Goldman, Sparrow (1) Jeremy Goldman, Cody Sparrow National History Day 2014 Senior Group Website Annotated

Bibliography Primary Sources Archives, National. United States. District Court. Letter to Bowie K. Kuhn, Commissioner of Baseball from Curtis C. Flood stating that he had the right to consider offers from other baseball clubs before signing a contract, 12/24/1969. 1969. Print. <http://research.archives.gov/description/278312>. This letter to Bowie Kuhn was written by Curt Flood and was asking for free agency. This was an important step in the Curt Flood Case because it signified Curt Floods anger and frustration with the Reserve Clause. When read by Bowie Kuhn, it was obvious to him that it was not in fact Curt Flood who had written the letter, but Marvin Miller, the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) Director. This letter was drafted after several months on talks with the MPLPA and discussions on strategy for the case. At this point Curt Flood and Marvin Miller had already determined their lawyer, if this was to be taken to court. Associated Press. MLBs Average Salary Eclipses $3M. 13 Dec. 2010. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. <http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=5915468>. This was a recent article about the ever-growing salaries of players. It was useful in our website because it provided current information about the salaries of players. We used this data in comparison to data from the rest of baseballs history to create the graph seen on the Legacy page. This source also told us about the average salary in 1970, around the time of the Curt Flood Case. Since then, average salaries have swollen to almost 100 times as much. Baseball Almanac. Major League Baseball Salaries. 2012. Web. 5 Dec 2013. <http://www.baseball-almanac.com/charts/salary/major_league_salaries.shtml> This source provided a chart that showed the minimum salary versus the average salary over time. The minimum wage rises at a fairly steady rate while the averages skyrockets up into the millions. The website also provides information about the yearly averages of salaries for NHL, NBA, and NFL athletes. On average these values were much less than

Goldman, Sparrow (2) the MLB figures but the average in all sports still is above one million dollars. These high salaries in other sports are all thanks to Curt Flood and his stand in baseball. Chuck, Grassley, Biden, Feinstein, Durbin. United States. Judiciary Committee. S. Rept. 105-118 - CURT FLOOD ACT OF 1997. Washington D.C. 1997. Web. 05 Dec 2013. <http://beta.congress.gov/congressional-report/105th-congress/senate-report/118/1> This was document about the Curt Flood Act of 1997.This amendment to baseballs rules states that professional baseball players are covered under the same laws as every other man and women in America. It finally abolishes the reserve clause, freeing players to sell their services to the highest bidder. Players had obtained these rights several years before, but this decree placed an official end to the enslavement of baseball players. Clinton, W. (27 Oct 1998). Statement on Signing the Curt Flood Act of 1998. Retrieved 12 Dec, 2013). Retrieved from <http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PPP-1998-book2/html/PPP1998-book2-doc-pg1884.htm> This is a transcribed speech given by William Clinton about the signing of the 1998 Curt Flood Act, which established that baseball was in fact covered in anti-trust laws. In the speech William Clinton honors Curt Flood, and give him the final end result that he so longed and strived for. Gains, C. CHART OF THE DAY: Baseballs Salaries up 6,600% due to Free Agency. 21 Jan. 2001. Web. 12 Dec 2013. <http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-majorleague-baseball-salaries-since-1970-2011-1> This website stated that baseball salaries had gone up more than 6,000% due to free agency. The main feature of the article was graph that showed how the minimum salary in baseball rose in comparison to the average salary. The current minimum salary is $400,000 while the average is over three million dollars. Haupert, Michael. MLBs Annual Salary Leaders, 1874-2012. Society For American Baseball Research. Business of Baseball Research Committee Newsletter, 30 March, 2013. Web. 9 Dec, 2013. <http://sabr.org/research/mlbs-annual-salary-leaders-1874-2012> This website gave the statistics for the highest salaried players in baseball since the 1874. This information was important to analyze because it showed just how much Curt Flood had improved players rights in baseball. The graph showed a sharp increase in player salaries following the curt flood case. Before free agency, the average salary was $30,000 per year. In 2010 the average salary had jumped dramatically to over $3,000,000.

Goldman, Sparrow (3) No Author. Flood and Marvin Miller Enter the Courthouse 1970. SportsLawTalk, St. Louis. SportsLawTalk.com. Photograph. 21 Nov 2013. From this source, we retrieved a picture of Curt Flood walking into the courthouse with Arthur Goldberg. It was one of the few pictures taken at the time of the Curt Flood Case. No Author. Curt Flood Batting Color Photo. 1963. CardinalStuff, St. Louis. CardinalStuff.com. Photograph. 11/21/2013. This source gave us a picture of Curt Flood while at bat. He is halfway through a swing. This is a picture of the letter that Curt Flood composed and sent to Bowie Kuhn, asking for free agency. Newsday. Baseball Salaries for 2013. 29 Mar 2013. Web. Retrieved 10 Dec 2013. <http://sports.newsday.com/long-island/data/baseball/mlb-salaries-2013/?currentRecord> This website gave all of the salaries of all of the current MLB players. This important information was used to compile a list of the highest paid athletes in the MLB. This information went into the graph on the Legacy page. United States. United States Supreme Court. Flood v. Kuhn - 407 U.S. 258. Washington D.C: , 1972. Print. <http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1568944639886480553&q=Flood v. Kuhn - 407 U.S. 258&hl=en&as_sdt=4006&as_vis=1> This court transcription annotates the happenings of the 1972 Supreme Court trial involving the Curt Flood Case. It gave useful elements about what happened in court and arguments for both sides that were presented in the Supreme Court. This document was crucial to our research because of both the in-depth information provided about all aspects of the case but also because of the implications it made on the MLB and all other professional sports. Other useful information provided was a summary of Floods career as a baseball player and the salaries he made. Secondary Sources Achorn, Edward. The Weekly Standard. Reserve Judgment 2 Sep 2013. Web. 10 Dec, 2013. <http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/reserve-judgment_750039.html#>

Goldman, Sparrow (4) This source explained reserve clause and baseball's exemption from state antitrust laws almost ruined baseball. The biggest point that this book review provides is the argument that baseball would fall apart if they didnt have anti-trust exemption. The review explains how the reserve clause is just a form of slavery, tying a man to his owner for his entire life. Acocella, Nick. ESPN Classic. Flood of free agency. (n.d.) Web. 09 Dec 2013. <http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/flood_curt.html>. This source was gave information about Curt Flood and his personal story. It was a story of his life, rather than a story of free agency. From this perspective, we gained some of the motives of Curt Floods to carry out the case. This bibliography provided a powerful quote showing Curt Floods selflessness. He sacrificed his entire baseball career for the rights of future generations of baseball players. Barra, Allen. The Atlantic. How Curt Flood Changed Baseball and Killed his Career in the Process. 12 Jul 2011. Web. 13 Nov 2013. <http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/07/how-curt-flood-changedbaseball-and-killed-his-career-in-the-process/241783/>. Gives great quotes on from Curt Flood and others involved in the story. These quotes were used around our website. This website points out how he stood alone in this battle. None of his teammates dared to stand with him, in fear of discrimination from owners. Curt Flood never benefited from the hard work he put forth and the rights he struggled for. Best Animations. Spinning Baseball Animation Photograph. 2 Dec 2013. <http://bestanimations.com/Sports/Baseball/Baseball2.html>. From this website we received a gif of spinning baseball that is used on the bottom of every page. This picture added a pit of creativity to our website. It also looks professional and official. This image is also used as the favicon for our website.

Brady, Pat. University of Virginia, Virginia Curt Floods Suit of Baseball. 1997. Photograph. 11/21/2013. <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~class/am483_97/projects/brady/flood.html>. This source gave us pictures and good quotes from people involved in the case. We also retrieved a picture of curt flood when he played for the Cardinals. This image is used in the header bar at the top of every page. It shows him in his full uniform, which gives an indication on the time period that Curt Flood played baseball.

Goldman, Sparrow (5) Burns, Howard. Bleacher Report. Curt Flood's Sacrifice: Sports' Most Meaningful Trade. 13 Jul 2011. Web. 12 Dec, 2013. <http://bleacherreport.com/articles/766021-curt-floodssacrifice-sports-most-meaningful-trade>. This site was specifically about the trade and the motives of Curt Flood to do what he did. This website also gives information about how Curt Flood went to the Senators in the 1971 season, but stopped because of the strains that had been placed on him by the court case. Burns, Ken. PBS. Baseball Timeline. (2002). Web. 25 Nov 2013. Retrieved from <http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/timeline/>. This page is based off of Ken Burns 1994 Documentary Baseball and it details every major event regarding baseball since 1839. This helped place in context how long players had been under the control of the owners until Curt Flood took a stand in 1969. Butz, Brett. University of Massachusetts Law Review. Grounding Into a Double Standard: Understanding and Repealing the Curt Flood Act. (n.d.) Print & Web. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://www.umassd.edu/media/umassdartmouth/schooloflaw/students/studentorganizati ons/umasslawreview/umasslawreview2013/butz.pdf> From this source we retrieved how the Curt Flood case was beneficial to other sports other than baseball. Football was greatly impacted by free agency. This source also brings to light how it was that baseballs anti-trust exemption came to be and what owners did to protect it. Calcaterra, Craig. NBC Sports Hardballtalk. Rearguing the Curt Flood case. 24 May 2013. Web. 11 Nov 2013. <http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/05/24/rearguing-the-curtflood-case/>. This website provided information about how the Curt Flood case changed history, and how it was that Curt went about suing baseball. It also stated how if this court took place now, Curt Flood would have won by a landslide. Coppernoll, T. Baseball in the Blood. Baseball in the Blood Interview with Shelly Flood. 27 Apr 2012. Web. 15 Dec 2013. <http://www.baseballintheblood.com/?p=251> This was an interview with Curt Flood daughter. She gave insight about how her father was as a person and how she viewed him. She spoke highly of him as a person and said many things about his bravery and selflessness.

Goldman, Sparrow (6) Depken, Craig. Free Agency in Professional Sports. Retrieved 6 Dec 2013. Retrieved from <http://belkcollegeofbusiness.uncc.edu/cdepken/P/freeagency4.pdf>. This site gave some pros and cons of free agency. The document also went into great depth about what exactly free agency was. This document was useful to determine and be able to tell what free agency meant and what Curt Flood had done to bring it about. It supported the owners in part but also argued for Curt Floods side. Fletcher, Bill. Daytona Times. Baseball strikes out with Curt Flood and Marvin Miller. 12 April 2012. Web. 8 Dec 2013. <http://daytonatimes.com/2012/04/12/baseball-strikes-outwith-curt-flood-and-marvin-miller/>. This website was arguing that both Curt Flood and Marvin Miller should be in the hall of fame. It explains the accomplishments of both Curt Flood and Marvin Miller, who the article describes as just as important as Curt Flood in the induction of free agency into baseball. Hirschberg, Charles. SIVault. Labor pain. 11 Sep 2006. Magazine. 15 Dec 2013. <http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1108789/index.htm>. This website describes what a struggle it was for Curt Flood to take on the owners and the troubles he faced afterwards. This text tells the story of the Curt Flood case. This review includes perspectives from the side of Curt Flood. Johnson R. The History Rat. Curt Flood and Free Agency The End of the Reserve Clause. 17 Jan 2011. Web. 12 Dec 2013. <http://historyrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/curt-floodand-free-agency-the-end-of-the-reserve-clause/#comment-1540> This website gives information and insight about how big of a move Curt Flood made. It was revolutionary for that time. It also states that all the movement of players is result of Curt Floods brave actions. Kendrick, Scott. About.com. Free Agency Primer. (n.d.) Web. 05 Dec 2014. <http://baseball.about.com/od/majorleaguebasics/a/freeagentprimer.htm>. This source gives information about how the current free agency system in baseball works. This information was useful because it gave us something to compare the old system of the reserve clause. This website was very important to our research.

Goldman, Sparrow (7) Korr, Charles. Gateway Heritage. Curt Flood and the Players Union: Turning to Defeat into Free Agency. (2002). Magazine. 11 Dec 2013. <http://collections.mohistory.org/media/CDM/gateway/97.pdf>. This source gave the story and lead up of the Curt Flood Case. This article compliments Curt Flood and says that even though he had failed, he still brought about free agency to baseball and other American professional sports. Korr states that for a black man in that time to challenge something as iron clad as the reserve clause he had some serious guts. LaFauci, R. Politicus USA Sports. Being Curt: How a player not named Robinson changed baseball forever. 6 Apr, 2013. Web. 10 Dec 2013. <http://sports.politicususa.com/2013/04/06/being-curt-how-a-player-not-namedrobinson-changed-baseball-forever.html> This site states that Curt Flood is just as much of a hero as Robinson, he tore down barriers of his time. He points out that Jackie Robinson gets all the credit for being the first black man in baseball but Curt Floods achievements surpassed that of Robinson Lore, Paul. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. "The real legacy of Curt Flood." 19 July 2011. Web. 24 Dec. 2013. <http://www.stltoday.com/news/opinion/article_466fdba5-a5d8-5796-a760a4777e20a15c.html> This source gives a review and summary of the movie, The Curious Case of Curt Flood. It also describes the movement to place Curt Flood in the Hall of Fame. In the after math, Curt Flood has ruined his baseball career. Curt Flood lost the battle, but his baseball followers won the war. Manuel, D. Inflation Calculator. (n.d.) Web. 9 Dec 2013. <http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php?>. This website helped convert money from Curt Floods time to our current time. This information was put into our statistics about player salaries in the different years during and after the Curt Flood case. While this website played no role in collecting information it was relied upon heavily to convert amounts of money. MLB.com. Jim Northrup Two-run Triple. 10 Oct 1968. Web. 13 Dec 2013. <http://m.mlb.com/video/v28198183/1968-ws-gm7-jim-northrups-triple-gives-tigerslead>

Goldman, Sparrow (8) This was the video clip of Curt Flood making his most famous mistake, dropping a ball and costing the Cardinals the World Series in 1968. He his known to many for just this play, not the incredible things he has doesnt to help players in all professional sports.

Mrsportshistorian. Youtube. Curt Flood. 02 Oct. 2009. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es5CUZYCdZ0>. This online video clip gave us information on Curt Flood and his overall story. We have clips of this video posted around our site for added analysis and viewpoints from the side of Curt Flood. It provided valuable interview footage. Nathanson, Mitchell. Villanova University School of Law. Gatekeepers of Americana: Ownerships Never-ending Quest for Control of the Baseball Creed. Sep 2006. Web & Print. 19 Nov 2013. <http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=mitchell_nathanso n> This source gave a history of where the power in baseball has lain, starting with the owners. It was important for our research to track how the power and wealth in baseball was distributed. We learned from this source how the Reserve Clause came to be and how the owners had long since been holding on to the players rights. For a long time, up until Curt Flood came around, players of major league sports could not expect the same amount of rights that would be expected in any other job.

Dave & Ben. Needham Public Schools. "CURT FLOOD AND FREE AGENCY: A BASEBALL REVOLUTION." 2002. Web. 2 Dec 2013. <http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/2002_p5/baker_p5_102_db_br/curt_flood.htm>. This source was about Curt Flood and how he was the first of his kind, being black, and making a bold move like changeling the reserve clause. It provided lots of information about when other civil rights movements had been going on and when in relation to all that, the Curt Flood case occurred. N.A. The African American Registry. Curt Floods Suit against Baseball Ruled. (N.D.). Web. 09 Dec 2013. Retrieved from <http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/curtfloods-suit-against-baseball-ruled>.

Goldman, Sparrow (9) This page from The African American Registry has lots of in-depth details about how the public and media reacted to Floods suit of baseball. The article talks about how, as time went on, people gained more and more sympathy for Flood, as more people found out how the case had ruined him.

N.A. Baseball- Reference.com. Curt Flood Statistics and History. (N.D). Web. 6 Nov 2013. Retrieved from <http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/f/floodcu01.shtml>. This page from Baseball-Reference.com shows every statistic and trade with Curt Flood during his major league career. We used this page on the Key Players page of our website when giving a brief description of his major league career.

N.A. History.com. Curt Flood Case Decided-This Day in History-6/19/1972. (2012). Web 7 Nov 2013. Retrieved from <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/curt-flood-casedecided>. This page from History.com recounts the day in 1972 when the Curt Flood Case was finally decided, with the Court ruling 5-3 against Curt Flood. It also gives a basic background to the case.

NA. Baseball-Reference.com. Reserve Clause-BR Bullpen. (30 Nov 2012) Web. 2 Dec 2013. Retrieved from <http://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Reserve_clause>. This page was one of the major sources for information on the Reserve Clause, with sections on each of the pieces of baseball that the Reserve Clause controlled and effected. This helped with our analysis of the clause on the page on our website The Reserve Clause.

Rhoch, Stan. Philly.com. Cynical Documentary Waters Down Contributions of Curt Flood.(12 Jul 2011).Web. 6 Dec 2013. Retrieved from<http://articles.philly.com/2011-0712/sports/29765016_1_curt-flood-slavery-documentary>. While this may be a review for a documentary about Curt Flood, it puts the events of his life and its eventual outcome is a sad, sympathetic light, and helped give us another point of view for the whole case.

Sisson, Matt. Seamheads.com. Today in Baseball History: Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally (23 Dec, 2008). Web. 12 Dec 2013. Retrieved from <http://seamheads.com/2008/12/23/today-in-baseball-history-andy-messersmith-anddave-mcnally/>.

Goldman, Sparrow (10) This page talks about when Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally officially became the first free agents in baseball after Peter Seitzs ruling in 1975. It also mentions how Curt Flood was the one who blazed the path for free agency three years prior.

Snyder, Brad. A Well-Paid Slave: Curt Flood's Fight for Free Agency in Professional Sports. New York: Penguin Group, 2007. Print. This book by Brad Snyder talks about the entire life of Curt Flood and his suit of baseball. This book proved to be nearly invaluable, as it was loaded with information about the case. We reached out to Brad Snyder for an interview, but he has yet to get back to us.

Totenberg Nina. NPR.org. Justice Sotomayor Takes Swing at Famed Baseball Case.(23 May 2013). Web. 11 Nov 2013. Retrieved from <http://www.npr.org/2013/05/23/186314129/justice-sotomayor-takes-swing-at-famedbaseball-case>. This was one of the first websites that we stumbled upon. It talks about a recent reenactment of the Curt Flood Case. It has lots of information about the history and background of the case, as well as its outcome.

Vecsey, George. New York Times. Flood Missed a Fly, but Made a Stand That Changed Baseball.(26 Oct 2006). Web. 10 Dec, 2013. Retrieved from <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/26/sports/baseball/26vecsey.html?_r=0> This article from the New York Times talks about how every major league sport player owes their multi-million dollar salaries to Curt Floods stand against baseball, even though he never reaped any of the benefits he has given modern players.