CHAPTER SEVEN

DESIGN OF TIMBER BEAM

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7.1

Introduction
Comparison between timber and concrete/steel

Concrete/Steel Manufactured product Strength can be determine e.g : Grade 30, 40, 50 py 250, 275, 460 N/mm2 Compressive and tensile strength

Timber Natural material Characteristics: uncontrolled and keeps changing Timber axis : elongation, radius, tangent Timber strength : not constant - bending strength - tension parallel to grain - compression parallel to grain - shear parallel to grain - compression perpendicular to grain

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7.1.1

Physical Properties of Timber

Density

Defects

Moisture Content

Condition of growth

TIMBER STRENGTH Temperature

Position of tree Grain structure

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Density
The best single indicator of the properties of a timber and is a major factor determining its strength Specific gravity (SG) or relative is a measure of timbers solid substance SG : Ratio of the oven dry weight to the weight of an equal volume of water Basic specific gravity of commercial timber ranges from 0.29 to 0.81 and most, falling between 0.35 0.60 SG varies considerably between species and within individual pieces of the same species

Temperature
Temperature increase, timber strength decrease
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Moisture Content
Influenced timber characteristics quality Dry timber : high strength Fibre Saturation Point (FSP) - point at which water in cell cavity are dried, but the cell wall still saturated (moisture inside the cell wall only) - 25% of moisture content 19% of FSP are suggested by Malaysian researchers Timber moisture strength must less than 19% to achieve high strength Moisture content 19%, moist, use wet stresses in calculation (Table1 and 4 MS 544:Part 2:2001) < 19%, dry, use dry stresses in calculation (Table2 and 4 MS 544:Part 2:2001) Timber axis elongation, radius, tangent Strength change/different in each three axis - bending strength, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain, shear parallel to grain, compression perpendicular to grain
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19%

FSP

Moisture content

 Two important characteristics connected to FSP i. Shrinkage/expansion : Due to nature called internal wood motion that can not been vanish but can be reduce by preservation ii. Strength Moisture content > FSP; strength and volume are constant < FSP; strength increase and volume decrease Wood motion is inconspicuous in grain length direction but clear in radius and tangent

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Grain structure
Grain is the longitudinal direction of the main elements of timber (fibres) The angle of the micro fibrils within the timber also influence the strength of the timber, as with the effects of the grain, if the angle of deviation increase, the strength decrease

Position in Tree
Wood near tree root is more denser, stronger and harder than at the top of the tree

Condition of Growth
Environment factor influencing tree growth - temperature, rainfall, soil and spacing between trees

Defects
Defects in timber either natural defects or seasoning defects will effect structural strength as well on stability, durability fixing, and finished appearance of timber
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7.1.2

Construction Stage

Timber in dried condition: high strength and durable Dimension must be uniform and stable In construction design stage use dry stresses If moist : i. defect ii. Wood pest attack termite, fungus Use wet stresses for thick size because it is hard to dry ( B 100mm ) Size reduction due to planer i. nominal size 50 mm reduce 5mm ii. nominal size > 50 mm & < 300 reduce 10mm

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7.1.3

Classification/Grouping of Timber

Basically, timber are divided into two groups namely hardwood and softwood. Most tropical wood inclusive into hardwood Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) has classified hardwood into three subgroup which are i. Heavy hardwood - > 880 kg/m3 ii Medium hardwood - Constructional timber - Balau, Cengal, Merbau,resak, tembusu etc iii Light hardwood
Heavy Hardwood Timber Classification Medium Hardwood Light Hardwood Softwood - = 720 - 880kg/m3 - moderately heavy to heavy construction - Keruing, mengkulang, tualang,kasai,kalat, punah etc - < 720 kg/m3 - general utility timber - Nyatoh, meranti, rubberwood,gerutu,medang etc - Damar minyak, podo, sempilor etc

For strength grouping, timber can be divided into four (4) groups namely A, B, C and D
Strength reduce
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A>B>C>D

7.2

Timber Grade

For each group, grading of timber based on wood defect: i. Basic - no defect ii. Select iii Standard iv Common It referred to defect that occurs on timber i. Grain slope ii. Curve (not straight) iii Knot Need to be graded because defects can not be avoided Select < Standard < Common
Less defects

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7.3
1.

Basic and Grade Stresses

Basic Stresses Stress which can be sustained safely and permanently by solid timbers that containing no visible strength reducing characteristics.
basic ==(x ks)/Fs basic (x ks)/Fs
where; x = average k = 2.33 s = sisihan piawaian Fs = safety factor

2.

Grade Stresses Stresses that can be sustained safely and permanently by timber with particular grade trough the process of reduction by strength ratio
grade == basic x strength ratio grade basic x strength ratio
where; Grade Select Standard Common strength ratio (%) 80 63 50

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3. Permissible Stresses Permissible strength is calculated by multiplying the grade stresses with appropriate modification factors (k- factor) to allow for the effects of parameters such as load duration. Load sharing, moisture content and etc.
permissble ==grade xx modification modificationfactors factors permissble grade

where;

modification factors = k1, k2,k3,k4,k5,k6.k9 (K1 K9 is for solid timber design)

Note : Table 1, 2 an 4 is for long term loading

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7.3.1

Modification Factors

Duration of Loading, K1 (Table 5) Grade stresses are based to structure service duration. Consideration are made for bigger strength. Timber is capable for higher loads for short periods (a few seconds). It will effects timber strength and permissible stress. Factors are given in Table 5 MS 544:Part 2:2001 Load-sharing system, K2 (Cl.10) Consist four or more members such as rafter, joist, trusses or wall stud, spaced a maximum of 610mm centre to centre and has adequate provision for the lateral distribution of loads. If this criteria are fulfilled, used K2 = 1.1 and used MOE mean in Table 4 If member acting alone, used K2 = 1.0 and take MOE minimum

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 Bearing Stress, K3 (Table 6) At any bearing on the side of timber, the permissible stress in compression perpendicular to the grain is dependent on the length and bearing position. For bearing < 150mm and located 75mm from the end of the member, the grade stresses should be multiplied by the modification factor K3 given in Table 6 Modification factor for bearings of any length at end members, and bearing 150mm in length at any position, take K3 = 1.0

75mm or more

Bearing less than 150mm

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 Shear at notched ends, K4 (Cl. 11.4) Square corner notch at ends of a flexural member cause a stress concentration. It will reduce the shear and the shear strength should be calculated by using the effective depth,he (a) for a notch on the top edge
a
2 KK hh [(h-h untuk 2 4 = e/h e)/h e ]e e = /h [(h-h )/h untuka a<<hh 4 e e e ]e e

he

KK 1.0 untuk a > he 4 = 4 = 1.0 untuk a > he

(b) for a notch on the underside

KK he/h 4= 4 = he/h
h he

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 Form factor, K5 (Cl.11.5) Based on the shapes of the solid timber member cross-section where the load acting parallel to one of main axis

K5 = 1.0

K5 = 1.18

K5 = 1.41

Depth factor, K6 (Cl. 11.6) The grade bending stresses given in Table 1, 2 and 4, apply to material having depth, h up to 300mm For beam depth greater than 300mm, the grade bending stresses should be multiply by the depth modification factor K6 where
2 2 KK 0.81 [[ (h ++ 92300)/h ++ 56800)] 5 == 0.81 (h2 92300)/h2 56800)] 5

for solid and glued laminated beams

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