
0
n 0
2
a')
(4 - 21)
Chuong 4
- Kim tra A theo iu kin han ch:
Nu A A
0
: tra bang x = .h
0
.
Nu x 2a: F
a
=
.R bh
R
n
a
0
+
R
R
F
a
'
a
a
'
(4 - 22)
Nu x < 2a: F
a
qua gn truc TH, ng sut trong ct thep chu nen F
a
ch at
a
< R
a
. n
gian va thin v an toan xem hp lc cua vung nen trung vi trong tm F
a
(ly x = 2a).
S ng sut luc o co dang:
a
h
0
a
F
a
a
M
a
R
a
F
a
M
Fa
= 0: M = R
a
F
a
.(h
0
- a). (4 - 23)
F
a
=
M
R (h
a 0
a')
(4 - 24)
- Nu A > A
0
chng to ct thep F
a
a cho la cha u TD
khoi b pha hoai don nn ta xem F
a
va cha bit va tnh theo bai
toan 1(Tnh F
a
, F
a
).

Bai toan 3: Bit b, h, Mac BT, loai ct thep, F
a
, F
a
. Kim tra kha nng chu lc cua TD M
td
= ?
Giai:
n
, R
a
, R
a
,
0
, A
0
.
Bai toan vi 2 phng trnh cha 2 n s nn hoan toan xac nh.
T (4 - 14) =
R F R F
R bh
a a a
'
a
'
n 0
. (4 - 25)
Kim tra iu kin han ch:
- Nu
2
0
a
h
'

0
. T tra bang A M
td
= A.R
n
bh
0
2
+R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (4 - 26)
- Nu <
2
0
a
h
'
(tc x < 2a) th ly x = 2a tnh : M
td
= R
a
.F
a
(h
0
- a).
(Hoc la khng k n ct chu nen F
a
v ng sut trong o be va tnh nh ct n ri so sanh 2
kt qua tnh, ly M
td
nao ln hn lam kha nng chu lc cua tit din).
- Nu >
0
tc A>A
0
chng to ct thep chu keo qua nhiu, ly =
0
tc A=A
0
:
M
td
= A
0
.R
n
bh
0
2
+R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (4 - 27)
Thi du tinh toan: Xem sach.
4.2 Tnh ton cu kin c TD ch T:
a. c im ca TD ch T:

b)
b
h
h
b
b
h
h
b
h
b
s h
b
c) a)
b
b
h
d)
Tit din ch T gm canh va sn. Nu canh ch T nm trong vung nen c) se tng thm din
tch BT vung nen nn tit kim vt liu hn TD ch nht, khi tit din ch T co canh nm trong
Chuong 4
vung keo a), luc o canh khng gop phn vao kha nng chu lc cua TD nn c tnh nh TD ch
nht b*h.
Trong thc t b rng canh b
c
tuy thuc vao cu tao kt cu, co th ln hoc be, nhng trong
tnh toan th b rng o khng th vt qua mt gii han nht nh.
Canh s d chu lc c la nh co ng sut ct truyn lc ep t sn
ra canh, cho nn cach sn mt quang nao o th ng sut se kha be.
Do vy b rng canh dung trong tnh toan c xac nh theo vn
C (phn canh cung chu lc vi sn) quy nh ly nh sau:
Trong moi trng hp C 1/6 l (l: nhp tnh toan cua dm)

i vi dm c lp:
Khi h
c
0,1h : C 6 h
c
0,05h h
c
0,1h : C 3h
c
h
c
< 0,05h : C=0.

i vi dm san toan khi:
Khi h
c
0,1h : C 9 h
c
h
c
0,1h : C 6 h
c
Khi co cac sn ngang khng tha lm : C 12 h
c
c c
h
c
h
b
c)

Khi khng co sn ngang hoc
sn ngang tha hn sn doc
b
c
S S
c c
b
c
}
Va tt nhin C 1/2 S (S la khoang cach gia cac mep sn)
Tit din ch T co th t ct n hoc ct kep. Nhng TD ch T t ct kep (theo tnh toan) t khi
dung v khng kinh t (rt t gp TD ch T cn t ct kep do a co vung chu nen ln).
Chiu cao tit din dm co th chon s b theo cng thc gn ung:
h = (1520).
3
M Vi h=cm, M=Tm.
b = (0,40,5).h
b. Tnh ton tit din ch T: (t ct n).
a) So d ung sut:
Khi tnh TD ch T co canh nm trong vung nen cn phn bit hai trng hp: truc trung hoa
qua canh a) va truc trung hoa qua sn b).

a
h
0 h
x
R
n
R
n
x
h
c
h
c
h
0
h
F
a
M
gh M
gh
F
a
R
a
F
a
b
a
R
a
F
a
b
b) Truc trung hoa qua sn a) Truc trung hoa qua canh
b
c
b
c

- Nu truc TH qua canh th TD ch T c tnh nh TD ch nht b
c
xh, v n trang trai gii han
din tch vung BT chu keo khng anh hng n kha nng chu lc cua TD ma ch co BT chu nen.
Chuong 4
- Nu truc TH qua sn th tnh toan theo TD ch T. n TTGH xem kha nng chu lc cua vt liu
c tn dung ht : F
a
R
a
, BT vung nen R
n
.
phn bit truc TH qua canh hay sn, ta xac nh M men un trn TD khi truc TH i
qua mep gia canh va sn:
M
Fa
= 0 M
c
= R
n
.b
c
.h
c
.(h
0
- 0,5h
c
). (4 - 28)
Nu M
c
M th truc TH qua canh, tnh toan theo TD ch nht b
c
xh nh muc IV.1.
Nu M
c
< M th truc TH qua sn, tnh toan theo TD ch T, se xet di y .
b) Cng thuc co ban:
X=0 R
a
F
a
=R
n
bx+R
n
.(b
c
-b)h
c
. (4 - 29)
M
Fa
=0 M
gh
= R
n
bx.(h
0
- 0,5x) + R
n
.(b
c
- b).h
c
.(h
0
- 0,5h
c
). (4 - 30)
iu kin cng : M M
gh

Hay M R
n
bx.(h
0
- 0,5x) + R
n
.(b
c
- b).h
c
.(h
0
- 0,5h
c
). (4 - 31)
t , A tng t nh TD ch nht, ta co:
R
a
F
a
=.R
n
b.h
0
+ R
n
.(b
c
-b)h
c
(4 - 32)
M A.R
n
b.h
0
2
+R
n
.(b
c
- b)h
c
. (h
0
- 0,5h
c
) (4 - 33)
c) Diu kin han ch:
iu kin han ch vung nen TD khng b pha hoai don:

0
hoc A A
0
.
d) Tinh toan tit din:
* Bai toan tinh ct thep: Bit b, b
c
, h
c
, h, M. Mac BT, loai ct thep. Tnh F
a
?
Giai:
T (4-33), tnh A: A =
M - R (b - b)h (h h
R bh
n c c 0 c
n 0
2
05 . )
(4 - 34)
V la ct n nn A A
0
tra bang c
T (4-32), tnh F
a
: F
a
=
a.R bh R (b b)h
R
n n c
a
0 c
+
(4 - 35)
Kim tra ham lng ct thep cua TD ch tnh cho phn sn, tc =[F
a
/(b.h
0
)].100 phai am bao
theo yu cu i vi TD ch nht a bit.
Nu A >A
0
: th phai t ct kep.
* Bai toan kim tra cuong d tit din:
Bit b, b
c
, h, h
c
, Mac BT, loai ct thep, F
a
. Tnh M
td
?
Giai:
T (4-32) xac nh : =
R F R (b - b)h
R bh
a a n c c
'
n 0
. (4 - 36)
Nu
0
tra bang co A va tnh M
td
theo (4 - 33):
M
td
= A.R
n
b.h
0
2
+ R
n
.(b - b
c
).h
c
.(h
0
- 0,5h
c
) (4 - 37)
Nu >
0
th ly =
0
tc A = A
0
, tnh M
td
theo (4 - 33):
M
td
= A
0
.R
n
b.h
0
2
+ R
n
.(b - b
c
).h
c
.(h
0
- 0,5h
c
) (4 - 38)
Thi du tinh toan: Xem sach.
5.
Chuong 4
TNH TON THEO CNG TRN TIT DIN
NGHING:
5.1 c im ph hoi trn tit din nghing:
Khi xet s lam vic cua dm BTCT chu un ta a bit dm b pha hoai hoc la theo TD thng goc
(Tai ch co M ln) hoc la theo TD nghing (Tai ch co Q ln). S pha hoai theo TD nghing
thng theo 2 kiu:
Kiu 1: Vt nt nghing chia dm thanh 2 phn ni vi nhau
bng vung BT chu nen ngon khe nt va bng ct doc, ct ai, ct
xin i ngang qua khe nt. Hai phn dm nay quay xung quanh vung
nen, vung nen thu hep lai cui cung b pha huy. Luc o ct thep at
gii han chay hay b keo tut v neo long.
Kiu 2: Khi ct thep kha nhiu va neo cht th s quay cua 2 phn dm b ca n tr. Dm b pha
hoai khi min BT chu nen b pha v do tac dung chung cua lc ct va lc ep. Hai phn dm co xu
hng trt ln nhau va tut xung so vi gi ta.
S pha hoai theo TD nghing gn lin vi tac dung cua M va Q ma trong o vai tro lc ct Q la
ang k. Cho nn mun am bao cho dm khoi b pha hoai trn TD nghing th phai tnh toan sao
cho TD u kha nng chu c M va Q. Trn thc t thng ngi ta tach vic tnh toan cng
trn TD nghing chu lc M va Q ring ra tin tnh toan.
5.2 iu kin tnh ton tit din chu lc ct:
Kt qua nghin cu cho thy khi: Q k
1
.R
k
b.h
0
(4 - 39)
th BT u chu lc ct nn khng cn tnh toan cng trn tit din nghing (Ch cn t ct ai,
ct xin theo cu tao).
Trong o k
1
=0,6 i vi dm, k
1
=0,8 i vi ban.
BT khoi b pha v v ng sut nen chnh va han ch b rng khe nt, cu kin cn phai
thoa man iu kin: Q k
0
.R
n
b.h
0
(4 - 40)
Trong o k
0
= 0,35 i vi BT mac 400.
0,30 500.
0,25 600.
iu kin (4 - 40) nu khng thoa man phai tng kch thc tit din hoc tng mac BT.
Vy iu kin tnh toan tit din nghing chu lc ct la:
k
1
.R
a
.b.h
0
Q k
0
.R
n
.b.h
0
.
Trong o Q la lc ct tnh toan tai tit din i qua im u khe nt nging (Tuy thuc v tr t tai
trn dm ...)
5.3 iu kin cng trn tit din nghing:
a. S ng lc trn tit din nghing:
Gia thuyt: Ni lc trong cac ct thep la lc keo doc theo truc cua no.
Do ng sut trong ct ngang khng u nn ly bng gia tr trung bnh: R
a
= 0.8R
a
.
Chuong 4
b. iu kin cng :
Y= 0: Q Q
b
+.R
a
.F
+.R
a
.F
x
.Sin . (4 - 41)
M
D
= 0: M R
a
F
a
. Z
a
+.R
a
F
.Z
+.R
a
.F
x
.Z
x
. (4 - 42)

Trong o:
Q: Lc ct tnh toan tai TD i qua
im u khe nt nghing.
M: Mmen tnh toan tai TD i qua
im cui khe nt nghing.
R
a
: Cng tnh toan cua ct
ai va ct xin khi tnh cng trn TD
nghing . R
a
=0,8R
a
.
Z
a
, Z
, Z
x
: Canh tay on cua cac hp
lc cac lp ct thep doc, ct ai, ct xin.
F
, F
x
: Din tch tit din 1 lp ct ai, 1 lp ct xin.
R
a
F
x1
Z
x1
Z
x2
R
a
F
2
C
Z
2
Q
R
a
F
a
R
a
F
x2
R
a
F
1
Z
a
Z
1
Q
D=R
n
bx+R
a
F
a

a
M
Z
a
, Z
, Z
x
: Canh tay on cua cac hp lc cac lp ct thep doc,ct ai,ct xin.
F
, F
x
: Din tch tit din 1 lp ct ai, 1 lp ct xin.
Q
b
: Kha nng chu lc ct cua BT vung nen c xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
Q
b
=
2R b.h
C
k 0
2
(4 - 43)
C: Hnh chiu cua TD nghing ln phng truc dm.
Dung iu kin cng (4 - 41) tnh toan ct ai va ct xin. iu kin (4 - 42) se c thoa
man bng mt s bin phap cu tao va khi cn thiet co th dung tnh toan (M ln).
5.4 Tnh ton ct ai khi khng dng ct xin:
a. iu kin cng khi khng dng ct xin:
Khi khng dung ct xin, iu kin (4-41) tr thanh:
Q Q
b
+.R
a
.F
(4 - 44)
V ai tng i day va u trn TD ang xet nn:
q
=
u
F R
ad d
=
u
.n.f R
ad d
(4 - 45)
Vy: Q
2R b.h
C
k 0
2
+ q
.C (4 - 46)
Goi Q
B
=
2R b.h
C
k 0
2
+ q
.C la kha nng chu ct trn TD nghing C.

C C
0
Q
b
Q
B
Trong o u: Khoang cach gia cac lp ct ai.
n: S nhanh cua mt lp ct ai.
f
: Din tch tit din 1 nhanh ct ai.

Vy Q Q
B
.
Chuong 4
b. Tit din nghing nguy him nht:
Ta bit Q
B
= f(c), quan h gia Q
B
va C co dang nh hnh ve.
Tr s C
0
tng ng vi Q
B
nho nht (Q
b
) chng to C
0
tng ng vi TD nghing nguy him nht.
tm C
0
ta ao ham Q
B
theo C va cho ao ham o = 0.
d
2
2
0 k DB
q
C
bh 2R
dC
dQ
+ = = 0
Rut ra C
0
=
2R bh
q
k 0
2
(4 - 47)
Thay C
0
vao Q
B
ta co c kha nng chu lc trn TD nghing nguy him nht C
0
la Q
b
:
Q
b
=
d
2
0 k
.q bh 8R
d k 0
b.q R 8 , 2 h (4 - 48)
c.Tnh khong cch ct ai:
Vic tnh toan ct ai thc cht la i xac nh n, f
, u. Chon trc n, f
ri tnh toan xac nh

u. Tc xac nh bc ct ai thoa man cac yu cu tnh toan va cu tao.
Xac nh u
tt
theo iu kin cng trn TD nghing nguy him nht:
Q Q
b
= 8R bh .q
k 0
2

Q
8R bh
2
k 0
2
; (4 - 49)
Mt khac theo (4-45): q
=
u
.n.f R
ad d

Nn u R
a
.n.f
.
8R bh
Q
k 0
2
2
= u
tt
. (4 - 50)
Xac nh u
max
:
Co th xay ra trng hp pha hoai theo TD
nghing nm gia 2 ct ai nh hnh ve.
Luc o Q Q
b
=
2R b.h
u
k 0
2
u
2R b.h
Q
k 0
2
= u
max
.
an toan, qui pham qui nh: u
max
=
1.5R b.h
Q
k 0
2
. (4 - 51)
Khoang cach cu tao cua ct ai u
ct
: Theo qui pham u
ct
i vi dm
khi h 45 cm u
ct
h/2.
15 cm. i vi khu vc co Q ln.
h > 45 cm u
ct
h/3
30 cm.
C=U
max
l
l/4
l/4
l
l/4

Chuong 4

Ngoai khu vc co Q ln th khng cn phai tnh ct ai nhng phai han ch.
u
ct
3/4h.
50 cm.
Voi dm co h 300
Sau khi tnh c cac khoang cach ct ai u
tt
, u
max
, u
ct
th khoang cach thit k cua ct ai
u u
tt
.
u
max
. (4 - 52)
u
ct
.
Va ly u chn n cm d thi cng.
* Tom tt trnh t tnh ct ai khi khng dung ct xin:
- Chon ai theo kinh nghim: h 800 chon d 6.
h > 800 chon d 8.
Tc chon f
, n.
- Xac nh u
tt
.
- Xac nh u
max.
- Xac nh u
ct
.
Xac nh khoang cach thit k: u u
tt
.
u
max
.
u
ct
.
5.5 Tnh ton cu kin c ct ai v ct xin:
tng kha nng chu ct trn TD nghing ngi ta con t thm ct xin (Nht la trong cac
cu kin dung khung ct thep buc). Ct xin thng la nhng ct doc un ln vi goc nghing .
Thng = 45
0
khi dm co h 800.
= 60
0
khi dm co h > 800.
= 30
0
khi dm co h thp va ban.
Ct xin co nhim vu chu phn lc ct vt qua kha nng cua ai va BT.
* iu kin cng trn tit din nghing C bt ky: Q Q
B
+.R
a
.F
x
.sin. (4 - 53)
* iu kin cng trn tit din nguy him nht C
0
: Q Q
b
+.R
a
.F
x
.sin .
* Tnh ct xin:
Muc ch xac nh ct ai va ct xin cung BT chu lc ct trn tit din nghing nhng ta
ch co mt phng trnh ma cha rt nhiu n v vy phai loai bt n bng cach chon trc ai (Tc
bit n, f
, u thoa cac yu cu cu tao) tnh ct xin (F

x
).
- Tnh q
=
R n.f
u
a
.
- Tnh C
0
=
2R bh
q
k 0
2
(Ging nh ch co ct ai).
- Tnh Q
b
= 8R bh .q
k 0
2

- Tnh din tch cac lp ct xin F
xi
.
T cac phng trnh cn bng lc ct trn C va C
0
ta co:
Chuong 4
Trn tit din nghing C bt ky F
x
=
Q Q
R
i D
a
B
sin

Trn tit din nghing C
0
F
x
=
Q Q
R
i
a
b
sin

Xet mt s trng hp cu th cua C
0
va C.
C
0

F
x1
F
x1
- C
0
ct qua mt lp ct xin, iu kin cng :
Q Q
b
+ R
a
.F
x1
.Sin F
x1
=
Q Q
R
i
a
b
sin

- C
0
ct qua 2 lp ct xin, iu kin cng :
Q Q
b
+ R
a
.(F
x1
+F
x2
).Sin F
x1
+ F
x2
=
Q Q
R
i
a
b
sin

C
1
C
2
=C
0
C
0
F
x2
F
x1
C
0
ct qua nhiu lp ct xin ta cung tnh tng t.
- Ngoai ra TD nghing C
1
ch ct 1 lp ct xin nhng rt gn
tit din nguy him C
0
nn cung phai xet, iu kin cng :
Q Q
B
C1
+ R
a
.F
x1
.Sin F
x1
=
Q Q
R
i D
C
a
1
sin
B

- Mt khac co th xut hin TD nghing C
2
= C
0
ch ct qua F
x2
:
F
x1
=
Q Q
R
b
a
2

sin

Tuy vy qui pham cho phep tnh toan mt cach n gian va an toan hn bng cach ch xem C
0
ch
ct qua 1lp ct xin. Khi o iu kin cng se la:
Q
1
Q
b
+R
a
.F
x1
.Sin.
Q
2
Q
b
+R
a
.F
x2
.Sin.
Q
b
u
max
u
max
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
b
....
Trong o Q
1
, Q
2
, ...
tng ng tai u tng mt ct C
0
, ta tnh c:
F
xi
=
Q Q
R
i
a
sin
b
(4 - 54)
Yu cu b tri ct xin:
Trn oan dm co Q > Q
b
phai b tr ct xin.

u
max
u
max
u
max
P
u
max
u
max
Chuong 4

5.6 Nhng yu cu cu to m bo cng trn tit din nghing
chu m men :
iu kin cng (4 - 42) co th thoa man bng mt s yu cu cu tao. Sau y ta xet cac
yu cu cu tao am bao iu kin tdng chu mmen o.
a. Neo ct dc chu ko ti cc gi ta t do:
Ct thep chu keo c neo tt th mi phat huy c kha nng chu lc, nu neo kem th ct
thep d b tut khi cha at c cng gii han va dm se b pha hoai theo tdng i qua mep gi
do mmen.
P 17
Khi Q k
1
.R
k
.b.h
0
.
oan neo l
a
5d thng la l
a
10d.
Nu li han co ct n th trn oan l
a
t nht phai co
1 ct ngang neo cach nut ct doc 1 oan C: C
15 khi d 10.
C 1,5d khi d > 10.
Khi Q > k
1
.R
k
.b.h
0
.
oan neo l
a
1,5d.
l
a
10d khi M
bt
200 va thep co g.
Nu khung hay li ct han vi ct doc chu lc tron
trn th trn oan l
a
phai co t nht hai thanh neo vi
C va d
a
quy nh nh trn.
b. Un ct dc chu k o:
1. Biu d bao vt liu: (BDBVL).
Biu bao vt liu cua dm la ng biu din kha nng chu lc cua dm o. BBVL cua
dm BT ct thep (t ct n) c xy dng bng cach:
Dm a bit b, h, F
a
Tnh =
R F
R bh
a a
n 0
A Tnh M
VL
= A.R
n
.b.h
0
2
Ve M
VL
trn truc
cung t l vi biu bao Mmen (BBM). BBVL phai bao ngoai BBM.
Gia s co dm nh hnh ve. Biu bao
M ln nht tai gia nhp. Vi M
max
tnh c
F
a
=222 + 118 ve ng bu din kha
nng chu lc cua dm co 222+118 nh
trn (ng 1). Nhng tai gn 2 u dm M
giam nhng Q ln nn ta d nh un 118
ln thanh ct xin. Sau khi un ct thep chu
keo ch con 222, ta lai ve ng biu din
M
VL
ch vi 222 (ng 2).
KHOA XY DNG DN DUNG & CNG NGHI
C
d
l
a
M
d
l
a
2
q
h
118
1-1
l
(2)
(1)
M
222
222
d
e g
c
a
b
b
220+118
1
d
a
C
Chuong 4
ng (1) va (2) c ni vi nhau bng oan xin tng ng vi v tr cac im un cua ct xin.
ng gp khuc bao ngoai BBM la BBVL.

2. Un ct doc:
N
1
Z
x
h
0
/2
Z
a
I
I
II
N
1
II
Khoang cach t khi im cua ct xin
trong vung keo (Tit din I-I) n TD ma tai o ct
doc c tn dung ht kha nng chu lc (Tit din
II-II) phai (h
0
/2). Nu iu kin nay khng am
bao th iu kin cng trn TD nghing chu M
se khng c am bao.
Thc vy, am bao cng trn tdng
N
1
-N, th canh tay on Z
x
phai khng nho hn canh
tay on Z
a
. iu nay xay ra khi khoang cach t (I-I)
n (II-II) h
0
/2.
Chuong 4
c.Ct ct dc chu ko:
tit kim thep, ngi ta thng ct bt mt s ct thep chu keo ngoai pham vi gi ta
(cua dm lin tuc) ma theo tnh toan th khng cn thit na (do M giam nhiu).
Gia s ta co dm BT ct thep lin tuc nh hnh ve. Tai gi din tch ct thep chu keo yu cu
la F
a
=F
a1
+F
a2
. Nhng khi ra xa gi M giam i nhiu, tai tit din o-o theo tnh toan ta co th ct bo
ct thep F
a2
, TD o-o goi la mt ct ly thuyt.

M
g
W
M
0
M
A
M
B
B
A
o
B A o
F
a
=F
a1
+F
a2
A-A B-B
F
a1
2
F
a2
F
a1
1 1
F
a1
F
a1

F
a2

Nhng nu ct ngay tai o th kha nng chu un trn TD nghing (Chng han oA) se khng
c am bao, v thc t M tac dung ln tdng o la M
A
>M
0
nhng ct chu keo vn la F
a1
=F
a
-F
a2
va
co thm mt s t ct ai chu m men un ma thi. S ct ai ma tdng oA ct qua khng u
chu phn mmen M
A
-M
0
. khng b pha hoai trn TD nghing do m men ta phai keo ct thep
F
a2
ra ngoai mt ct ly thuyt o-o mt oan W na (n im B). Xet TD nghing AB th tuy M
0
<
M
A
nhng lng ct ai i qua mt ct nghing AB u ln chu c phn mmen M
A
-M
0
o.
Ngi ta a chng minh c rng:
W =
d
2.q
0,8.Q
+ 5d va W 20d;
Trong o Q: Lc ct tai im ct ly thuyt, ly bng dc cua biu mmen.
d: ng knh ct doc b ct.
q
=
u
.n.f R
ad d
.
5d: oan cn thit ct doc bt u chu lc.
Khi trong vung ct thep co ct xin th:
W =
d
x
2.q
Q - 0,8.Q
+ 5d va W 20d;
Trong o Q
x
= R
a
.F
x
.Sin vi F
x
din tch nhng lp ct xin trong vung ct thep. n
gian va an toan F
x
la din tch lp ct xin ct qua TD ct ly thuyt, la din tch lp ct xin nm
phia trc mt ct ly thuyt.
Th du: Xem sach.
Chuong 4

Chng 5
SAN PHNG.
1. GII THIU CHUNG:
San BTCT c s dung kha rng rai trong xy dng va di nhiu dang khac nhau: san nha dn dung, cng
nghip, cac dang mai bng, mai nghing, ban cu thang, cac dang mong, ay b, tng chn..
San BTCT co u im la kha nng chu lc ln, a nng, thit k va thi cng n gian.
1.1 Phn loi:
a. Theo PP thi cng:
Co san toan khi, san lp ghep va san na lp ghep.
b. Theo s kt cu:
Co san sn va san khng sn (san nm).
Dang san sn c s dung ph bin, no con c phn thanh nhiu loai (kt hp vi PP thi cng va tnh
cht lam vic cua ban san):
- San sn toan khi co ban loai dm (ban san lam vic 1 phng).
- San sn toan khi co ban k 4 canh (ban san lam vic 2 phng).
- San sn c.
- San sn pa nen lp ghep.
1.2 Phn bit bn loi dm v bn k 4 cnh:
Tnh cht lam vic cua ban chu yu phu thuc cao lin kt va kch thc cac canh cua ban. Xet mt s dang
c ban sau:
- Khi ban ch co lin kt 1 canh hoc 2 canh
i din, tai trong tac dung ln ban ch c
truyn theo phng co lin kt, hay ban ch
lam vic theo 1 phng. Ta goi la ban loai
dm.

- Khi ban co lin kt ca 4 canh (hoc 2, 3
canh khng ch i din), tai trong c truyn
vao lin kt theo ca 2 phng. Ta goi loai nay
la ban k 4 canh (lam vic 2 phng).

Vi ban lam vic 1 phng ta d dang xac
nh c ni lc trong ban (nh tnh ni lc
dm), nhng vi ban k 4 canh th khng n
gian:
- Xet ban k t do 4 canh chu tai trong phn b u;
Goi tai trong truyn theo phng canh be l
1
la q
1
,
q
l l
q q
l
l
1
q
1
l
2
l
1
q
1
q
2
l
2
q
2
tai trong truyn theo phng canh ln l
2
la q
2
.
Ta co: q = q
1
+ q
2
. (5 - 1)
Ct 2 dai ban co b rng bng n v tai chnh gia ban theo 2 phng.
vong tai im gia cua mi dai:
Chng 5
1
l
1
q
1
1
l
2
q
2
+ Theo phng l
1
: f
1
=
384
5
.
J E
l q
.
.
4
1 1
;
+ Theo phng l
2
: f
2
=
384
5
.
J E
l q
.
.
4
2 2
;
im gia cua 2 dai ban ang xet trung nhau, tc
f
1
= f
2
= . (5 - 2)
4
1 1
.l q
4
2 2
.l q
T (5 - 1) va (5 - 2): q
1
=
4
2
4
1
4
2
l l
l
+
.q va q
2
=
4
2
4
1
4
1
l l
l
+
.q; (5 - 3)
q
1
=
4
1
4
2
l
l
.q
2
; (5 - 4)
Khi l
2
> l
1
th q
1
> q
2
. Nu ty s
1
2
l
l
>3 th
2
1
q
q
>81, nh vy phn ln tai trong tac dung trn ban c truyn
theo phng canh ngn l
1
, va co th bo qua phn tai truyn theo phng canh dai l
2
(tc xem ban nh loai
dm).
1.3 Khi nim v khp do-S phn b li ni lc do xut hin khp do:
a Khi nim khp do:
Vung BT co
bin dang deo
Xet 1 dm chu un cho n khi b pha hoai. Gia s dm c cu tao thep
sao cho khi b pha hoai co:
ct thep chu keo
at gii han chay
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo at gii han chay;
- ng sut trong BT vung nen at gii han chu nen va co bin dang deo
ln;
Luc nay tai TD ang xet co bin dang tng nhng ni lc khng tng va co
gia tr la gii han chu un M
gh
.
Ta noi rng tai TD a xut hin 1 khp deo (khp deo khac vi khp bnh thng la tai khp deo co 1 m
men khng i goi la m men khp deo M
kd
= M
gh
).
Vi kt cu tnh nh, s xut hin khp deo ng thi vi kt cu b pha hoai.
Vi kt cu siu tnh xut hin khp deo lam giam 1 bc siu tnh cua h. S pha hoai cua kt cu khi s
khp deo u h b bin hnh.
- Trang thai khi xut hin khp deo cui cung trc khi kt cu b pha hoai goi la trang thai cn bng
gii han.
- Phng phap tnh theo s deo (xet n s hnh thanh cac khp deo cho n khi h sp b pha hoai) goi
la tnh theo trang thai cn bng gii han.
b S phn b li ni lc:
Khi xut hin khp deo, trong dm co s phn b lai ni lc. Xet dm chu tai co s nh sau:
- Nu tnh theo s an hi, ty s
nh
A
M
M
,
nh
B
M
M
la khng i vi 1 dang tai trong.
P
a
M
B
M
A
M
nh
b Khi P tng n P
1
gia s tai gi A xut hin khp deo trc. Luc nay nu P
tng th m men tai gi A khng tng, con tai cac TD vn tng.
Khi P tng n P
2
gia s tai gi B xut hin khp deo. Nu P tng th m
men tai cac gi A va B khng tng, con tai cac TD vn tng.

Khi P tng n P
3
gia nhp hnh thanh khp deo, kt cu b pha hoai: y la TT cn bng gii han.
Chng 5
Nh vy khi hnh thanh khp deo, trong kt cu co s phn b lai ni lc, y la yu t co li tranh s pha
hoai cuc b.
M
kdA
a
M
kdB
M
kdnh
b
P M
kdB
M
kdA
Khi tai cac gi hnh thanh khp deo, t s trn co th thay ngam
bng cac lin kt khp va mt m men khp deo.
Goi M
0
la m men cua dm n gian tng ng vi P
3
, ta co:
M
0
= M
kd-nh
+
l
b
.M
kdA
+
l
a
.M
kdB
.
Kt hp vi quan h M
0
= M(P
3
) xac nh c tai trong TT cn
bng gii han.
c iu kin tnh theo s do:
hnh thanh khp deo, vt liu va h phai co cac tnh cht sau:
- Ct thep co thm chay ro rt (dung thep deo, dy thep keo ngui, khng dung thep dp ngui..)
- Tranh s pha hoai do BT vung nen b hong do ep v hoc ct t (chiu cao vung nen khng qua ln
d
; BT mac 300
d
= 0.31; BT mac 400
d
= 0.295; ly
d
= 0.30).
- han ch b rng khe nt tai TD co khp deo u tin: M
kd
0,7M
h
.
2. SN SN TON KHI C BN LOI DM:
2.1 S kt cu:
San co th co dm chnh t theo phng doc hoc theo phng ngang (tuy thuc s b tr chung cua cng
trnh, yu cu thng gio, chiu sang..).
l
2
l
2
l
2
3l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
3l
1
3l
1 1
2
3
5
4
3l
1
3l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
2
l
2
Cac b phn chnh cua san:
1. Ban, 4. Ct,
2. Dm phu, 5. Tng.
3. Dm chnh,
San gm ban san va h dm (sn) uc lin
khi: ban k ln dm phu, dm phu gi ln
dm chnh, dm chnh gi ln ct va tng,
Khoang cach dm phu l
1
= (1-4)m, thng l
1

= (1,7-2,8)m.
Khoang cach dm chnh l
2
= (4-10)m, thng
l
2
= (5-8)m.
Chiu day ban h
b
=

25
1
35
1
l
1
. (trong moi trng hp h
b
6cm)
5cm vi san mai;
6cm vi san nha dn dung;
7cm vi san nha CN;
Chiu cao dm phu h
dp
=

12
1
20
1
nhp; Chiu cao dm chnh h
dc
=

8
1
12
1
nhp;
B rng dm b
d
= (0,3 - 0,5)h
d
;
Nu chu vi san c k ln tng gach, oan k: (12cm va h
b
) vi ban;
22cm vi dm phu;
34cm vi dm chnh;
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
1
3 2 4
5
2.2 Tnh ni lc sn:
Chng 5
a Tnh bn theo s do:
- S tnh: Ct dai ban rng = n v (1m) theo phng canh ngn, bo
qua anh hng qua lai gia cac dai; Xem cac dai ban lam vic c lp nh
dm lin tuc ta ln dm phu va tng.
- Tai trong:
Tnh tai g (trong lng ban thn ban BTCT va cac lp cu tao..)
Hoat tai p (tai trong s dung trn san) phn b u trn mt san c qui v
phn b u trn dai ban.
- Nhp tnh toan:
g p
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
b
l l
b
t
Nhp gia ly bng khoang cach gia 2 mep dm phu
l = l
1
- b
dp
;
Nhp bin ly bng khoang cach t mep dm phu n cach
mep tng na ln chiu day ban l
b
= l
1
-
2
dp
b
-
2
t
b
+
2
b
h
;
- Ni lc: Theo s deo ta co:
Nhp bin va gi th 2: M =
11
q.l
2
b
; (5 - 5)
11
q.l
2
b
16
q.l
2
l l l l
b
Nhp gia va gi gia: M =
16
q.l
2
; (5 - 6)
Trong o q = g + p;
b Tnh dm ph theo s do:
- S tnh: nh dm lin tuc gi ln dm chnh va tng.
l
b
l l l
g
d
p
d
l
2
l
2
l
2
a
l
b
l b
dc
l b
dc
l
2
- Tai trong: phn b u gm
Tnh tai: g
d
= g.l
1
+ g
0
(ban truyn vao va trong lng
ban thn phn sn dm phu).
Hoat tai p
d
= p.l
1
.
- Nhp tnh toan:
Nhp gia ly bng khoang cach gia 2 mep dm chnh
l = l
2
- b
dc
;
Nhp bin ly bng khoang cach t mep dm chnh n tm
gi tng l
b
= l
2
-
2
dc
b
-
2
t
b
+
2
a
;
- Ni lc: Co th dung PP t hp tai trong (vi cac dm bt ky) hoc dung cac cng thc va bang lp
sn (dm u nhp chu tai trong cac nhp ging nhau) ve BB m men, lc ct.
Tung nhanh dng BB m men: M =
1
.q.l
2
; (5 - 7)
Tung nhanh m BB m men: M =
2
.q.l
2
; (5 - 8)
Cac gia tr
1
,
2
tra bang.
Lc ct xac nh nh sau: Tai gi A Q
A
= 0,4.q.l; (5 - 9)
Tai mep trai gi B = 0,6.q.l; (5 - 10)
tr
B
Q
Tai mep phai gi B va cac gi gia = = = .. =0,5.q.l; (5 - 11)
ph
B
Q
tr
C
Q
ph
C
Q
Trong o q = g + p; l la nhp tnh toan.
P P P
b
t
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
b
c
c Tnh dm chnh theo s n hi:
Chng 5
- S tnh: nh dm lin tuc gi ta la ct va tng. (la
kt cu chu lc chnh, han ch bin dang cua h, tnh
theo s an hi)
- Tai trong: gm tai trong dm phu truyn vao la tp
trung, va trong lng ban thn phn sn dm chnh cung
c qui v thanh tp trung.
Tnh tai: G = g
d
.l
2
+ G
0
.
Hoat tai P = p
d
.l
2
.
- Nhp tnh toan: ly bng khoang cach trong tm cac gi l;
- Ni lc: Ni lc dm chnh c xac nh theo trnh t sau:
+ Xac nh va ve B ni lc do tnh tai G c:M
G
, Q
G
va do cac trng hp bt li cua hoat tai: M
P1
, Q
P1
,
M
P2
, Q
P2
,..
+ Cng B ni lc do tnh tai M
G
, Q
G
vi tng trng hp hoat tai: M
Pi
, Q
Pi
c: M
i
, Q
i
.
+ Tai mi TD chon trong cac B tng cng mt gia tr dng ln nht va mt gia tr m co tr tuyt i ln
nht ve BB ni lc (co th xac nh BB ni lc bng cach ve cac B tng cng ln cung mt truc va
cung t l, hnh bao se la cac oan ngoai cung).
Cn chu y n tnh i xng va co nhng nhn xet v anh hng cua cac trng hp hoat tai bo qua cac
trng hp khng cn thit, giam khi lng tnh toan.
Vi dm u nhp chu tai trong cac nhp ging nhau co th dung cac cng thc va bang lp sn ve BB
ni lc:
Tung nhanh dng BB m men: M = (
0
.G +
1
.P).l ; (5 - 12)
Tung nhanh m BB m men: M = (
0
.G -
2
.P).l; (5 - 13)
Tung nhanh dng BB lc ct: Q =
0
.G +
1
.P ; (5 - 14)
Tung nhanh m BB lc ct: Q =
0
.G -
2
.P; (5 - 15)
Cac gia tr
0
,
1
,
2
,
0
,
1
,
2
tra bang.
2.3 Tnh ct thp:
a Tnh ct thp bn:
Tnh nh cu kin chu un TD ch nht t ct n co: b = 1m; h = h
b
;
TD gia nhp bin va nhp gia vi m men dng ln nht. TD gi th 2 va gi gia vi m men m.
i vi cac ban ma ca 4 canh u uc lin khi vi sn c phep giam 20% lng thep tnh toan (do xet
anh hng cua hiu ng vom trong ban).
V trong ban khng cu tao ct ngang nn phai kim tra kha nng chu ct cua BT vung nen:
Q 0,8.R
k
.b.h
0
;
b Tnh ct thp dm:
Tnh nh cu kin chu un TD ch T, canh la phn ban pha trn (hoc pha di nu sn ni), b rng
canh ly theo qui nh TD ch T.
TD gia nhp tnh vi m men dng, canh nm trong vung nen: tnh TD ch T.
TD gi tnh vi m men m, canh nm trong vung keo: tnh TD ch nht. Ct thep b tr tai gi c tnh
vi m men mep gi: M
mg
= M
g
- 0,5.b
c
.i (b
c
la b rng ct, i la dc cua BB m men).
Tnh ni lc dm phu theo s deo nn khi tnh ct doc Kch la:
d
= 0.3; Hay iu kin t ct
n la h
0

.b R
M
A
1
n d
= 2.
.b R
M
n
;
Chng 5
h
1
h
1
b
dp
h
1
h
1
h
1
b
dp
P
Tnh ct ngang chu ct: i vi dm chnh thng lc
ct ln nn phai b tr ct xin.
Tnh ct treo: Tai v tr dm phu gi ln dm chnh cn
b tr ct treo trong dm chnh tranh pha hoai cuc b
do tai trong tp trung. Ct treo co th la ct ai t day
hn hoc la cac thanh thep un ch V.
Din tch ct treo cn thit: F
tr
=
a
R
P
;
Va c b tr 2 bn dm phu trn oan: s = 2.h
1
+ b
dp
;
0.25l 0.25l 0.15l 0.25l 0.25l
l
1
l
1
l
1
B tr ct thp sn:
c B tr ct thp bn:
Ct thep trong ban tt nht la dung li han:
- Khi ng knh khng ln co th dung cac li lin tuc,
nhp bin va gi th 2 cn nhiu thep hn co th b sung
cac li phu hoc buc thm cac thanh ri.
l
1
l
1
l
1
0.15l 0.25l 0.25l 0.25l 0.25l
- Khi ng knh ln (d 6) nn dung cac li thep ring,
gi t pha trn, nhp t pha di.
Nu dung li buc t cac thanh ri:
1/6.l 1/4.l 1/4.l
l l l
l l l
1/8.l
1/6.l 1/6.l 1/6.l 1/6.l
.l .l .l .l
1/4.l 1/4.l
- Khi h
b
8cm co th dung cac thanh thep t mep i
keo dai qua cac nhp (tai nhp bin lng thep ln hn co
th dung li thep ring), tai gi t ct mu.
- Khi h
b
> 8cm nn un bt thep (khoang 1/3 n 2/3
lng thep, con lai khng t hn 3thanh/1m dai) nhp ln
gi.
p/g 3: = 1/4
p/g > 3: = 1/3
Ct phn b b tr vung goc vi ct chu lc tao thanh
li. Vi li thep gia nhp, lng ct thep phn b phai
1/8l
Dm chnh 6/a200
1/4l 1/4l
10% lng thep chu lc ln nht khi l
2
/l
1
3;
20% lng thep chu lc ln nht khi l
2
/l
1
< 3;
Ct thep mu cu tao: tai v tr ban gi ln dm chnh, gi ln tng,
c b tr vung goc vi gi theo sut chiu dai gi. Lng thep nay
1/3 lng thep chu lc va 56/1m dai, c keo dai qua mep gi
1/4 nhp ban.
d B tr ct thp dm: 1/6.l
Thanh ni
Li thep
Chu lc
Khung han
nhp
15d
Khung thep
dm chnh
l
15d
Li thep
Cu tao
1/3.l 1/3.l
Ct thep dm tt nht la dung khung han:
+ Gia nhp dung cac khung phng c keo
dai n mep gi.
+ Trn gi dm phu co th t cac li thep
chu m men m (do vng khung thep
chu lc nhp cua dm chnh), con vi dm
chnh chu m men m co th b tr cac
khung han (xuyn qua cac khung thep cua
ct).
Chng 5
Nu dung khung buc:
+ Gia nhp b tr ct doc chu m men
dng mep di, vao gn gi co th un 1
phn thep ln chu m men m, thep con
lai keo vao gi 2 thanh.
+ Trn gi, ngoai cac thanh un t nhp ln,
phai t thm mt s thanh u theo yu cu,
ra xa gi tin hanh ct bt ct thep theo BB
m men.

3. SN SN TON KHI C BN K 4 CNH:
Thanh ni
Khung thep
trn gi
Khung thep
cu ta o
Khung han
nhp
Ct
3.1 S kt cu:
San gm ban san va h sn uc lin khi,
T l cac canh cua ban
1
2
l
l
2 (thng ly 1-1.5),
kch thc cac canh l
1
, l
2
= 4 - 6m.
Chiu day ban h
b

1
l
50
1
;
Xet mt ban k 4 canh chu tai trong phn b u tng dn,
bin dang cua ban:
+ Mt di cua ban: Xut hin cac vt nt theo phng
ng phn giac cac goc, con gia ban co cac vt nt theo
phng canh dai.
+ Mt trn: Nu cac canh la ngam cng th co cac vt nt
chay vong theo chu vi, nu k t do th cac goc ban se b
vnh ln.
3.2 B tr thp bn:
B tr cac li thep, ct thep co th song song vi cac canh
hoc theo phng xin (cheo vung goc vi cac vt nt),
hiu qua chu lc nh nhau, tuy nhin vi li co ct thep
song song vi cac canh thi cng n gian hn.
Nn dung cac li han:
+ Gia nhp s dung cac li co ct chu lc theo 2 phng.
Co 2 cach b tr thep nay: t thep u (dung 1 li thep) va
t thep khng u (dung 1 li chnh cho toan ban va 1
li phu t gia ban).
+ Trn gi: dung li thep co ct chu lc theo phng vung goc vi cac sn, b rng cua li ly bng
0.5l
1
. (co th dung li hep vi ct ngang chu lc, nu li rng co ct doc chu lc c trai vung goc vi
dm.
l
1
l
2
Mt di Mt trn
0.5l
1
l
2
0.5l
1
0.5l
1
l
2
0.5l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
l
2
l
2
l
2
l
2

l
k
l
2
Chng 5

Nu dung li buc: + Gia nhp t theo tnh toan, vao gn gi (day bin l
k
) co th giam.
+ Trn gi: co th un 1/2 -> 2/3 lng thep nhp ln, va t thm ct mu xen ke u yu cu.
3.3 Tnh bn k 4 cnh theo s do:
S tnh:
Theo kt qua quan sat s lam vic cua k 4 canh, khi trang thai CBGH theo cac khe nt se hnh thanh khp
deo, chia ban thanh cac ming cng (nh vy co th xem ban nh gm cac ming cng ni vi nhau bi cac
khp deo).
l
1
M
II

M
2
M
I
M
1
M
I
f
M
2
M
I
M
2
M
II
f

M
1
M
I

M
I
M
1
M
II

l
2
- M men khp deo: M
kd
= R
a
.F
a
.Z;
M
kd
la m men khp deo trn 1 n v dai,
F
a
din tch ct thep trn 1 n v dai,
Z la canh tay on ni lc (Z 0.9h
0
).
Nu canh k t do th m men trn canh o =0.
Tnh ban theo PP ng lc hoc da trn nguyn ly cn bng cng
kha d cua ni va ngoai lc:
W
q
= W
M
. (5 - 16)
Cng kha d cua ngoai lc:
W
q
= = q. = q.V; (5 - 17)
F
y.q.dF

F
y.dF
Vi V la th tch cua hnh khi tao bi mt phng ban ban u va
cac ming cng trang thai CBGH, V = f.l
1
.
6
l 3.l
1 2

;
Cng kha d cua ni lc: W
M
=
i
.M
i
.l
i
; (5 - 18)
Theo cu tao ta co 2 cach b tr thep nhp, do o m men khp deo cung khac nhau:
Khi b tr thep u:
W
M
=
i
.M
i
.l
i
= (2.M
1
+ .M
I
+ .M
I
).l
2
+ (2.M
2
+ .M
II
+ .M
II
).l
1
;
V kha be nn: tg =
1
2
l
f
W
M
=
1
2
l
f
.[(2M
1
+M
I
+M
I
).l
2
+ (2M
2
+M
II
+M
II
).l
1
];
T (5 - 16) q.
12
3
1 2 2
1
l .l
. l

= (2M
1
+M
I
+M
I
).l
2
+ (2M
2
+M
II
+M
II
).l
1
; (5 - 19)
Khi b tr thep khng u: ct thep chu m men dng gia nhp gp i ay bin nn:
W
M
= 2.M
1
.(l
2
- 2l
k
) + 2.
2
M
1
.2.l
k
+ (M
I
+ M
I
)..l
2
+ 2.M
2
.(l
1
- 2l
k
) + 2.
2
M
2
.2.l
k
+ (M
II
+ M
II
)..l
1
;
T (5 - 16) q.
12
3
1 2 2
1
l .l
. l

= (2M
1
+M
I
+M
I
).l
2
+ (2M
2
+M
II
+M
II
).l
1
- 2.(M
1
+ M
2
).l
k
; (5 - 20)
Trong cac phng trnh (5 - 19) & (5 - 20) co cha 6 m men cn tm, co th ly M
1
lam n s, con cac m
Chng 5
men con lai c biu din qua M
1
vi cac h s c chon theo iu kin hnh thanh khp deo:
=
1
2
l
l
a
2
=
1
2
M
M

a
I
=
1
M
M
I
;
1
'
'
I
a
M
M
I
= a
II
=
1
M
M
II
;
1
'
'
II
a
M
M
II
=
1,0 - 1,5
1,5 - 2,0
1,0 - 0,3
0,5 - 0,15
2,5 - 1,5
2,0 - 1,0
2,5 - 0,8
1,3 - 0,3
3.4 Tnh va cu tao dm:
Tai trong t ban truyn vao dm nh sau:
- Theo phng canh ngn dang tam giac, gia tr ln nht la q.l
1
;
- Theo phng canh dai dang hnh thang, gia tr ln nht la q.l
1
;
- Trong lng ban thn dm la g;
Co th tnh ni lc theo s an hi hoc deo:
Theo s deo:
+ M men nhp bin va gi th 2:
M = (0,7.M
0
+
11
.
2
l g
); (5 - 21)
+ M men nhp gia va gi gia:
M = (0,5.M
0
+
16
.
2
l g
); (5 - 21)
M
0
la m men ln nht trong dm n gian tng ng.
Vi tai trong phn b tam giac: M
0
=
12
. .
2
1
l l q
;
Vi tai trong phn b hnh thang: M
0
=
24
. .
2
1
l l q
.(3 - 4.
2
);
l
2
l
2
l
2
q.l
1
q.l
1
l
1
l
1
l
1
Trong o: =
2
1
. 2l
l
;
+ Lc ct trong dm:
Tai gi th nht: Q
A
= Q
0
-
l
M
B
; Tai bn trai gi th 2: = Q
tr
B
Q
0
+
l
M
B
;
Tai cac gi gia: = = = .. = Q
ph
B
Q
tr
C
Q
ph
C
Q
0
;
Trong o Q
0
la lc ct cua dm n gian, M
B
la m men tai gi B (th 2);
Theo s an hi:
Tnh nh dm an hi vi cac PP cua CKC. Co th qui i tai trong thanh phn b u n gian tnh
toan: Vi dang tam giac: q
t
= 5/8.q
d
;
Vi dang hnh thang: q
t
= (1 - 2.
2
+
3
)q
d
;
Chng 5
4. SN SN PANEN LP GHP:
4.1 S kt cu:
San gm:
- Pa nen k ln dm hoc tng;
- Khoang cach gia cac dm (nhp cua panen) l
p
= (2,8
-> 6,8)m;
1000
100
40
1000
120
580
200
50
1180
200
50
30
25
1. Panen 2. Dm 3. Ct 4. Tng
l
d
l
d
l
d
l
p
l
p
l
p
l
p
3
2
1 4
- Nhp dm l
d
= (4 -> 7,2)m;
4.2 Cu to panen:
a Panen c:
Co th 1 lp hoc nhiu lp (gm 1lp BTCT
chu lc va lp cach m, nhit).
Chiu day h = 80->150.
u im: D san xut, nhanh, lin kt n
gian, chiu day san thp.
Nhc im: Tn VL, cach m kem.
b Panen c l:
Co th 1 hoc nhiu l, mt ct cac l co th
hnh thang, ch nht, tron, bu duc..
Chiu cao tuy thuc chiu dai (nhp).
Chiu dai (nhp) = (2,5 -> 4,5)m.
B rng = (45 -> 60)cm loai 1 l; (90 -> 120)cm loai nhiu l;
B day canh = (2 -> 3)cm tuy thuc vung nen hay keo.
B day sn = (2,5 -> 5)cm.
u im: Tao c trn va san phng. Cach m, cach nhit tt, t tn VL.
Nhc im: Kho ch tao.
c Panen sn:
Gm ban va sn. Thng co 2 sn doc va cac sn ngang cach nhau (1,5 -> 2,5)m.
Sn ngang co kch thc be hn sn doc, sn co th pha trn hoc pha di (sn pha di ban
nm trong vung nen se hp ly v mt chu lc, sn pha trn se co c trn phng..)
Chiu day canh 50 -> 60 khi sn pha di;
30 -> 35 khi sn pha trn;
4.3 Tnh ton panen:
a Tnh un tng th:
S tnh: Coi panen nh 1 dm n gian k t do ln dm.
Nhp tnh toan: Ly bng khoang cach trong tm cac gi.
Tai trong: Gm tnh tai va hoat tai phn b cua san trn din tch b
mt panen ang xet (a v thanh tai trong phn b trn dm bng
tai trong san nhn b rng panen).
1490
200
80
50
1
2
3
350
Tit din tnh toan: tnh kha nng chu un cua panen, qui i
TD panen v cac dang n gian nh ch I, ch T.
Chng 5
3
2
Tnh toan ct thep:
- Ct doc chu m men b tr trong vung keo.
- Ct ai chu ct b tr trong sn (vi panen c tnh theo kha
nng chu ct cua BT).
b Tnh un cc b:
(vi panen sn hoc panen co l)
Tnh ban chu un: Xem ban lin kt an hi vi sn, tnh nh
ban k 4 canh hoc loai dm.
1. Ban 2. Sn ngang 2. Sn doc
Tnh sn ngang: Nh dm n gian k t do ln cac sn doc.
Khi thit k panen, co th chon chiu cao panen theo cng thc sau:
h =
c
c
a
a 0
q
p . g
.
E
.R c.l
c
+
;
Trong o: g
c
la tai trong tiu chun tac dung dai han (trn 1m
2
san).
p
c
la tai trong tiu chun tac dung ngn han. Tai trong toan phn q
c
= g
c
+ p
c
;
la h s xet n s giam cng do tai trong dai han;
( = 2 vi panen co l, = 1,5 vi panen sn co canh trong vung nen).
c la h s thc nghim c = 18 -> 20 vi panen co l, c = 30 -> 34 vi panen sn.
(vi thep AII tr lai chon c ln, vi thep mac cao chon c be)
c Kim tra vng:
Tnh nh cu kin chu un (se c xet n trong phn tnh theo TTGH th 2).
Tnh vi TD qui i thanh dang ch T, ch I tng ng, qui i theo qui tc sau: Cac l tron i thanh l
vung l bu duc i thanh l ch nht. Gi nguyn v tr trong tm, din tch va m men quan tnh cua TD.
4.4 Cu to ct thp ca panen:
Ct cu tao
Ct chu lc Khung thep
Li thep
Dung khung va li han:
- Ct thep chu lc theo tnh un tng th la
cac khung phng b tr trong sn.
- Trong ban (canh) t cac li thep.
Khung thep
(trong sn)
Li thep
Khi chiu day ln t 2 lp, chiu day be t 1 lp
gia.
4.5 Cu to v tnh ton dm:
Tuy yu cu chu lc, cach gac panen ma chon TD dm: ch nht, ch T
canh di hay trn,..
Tai trong gm tai t panen truyn xung (vi panen c, panen hp la tai phn b, panen sn la tai trong
tp trung tai v tr cac sn doc), trong lng ban thn dm.
Cu tao va tnh toan ct thep nh dm cua san toan khi.
Vi dm lp ghep cn kim tra kha nng chu lc khi vn chuyn, cu lp.

Chng 6
CU KIN CHU NEN.
1. CU TO:
Cu kin chu nen thng gp trong ct cua khung nha, trong thn vom, thanh dan, v.v.. Lc nen N tac dung
theo phng truc doc cua cu kin.
- Khi lc nen trung vi trong tm TD ngang cu kin: nen trung tm.
- Khi lc nen t lch so vi truc cua cu kin: nen lch tm.

h
b
N
M=N.e
0
N
e
0
N

1.1. Tit din ngang :
i vi cu kin chu nen trung tm thng dung tit din
vung, ch nht, tron, hay a giac u..
Cu kin chu nen lch tm thng dung tit din ch nht,
ch T, ch I, ct rng hai nhanh, vanh khuyn... (Chiu cao
TD la canh // mt phng un).
h
b
T s h/b = 1.5 - 3;
Din tch TD co th chon s b: F
b
=
k.N
R
n

Trong o: - N: lc doc tnh toan.
- k=0,91,1 khi nen trung tm.
- k=1,21,5 khi nen lch tm.
Khi chon kch thc TD nn chu y n iu kin n nh cua cu kin. n nh c c trng qua
manh :
Vi TD bt ky: =
l
r
0

0
Vi TD ch nht: =
l
b
0

0b
(b la canh be cua TD)
0
,
0b
: manh gii han. i vi ct nha
0
=120,
0b
=31
i vi cu kin khac
0
=200,
0b
=52
Trong o: l
0
la chiu dai tnh toan cua cu kin tuy thuc vao iu kin lin kt hai u cu kin ...
1.2. Cu to ct thp :
Ct thep doc chu lc co 1240. Khi b >200 th nn dung 16.
Ham lng ct thep trn tit din cua cu kin nen trung tm:
min

t
=
F
F
a
100% 3% ;
Cu kin chu nen lch tm: F
a
F
a
va F
a
=F
a

( i xng ).
Chng 6
=
F
F
a
b
100% ; =
F
F
a
,
b
100% ;

min
+ 3,5%
Thng
t
= + = 0,5% 1,5%.

min
i vi cu kin chu nen lch tm:
min
=0,05 khi manh 17 hoc
h
5.
=0,1 17< 35 hoc
h
10.
=0,2 35< 83 hoc
h
24.
=0,25 > 83.
i vi cu kin chu nen trung tm th tnh theo canh be va
min
ly gia tr gp i gia tr trn.
* B tr ct thep doc:
400 400
b >400
600 h 1000
b 400
h 400
Khi chiu cao h > 500 th vi cu kin chu
nen lch tm cn b tr ct doc cu tao trn
canh h: d 12 va khoang cach gia chung
400.
b 400
h 400
Ct ai: Vai tro cua ct ai rt
quan trong: n nh cho ct doc chu nen,
nh v ct doc khi thi cng, chu lc ct,
chu cac ng sut do co ngot va thay i
nhit .. Ngoai ra ct ai con co tac dung
tng kha nng chu nen cua BT (han ch
bin dang n ngang cua BT).
b >400
h >400
ng knh ct ai 5, 0,25d ct doc
max, khoang cach cac ct ai 15d ct doc
chu ne n min. Trong oan ni buc ct doc
th khoang cach ct ai 10d doc min.
Thng ct ai khng tnh toan ma ch t
theo cu tao, ch khi nao lc ct ln mi
tnh.
Khi co yu cu bn cao hoc tnh deo cao, cac thanh ct doc chu lc c b tr trong mt ng tron va ct ai
vung goc c thay bng ct ai un tranh hnh xon c.vi nghing khoang 35-85mm.. Cac ct co ct ai xon
thng co TD tron, cung co th vung hoc a giac u canh.
2. TNH TON CU KIN CHU NN TRUNG TM
F
at
R
a
F
at
R
n
N
2.1. S ng sut:
Xet 1 thanh BTCT chu nen trung tm cho n khi b pha hoai:
- ng sut trong BT at R
n
;
- ng sut trong ct thep at R
a
;
2.2. Cng thc c ban:
iu kin cng : N .(R
n
.F
b
+ R
a
.F
at
). (6 - 1)
Trong o:
N: Lc doc tnh toan.
F
b
: Din tch lam vic BT, khi
1
3% th F
b
=F.
1
> 3% th F
b
=F- F
at
.
R
n
: cng chu nen b tng .
Chu y h s iu kin lam vic m
b
cua BT khi xac nh R
n
m
b
=0,85: BT theo phng ng.
m
b
=0,85 khi canh ln TD <300..
: H s un doc tra bang phu thuc = l
0
/r,
b
= l
0
/b.
Chng 6
2.3. Tnh ton tit din:
Bai toan 1: Bit kch thc tit din F, chiu dai tnh toan l
0
, lc doc N, mac b tng loai ct thep . Tnh F
at
?
Giai: - Tnh = l
0
/r (Hay
b
= l
0
/b) .
tra bang
- Tnh F
at
=
N
R F
R
n
a
,

(6 - 2)
- Kim tra ham lng ct thep:
min

t
=
F
F
at
100 3%
+ Nu
t
<
min
th nn giam kch thc tit din, hoc ly F
at
=
min
.F b tr cho TD.
+ Nu
t
> 3% th tng kch thc tit din hoc tng mac BT. Nu khng tng c th ly F
b
= F-F
at
tnh
lai F
at
va khi
t
> 3% th phai t ct ai day hn.

Bai toan 2: Kim tra kha nng chu lc tit din. Bit kch thc TD, F
at
, l
0
, mac b tng, loai thep. Tnh
[N]?
Giai: - Tnh thay vao cng thc c ban (6-1) tnh [N].
- So sanh kha nng chu lc cua tit din vi ni lc tnh toan N [N].
3. CU KIN CHU NN LCH TM
3.1. lch tm ngu nhin:
lch tm ban u e
o1
= M/N.
lch tm ngu nhin e
ng
do sai lch kch thc, v tr khi thi cng, do ct thep b tr khng i xng, do BT
khng ng nht ...
lch tm tnh toan e
0
= e
o1
+ e
ng
.
lch tm ngu nhin e
ng
ly theo thc t, nu cha co s liu thc t th ly:
e
ng
< 1/25h (chiu cao TD).
< 2 cm i vi ct va tm co chiu day 25 cm.
< 1,5 cm i vi ct va tm co chiu day 1525 cm.
< 1 cm i vi ct va tm co chiu day 15 cm.
3.2. Cc trng hp lch tm:
Trng hp lch tm ln: Khi M ln, N nho e
o1
= M/N tng i ln. Tit din ngang phn ra hai vung
keo nen ro rt. S pha hoai bt u t vung keo ging cu kin chu un co ct kep ( nu ct thep hp ly). Trng hp
nay xay ra khi x
0
h
0
.
Thc t ly lch tm ln khi e
0
e
onh
. ( lch tm gii han)
Trng hp lch tm be: Khi N ln, M be e
o1
tng i be, tit din ngang cu kin chu nen toan b hoc
co mt phn nho chu keo. S pha hoai thng xay ra t min chu nen ln. Khi b pha hoai : x >
0
h
0
.
Thc t e
0
< e
ogh
.
lch tm gii han: e
0gh
= 0,4 (1,25h-
0
h
0
). (6 - 3)
3.3. nh hng ca hin tng un dc:
Xet 1 cu kin chu nen lch tm: lc N lch tm e
0
lam cho cu kin b vong, do vong ma lch tm e
0

tng ln thanh e
0
.
lch tm ban u e
0
.
lch tm cui cung e
0
.
H s xet n anh hng cua un doc, theo tnh toan n nh:
e
0
N
Chng 6
=
1
1
N
N
th
(6 - 4)
Trong o N
dh
: Lc doc ti han cua cu kin xac nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
N
dh
=
6.4
l
S
k
E J E J
2
dh
b b a a
+
(6 - 5)
J
a
, J
b
: M men quan tnh cua toan b din tch ct thep doc, va cua tit din BT
i vi truc qua trong tm TD va vung goc vi mp un.
S: H s k n anh hng lch tm ban u.
- e
0
< 0.05 h ly S=0.84.
- e
0
> 5 h ly S=0.122.
- 0.05h < e
0
< 5h ly S =
0.11
0.1
e
h
0
+
+ 0.1 (6 - 6)
k
dh
: H s k n anh hng cua tai trong dai han theo cng thc thc nghim:
k
dh
= 1 +
M N .y
M N.y
dh dh
+
+
(6 - 7)
y: kh/cach t trong tm TD n mep chu keo hay chu nen be khi chu tai trong toan phn.
M, N: Ni lc do toan b tai trong gy ra.
M
dh
, N
dh
: Phn ni lc do tai trong dai han gy ra.
Nu M
dh
ngc chiu vi M th M
dh
mang du (-).
Khi tnh ra k
dh
<1 th ly k
dh
=1 tnh.
Khi l
0
/r 28 (hoc l
0
/h 8) th bo qua anh hng un doc.
3.4. Tnh ton cu kin c tit din ch nht:
a. Trng hp lch tm ln:
a) S ng sut:
Goi e la khoang cach t im t N
n trong tm ct thep F
a
;
Goi e la khoang cach t im t N
n trong tm ct thep F
a
;
Theo s bn th:
e = e
0
+ 0.5h - a (6 - 8)
- ng sut trong BT vung nen at R
n
phn b dang CN.
- ng sut trong ct thep chu nen F
a
la R
a
.
R
a
F
a
e
R
a
F
a

R
n
e
e
0
a
a
N
F
a
b
h
x
F
a
- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo F

a
la R
a
.
(Ta thy rng s ng sut ging nh cu kin chu un t ct kep).
b) Cng thc c ban:
X= 0: N = R
n
b.x + R
a
F
a
- R
a
F
a
. (6 - 9)
M
Fa
= 0: N e R
n
b.x (h
0
-0.5x) + R
a
F
a
(h
0
-a). (6 - 10)
Hay N = R
n
b.h
0
+ R
a
F
a
- R
a
F
a
.
N e A R
n
b.h
0
2
+ R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a).
c) iu kin han ch:
- n TTGH ng sut trong ct thep chu keo F
a
R
a
: th
0
hay A A
0
.
- ng sut trong ct thep chu nen F
a
at n R
a
: x 2a.
Bai toan 1: Bit b, h, M, N, R
n
, R
a
, R
a
, l
0
. Tnh F
a
, F
a
?
Chng 6
Giai:
xac nh h s un doc phai gia thit ham lng ct thep
t
:
t
% =
F
' F F
a a
+
100 = (0,81,2)%
Tnh theo (6-4) Tnh e theo (6-8) .
Bai toan vi 2 ptrnh (6-9) & (6-10) cha 3 n: F
a
, F
a
va x. Tng t trng hp cu kin chu un t ct kep
loai bt n bng cach chon trc x =
0
h
0
. (Tc la a tn dung ht kha nng chu lc vung nen).
F
a
=
) a' (h ' R
b.h R A N.e
0 a
2
0 n 0
(6 - 11)
F
a
= ' .F
R
' R

R
N b.h R
a
a
a
a
0 n 0
+

(6 - 12)
Sau khi tnh c ct thep phai kim tra lai so vi ct thep gia thit ban u co xp x khng nu sai lch nhiu
phai gia thit lai tnh lai va phai so sanh >
min
.
Bai toan 2: Bit b, h, M, N, R
n
, R
a
, R
a
, l
0
va F
a
. Tnh F
a
?
Giai:
Cung gia thit
T
tnh va e.
Theo (6-10) tnh A =
2
0 n
0 a a
b.h R
) a' (h ' '.F R N.e
(6 - 13)
Nu: A > A
0
Tc F
a
qua t, xem F
a
cha bit, tnh lai nh bai toan 1.
Nu: A A
0

tra bang

Nu:
2
0
. ' a
h

0
th F
a
= ' .F
R
' R

R
N b.h R .
a
a
a
a
0 n
+

(6 - 14)
Nu: <
2
0
. ' a
h
Tc ng sut trong F
a
cha at R
a
, xem trong tm vung nen trung vi trong tm F
a
:
M
Fa
= 0: Ne R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (6 - 15)
F
a
=
N.e
R (h
a 0
'
') a
; (6 - 16)
Trong o e = e
0
- 0.5h + a. (6 - 17)
Bai toan 3: Khi t ct thep i xng (F
a
= F
a
). Bit b, h, l
0
, M, N, R
a
, R
a
, R
n
. Tnh F
a
=F
a
?
Giai:
Gia thit
t
tnh va e nh bai toan 1.
Khi t ct thep i xng F
a
=F
a
va vi loai ct thep thng R
a
= R
a
th (6-9) tr thanh:
N=R
n
b.x Suy ra x =
N
R b
n
(6 - 18)
Nu: 2a x
0
h
0
t (6-10): F
a
= F
a
=
) a' (h ' R
) 5 . 0 h N.(e
0 a
0
+ x
(6 - 19)
Nu: x < 2a tnh F
a
= F
a
theo (6-16).
Nu: x >
0
h
0
tnh theo lch tm be.
R
n
R
a
F
a

F
a
b
a
F
a
e
0
e
x
N
h
0
F
a

b. Trng hp lch tm b:
a) S ng sut:
Tuy theo lch tm e
0
va cu tao ct thep ma
trn tit din hoc co mt vung chu keo be hoc toan b
tit din chu nen.
Chng 6
Biu ng sut trong BT co dang ng cong
nhng n gian tnh toan ngi ta i thanh hnh ch
nht co chiu cao vung nen x.
ng sut trong F
a
at R
a

ng sut trong F
a
ch at
a
keo hoc nen.
Khi e
0
kha be th F
a
chu nen, nu F
a
kha be th
a
R
a
.
b) Cng thc c ban:
M
Fa
= 0: Ne R
n
b.x (h
0
-0.5x)+R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (6 - 20)
e
0
N
R
n
R
a
F
a

e
x
e
a
F
a
F
a
b
h
0
F
a

( Hnh thc th ging trn nhng x >
0
h
0
).
M
Fa
= 0: Ne R
n
b.x (0,5x -a)
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (6 - 21)
X = 0: N = R
n
b.x + R
a
F
a

a
F
a
. (6 - 22)
Du (+) khi F
a
chu nen, du (-) khi F
a
chu keo.
e= 0,5h - e
0
- a. (6 - 23)
Khi tnh e co th khng k n e
ng
hoc nu co th ly e
ng
theo hng lam e.
T s ng sut ta thy rng vic xac nh
a
va x cho cac cng thc trn cn phai lp thm iu kin v
quan h gia bin dang va ng sut. Vi BTCT quan h nay rt phc tap, v vy n gian co th dung mt s cng
thc gn ung sau:
Khi e
0
0,2h
0
th x = h - (
0.5h
h
0
+ 1.8 - 1.4
0
) e
0
. (6 - 24)
Khi e
0
> 0,2 h
0
th x = 1,8 (e
0gh
- e
0
) +
0
h
0
. (6 - 25)
Nhng khng be hn
0
h
0
(nu tnh c x <
0
h
0
th ly x =
0
h
0
).
c) iu kin han ch: x >
0
h
0
.
Bai toan 1: Bit b, h, l
0
, M, N, R
a
, R
a
, R
n
. Tnh F
a
, F
a
?
Giai:
Gia thit
t
tnh , e, va e.
Tuy theo gia tr cua e
0
ma xac nh x theo (6-24) hoc (6-25)
Bit x se tnh c F
a
theo (6-20):
F
a
=
) a' (h ' R
) 5 . 0 (h b.x R N.e
0 a
0 n
x
(6 - 26)
Khi e
0
0,15h
0
ct thep F
a
c t theo cu tao (F
a
chu keo vi ng sut
a
kha be).
Khi e
0
< 0,15h
0
ct thep F
a
chu nen vi ng sut ang k va phai c tnh toan theo iu kin (6-21):
F
a
=
N.e' R b.x(
(h a')
n
a 0

05 . ) x a
(6 - 27)
Trong o:
0
= 1
0
0
.
.
e
h
R
a
' (6 - 28)
Kim tra lai
t

gt
.
Bai toan 2: Bit b, h, l
0
, M, N, R
a
, R
n
. Tnh ct thep i xng F
a
=F
a
?
Giai:
Gia thit
t
tnh , e, e.
Tnh chiu cao vung nen x =
N
R b
n
. (Gia s rng lch tm ln)
Nu x
0
h
0
: Trng hp lch tm ln (a xet trn)
Nu x >
0
h
0
th tnh lai x theo (6-24) hoc (6-25) ri tnh F
a
=F
a
theo (6-26).
Kim tra ham lng ct thep
t
co phu hp vi gia thit khng va kim tra
t
>
min
.

Chng 6
c. Kim tra cng ca cu kin:
Bit b, h, l
0
, R
a
, R
a
, R
n
, F
a
, F
a
. Kim tra xem tit din co chu c M, N khng ?
Giai:
- Tnh theo (6-4).
- Xac nh chiu cao vung nen theo (6 - 9): (Gia s rng lch tm ln)
x =
N R F R F
R b
a a a a
n
+ . '.
.
'
(6 - 29)
Nu: 2a x
0
h
0
Lch tm ln. Tnh e theo (6 - 8) ri kim tra theo iu kin (6 - 10):
Ne R
n
b.x (h
0
-0.5x) + R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a).
Nu x < 2a th xac nh e theo (6 - 17) ri kim tra theo (6 - 15):
Ne R
a
F
a
(h
0
-a).
Nu x >
0
h
0
: Lch tm be. Tnh lai x theo (6-24) hoc (6-25), tnh e theo (6 - 8), e theo (6 - 23). Ri kim tra
theo iu kin (6 - 20):
Ne R
n
b.x (h
0
-0.5x) + R
a
F
a
(h
0
-a).
Khi x > 0,9 h
0
th kim tra thm theo iu kin (6 - 21):
Ne R
n
b.x (0,5x - a)
a
F
a
(h
0
-a).
Vi
a
xac nh theo (6 - 28)
0
= 1
0
0
.
. '
e
h
R
a
.

Chuong 7
CU KIN CHU KEO.
1. C IM CU TO
Cu kin chu keo thng gp cac thanh dan chu keo, thanh treo va thanh cng cua vom thanh b cha cht
long, thanh bun ke, si l, ng dn co ap, ...
Co hai trng hp chu keo:
Keo trung tm: lc keo trung truc cu kin .
Keo lch tm: lc keo doc truc va M.

- Cu kin chu keo trung tm thng co tit din vung hay ch nht. Ct thep doc c b tr i xng theo
chu vi tit din va
t
= F
at
/ F 0,4 %. Vic ni va neo ct thep doc chu lc cn c chu y: Phai ni han va neo vao
vung nen cac b phn khac cua cu kin. Ct ai co a < 50 cm.
- Cu kin chu keo lch tm co F
a
t vung keo nhiu, F
a
t vung nen hoc keo t.
Nu lc keo t trong pham vi 2 ct thep F
a
& F
a
la trng hp keo lch tm be. Ca 2 ct thep F
a
& F
a
u
chu keo, v vy cu tao thep ging nh cu kin chu keo trung tm.
Nu lc keo t ngoai pham vi 2 ct thep F
a
& F
a
la lch tm ln. Tit din se co mt vung nen va mt vung
chu keo ro rt ging nh cu kin chu un. Cu kin c cu tao nh cu kin chu un.
M
N
N
2. TNH TON CU KIN CHU KO TRUNG TM
So d ung sut: B tng b nt, trn tit din toan b lc keo do ct thep chu.
TTGH ng sut trong F
at
R
a
.
Diu kin cuong d: N R
a
.F
at
. (7 - 1)
Suy ra lng ct thep cho TD: F
at
=
N
R
a
.
Phai tnh toan han ch b rng khe nt.
3. TNH TON CU KIN CHU KO LCH TM C TIT
DIN CH NHT:
R
a
F
at
N
3.1. Trng hp lch tm b:
e
0
=
M
N
0.5h - a.
So d ung sut:
Bo qua kha nng chu keo cua BT,
toan b lc keo do ct thep chu.
Cng thuc co ban:
M
Fa
= 0: Ne R
a
.F
a
(h
0
- a). (7 - 2)
R
a
F
a
F
a
b
N
h/2 a
h/2
h
0
h
a
e
0
e
a
e
R
a
F
a

a
F
a

M
Fa
= 0: Ne R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (7 - 3)
Trong o: e = 0.5h - e
0
- a.
e= 0.5h + e
0
- a.
T hai cng thc trn tnh c F
a
& F
a
.
F
a
=
N.e
R .(h a')
a 0

; F
a
=
N.e'
R .(h a')
a 0

;
Ham lng ct thep & phai
min
= 0,1%.
Chuong 7
3.2. Trng hp lch tm ln:
e
0
=
M
N
> 0.5h - a.
a. S ng sut:
Phn TD gn pha lc doc N se chu
keo. ng sut trong ct chu keo F
a
at R
a
Phn TD pha kia se chu nen. ng
sut trong BT vung nen at R
n
.
ng sut trong ct chu nen F
a
at R
a
.
Theo s : e = e
0
- 0.5h + a va e = e
0
+ 0.5h - a.
N
a
e
h
0
x
F
a
R
a
F
a

R
n
R
a
F
a
a
e
0
e
a
b
F
a

h
b. Cng thc c bn:
M
Fa
= 0 : N.e R
n
b.x (h
0
- 0.5x) + R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a). (7 - 4)
X = 0: N = R
a
F
a
- R
n
b.x - R
a
F
a
. (7 - 5)
Bin i cng thc c ban: t = x/h
0
; A = (1-0,5).
N = R
a
F
a
- R
n
b.h
0
- R
a
F
a
.
N.e AR
n
b.h
0
2
+ R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a).
c. iu kin hn ch:
Tng t cu kin chu un, xay ra pha hoai deo: x
0
h
0

ng sut trong F
a
at R
a
: x 2a.
d. Cc bi ton p dng:
Bai toan 1: Bit M, N, b, h, R
n
, R
a
, R
a
. Tnh F
a
, F
a
?
Giai: Bai toan co 3 n: x, F
a
, F
a
. Chon trc x =
0
h
0
(Tn dung ht kha nng vung b tng chu nen). Tc
A = A
0
, t (7 - 4) tnh c:
F
a
=
N.e- A R b.h
R '.(h a')
0 n 0
2
a 0

; (7 - 6)
T (7 - 5) tnh c: F
a
=
N + R b.h R '.F
R
0 n 0 a a
a
+ '
; (7 - 7)
Bai toan 2: Bit M, N, b, h, R
a
, R
a
, R
n
, F
a
. Tnh F
a
?
Giai:
T (7 - 5) tnh: A =
N.e- R '.F '(h a')
R b.h
a a 0
n 0
2

; (7 - 8)
Co A .
Tra bang

Nu
2a'
h
0
<
0
tnh F
a
theo (7 - 5):
F
a
=
N + R b.h R '.F
R
n 0 a a
a
. ' +
; (7 - 9)
Nu
2a'
h
0
th ly x =2a tnh. (Xem gn ung rng hp lc vung nen trung vi trong tm F
a
). T
M
Fa
= 0 : N.e = F
a
. R
a
(h
0
- a); (7 - 10)
F
a
=
N.e'
R .(h a')
a 0

. (7 - 11)
Nu >
0
chng to F
a
a co la qua nho, khng u nn xem F
a
la cha bit tnh ca F
a
& F
a
nh bai toan 1.
Chuong 7
Bai toan 3: - Bai toan kim tra kha nng chu lc.
- Bit b, h, F
a
, F
a
, R
n
, R
a
, R
a
. Kim tra kha nng chu lc tit din.
Giai:
Xac nh chiu cao vung BT chu nen t (7 - 5):
x =
R .F - R '.F ' N
R .b
a a a a
n
. (7 - 12)
Nu 2a x
0
h
0
: Thay x tnh c vao kim tra cng theo iu kin (7 - 4)
N.e R
n
b.x (h
0
- 0.5x) + R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a).
Nu x < 2a th kim tra cng theo iu kin (7 - 10): N. e R
a
.F
a
(h
0
- a).
Nu x >
0
h
0
th ly x =
0
h
0
(Lng thep F
a
qua nhiu, s pha hoai t vung nen nn kim tra theo kha nng
cua vung nen), thay x =
0
h
0
hay A = A
0
vao (7 - 4):
N.e A
0
R
n
.b.h
0
2
+ R
a
F
a
(h
0
- a).
3.3. Tnh cu kin chu ko lch tm theo lc ct:
Di tac dung cua lc ct va lc keo se lam BT d b nt nghing.
am bao cng trn tit din nghing (theo ng sut nen chnh) cn phai am bao iu kin:
Q k
0
R
n
b.h
0
; (Ging cu kin chu un).
Va nu thoa man iu kin: Q k
1
R
k
b.h
0
- 0,2N (7 - 13)
k
1
= 0,6 Cu kin dang thanh.
k
1
= 0,8 Cu kin dang ban.
Th khng phai tnh toan theo lc ct ma ct ai ch cn t theo cu tao.
Khi iu kin (7 - 13) khng thoa man phai tnh toan ct ai.
iu kin cng : Q 2,8 (R .b.h - 0.2N).h .q
k 0 0 d
. (7 - 14)
q
d
: Tnh nh cu kin chu un.

Chng 8
CU KIN CHU XON.
1. KHI NIM CHUNG:
Trong thc t thng gp cac cu kin chu xon cung vi un: Ct chu lc ngang t cach
truc 1 oan, dm co lin kt vi ban mt pha, cac xa ngang cua khung bin cac dm theo
phng vung goc vi lin kt cng..
Kha nng chu xon cua BTCT kem nn tuy m men xon khng ln lm vn co th gy
nguy him.
Trong cu kin chu xon se xut hin cac ng sut keo chnh va ng sut nen chnh nghing
goc 45
0
so vi truc. Kt qua th nghim cho thy cac vt nt nghing xut hin kha sm, sau khi b
nt cac ng sut keo chnh do ct thep chu con ng sut nen chnh do BT chu.
Cu kin bt u b pha hoai khi ng sut trong ct thep at gii han chay. Cu kin b pha
trn TD vnh (TD khng gian) gm 3 pha chu keo va 1 pha chu nen.
2. C IM CU TO:
Trong cu kin chu xon, ct thep co
tac dung: chu M men un, lc ct va m
men xon.
V ng sut keo chnh nghing 45
0
, nu dung ct
dang lo xo t nghing 45
0
theo phng ng sut keo chnh
se hiu qua cao, nhng do thi cng phc tap nn t dung.
Thng dung ct doc t theo chu vi va ct ai chu xon:
- Ct doc chu xon cn c neo chc vi l
neo
hoc co cac bin phap neo t bit.
- Ct ai: Trong khung buc phai co oan u chng nhau 30d. Trong khung han ct ai
tao thanh vong kn, u mut c han im vi ct doc tai cac goc, hoc ni vi cac thanh ngang
thanh vong kn vi chiu dai oan han 10d.
Han 10d
30d
Trong cu kin co TD ch T.
I cn b tr ai thanh vong kn trong
sn va canh.

3. TNH CU KIN C TIT DIN CH NHT:
3.1. i cng v iu kin hn ch:
Trong cu kin chu un xon co ng thi 3 thanh phn ni lc: M men un, lc ct va
m men xon. Vic tnh toan vi ca ng thi 3 thanh phn ni lc noi trn la rt phc tap, va cho
n nay vn cha co phng phap tnh hoan hao.
tnh toan thc t, ngi ta xet cu kin trn lam vic di dang mt trong 2 s sau:
- Cu kin chu m men xon-M men un: M
x
+ M.
- Cu kin chu m men xon-Lc ct: M
x
+ Q.
am bao cho cu kin chu xon khng b pha hoai do BT gia cac khe nt b ep v (khi
ct thep nhiu) do tac dung cua ng sut nen chnh, moi cu kin chu un xon phai thoa iu kin:
Chng 8
M
x
0.1R
n
.b
2
.h ; (8 - 1)
Trong o b la canh be cua TD.
3.2. Tnh ton theo s Mx + M:
Xet 1 cu kin chu un xon vi M
x
& M cho n khi b pha hoai:
a. S ng sut:
b
a
x h
0
h
F
a
F
a
D
M
M
R
a
f
b
C
h
h
B
D
E
A
1
E
R
a
F
a
A
B
R
a
F
a

- TD vnh ABDE co canh chu nen
AB nghing vi truc goc , hnh chiu ln
phng truc cu kin la C. Canh DE nghing
vi truc goc
1
.
n
,
theo phng vung goc vi canh AB.
- ng sut trong ct doc chu keo
(trn canh DE) at R
a
.
- ng sut trong ct doc chu nen
(trn canh AB) at R
a
.
- ng lc trong mi nhanh ct ai la
R
a
f
(ch xet trn canh DE, anh hng cua

cac ai trn BD va AE khng ang k).
(S ng sut trn TD vnh gm 2 vung keo va nen nh cu kin chu un).
b. Cng thc c bn:
- Phng trnh hnh chiu cac lc ln phng truc cu kin:
R
a
F
a
- R
a
F
a
- R
n
.AB.x.sin = 0
Ma AB.sin = b, Suy ra R
a
F
a
- R
a
F
a
- R
n
.b.x = 0 ; (8 - 2)
- Phng trnh cn bng m men i vi truc i qua trong tm vung BT chu nen va theo
phng AB:
M. sin + M
x
. cos = R
a
F
a
.(h
0
- 0.5x). sin + R
a
f
. (h
0
- 0.5x). cos ; (8 - 2a)
Ta co: f
= f
.
b.cotg
u
1
= f
.
b) (2.h
C
.
u
b
+
; t
R .f
u
ad d
= q
; (8 - 3)
T (8 - 2a) & (8 - 3): M
x
. 1
M
Mx
tg +
= R
a
F
a
tg.(h
0
- 0.5x) + q
.
b) (2.h
b.C
+
(h
0
- 0.5x)
Vi tg =
b
C
;
t v =
M
M
x
; m
=
q
R .F (2.h b)
d
a a
+
; =
+
R f
R .F (2.h b).u
ad d
a a

Ta co iu kin cng : M
x

R F (h 0.5x).(1 m .C ).b
C v.b
a a 0 d
2
+
+
; (8 - 4)
Kt qua nguyn cu cho thy rng gia tr m
trong pham vi: m

0
m
3m
0
(8 - 5)
Vi m
0

1
2 4
2
2 +
+
+ . .( v
b
h b
h b b ).
(8 - 6)
Chng 8
Nu m
< m
0
th nhn R
a
F
a
trong (8 - 2) & (8 - 4) vi t s m
/ m
0
;
Trong cng thc (8 - 4) gia tr C c xac nh v phai la nho nht (la im ng vi cc tiu cua
v phai, co th xac nh theo giai tch hoc bng cach ung dn), va C 2h + b ;
3.3. Tnh ton theo s Mx + Q:
R
a
F
a1

Q
B
M
A
R
a
f
R
a
F
a1
E
D
C
h
a b
0
x
F
a1
F
a1
b
Xet oan dm chu M
x
& Q nh hnh ve.
a. S ng sut:
Pha hoai trn TD vnh, vung nen
nm theo canh bn AE tao vi truc goc .
Hnh chiu canh chu nen AE ln
truc cu kin la C.
n
,
theo phng vung goc vi canh AE.
- ng sut trong ct doc chu keo F
a1
(trn canh BD) at R
a
.
- ng sut trong ct doc chu nen F
a1
(trn canh AE) at R
a
.
- ng lc trong mi nhanh ct ai la R
a
f
(ch xet trn canh BD, anh hng cua cac ai trn
AB va ED khng ang k).
b. Cng thc c bn:
Lp lun tng t nh trng hp tnh vi s M
x
& M, t cac phng trnh cn bng ta co:
R
n
.AE.x.sin = R
a
F
a1
- R
a
F
a1
;
Ma AE.sin = h, Suy ra R
n
.h.x = R
a
F
a1
- R
a
F
a1
; (8 - 7)
Va iu kin cng : M
x

R F (b 0.5x).(1 m .C ).h
1+
Q.b
2.M
.C
a a1 0 d1
2
x
+
; (8 - 8)
Trong o: m
1
=
R f
R .F (2.b h).u
ad d
a a1
+
(8 - 9)
Vi m
1
thoa iu kin: m
0
m
3m
0
;
Xac nh m
0
theo (8 - 6) nhng hoan i vai tro cua h & b.
Gia tr C c xac nh v phai cua (8 - 8) cc tiu. Va C 2b + h;
Ngoai ra nu thoa man iu kin: M
x
0.5 Q.b (8 - 10)
th co th khng cn kim tra iu kin (8 - 8), ma kim tra theo iu kin sau:
Q +
3. M
h
x
Q
b
(8 - 11)
Trong o Q
b
: Kha nng chu ct cua ct ai va BT (xac nh nh cu kin chu un).
3.4. Vn dng tnh ton:
Tnh toan cu kin chu un-xon tng i phc tap, nn thng ch thc hin vi dang bai toan
kim tra.
Trnh t mt bai toan kim tra:
- Kim tra iu kin (8 - 1). Nu khng thoa man phai tng TD hoc tng mac BT.
- Tnh s b ct chu keo F
a
theo m men un M, ri chon thep tng ln mt t.
- Theo lc ct Q tnh ct ai, chon ct ai vi khoang cach be hn tnh toan mt t.
Chng 8
- S b b tr ct doc, ct ai. B tr thm ct doc trn canh h (theo yu cu cu tao chu xon).
- Tnh m
hoc m
1
, kim tra vi m
0
theo (8 - 5);
- Xac nh chiu cao vung BT chu nen x theo (8 - 2) hoc (8 - 7). Kim tra x theo cac iu kin han
ch nh cu kin chu un. (Khi xac nh x n gian va an toan co th bo qua ct thep chu nen).
- Xac nh gia tr C v phai (8 - 4) hoc (8 - 8) be nht, so sanh gia tr be nht o vi M
x
.

Chng 9
TNH TOAN CU KIN BTCT
THEO TRANG THAI GII HAN TH II.
1. TNH VNG CU KIN CHU UN
1.1. Khi nim chung:
i vi cu kin chu un khi chu tac dung cua tai trong th b vong xung. Kt cu co
vong ln se khng thun li cho vic s dung mc du no cha b pha hoai. i cac cu kin lp
ghep va nhng kt cu s dung vt liu cng cao, vic tnh vong cua cu kin cang cn c
chu y hn am bao iu kin s dung cua kt cu. (V mt vn hanh may moc, v mt cu tao,
v yu cu m quan,...).
Cac dm co vong ln hn 1/250 nhp thng co th nhn thy bng mt thng, nht la vong
cua cac dm cha ra ngoai. vong qua mc se:
-Gy h hong cac thanh phn phi kt cu cua cng trnh: nt cac tng ngn, h hong cac ca..
-Anh hng n kha nng s dung bnh thng cua kt cu: nh khi phai cac thit b co yu cu
phai thang hang, gy tr ngai cho s thoat nc san..
-H hong cac kt cu: cu kin co vong qua mc co th tip xuc vi cac cu kin khac th quy
ao tai trong (s phn b tai trong vao cac cu kin) se thay i gy pha hoai.
Qui pham quy nh vong cua cu kin khi lam vic bnh th ng phai nho hn vong cho phep
i vi loai kt cu o.
f [f]. (9 - 1)
Trong o: - f: vong ln nht cua cu kin trong iu kin lam vic bnh thng.
- [f]: vong cho phep cua loai kt cu o. (Theo qui pham).
Th du: - Dm cu truc chay in. [f] = (1/600) L
- San co trn phng, cu kin cua mai.
Khi Nhp L 6m. [f] = (1/200) L.
6m < L 7,5m [f] = 3cm.
L > 7,5m [f] = (1/250).L.
* Chu y:
- Khi tnh vong th dung tai trong tiu chun v o la tai trong tac dung ln kt cu trong iu kin lam vic
bnh thng. Khi nao co tai trong vt qua tr s tiu chun th ch la nht thi va khi tai trong tr v tr s tiu chun
th vong cung giam i.
- V b tng co tnh t bin nn tai tac dung dai han se lam tng vong cua cu kin ln. Do o cn phn bit
tai trong tac dung dai han va tai trong tac dung ngn han. Tai trong tac dung dai han gm trong lng ban thn va mt
phn tai trong s dung. Theo tiu chun nha nc v Tai trong va tac ng TCVN 2737-95) a a ra nhng qui nh
cu th.
Cu kin cn tnh vong thng co khe nt trong vung keo nn c s tnh toan la giai oan II cua trang thai ng
sut va bin dang.
1.2. cong trc dm v cng ca dm:
a. Khi nim cong v cng ca dm:
Vic tnh vong cua cu kin bng vt liu an hi chung ta a gp trong mn Sc bn Vt liu (Nh cac
phng phap tnh phn nh han, phng phap thng s ban u, phng phap o toan,v.v..) hay trong c hoc kt cu
(Phng phap t lc n v,v.v..).
Chng 9
Xet dm chu un vi tai trong tng dn: luc u dm
cng va khng b nt, toan b tit din b tng chu
ng sut (ng bin dang la oan OA). Khi tai trong
tng vt nt xut hin, tai tit din b nt m men
quan tnh giam lam giam ro rt cng cua dm. Cac
oan dm co xut hin vt nt cac nhiu, s vt nt
cang nhiu cang lam giam cng, vong cua dm
tng nhanh hn.
Nh vy bt u t im A dm co vong
phi tuyn ro rt do s giam cng khi tng
dn cac vt nt. Theo thi gian, vong
tng do tnh t bin cua b tng.
Theo Sc bn Vt liu th cong truc dm
c xac nh theo phng trnh vi phn ng an
hi:
1
=
M
EJ

Trong o: -
1
: Goi la cong truc dm.

- EJ: cng cua dm bng vt liu an hi, ng cht, ng hng.
(Giai ptrnh vi phn vi cac iu kin bin ta c vong y).
Nhng BTCT la vt liu an hi deo, khng ng cht, trong min chu keo lai co khe nt
nn khng th biu th cng cua dm bng EJ c.
Vi dm BTCT cn xet n s thay i cng do bin dang deo va nt. M men quan tnh cua
dm thay i t tit din khng nt ln hn tit din b nt. Do s thay i nay ma vic tnh toan
vong cua dm BTCT tr nn khng n gian.
Thng cng cua dm BTCT c k hiu bng ch B va cong truc dm c biu th bng
quan h sau:
1
=
M
B
(9 - 2)
b. Trng thi ng sut bin dng ca dm sau khi xut hin khe n t:
Xet mt oan dm chu un. Sau khi xut hin khe nt trang thai US - BD th hin trn hnh ve.

- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo: Tai tit din co khe nt toan b lc keo do ct thep chu. ng sut keo
trong ct thep tai tit din co khe nt la
a
, ng sut giam dn vao khoang gia hai khe nt v co BT cung tham gia chu
keo.
- ng sut trong BT chu keo: Tai khe nt ng sut trong BT bng khng. Cang xa vt nt, ng sut trong BT
tng dn va ln nht tai khoang gia hai khe nt va bng
bk
.
Do o sau khi xut hin khe nt th truc
trung hoa cua dm co dang ln song (Tc x
bin thin). tnh toan ngi ta thay truc trung
hoa thc t bng truc trung hoa trung bnh vi
chiu cao vung nen trung bnh x.
Bng thc nghim ngi ta a xac lp
c quan h gia x va x.
x = x 1
07
100 1
(9 - 3)
Z
1
a
F
a
x
x
b
A: Thi im cac u dm bt i b nt.
B: Bt i co cac vt nt gia nhp.
D: Bt u s chay deo tai cac TD co m men ln.
C C vong tng do t bin vi tai trong dai han
C C
D
B
A
vong gia nhp f O
P
bk
l
n
l
n
a
M
c
Chng 9
va
b
=
b
.
b
Vi
b
1. (pxi) (9 - 4)

a
=
a
.
a
Vi
a
1. (9 - 5)
Trong o:
-
b
: H s xet n s bn dang khng ng u cua th BT chu nen ngoai cung doc theo oan dm
ang xet (vi BT nng
b
= 0.9, khi chu tai trong rung ng
b
= 1).
-
a
: H s xet n s lam vic chu keo cua BT nm gia hai khe nt. Xac nh bng tnh toan.
Mt khac khi chp nhn gia thit tit din phng i vi dm co chiu cao vung nen x th bin dang t i
trung bnh cua BT chu nen
b
va cua ct thep chu keo
a
co quan h:

a
a
a
a
a
a
E E
= = ;
b
b
b
b
b
b
E E
= =
.

}
(9 - 6)
: la h s an hi cua BT vung nen. Vi BT nng: = 0,45 khi tai trong tac dung ngn han,
= 0,15 khi tai trong tac dung dai han.
Tai tit din co khe nt, biu ng sut trong BT vung nen c xem la hnh ch nht. Xet cn bng ni -
ngoai lc ta co:
a
c
a
M
F Z
=
1
;
b
c
b
M
F Z
=
1
(9 - 7)
Trong o:
- F
a
: la din tch ct thep chu keo.
- F
b
: la din tch vung b tng chu nen.
- Z
1
: Canh tay on ni lc ngu lc tai tit din co khe nt.
Nu tit din co ct thep chu nen F
a
th qui i F
a
thanh din tch BT tng ng.
Khi o:
b
c
bq
M
F Z
=
1
(9 - 8)
Vi F
bq
= F
b

+
E
E
a
b
,
F
a
= F
b

+
n
F
a

O
c. cong trc dm v cng ca dm:
Xet 1 oan dm nm gia 2 khe nt :
Khoang cach 2 khe nt bng l
n
, chiu
cao vung nen x, chiu cao lam vic h
0
, ban knh
cong .
Qua B ke DC//OA; qua E ke EF//DC:
ED =
b
.l
n
; FG = (
b
+
a
).l
n
.
Xet 2 tam giac ng dang OAB va EFG:
l l
h
n a
b
n

=
+ ( ).
0

1
0

=
+ ( )
a
b
h
(9 - 9)
a
l
n
b
l
n
x
C F
G
B
h
0
A
D E
l
n

b
l
n
M
C
Thay (9 - 6), (9 - 7) vao (9 - 9) ta c:
1
0 1
= +
M
h Z E F E F
c
a
a a
b
b bq
.
(9 - 10)
So sanh (9 - 10) vi (9 - 2), ta co:
Chng 9
B =
h Z
E F E F
a
a a
b
b bq
0 1

.
(9 - 11)
Nhn vao cng thc xac nh B ta thy cng cua dm BTCT khac dm bng vt liu an hi, no khng
nhng phu thuc vao c trng hnh hoc cua TD ma con phu thuc vao tai trong (F
b
co x,...) vao tinh cht an hi deo
cua BT. Mun tng B th tng h
0
la hiu qua nht. (Ngoai ra co th tng mac BT hay b rng tit din nhng kem hiu
qua).
d. Tnh cc c trng trong B:
a) Tnh F
bq
:
Din tch min BT chu nen co k n ct thep chu nen trong TD ch T (tng quat):
F
bq
=(b
c
- b).h
c
+
n
.F
a
+ b.x. (9 - 12)
F
bq
=(+).b.h
0
.
Vi =
( )
.
, ,
b b h
n
F
b h
c c
+
0
,
a
; =
x
h
0

: Chiu cao tng i cua vung BT chu nen =
x
h
0
xac nh theo cng thc
thc nghim: =
1
18
1 5
10
.
( )
.
+
+ + L T
n
(9 - 13)
Trong o L =
M
R .b.h
c
n
c
0
2
; T =

2
'
1 '

;
0
,
'
h
h
c
= ;
=
F
b.h
a
0
; n =
E
E
a
;
b
b) Tnh
1
:
Canh tay on ni ngu lc tai tit din co khe nt. Nu gia thit s ng sut cua min BT chu nen la hnh ch nht
th d dang tm c
1
t iu kin:
1
=
S
F
S
n
F h a
b h
b b h h
h
b x h
x n
F h a
b h
bq
bq
b a
c c
c
a
=
+
+
=

+
+

,
, ,
,
,
( ')
( ' ). .
( ) . . . (
( ' ). .
0
0
0 0
0
2 2
')
0

Vit lai theo cac k hiu trn va 2a h
c
nn
1
= 1
2
2
0
+
+

'. '
.( ' )
h (9 - 14)
c) Tnh
a
:
Ta co:

a
a
a
=
T s ng sut bn y, co th biu din:
a
=
a
-
k
.
a2
;
Trong o: -
k
H s iu chnh biu ng sut trong ct
thep gia 2 khe nt.
b
c

h
c
h
c
F
a
b
c
h
b
x
a1
l
n
l
n
bk
x
x
a2
F
a
M
c
Chng 9
Ta c:

a k
a
a
= 1
2
.
Xet s cn bng gia ni lc va ngoai lc trang thai ang xet:
- Tai TD co khe nt: M
c
=
a
. F
a
.Z
1
;
- Tai TD gia 2 khe nt: M
c
= M
a
+ M
b
=
a1
. F
a
.Z + M
b
;
Suy ra:
a
. F
a
.Z
1
=
a1
. F
a
.Z + M
b
;
Nu ly M
b
= . M
bn
, trong o: (khi)
M
bn
: m men un do BT chu c trc khi xut hin vt nt M
bn
= R
kc
. W
bn
W
bn
: m men khang an hi deo cua tit din BT co xet n bin dang khng an hi cua BT chu keo. Ly Z
1

Z
a2
. F
a
.Z = M
b

c
b
a
a
M
M
=
2

Ta c:

k
a
a
k
bn
c k
bn
c
M
M
M
M
. . .
2
= =
a k
bn
c
M
M
= 1 . (9 - 15)
Vi
k
= 0.8 i vi tai trong tac dung ngn han.
k
= 1.0 i vi tai trong tac dung dai han.
* Tiu chun thit k cho phep dung cng thc thc nghim sau:
a
kc n
c
S
R W
M
= 125 . . 1 (9 - 16)
Trong o: S H s phu thuc hnh dang mt ngoai ct thep va tai trong tac dung.
Tai trong tac dung ngn han S = 1,1 thep g; S=1,0 thep trn.
Tai trong tac dung dai han: S = 0,8 cho moi loai thep.
Khi tnh
a
nu (R
K
c
.W
n
)/M
c
> 1 th ly bng 1 tnh v rng c s tnh vong la giai oan II trang thai S -
BD, tc la khi min BT chu keo a co khe nt.
b
c
F
a
2R
k
c
a
F
a
b
M
n
h
h
c
x
h
c

F
a

a
F
a
b
c

b
R
k
c
R
K
c
: Cng chu keo tiu chun cua ct thep.
* Tnh W
n
:
ng sut trn tit din khi sp nt nh
hnh ve.
ng sut trong vung BT chu nen phn
b dang hnh tam giac co = 1, vung BT chu
keo xem gn ung hnh ch nht co tr s bng
R
K
c
(do BT vung keo co bin dang deo ln,
=0,5). Nu keo dai canh nghing hnh tam giac
vung nen th se ct mep ngoai chu keo 1 oan
2R
K
).
Vy ng sut trong th BT chu nen ngoai cung (theo gthuyt TD phng)
b
= 2R
k
c
.
x
h x

T phng trnh cn bng lc ln phng truc dm ta co th tm c chiu cao vung nen:
=
x
h
= 1 -
( ) ( ) b h F n F
F F
c c a
bq c
. . . ' . .
, ,
+ +
2 1 2 1
2

,
(9 - 17)
Trong o: F
c
=(b
c
-b).h
c
; F
c
=(b
c
-b).h
c
;
c
=h
c
/2h; =a/h.
F
bq
=bh + F
c
+ F
c
+ n.(F
a
+ F
a
).
T iu kin cn bng Mmen i vi truc song song va cach mep trn tit din 1 oan bng x/3 ri so sanh
vi biu thc M
n
trn ta c:
W
n
= b.(h - x).
+
6
x
3
h

3
x
2
h
h F +
c
c

2
h
3
x
.
x h
) 0,5h (x 2F
,
c
,
c
,
c
+
Chng 9
+
a'
3
x
.
x h
a' x
' 2.n.F
3
x
h . 2.n.F
a 0 a
; (9 - 18)
i vi tit din ch nht t ct n (F
a
= 0)
=
x
h
= 1 -
b h
b h n F
a
.
.( . . ) 2 +
= 1 -
1
2 1
1
.( . ) + n

Trong o
1
=
F
b.h
a
.
Vy: W
n
= b.(h - x).
h
2
x
6
+
+ 2.n.F
a
. h
x
3
0

(7 - 19)
Trong tnh toan thc t co th ly gn ung =1/2 th
W
n
= [0,292 + 0,75
1
+ 0,15
1
]b.h
2
. (7 - 20)
Trong o:
1
=
(b b).h 2.n.F
b.h
c c
a
+
;
1
=
(b b).h 2.n.F
b.h
c
,
c
,
a
,
+

Cng thc gn ung cua W
n
sai s khng ang k khi n.
1
0,25 va
1
0,3.
Khi tit din ch nht khng t ct thep th = 1/2, luc o W
n
k hiu la :
W
bn
=(7/24).b.h
2

(Tc Mmen khang an hi deo ln hn momen khang an hi 7/4 ln).
Cung co th xac nh W
n
t mmen kha an hi W
0
:
W
n
= .W
0
. (7 - 21)
Trong o la h s k n bin dang khng an hi cua BT vung keo va phu thuc vao hnh dang tit din, tr s co
bang tra.
M
1
=M
max
M
2
M
B
1
=B
min
B
1/
1
1
B
M
c
P
2
P
1
l
1
2
B
M
c
1.3. Tnh vng ca dm:
a. Dm n gin c tit din khng i:
Khi xac nh B ta a co nhn xet la B phu thuc vao mmen do
ngoai lc gy ra, do o B se thay i doc theo truc dm cung vi s thay i
cua mmen.
Nhng nh vy se rt phc tap nn tiu chun thit k cho phep coi
dm n gian co tit din khng i co cng khng i va bng cng
nho nht B
min
. (Tc B theo tit din co M
max
).
Th du i vi dm n nhp l, chu q phn b u:
f =
5
384
.
q l
EJ
c 4
=
5
48
.
M
B
max
min
c
.l
2
;
Khi chu tai trong bt ky th vong c biu din theo cng thc tng
quat:
f = .
1
max
.l
2
= .
M
B
max
min
c
.l
2
; (7 - 22)
Trong o h s phu thuc vao s dm, dang tai trong.
b. Dm lin tc:
i vi dm lin tuc th ta xem B khng i trn tng oan co mmen cung du va cng c xac nh
theo mmen ln nht cua oan dm o (ly bng cng be nht).
Tng t dm n gian, trn mi oan dm co m men cung du ta xem cong t l vi m men:
1
=
M
B
i
c
i_min

Chng 9
Cng thc tng quat xac nh vong
cua cu kin:
f =
l
0
(x).dx
1
(x). M
; (7 - 23)
Trong o:
M(x) : M men tai TD co toa x do tai
trong n v t tai TD cn tnh vong.
1
( ) x : cong toan phn cua cu kin

tai TD co toa x do tai trong gy ra.
c. vng ton phn ca dm:
Theo tiu chn thit k, vong toan phn cua dm chu tai trong tac dung ngn han va tai trong tac dung dai
han c xac nh theo cng thc:
f = f
1
- f
2
+ f
3
. (7 - 24)
Trong o:
- f
1
: vong do tac dung ngn han cua toan b tai trong.
- f
2
: vong do tac dung ngn han cua tai trong dai han.
- f
3
: vong do tac dung dai han cua tai trong dai han.
(Chu y khi tnh f
1
, f
2
cac gia tr va
a
phai ng vi tnh cht ngn han
cua tai trong con f
3
th va
a
ng vi tnh cht dai han cua tai trong.)
Co th giai thch cng thc tnh f bng th.
Sau khi tnh c f, tiu chun thit k con yu cu iu chnh (tng,
giam) xet n s sai lch do thi cng va anh hng cua lc ct.
M
2
c
M
4
c
M
1
c
M
3
c
M
5
c
M
B
5
B
B
3
M
1
c
B
1
M
3
c
B
3
M
5
c
B
5
P
dh
P
ng
+ P
dh
f f
3
f
2 O
f
f
1
f
3
- f
2
P
1/
B
1
B
2
B
4
2. TNH B RNG KHE NT
2.1. Khi nim chung:
Trong thc t chung ta vn thng gp vt nt xut hin cu kin BTCT. i vi cu kin c thi cng theo
ung qui trnh ky thut (c thi cng mt cach ung n, c bao dng tt khi ch tao,...) th hin tng nt thng
xay ra do BT co ngot va tai trong s dung. Cac khe nt do co ngot cua BT thng khng nguy him lm v rt nho. Khe
nt do tai trong gy ra la cn phai chu y bi mc tac hai cua no. Khe nt qua rng lam BT khng bao v c ct
thep khoi b huy hoai bi khng kh m va mi trng n mon, lam giam kha nng chng thm cua cac b cha, ng
d n,v.v.. Ngoai ra khe nt qua l liu khng nhng lam mt m quan cng trnh ma con gy ra mi nghi ng trong
nhng ngi khng chuyn mn v an toan cua kt cu. Tuy nhin khng phai moi khe nt u nguy him. Qui
pham a chia kha nng chng nt cua kt cu ra 3 cp tuy thuc vao iu kin lam vic cua no va loai ct thep trong
o:
Cp I: Khng cho phep xut hin vt nt.
Cp II: Cho phep co vt nt ngn han vi b rng han ch. Khi tai trong ngn han thi tac dung
th khe nt phai c khep kn lai.
Cp III: Cho phep nt vi b rng khe nt han ch.
cho kt cu BTCT khng nt th tt nht la dung BTCT ng lc trc. i vi BTCT thng cho du tnh toan
khng cho nt nhng vt nt vn co th xut hin do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra.
Cac ng sut keo trong b tng do keo doc, m men, lc ct tao ra cac vt nt khac nhau:
Chng 9
Vi cac cu kin chu keo se b nt thng goc trn toan b tit din ngang. Cac vt nt cach nhau khoang 0.75
n 2 ln b rng tit din. Nhiu vt nt nho se xut hin lp co ct thep, cac vt nt nay ni vi nhau gia tit
din. Kt qua la b rng vt nt tai v tr hi tu cac vt nt gia chiu cao tit din se ln hn.
Cac cu kin chu un co vt nt trong vung keo. Cac vt nt nay keo dai gn nh ti truc trung hoa. Vi dm
co chi u cao tit din ln cac vt nt vung co ct thep vi cach khoang tng i gn b rng be. B rng vt nt ln
ch giao nhau cua cac vt nt gia chiu cao tit din.
2.2. Tnh b rng khe nt thng gc:
a
.l
n
+ l
n
M
a
n
/2 a
n
/2
bk
+ l
n
l
n
a. Cng thc tng qut:
Tach mt oan dm nm gia 2 khe nt. B
rng khe nt tai v tr ct doc c xac nh t iu kin
hnh hoc sau:
dan dai cua th BT ngang trong tm ct
doc cng vi b rng khe nt la bng dan dai cua ct
doc:

a
.l
n
= a
n
+
bk
Trong o:
-
a
: Sut dan trung bnh cua ct doc.
- l
n
: Khoang cach gia 2 khe nt.
- a
n
: B rng khe nt.
-
bk
: dan cua th BT ngang trong tm ct doc.
V dan
bk
cua BT chu keo rt be so vi dan cua ct doc co th bo qua:
Vy a
n
=
a
.l
n
.
Thay
a
=
a
a
E
=
a
.
a
a
E
vao ta c: a
n
=
a
.
a
a
E
.l
n
. (7 - 25)
Trong o:
-
a
: Xac nh nh khi tnh vong.
-
a
: ng sut trong ct thep tai TD co khe nt
a
=
M
F Z
c
a 1
.
- M
c
: Mmen do tai trong tiu chun gy ra tai TD co khe nt.
- Z
1
: Canh tay on cua ni ngu lc tai TD co khe nt, xac nh nh khi tnh vong.
B rng khe nt a
n
se ln khi ng sut trong ct thep ln va khoang cach cac khe nt ln.
b. Khong cch gia cc khe nt l
n
:
R
k
l
n
M
c
M
1 2
an
a1
Xet mt oan dm chu un thun tuy vi M tng dn:
Khi ng sut keo trong BTat ti R
K
th khe nt u tin
xut hin tai TD nao ma BT chu keo kem nht. Th du tai tit din
(1) chng han. Tai TD co khe nt ng sut trong ct thep
a1
, ng
sut trong BT vung keo bng khng. Cang xa vt nt do s dnh
kt gia BT va ct thep BT tham gia chu keo va ng sut trong
BT tng dn, n TD ma ng sut keo trong BT at R
K
se xut
hin khe nt mi, th du khe nt (2). Khoang cach t TD co khe
nt u tin (1) n TD sp xut hin khe nt (2) la l
n
.
ng sut trong ct thep tai TD sp nt la
an
:
an
=
a
.E
a
=
bk
.E
a
= . .
.
.
,
a
b k
k
a
bk
k
E
E
R
E
E
R
=
S ng sut cua ct thep va BT sau khi
xut hin khe nt th nht.
Chng 9
Khi BT sp nt th
k
= 0,5
an
=
R
n
k
05 .
. = 2.n.R
k
xac nh l
n
ta xet iu kin cn bng cua oan ct thep gii han bi 2 TD (1) & (2) :
Phng trnh cn bng:
a a k a n
F n R F s l
1
2 . . . . . = +
Trong o:
- : ng sut dnh trung bnh trn oan l
n
.
- s: Chu vi ct thep.
Rut ra:
( )
l
n R F
s
n
a k a
=

1
2 .
. ; (7 - 26)
Nh vy nu cng keo cua BT ln, lc dnh gia BT va ct thep ln, chu vi ln th khoang cach hai khe nt nho, a
n

nho. i vi nhng kt cu cn han ch b rng khe nt th nn dung ct co g vi ng knh nho.
c. Tnh b rng khe nt thng gc theo tiu chun thit k:
B rng cua cu kin chu un, chu keo trung tm va chu keo nen lch tm c xac nh theo cng thc thc
nghim:
( ) a k c
E
p d
n
a
a
= . . . . . .

70 20
3
(7 - 27)
Trong o: - k = 1: Cu kin chu un, nen lch tm.
k = 1,2: Cu kin chu keo lch tm.
- c: h s xet n tnh cht tac dung cua tai trong
c = 1: Tai trong tac dung ngn han.
c = 1,5: Tai trong tac dung dai han va tai trong rung ng.
- : h s xet n tnh cht b mt ct thep. = 1: Thep g.
= 1,3: Thep thanh tron trn.
= 1,4: Thep si trn.
= 1,2: Thep si co g, dy bn.
- p: T s phn trm cua din tch ct chu keo vi din tch lam vic cua BT nhng phai 2;
i vi cu kin chu un, nen va keo lch tm: p 100. 100.
F
b.h
a
0
= = .
i vi cu kin chu keo trung tm: p 100. 100.
F
F
a
= =
- d: ng knh ct doc chu keo tnh bng mm, nu chung gm nhiu loai ng knh khac nhau d
1
,
d
2
, d
3
,... vi s lng thanh tng ng n
1
, n
2
,... th dung ng knh tng ng:
d
n d n d
n d n d
=
+ +
+ +
. . ...
. . ...
1
2
2 2
2
1 2 2

-
a
, E
a
: ng sut trong ct thep chu keo tai TD co khe nt va mun an hi cua ct thep o.

a
c
a
M
Z F
=
1
.
i vi cu kin chu un.

a
c
at
N
F
= i vi cu kin chu keo trung tm.
Khi trn kt cu co tai trong tac dung ngn han va dai han th b rng khe nt toan phn la
a
n
= a
n ngh
+ a
n dh
.
Trong o: - a
n ngh
: B rng khe nt do phn tai trong ngn han (c tnh vi c = 1 va
a
do tai trong ngn han gy ra).
- a
n dh
: B rng khe nt do phn tai trong ngn han (Tnh vi c = 1,5 va
a
do tai trong dai han gy ra).

Chuong 10
B TNG CT THEP NG LC TRC.
1. KHI NIM CHUNG:
N N
Xet mt dm nhp n: t vao lc nen trc N va tai trong s
dung P.
Di tac dung cua tai P mep di cua dm xut hin ng sut keo.
R
n
l
R
H
F
H
P P
Ngc lai, do lc nen N mep di co ng sut nen, lam giam hoc
trit tiu ng sut keo do tai trong gy ra. dm khng b nt th ng
sut tng cng mep di R
k
.
tao ra va duy tr lc nen trc N, ngi ta cng ct thep ri gn cht
vao BT (nh lc dnh hoc neo). Nh vy trc khi chu tai, ct thep a
c cng con trong BT a co nen trc.
* u, nhc im cua BTCT LT:
- u im:
Dung duoc thep co cuong d cao: Trong BTCT thng, khe nt u tin xut hin khi ng sut trong ct
thep mi at khoang 200-300 KG/cm
2
. Khi dung thep co cng cao R = 10.000-12.000 KG/cm
2
tn dung ht kha
nng chu lc cua ct thep b rng khe nt se rt ln.
S dung thep cng cao se tit kim t 10-80% lng thep (cac cu kin nhp ln 50-80%, cu kin nhp nho do ct
thep cu tao chim t l ln nn t hiu qua, khoang 15%).
Kha nng chng nut cao hon (do do kha nng chng thm tt hon): Vi BTCT LT co th ch tao cac cu
kin khng xut hin vt nt hoc han ch b rng khe nt khi chu tai trong s dung. BTCT LT c s dung trong
cac kt cu chng nt cao: ng co ap, b cha cht long, cha kh..
Co d cu ng lon hon (do do d vong, bin dang be): thch hp cho cac kt cu nhp ln. Nh kha nng chng
nt va cng ln nn tnh chng moi cao, chu tai trong ng tt.
Mo rng pham vi su dung kt cu BTCT lp ghep va nua lp ghep.
- Nhc im:
Ung luc truoc co th gy ung sut keo o phia di din lam nut BT.
Doi hoi thit bj dc bit, cng nhn lanh ngh, co su kim soat chc che v ky thut, phai dam bao an toan lao
dng cao..
2. CC PHNG PHP GY NG LC TRC:
2.1. PP cng trc (cng trn b):
N N
e
0
l l
e
0
6
2
1
5
3
4
Ct thep LT c neo mt u c nh vao b,
u kia c keo cng vi lc N. Ct thep c
keo trong gii han an hi, gian dai la l.
Khi o u con lai se c c nh vao b.
Ghep van khun, t ct thep thng ri BT.
i BT at cng cn thit R
0
th bung
ct
thep: ct thep LT se co xu hng co lai, thng
qua lc dnh hoc cac neo BT se b nen vi lc
N bng lc a dung cng ct thep.
So d PP cng truoc:
1. Ct thep LT 4. Th.b keo thep
2. B cng 5. Th.b c nh (neo)
3. Van khun 6. Truc trung hoa

Phng phap cng trc thun li vi cac cu
kin va va nho c san xut hang loat.
Chuong 10
2.2. Phng php cng sau (cng trn BT):
l
e
0
6
4
2
1
N N
5
3
t ct thep thng va cac ng tao ranh (bng tole, kem hoc
vt liu khac) ri BT. Khi BT at cng cn thit R
0

tin hanh cng ct thep LT vi tr s ng sut quy nh, sau
khi cng ct thep c neo vao u cu kin, bm va vao lp
kn cac ng ranh tao lc dnh va bao v ct thep.
Phng phap cng sau thch hp vi cac cu kin ln hoc
phai tai ch.
2.3. Vt liu:
a) B tng va va:
- B tng nng mac 200. Chon mac BT phu thuc dang, loai va ng knh ct thep LT, co dung neo hay khng
dung neo, phu thuc cng cn thit khi bt u gy LT, phu thuc loai va mc tai trong tac dung ln cu kin.
So d PP cng sau:
1. Ct thep LT 4. Th.b keo thep
2. C.kin BTCT 5. Th.b neo
3. ng ranh 6. Truc trung hoa

- Va dung lp kn cac khe thi cng, cac mi ni cac cu kin lp ghep, lam lp bao v ct thep va neo: mac 150.
- Va dung bm vao cac ng ranh: mac 300 va phai co linh ng cao (d chay..), t co ngot.
b) Ct thep:
Dung thep cng cao. Tt nht la dung si thep cng cao. Thng dung cac bo si 3 si, 7 si.. co th bn hoc
khng bn.
Co th dung ct thep thanh co g cng cao nh thep can nong A-IV, thep gia cng nhit A
T
-IV tr ln.
Chon loai thep cho cu kin phu thuc vao loai kt cu va iu kin lam vic cua ct thep di tac dung cua tai trong,
mi trng, nhit ..
Khi chiu dai 12m nn dung thep thanh, 12m dung loai dy cap hoc bo si thep cng cao.
2.4. Cc loi thit b neo:
a. Thit b neo trong PP cng trc:
Trong PP cng trc, s truyn lc gia BT va ct thep chu yu thng qua lc dnh. tng thm lc dnh 2 u co
cu tao cac mu neo c bit:
- Vi thep thanh co th han thm cac oan thep ngn hay vong m, hoc tao ren cac g xon c.
- Vi thep si thng dung neo loai vong hoc loai ng.
b. Thit b neo trong PP cng sau:
- Nu dung kch 2 chiu cng cac bo si thep khng ln lm (khoang 12-24 si 5) th dung loai neo Freyssinet:
Neo gm 2 b phn chnh la khi neo va chm. Khi neo bng thep hoc BTCT. Chm hnh cn bng thep cng
cao xung quanh co g xon c tng ma sat, co ranh gia bm va.
- Nu dung kch 1 chiu th dung neo kiu cc: bn ngoai la mt cc thung ay bng thep, bn trong
la khi BT vi cac si thep LT c bo cht nh cht hnh cn va vong kep.
d
4d 3d
2.5d
d
10 4d
d
6d
7
2 3
6
5 4
1
ng d=35-50
=3 - 4
mm
200
8
7 4
1
2 3
5 6
4
1.5d+2d
1
+3
mm
2d20d
d
d
2
5
2d
d
d
1

Neo Freyssinet
Neo kiu cc
Chuong 10

3. C IM CU TO:
Trong cu kin BTCT LT s lin kt tt gia BT va ct thep la rt quan trong. Do o vic b tr ct thep cn tun thu
cac qui nh sau:
- PP cng trc:
Khng c dung thep khng co g, khng co vin hoc khng gia cng b mt lam BTCT LT.
Nu dung thep co g, thep tron hoc thep ban xon lai.. th khng cn thit co neo, nhng phai cach u mut mt oan
truyn lc l
tr
ct thep mi phat huy tac dung:
l
tr
= d
R
m
n
0
01
tr

;
Trong o:
0
- ng sut trong ct thep sau khi k n cac hao hut xay ra trc khi bung CT.
R
0
- Cng chu nen cua BT luc bung ct thep.
d - ng knh ct thep ULT.
m
tr
,
n
- Cac h s ly theo bang sau:

Dang va loai ct thep H s Dang va loai ct thep H s
m
tr

n
m
tr

n
Thep thanh co g 0.3 10 Thep bn 7 si d=15 1.25 25
Si thep co g d=5 1.8 40 12 1.4 25
4 1.8 50 9 1.6 30
3 1.8 60 7.5; 6; 4.5 1.8 40

- PP cng sau: Nht thit phai dung cac loai neo c bit.
ng sut nen tai u cu kin rt ln thng > cng chu nen cua BT, tranh pha hoai cuc b cn phai tng TD
tai u cu kin, hoc gia c bng ct ai day kn, cac li thep phu trn oan 2 ln chiu dai thit b neo ( 10 ln
ng knh ct doc va 200). B tr 5-8 li cach nhau 50-70 ng knh thep cua li 5 va 1/4 ng knh ct
doc.
Co th cu tao cac tm thep m di cac neo hoc un bt ct thep neo ln mep trn gia s t p trung ng sut. (tai
v tr un ct doc cn b tr ct ai phu gia cng)

Khoang cach gia cac ct thep va lp BT bao v:
- Trong pp cng trc, cu tao tng t BTCT thng.
b 80
60
b/2
Chuong 10
- Trong pp cng sau:
Nu ct thep ng lc trc t trong cac ranh th chiu day lp BT bao v
k t mt ngoai cua cu kin n mt trong ranh (20 va 1/2 ng knh
ranh), khi ng knh ranh > 32 th lp bao v ng knh ranh.
Khi trong ranh b tr mt s bo si hoc thep thanh th lp BT bao v 80 vi thanh bn, (60 va 1/2 b rng ranh) vi mt ay.
Khoang cach gia cac ranh (ng knh ranh va 50), ng thi sao cho vic cng ct thep c d dang, khng b pha hoai cuc b khi bung ct
thep.
4. CC CH DN C BN V TNH TON:
4.1. Tr s ng sut trong BT v ct thp:
- Tr s ng sut gii han
0
&
0
trong ct thep F
H
& F
H
theo qui pham khi cng thep bng phng phap c hoc:
i vi thep thanh: 0.35R
HC

0
0.95 R
HC
; (10 - 1)
i vi thep si cng cao: 0.25R
HC

0
0.75 R
HC
; (10 - 2)
- Tr s ng sut khng ch: kim tra ng sut trong ct thep thi im kt thuc vic cng trn b hoc tai v tr t
lc cng khi cng trn BT.
Khi cng trn b: Tr s ng sut khng ch ly bng tr s ng sut gii han
0
&
0
sau khi a k n cac tn hao do
bin dang cua neo va cua ma sat (
neo
&
ms
):
HK
=
0
-
neo
-
ms
;
HK
=
0
-
neo
-
ms
; (10 - 3)
Khi cng trn BT:
HK
=
0
- n
H
.
BH
;
HK
=
0
- n
H
.
BH
; (10 - 4)
Trong o
BH
&
BH
la ng sut trc trong BT ngang mc trong tm F
H
& F
H
(co k n cac tn hao trc
khi ep BT).
n
H
la t s gia m un an hi cua ct thep ULT E
H
va m un an hi cua BT:
n
H
= E
H
/ E
a
;
- H s chnh xac khi cng m
t
: Xet n cac sai s cua cac dung cu o, do cac nguyn nhn khac cha c xet n mt
cach chnh xac khi tinh toan..
m
t
= 0.9 hoc 1.1 nu vic giam hoc tng ng sut trc trong ct thep la bt li i vi kt cu.
m
t
= 1 khi tnh toan cac hao tn ng sut trong ct thep hoc khi tnh toan s m rng khe nt, bin dang.
- Cng cua BT luc bung ct thep LT R
0
: R
0
0.8 R
tk
;
R
0
140 KG/cm
2
;
Va nu dung ct thep thanh loai AT-IV va dy cap: R
0
200 KG/cm
2
;

Trang thai ng sut cua TD Phng phap cng T s
bH
/ R
0
Khi nen:
ung tm Lch tm
ng sut nen tng khi ngoai lc tac dung Cng trc 0.50 0.55
Cng sau 0.45 0.50
ng sut nen giam khi ngoai lc tac dung Cng trc 0.65 0.75
Cng sau 0.55 0.65
4.2. S tn hao ng sut trong ct thp LT:
a. Do tnh chng ng sut ca ct thp (
ch
):
- Hin tng chung ng sut la hin tng ng sut ban u trong ct thep LT giam bt theo thi
gian trong khi chiu dai cua ct thep khng i.
Khi cng bng PP c hoc, i vi thep si:
ch
=
1 . 0
R
0.22
HC
0
.
0
; (10 - 5)
i vi thep thanh:
ch
= 0,1.
0
- 200 ; (10 - 6)
Tr s
0
khng k n cac hao tn ng sut. Nu tnh c
ch
< 0 th ly
ch
= 0;
Chuong 10
b. Do chnh lch nhit gia ct thp v b cng (
nh
):
Tn hao
nh
xay ra khi BT ng cng trong iu kin dng h nhit:
nh
= 12.5t; (10 - 7)
Trong o t la chnh lch nhit gia ct thep va b cng (tnh =
0
C).
Khi khng co s liu chnh xac th ly t = 65
0
C;
c. Do bin dng ca neo v s p st cc tm m (
neo
):
neo
=
L
.E
H
; (10 - 8)
Trong o L - Chiu dai cua ct thep cng (trong PP cng trc la khoang cach gia 2 b cng,
trong PP cng sau la chiu dai cua ct thep nm trong cu kin).
- Tng cac bin dang cua ban thn neo, cua cac khe h, s ep sat cac tm m.. Ly
theo thc nghim . Nu khng co s liu thc nghim th ly = 2mm;
d. Do ma st gia ct thp v thnh ng (
ms
):
Trong PP cng sau:
ms
=
0
.

+ kx
e
1
1 ; (10 - 9)
Trong o e - H s logarit t nhin.
k - H s xet n s sai lch v tr t ng so vi v tr thit k. (Tra bang)
x - Chiu dai oan ng (tnh = m) k t thit b cng gn nht n TD tnh toan.
- H s ma sat gia ct thep va thanh ng;
- Tng goc xoay cua truc ct thep (tnh = radian);
Trong PP cng trc nu co ga cac thit b c bit tao cong tnh
ms
theo cng thc trn vi x
= 0 & = 0.25;
Loai ng ranh Tr s k Tr s khi ct thep la
Bo si thep Thanh co g
ng co b mt kim loai 0.003 0.35 0.40
ng co b mt BT - tao nn bng loi cng 0 0.55 0.65
- tao nn bng loi mm 0.0015 0.55 0.65
e. Do t bin nhanh ban u ca BT (
tbn
):
Trong PP cng trc, hao tn nay xay ra ngay sau khi bung ct thep ep BT.
i vi BT kh cng t nhin:
tbn
= 500.
0
R
bH
; khi
0
R
bH
a (10 - 10)
tbn
= 500.a.1000.b
a
R
bH
0
; khi
0
R
bH
> a (10 - 11)

Trong o a,b - H s phu thuc vao mac BT, vi BT mac 300: a = 0.6; b = 1.5
bH
- ng sut nen trc trong BT ngang mc trong tm cua ct thep cng, co k n
cac hao tn:
ch
,
ms
,
neo
va
nh
.
Nu BT ng cng trong iu kin c dng h nhit th
tbn
c tnh theo cng thc trn co
nhn thm h s 0.85;
Chuong 10
f. Do co ngt cu BT (
co
):
i vi BT nng, ng cng trong iu kin t nhin ly
co
theo bang sau (tnh = KG/cm
2
):

Trong PP cng sau
co
be hn v trc khi Mac B tng Phng phap cng
bung ct thep, BT a co ngot c 1 phn Cng trc Cng sau
M400 400 300
M500 500 350
M600 600 500
g. Do t bin ca BT (
tb
):
Hao tn do t bin xay ra trong qua trnh BT chu nen lu dai. i vi BT nng:
tb
= 2000.k.
0
R
bH
khi
0
R
bH
0.6;
tb
= 4000.k.
3 . 0
0
R
bH
khi
0
R
bH
> 0.6; (10 - 12)

Trong o k =1 i vi BT ng cng t nhin; k =0.85 i vi BT c dng h nhit;
bH
c ly nh khi tnh hao tn do t bin nhanh.
h. Do BT b p lm (
el
) (ct thp vng, ct thp xon c):
Mt s cu kin tron nh: b cha, ng dn.. ct thep LT vong se ep lom mt BT.
Nu ng knh cua cu kin < 3m:
el
= 300 KG/cm
2
;
Nu ng knh cua cu kin > 3m th co th bo qua.
Ngoai cac hao tn c ban trn y, trong mt s trng hp cn xet n cac ng sut hao do bin dang cua khun thep,
do ep sat cac khi lp ghep, do tai trong chu tai trong rung ng..
Cac ng sut hao tn c chia lam 2 nhom: ng sut hao xay ra trong qua trnh ch tao cung nh khi ep BT (
h1
), va
ng sut hao xay ra sau khi kt thuc ep BT (
h2
).
- Trong PP cng trc:
h1
=
ch
+
nh
+
neo
+
ms
+
tbn
;
h2
=
co
+
tb
;
- Trong PP cng sau:
h1
=
neo
+
ms
;
h2
=
ch
+
co
+
tb
+
el
;
Tng hao tn
h
=
h1
+
h2
1000KG/cm
2
;
5. CU KIN CHU KO TRUNG TM:
- Cu kin chu keo bng BTCT LT thng gp nh: thanh canh ha cua dan, thanh cng cua vom, ng dn co ap, b
cha tron..
5.1. Cc giai on ca trng thi S-BD:
a. Cu kin cng trc:
Trang thai ng sut-bin dang cua cu kin cung gm 3 giai oan nh BTCT thng, nhng giai oan I c chia lam 6
giai oan trung gian:
Giai doan I
1
: Ct thep LT t vao khun nhng cha cng, ng sut trong ct thep
H
= 0 ;
Giai doan I
2
: Ct thep LT c cng n ng sut khng ch
H
=
HK
=
0
-
neo
-
ms
ri c nh vao b, BT;
Giai doan I
3
: Trong thi gian ch BT at cng R
0
, xay ra cac hao tn lam giam ng sut cng trc trong ct thep
LT
H
=
HK
- (
ch
+
nh
);
Giai doan I
4
: Khi BT at cng R
0
th bung ct thep ep BT.
ng sut hao tn sau khi bung ct thep la
h1
=
ch
+
nh
+
neo
+
ms
+
tbn
;
ng sut trong ct thep LT la
H
=
0
-
h1
- n
H
.
b
;
Chuong 10
Va ng sut nen trc trong BT :
b
=
qd
01
F
N
; (10 - 13)
Trong o N
01
la lc nen khi bt u bung ct thep: N
01
= (
0
-
h1
)F
H
-
tbn
.F
a
; ( y khi tnh
h1
khng k hao
tn do t bin nhanh).
F
q
la din tch BT tng ng cua TD: F
q
= F
b
+ n
a
.F
a
+ n
H
.F
H
;
Giai doan I
5
: Trc khi s dung cu kin, do co ngot va t bin cua BT, co cac hao tn
h2
=
co
+
tb
; Vy ng sut
hao tng cng la
h
=
h1
+
h2
;
ng sut trong ct thep LT:
H
=
0
-
h
- n
H
.
b1
;
Giai doan I
6
: Cho cu kin chu keo, ng sut do tai trong gy keo thm trong ct thep LT, ng thi lam giam ng
sut nen trc trong BT. Khi ng sut trong BT trit tiu (
b
= 0) th:
H
=
0
-
h
;
Giai doan I
a
: Tai trong tng, BT chu keo. Khi ng sut trong BT at R
kc
, cu kin sp b nt; ng sut trong ct thep
LT luc nay la:
H
=
0
-
h
+ 2n
H
.R
kc
;

I
1
I
5
b1

H
= 0
I
2
H
=
HK
B
I
3
H
=
HK
-
ch
-
nh
b
= 0
I
4
H
=
0
-
h1
- n
H
b
= R
kc

I
a
III
H
= R
H
N N
H
=
0
-
h
+ 2n
H
.R
kc
N
n
N
n

H
=
0
-
h
- n
H
b1
b
= 0
H
=
0
-
h
N
0
N
0

I
6

Giai doan II: Tai trong tng , khe nt xut hin. Luc nay toan b lc keo do ct thep chu, ng sut keo trong ct thep
tng ln theo tai trong tng t nh cu kin BTCT thng.
Giai doan III: Giai oan pha hoai, khe nt m rng. S pha hoai xay ra khi ng sut trong ct thep at ti gii han
chu keo.
Nhn xet: Vic gy LT ch nng cao kha nng chng nt, han ch b rng khe nt cua cu kin , khng cai thin v
kha nng chu lc.
b. Cu kin cng sau:
Cac giai oan cua trang thai ng sut bin dang cua cu kin cung tng t nh trng hp cng trc, ch khac la trong
giai oan I:
Giai doan I
1
: Lun ct thep LT vao ranh nhng cha cng, ng sut trong ct thep
H
= 0 ;
Giai doan I
4
: Cng ct thep LT n ng sut khng ch
HK
=
0
- n
H
.
b
, gy nen trong BT.
Vi ng sut nen trc trong BT:
b
=
qd
H h
F
F ). (
1 0

;
Sau o neo ct thep LT vao u cu kin. Luc nay xay ra cac hao tn ng sut
h1
=
neo
+
ms
;
ng sut trong ct thep :
H
=
0
-
h1
- n
H
.
b
;
T giai oan I
5
tr i trang thai ng sut bin dang ging nh cu kin cng trc.
5.2. Tnh ton cu kin chu ko trung tm:
a. Tnh theo cng (giai on s dng):
- S ng sut: C s lp s ng sut la giai oan III cua trang thai S-BD.
Chuong 10
Toan b lc keo do ct thep chu, ng sut trong ct thep at ghan chu keo.
- iu kin cng : N R
a
.F
a
+ R
H
.F
H
.m
H
; (10 - 14)
Trong o - m
H
la h s xet n iu kin lam vic cua ct thep cng cao khi ng sut cao hn gii han chay
qui c. (Bang tra)
LOAI THEP m
H
Thep A-IV & A
T
-IV 1.20
Thep A-V , A
T
-V & si thep cng cao 1.15
Thep A
T
-VI 1.10
b. Tnh khng cho php nt:
- S ng sut: C s lp s ng sut la giai oan I
a
cua trang thai S-BD.
ng sut trong BT at n cng chu keo R
kc
.
- iu kin cu kin khng b nt la:
N R
kc
.(F
b
+ 2n
H
.F
H
+ 2n
a
.F
a
) + N
02
; (10 - 15)
Trong o N -Lc keo doc truc (i vi cu kin co tnh chng nt cp I & II th tnh vi tai trong tnh toan, cu
kin co tnh chng nt cp III th tnh vi tai trong tiu chun).
N
02
-Lc keo ng vi luc ng sut nen trc trong BT trit tiu.
N
02
= (
0
-
h
).F
H
-
a
.F
a
; (10 - 16)
Vi
a
=
tbn
+
co
+
tb
;
F
b
la din tch TD phn BT.
c. Tnh theo s m rng khe nt:
Cng thc xac nh b rng khe nt va iu kin kin tra ging nh BTCT thng, ch khac la ng sut trong ct thep
a
tnh b rng khe nt la tng ng sut trong ct thep k t luc ng sut nen trc trong BT trit tiu N
02
n luc
cu kin chu tai trong tiu chun N
c
(giai oan s dung):
a
=
H a
02 c
F F
N - N
+
; (10 - 17)
d. Tnh theo s khp kn khe nt:
Nhm am bao sao cho sau khi b nt va tai trong tam thi ngn han thi tac dung, di tac dung
cua ng sut trc trong ct thep khe nt se c khep kn. Yu cu nay c thoa man nu am
bao hai iu kin sau:
1)
02
+
a
k.R
HC
; (10 - 18)
Trong o
02
-ng sut trc trong ct thep LT sau khi a k n tt ca cac hao tn ng sut.
a
- tng ng sut trong ct thep tnh theo (10 - 17).
k -H s ly k = 0.65 i vi thep si; k = 0.8 i vi thep thanh.
2) Tai th ngoai cung min chu keo cua cu kin phai tn tai ng sut nen trc
b
10KG/cm
2
khi cu
kin ch co tnh tai va tai trong tam thi dai han tac dung.
e. Kim tra cng cu kin giai oan ch tao:
Kim tra cng cu kin khi bung ct thep LT (giai oan I
4
):
N
H
.F + R
t
n
R
a
.F
a
; (10 - 19)
Trong o N
H
- Lc nen BT khi bung ct thep:
i vi cu kin cng trc: N
H
= (1.1
0
- 3000)F
H
; (10 - 20)
i vi cu kin cng sau: N
H
= 1.1(
0
- n
H
.
b
).F
H
; (10 - 21)
t
n
R -Cng chu nen cua BT luc bung ct thep
(nhn vi h s iu kin lam vic m
b
= 1.1 vi thep si
m
b
= 1.2 vi thep thanh).
Chuong 10
6. CU KIN CHU UN:
6.1. Cc giai on ca trng thi ng sut:
a. Cu kin cng trc:
Giai oan I c chia thanh 6 giai oan trung gian, cac giai oan sau tng t BTCT thng.
- Giai doan I
1
: t cac ct thep LT F
H
& F
H
vao b nhng cha cng.
- Giai doan I
2
: Cng cac ct thep F
H
& F
H
ti tr s ng sut khng ch
HK
&
HK
ri c mh vao b, tin hanh
BT.
- Giai doan I
3
: Ch BT ng cng, trong thi gian nay xay ra cac hao tn ng sut
ch
&
nh
.

H
=
HK
-
ch
-
nh
;
H
=
HK
-
ch
-
nh
;
- Giai doan I
4
: Khi BT at cng cn thit R
0
, bung ct thep. Do F
H
& F
H
khng bng nhau nn cu kin b
vng ln do chu nen lch tm. Trong giai oan nay xay ra hao tn ng sut
tbn
va tng ng sut hao la
h1
.
- Giai doan I
5
: Trong thi gian trc khi a vao s dung, do bin dang co ngot va t bin cua BT xay ra cac hao
tn
co
&
tb
;
- Giai doan I
6
: Tai trong tac dung, ng sut keo trong F
H
tng, ng sut keo trong F
H
giam. Khi ng sut nen trc
trong th BT ngang trong tm F
H
trit tiu:
H
=
0
-
h
;
- Giai doan I
a
: ng sut trong BT chu keo at n cng chu keo R
kc
: BT vung keo sp nt, ng sut trong ct
thep F
H
:
H
=
0
-
h
- 2n
H
.R
kc
;

I
5
H
=
0
-
h1
- n
H
b1
I
1
H
= 0
H
=
0
-
h
- n
H
b1
H
= 0

I
2
H
=
HK
B
H
=
HK

I
6
H
=
0
-
h
b
= 0

I
3
H
=
HK
-
ch
-
nh
H
=
HK
-
ch
-
nh

I
a
H
=
0
-
h
+2n
H
R
kc
b
= R
kc

I
4
H
=
0
-
h1
- n
H
b

III
H
=
0
-
h
+2n
H
R
kc
b
= R
kc
H
=
0
-
h
- n
H
b

- Giai doan II: Tai trong tng, khe nt xut hin trong BT vung keo, ng lc trong vung keo do ct thep chu.
- Giai doan III: Tai trong tng, khe nt m rng, khi ng sut trong ct thep chu keo va trong BT vung nen at tr
s gii han th cu kin b pha hoai. ng sut trong ct thep F
H
:
H
= R
H
- m
t
.(
0
-
h
) ; (10 - 22)
b. Cu kin cng sau:
Trang thai ng sut t giai oan I
1
chuyn sang I
4
, sau o din bin cua trang thai ng sut nh cu kin cng trc.
Chuong 10
6.2. Tnh ton cu kin chu un:
a. Tnh theo cng trn TD thng gc:
b
c
-So d ung sut:

-Cng thuc co ban:
iu kin cng la:
M
Fa
= 0;
M R
n
.b.x.(h
0
-0.5x) + R
n
.(b
c
-b)h
c
.(h
0
-0.5h
c
) + R
a
.F
a
.(h
0
-a) +
H
.F
H
.(h
0
-a
H
); (10 - 23)
a
H
a
F
a

F
a
b
a
h
h
0
x
F
H
F
H

R
n
R
a
F
a
R
a
F
a

H
F
H

R
H
F
H
h
c
M
gh
Chiu cao vung nen:
X = 0 ; R
n
.[b.x + (b
c
-b)h
c
] = m
H
.R
H
.F
H
+ R
a
.F
a
-
H
.F
H
- R
a
.F
a
; (10 - 24)
Trong o m
H
-H s iu kin lam vic cua ct thep cng cao khi ng sut cao hn gii han chay qui c. m
H

ly theo tiu chun thit k: m
H
=
0
). 1 (

H H
m m
H
m -Gia tr cc han cua m
H
, ly theo bang tra;
0
-Gia tr gii han cua = x/h
0
; co th tra theo bang hoc tnh theo cng thc sau:
0
=
+
1 . 1
1
4000
1
0
0

A

0
-H s c trng cho min chu keo cua BT. Vi BT nng
0
= 0.85 - 0.0008R
n
;
A
-ng sut trong ct thep LT; Vi thep khng co thm chay (A-IV tr ln), thep si B-II, B
P
-II, dy
cap:
A
= R
H
+4000 -
0
; i vi thep co thm chay (A-I, A-II, A-III) va thep si B-I, B
P
-I th
ly
A
bng cng chu keo tnh toan cua ct thep.
-Diu kin han ch: x
0
h
0
; va x 2a.
b. Tnh theo cng trn TD nghing:
chu lc trn TD nghing, ngoai ct doc, ct xin va ct ai thng con co ct doc va ct ngang LT. Vic
tnh toan cng trn TD nghing tng t nh cu kin BTCT thng.
Ct ngang trn TD nghing c tnh toan theo iu kin sau:
.Y= 0: Q Q
b
+.R
a
.F
+.R
a
.F
x
.Sin +.R
H
.F
H
+. R
H
.F
Hx
.Sin . (10 - 25)
Trong o Q
b
-Kha nng chu ct cua BT;
R
a
, R
H
-Cng tnh toan v chu ct cua ct thep thng va ct thep LT;
Trong trng hp khng co ct xin thng va ct xin LT th iu kin kim tra (trn TD nghing nguy him nht)
la: Q Q
b
=
d
2
0 k
.q .b.h 8R
Trong o q
-Kha nng chu ct cua ct ai thng va ct ai LT trn n v dai:

q
=
Hd
Hd Hd
d
d ad
u
F R
u
F R . .
+
c. Tnh theo cng giai on ch to:
Kim tra theo iu kin v chu nen cua BT luc bt u bung ct thep.
Chuong 10
ng sut nen BT:
bH
=
qd
0H 0
qd
0
J
.y .e N
F
N
+ ;
Trong o N
0
c ly bng hp lc cua tt ca cac lc trong ct thep LT va ct thep thng:
N
0
=
H
.F
H
+
H
.F
H
-
a
.F
a
-
a
.F
a

e
0H
- lch tm cua lc ep so vi truc qua trong tm cua TD tng ng;
e
0H
=
0
a a H H a a H H
N
.y F . ' '.y '.F ' '.y '.F .y .F
a H a H
+
;
H
,
H
-ng sut trong ct thep F
H
& F
H
(co tnh n ng sut hao
h1
khi tnh trong giai oan ep BT,
va k n toan b ng sut hao khi tnh trong giai oan s dung);
a
,
a
-ng sut nen trong ct thep thng F
a
& F
a
(Khi tnh trong giai oan ep BT ly bng
tbn
, khi
tnh trong giai oan s dung ly bng
tbn
+
co
+
tb
;
y
H
, y
H
, y
a
, y
a
-Khoang cach t truc qua trong tm cua TD tng ng n v tr im t lc trong
ct thep (trong tm cua ct thep) .
- Tnh toan kim tra tng th cu kin giai oan ch tao: Tnh nh cu kin chu nen lch tm thng ma ngoai lc la
lc ep lch tm do ct thep LT gy ra. Trong trng hp ch co F
H
th lc lch tm xac nh theo (10 - 20) hoc (10 -
21);
- Ngoai ra con phai kim tra s chu ep cuc b cua BT di cac thit b neo, nu khng u cng th phai gia c
min BT di neo bng cac li thep..
d. Tnh ton khng cho php nt:
iu kin chng nt cua cu kin la: M M
n
; (10 - 26)
M -M men do ngoai lc gy ra (vi chng nt cp I & II tnh vi tai trong tnh toan, cp III th vi tai trong tiu
chun).
M
n
- M men ma cu kin chu c trc khi xut hin khe nt ( trang thai I
a
)
- C s tnh chng nt la trang thai I
a
: M
n
= R
kc
.W
n
+ M
1
. (10 - 27)
M
1
- M men tac dung giai oan I
6
. (luc
b
=0)
R
kc
.W
n
- M men trang thai ng sut tng t I
6
-> I
a
;
W
n
- M men khang an hi deo cua TD quy i ngay trc khi xut hin vt nt i vi th chu keo ngoai cung.
(co th tnh theo (9 - 18) hoc (9 - 21) hay (9 - 22)

Nu ta di N
02
v nh loi cua TD va thm mt m men M
L
= N
02
.(e
0H
+ r
L
);
a
F
a
N
02
(
0
-
h
)F
H
b
h
r
l
x
2R
kc
R
kc
e
0H
b
c
a
F
a

(
0
-
h
)F
H

M
n
Theo tnh cht cua loi: khi co lc N t tai nh th truc TH i qua mep cua TD (tc mep di cua TD co
b
= 0). Nh
vy ng sut nen trc trong BT
b1
la do m men M
l
gy ra;
V mt gia tr: M
1
= M
L
= N
02
.(e
0H
+ r
L
);
Suy ra M
n
= N
02
.(e
0H
+ r
L
) + R
kc
.W
n
;
Chu y: Khi tnh N
02
la hp lc cua tt ca cac ng lc trong ct thep LT va ct thep thng, co k tt ca cac hao tn.
r
L
-Khoang cach t nh loi n trong tm cua TD tng ng r
L
= 0.8
qd
0
F
W
;

Chuong 10


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Chng 1

Quan sat mt dm BTCT chu tai cho n

.C la kha nng chu ct trn TD nghing C.

: Din tch tit din 1 nhanh ct ai.

ri tnh toan xac nh

, u thoa cac yu cu cu tao) tnh ct xin (F

- ng sut trong ct thep chu keo F

(ch xet trn canh DE, anh hng cua

trong pham vi: m

: Goi la cong truc dm.

( ) x : cong toan phn cua cu kin

> a (10 - 11)

> 0.6; (10 - 12)

-Kha nng chu ct cua ct ai thng va ct ai LT trn n v dai:

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