ASSIGNMENT 1: TENSILE TEST

Objective: To determine the Modulus of Elasticity of a given specimen and draw stress-strain diagram. Apparatus: Universal Testing Machine, given specimen Theory:

Considerable information about the properties of a material can be obtained from uniaxial tensile test. Tensile test is of static type, i.e., load is increased slowly from zero to a certain final value. Standard specimens are designed to produce uniform uniaxial tension in the central portion and to ensure reduced stresses in the sections is gripped. The mechanical properties in tension are determined on the gauge loading. After loading is applied, it will be noted that up to a certain stress, the strain is directly proportional to stress (obeys Hookes law). After plotting strain on horizontal axis and stress on vertical axis, the prominent features of a stress-strain curve are:
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Proportional Limit. Elastic Limit. Resilience. Yield point. Ultimate Tensile strength. Fracture Strength.

Observation: For Aluminum

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Diameter of gage section = 0.375 in Area of gage section = 0.1105 sq. in Gage length = 2 in Diameter of fracture section = 0.265 in. Area of fracture section = 0.055 sq. in
Load (lbs) 2100 2200 2300 Extension (in) 213 229 247

Load (lbs) 0 100 200

Extension (in) 0 32 38

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

46 53 62 70 78 86 94 103 111 120 128 137 146 156 164 173 187 200

2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3380 3300 3200 3100 3000 2900 2800 2700

265 280 298 320 344 371 394 428 471 538 680 706 730 745 760 772 782 796

Calculations: Stress = Force/Area Strain = Change in length/Original Length

E=
For Mild Steel
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Stress Strain

Diameter of gage section = 0.4 in Area of gage section = 0.25 sq. in Gage length = 2 in Diameter of fracture section = 0.32 in. Area of fracture section = 0.0804 sq. in
Stress Lb/in2 0 3978 7956 11935 15913 19891 23870 27848 31826 Strain lb/in2 0 0.009 0.018 0.028 0.038 0.045 0.0525 0.0595 0.0655

35805 39783 43761 47740 51718 55697 71610 59675 63653 67632 71610 75588 79567 83545 87523 91502 95480 91502 87523 83545 79567 75588

0.073 0.08 0.0865 0.0935 0.1 0.106 0.2725 0.1125 0.1195 0.125 0.132 0.1385 0.1455 0.151 0.1595 0.165 0.1735 0.2235 0.2395 0.2475 0.2575 0.265

E = Stress Strain
RESULTS 1. Plot the stress-strain graph 2. On the stress-strain curve show the following points, and verify the value: i. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) [MPa] ii. Yield stress y or Proof stress 0.2 [MPa] iii. The yield stress (0.2% offset) iv. Fracture stress f [MPa] v. Modulus of elasticity, E vi. Modulus of resilience. vii. Elastic limit viii. Proportional limit. ix. Elastic and plastic deformation regions. x. Necking region.

DISCUSSIONS 1. Discuss on the shape of obtained stress-strain curve. 2. Compare and discuss on the experimental results with the theory. 3. Discuss the difference between Engineering Stress and True Stress, and whether there is a significant difference between these values at failure. 4. Explain the necking process, and discuss how the necking of the specimen relates to the shape of stress-strain curve. 5. Compare and discuss the affect differences in the stress-strain behavior of various materials. 6. Discuss on the factors that can be affected to the experimental result.