Efficiency of Oil Displacement by Water By: Fathi H.

Boukadi

PROCEDURE FOR BUCKLEY-LEVERETT

Shock front theory implies that front saturation is ought to be located at position x where two shaded areas A and B of Figure 12 must cancel. Virtual line represents position of shock front saturation Swf . Following profile is obtained;

1-Sor Sw Sw

Saturation profile at t < tbt

Swf Swc 0 x1 x x2 L

Figure 13: Saturation profile before breakthrough indicating shock front saturation
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 2

AVERAGE WATER SATURATION BEHIND FRONT

Figure 13 shows a saturation profile before breakthrough. Water is injected for sometime. At position x1, water saturation of plane is maximum, while at x 2 water saturation is shock front saturation. Need to determine location and value of saturation at front. We also need to estimate average water saturation behind front.

1-Sor Sw Sw

Saturation profile at t < tbt

Swf Swc 0 x1 x x2 L

Figure 13: Saturation profile before breakthrough indicating shock front saturation
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 3

AVERAGE WATER SATURATION BEHIND FRONT

Material balance for injected water gives:
Wi = {volume swept } {average water saturation - connate water saturation}

(31)

Replacing x 2 using Buckley-Leverett yields;

Wi = A x 2

(S
1

W dfw Swc = A i A dSw

Swf

(S

Swc

(32)

Sw = Swc +

(33)
Swf

dfw dSw

Average saturation behind front is also obtained by integrating saturation profiles.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

AVERAGE WATER SATURATION BEHIND FRONT

Tangent to fractional flow curve from Sw = Swc ,fw = 0 is at fw = fw S = fwf . Extrapolated tangent must intercept line fw = 1 at point Sw = Sw ; fw = 1.
wf

Plot fw vs Sw , obtain derivative (inflection point indicates saturation at front). Sw Swc Swf fw = 1

1 fwf

fw = fwf Sw Swf

1 0

fw = 0

Sw Swc
Figure 14: Slope of fractional flow curve
Waterflooding/Introduction 5

1/19/2011

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Oil recovery Equation Based on overall material balance, general oil equation writes as:

Np = Efficiency * N
where N is initial oil in place expressed as: S oi V p N = Bo

(45)

(46)

Recovery factor (RF), is product of microscopic displacement efficiency (ED) and volumetric sweep efficiency (Evol);
E R = E D E Vol Np = N

(47)

where,
1/19/2011

mobilized oil volume ED = contacted oil volume

EVol =

contacted oil volume OIIP

6

Waterflooding/Introduction

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Oil recovery Equation Typical values of ER* are; Waterflooding 30-40% (EVxED=0.6x0.6=.36) Steam injection 30-50% Polymer injection 30-55% CO2 injection 30-65% Solvent injection 35-63% *depends on ER from primary and reservoir and fluid properties (Carcoana, 92) Volumetric sweep (Evol) is product of areal (EA) and vertical sweep (Ever);

E vol = E A E V
where,
1/19/2011

(48)

EA =

contacted area total area

Waterflooding/Introduction 7

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS

Figure: Sketch of areal (top) and vertical sweep

Figure 15: Sketch of areal sweep efficiency

Therefore, using all definitions, oil recovery equation becomes;

Soi Vp N p = E DE A E v B o
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

(49)
8

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
To determine recovery, we need to estimate EA, ED, and EV from: 1. correlations 2. scaled laboratory experiments 3. numerical simulation Areal sweep efficiency data is obtained from Craig (1980). Correlations are for displacements in homogeneous, confined patterns.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
EA , is a function of mobility ratio (M) and injected volumes (Vd);

From curve, we can conclude that EA: 1. increases with increasing throughput (Vd), injection volumes 2. increases with decreasing mobility ratio (M)

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

10

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Mobility ratio (M) is defined as ratio of pressure gradients behind and ahead of displacement front (Prats, 1982): Also defined as ratio of mobilities of displacing (ing) and displaced (ed) phases, with; ing= water=krw/w and ed= oil=kro/o Mobility ratio (M) writes as:

M=

water k rw / w k rw o = = oil k ro / o k ro w

(50)

Debate about krw value; krw for water-contacted portion of reservoir kro in oil bank; 2 different saturations
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 11

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Mobility ratio (M) is: M= where, krw( S w); evaluated at average water saturation behind front at BT, S w kro(Swc); evaluated in oil bank ahead of front, Swc Mobility ratio characterizes stability of displacement front; 1. M is constant before breakthrough. 2. M increases after breakthrough. 3. if M < 1, displacement is stable. 4. if M > 1, displacement is unstable. 5. if M > 1, viscous fingering and early breakthrough. k rw (S w ) / w k rw (S w ) o = k ro (S wc ) / o k ro (S wc ) w (50)

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

12

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Viscous fingering also results in prolonged injection to achieve sweep out. M= k rw (S w ) / w k rw (S w ) o = k ro (S wc ) / o k ro (S wc ) w

Need to optimize injection rate, qw, and number of injectors by using voidage replacement.

water

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

13

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
M, end-point mobility ratio, is:

M' =
where,

k ' (S orw ) / w
rw

k ro (S wc ) / o

k ' (Sorw ) o
rw

k ro (S wc ) w

(52)

krw is end-point relative permeability at Sorw kro is end-point relative permeability at Swc

If M < 1 and M < 1, piston-like displacement.

For waterflooding, typical mobility ratio range is; 0.02 < M < 2

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

14

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Vertical Sweep Efficiency It is defined as sum of darker shaded areas for each layer divided by sum of lighter and darker shaded areas (figure below);

Vertical sweep depends on: 1. heterogeneity 2. gravity 3. mobility ratio 4. capillary forces 5. throughput
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 15

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Vertical Sweep Efficiency 1. heterogeneity stratified layers with different perm breakthrough earlier in layer 1 sweep out when layer 4 breakthrough

Layer 1

Layer 4

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

16

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Vertical Sweep Efficiency 2. Gravity Effect important with good vertical communication for large RL;

L kv RL = H k
where,

0 .5

L= distance injector/producer H= reservoir thickness kv= vertical permeability k= areal permeability practically speaking, kv < k L > H (gravity is an issue in waterflooding)
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 17

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Vertical Sweep Efficiency 2. Gravity Effect gravity forces are strong compared to viscous forces; Ng is large;

Ng =

gravity forces kg kk rw ( w o )g = = viscous forces w

= mobility of displacing fluid = density difference (displacing-displaced) = superficial velocity

where,

injection at low rate, higher Ng L > H (gravity is an issue in waterflooding)

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

18

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Vertical Sweep Efficiency 2. Gravity Effect gravity tonguing occur for large RL and Ng.

water

oil

water bypasses oil in upper region. CO2 injection for EOR.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

19

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Displacement Sweep Efficiency It is defined as;

ED =

mobilizedoil volume contactedoil volume

efficiency is directly measured from a core flood (since Ev=1). can also be evaluated from Buckley-Leverett. for immiscible displacement ED is bounded by residual oil saturation, Sor. ED is a function of: Mobility ratio ED as M (increasing water, polymer) Throughput Wettability Dip angle Capillary number

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

20

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Trapped Oil Saturation Trapping occurs because of high capillary forces. Capillary number, Nc, indicates that trapping occurs because of high capillary forces;

Nc =
where,

ww ow
ow=oil/water interfacial tension w=water superficial velocity w=water viscosity

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

21

DISPLACEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Trapped Oil Saturation Capillary de-saturation curves (CDC) indicates that for waterflooding, 10-7Nc10-5.

For Sor to drop from 0.3 to 0.2, Nc has to increase to 5*10-4 (polymer flooding).

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

22

APPLICATION OF FRACTIONAL FLOW THEORY IN OIL RECOVERY CALCULATIONS

Oil recovery is estimated depending on type of reservoir: 1. Homogeneous; Buckley-Leverett Method

2. Layered or Stratified; Stiles Method Dykstra-Parsons/Johnson Method

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

23

HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIRS
Buckley-Leverett Method Before water breakthrough, oil recovery is equal to injected water. Let us estimate oil recovery after breakthrough as well.

After breakthrough at producing well, x 2 =L , let Wid = i =dimensionless LA number of injected pore volumes, with 1 PV = LA.

Figure 15 shows water saturation distributions at breakthrough and at a later time.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

24

HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIRS

1-Sor Swbt

Saturation profile at t > tb

S w Sw
Swe

Sw
Swc

Sw
Saturation profile at breakthrough, tb Swbt=Swf

Figure 15: Water saturation distributions at breakthrough and after, in a linear waterflood

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

25

HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIRS
At breakthrough, front reaches production well and water saturation= S wf . Behind front, water saturation increases suddenly from S wc to S w . This confirms existence of shock front. Let us denote,
qid = qi LA

(45)

Dimensionless oil production at breakthrough is:

N pd bt = Wid bt = qid t bt =(Sw Swc ) = wbt S wc

1 dfw dS w Swbt

(46)

Using Equation (32)

t bt = Wid bt qid

(47)

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

26

HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIRS
After breakthrough, both oil and water will be produced;
1 Wi = = Wid LA dfw dS w Swe

(48)

At this stage to evaluate oil recoveries,

Sw = Swe + (1 fwe )
1 dfw dS w Swe

(49)

Or,

Sw = Swe + (1 fwe ) Wid

(50)

Subtract Swc from both sides of equation, post breakthrough recovery is estimated from:
N pd = Sw Swc = Swe Swc + (1 fwe )Wid
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

(51)
27

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
Stiles Method Method applies for layered reservoirs when mobility ratio is close to 1.0. Stiles uses following assumptions; 1. Formation is linear and made up of a number of layers of constant thickness. 2. No fluid crossflow takes place between layers. 3. Displacement is piston like (length of transition zone is zero). 4. Position of front in each layer is directly proportional to absolute permeability of layer. 5. Volume of water injected depends on layer capacity, kihi. 6. Layers may have different thickness and absolute permeability.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

28

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
Figure 16 shows stratified reservoir with 6 layers. Natural layering is reordered in a sequence of layers with decreasing permeability.
Natural layering Re-ordered layers

Figure 16: Arranged stratified reservoir

Layers are numbered from highest permeability (top) to lowest (bottom). For n layers, permeabilities are; k1 (highest), k2,..kn (lowest) and respective thicknesses are; h1, h2,.. hn.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

29

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
Total recoverable oil, in standard barrels, is:
N pt ( STB ) = WHL (1 Sw c Sor ) 7758Bo

(52)

H L Bo

where,

= reservoir width, ft = porosity, fraction = total reservoir thickness, ft = reservoir length, ft = oil formation volume factor, (bbl/stb)

Following example shows implementation of Stiles method for a reservoir with seven layers.
Absolute k-md Thickness-ft 210 20 190 12 70 5 50 7 30 15 10 30 3 18

Figure 17: Permeability and thickness lay out

1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 30

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
At time tj when jth layer breaks through, most of oil has already been produced from layers above, having higher perm. Since velocities of flood front in each layer are proportional to absolute perm, fractional recovery at tj in j+1 layer (for constant layer thickness) is:
K j +1 Kj

(53)

In the above example, fractional recovery in layer 2 at time t1 layer 1 broke through is:
K 2 190 = = 0.905 K1 210

(54)

That is to say that over 90% of layer 2 is flooded out.

1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 31

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
Otherwise, recovery at time tj is given by:

Rj = R ( t j ) =

hi +
i =1

i = j +1

hi
i

Ki Kj

h
i =1

(55)

First term in numerator refers to flooded out layers, while second term refers to partially flooded portion.
H = hi , h j = hi
i =1 i =1 n j

(56)

Using definitions of above equation, one can write;

R j = R (t j ) = 1 hj + kj

i = j +1

h K
i

(57)

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

32

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
We can also write Equation (57) as:
hj H

Rj =

(C

Cj )

K jH

(58)

where,
Ct = K i hi , C j = K j hi
i =1 i =1 n j

(59)

Fractional flow of water at breakthrough, for layer j, at bottomhole (60) and surface conditions (61), are defined as;
fw ( t j ) = MC j

MC j + (Ct C j )

(60)

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

33

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
fws ( t j ) = AC j + (Ct C j ) AC j

(61)

Fractional flow of water at surface is evaluated considering formation volume factors of oil and water. where,
M= K rw o K ro w

(62)

and
A= K rw o Bo K ro w Bw

(63)

Recall that;

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

34

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
qw fws ( t j ) = q q + o surface w

(64)

Table 4 summarizes Stiles example results. Oil and fluid properties are included in table. Revise calculations.
Exercise using Stiles Method
Bw = Bo = w = o = Recoverable oil= A= Layer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.02 1.37 0.6 cp 0.83 cp 100,000 STB 0.699249772 absolute k-md h 210 190 70 50 30 10 3 krw = kro = 0.35 0.93

h 20 12 5 7 15 30 18 20 32 37 44 59 89 107

kh 4200 2280 350 350 450 300 54

kh 4200 6480 6830 7180 7630 7930 7984

R at bt Np-STB fw 0.3553 35532 0.3730 37304 0.4999 49987 0.5615 56150 0.6617 66168 0.8822 88224 1.0000 100000

0.4370 0.7508 0.8054 0.8620 0.9378 0.9904 1.0000

Table 4: Stiles results for provided example

1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction 35

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
Figure 18 depicts fractional flow of water versus cumulative oil recovered using Stiles method.

Stiles Method
1.00 0.90 0.80 fw 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0 20000 40000 Np 60000 80000 100000

Figure 18: Recovery at breakthrough for all the layers

Note that 80,000 STB recovered at water cuts >90% may be uneconomical?

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

36

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
Dykstra-Parsons-Johnson Method Relates waterflood recovery (R), initial water saturation (Sw), mobility (M), permeability distribution (V), and producing water-oil ratio (WOR). Correlation based on layered linear model with no crossflow. More than 200 flood tests made on more than 40 California sand cores. Figure 19 to Figure 22 ( next slides) show Johnson correlations.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

37

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS
Dykstra-Parsons-Johnson Method Vertical variation V is calculated from statistical analysis of permeability distribution; 1. by plotting permeability values on a log probability paper and 2. choosing best straight line through points.
V = K50 K84.1 K 50

(65)

with K50 = mean permeability; value with 50% probability K84.1 = permeability @ 84.1% of cumulative sample

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

38

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS

R (1 Sw ) = 0.15 R= 0.15 = 0 .27 1 0.45

V = 0.54 M = 1.8 Sw = 0.45

Figure 19: Johnson's correlation for a producing water oil ratio (WOR) of 1

Fractional oil recovery by both primary methods and waterflooding as portion of oil initially in place.
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

39

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS

Figure 20: Johnson's correlation for a producing water oil ratio (WOR) of 5

For WOR<100, mobility ratio is better estimated as: M =

1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

k rw (S w ) / w k rw (S w ) o = k ro (S wc ) / o k ro (S wc ) w
40

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS

Figure 21: Johnson's correlation for a producing water oil ratio (WOR) of 25

For WOR=100, end-point mobility ratio is: M =

'
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

k ' (Sorw ) / w
rw

k ro (S wc ) / o

k ' (Sorw ) o
rw

k ro (S wc ) w
41

STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS

Figure 22: Johnson's correlation for a producing water oil ratio (WOR) of 100

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

42

Other Prediction Methods

Guthrie-Greenberger Method Based 73 sandstone reservoirs with water drive or combined water and gas drives.

E R = 0.2719 log k + 0.25569 S w 0.1355 log o 1.5380 0.0003488 h + 0.114403

Model implies that water drive recovery efficiency is lower in reservoirs with higher porosity!

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

43

Other Prediction Methods

API Statistical Study Based 312 reservoirs with water drive from sandstone reservoirs and for solution gas drive recoveries from sandstones and carbonates.

(1 S w ) E R = 54 .898 B oi
where,

0 .0422

k wi oi

0 .0770

(S w )

0 .1903

Pi P a

0 .2159

k [=] darcies wi [=] water viscosity@ Pi oi [=] oil viscosity @ Pi Correlation based on water drive performance has limited usefulness for waterflooding projects.

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

44

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern

Given;
Well spacing, acres Thickness, ft Average permeability, md Porosity, % Connate water saturation, %PV Current average gas saturation, %PV o @ Po w Po Current oil recovery, % OIIP Boi @ Poi Bo @ Po Flooding pattern Pattern area*, acres rw, ft
*5-spot contains 1 injector, 1 producer
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

20 50 10 20 10 15 1.0 0.5 1,000 psi 10.4 1.29 1.20 5-spot using existing wells 40 1.0
45

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern

Given;
Sw, fraction 0.10 0.30 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 kro, fraction 1.000 0.373 0.210 0.148 0.100 0.061 0.033 0.012 0.000 krw, fraction 0.000 0.070 0.169 0.226 0.300 0.376 0.476 0.600 0.740 fw, fraction 0.0000 0.2729 0.6168 0.7533 0.8571 0.9250 0.9665 0.9901 1.0000

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

46

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern

Waterflood displacement performance;

Swf, fraction 0.469 0.495 0.520 0.546 0.572 0.597 0.622 0.649 0.674 0.700 fwf, fraction 0.798 0.848 0.888 0.920 0.946 0.965 0.980 0.990 0.996 1.000 dfw/dSw 2.16 1.75 1.41 1.13 0.851 0.649 0.477 0.317 0.195 0.102

cum. pore volumes needed to reach Swf Qi, PV 0.463 0.572 0.711 0.887 1.176 1.540 2.100 3.157 5.13 9.80

Sw ,

fraction 0.563 0.582 0.600 0.617 0.636 0.652 0.666 0.681 0.694 0.700

We can also write that S w = S wf + Q ifo

1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

47

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern

relative permeability, fractional and differential fractional flow curves;

S w = 0 .563
1
0.9 0.8 0.7

2.5

kro

krw

0.9 0.8 0.7

fw, fraction

kr, fraction

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4

Sw , fraction

dfw/dSw

0.6

Swf = 0.469

1.5

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.4

0.5
Sw , fraction

0.6

0.7

Sw, fraction

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

48

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Calculation of mobility ratio;

M=

k rw (Sw ) / w k rw (Sw ) o 0.4 1.0 = = ( ) = 0.8 k ro (Swc ) / o k ro (Swc ) w 1.0 0.5

Calculation of ultimate waterflood recovery; initial stock tank oil in place in a pore volume of 1 barrel;
S oi 1 S wc 0.90 = = = 0.698 stb B oi B oi 1.29

at producing water cut = 98%, remaining oil in 1 bbl is; S o 1 S w 0.334 = = = 0.278 stb Bo Bo 1.2

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

49

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Calculation of ultimate waterflood recovery; remaining oil in un-swept portion or reservoir in 1bbl; S oi 1 S wc 0.90 = = = 0.75 stb Bo Bo 1 .2 estimate volumetric sweep efficiency using; 1 V 2 1 ( 0 .5 ) 2 = = 0.9375 M 0 .8 total oil remaining in 1 bbl is;

0 .9375 * 0 .278 + (1 0 .9375 ) * 0 .75 = 0 .75 stb

total oil recovery is:

( 0 .698 0 .3075 ) = 0 .559 or 55 .9 % of OIIP 0 .698

1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

50

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite WOR-recovery performance; Dykstra-Parsons is recommended method

55 .9 10 .4 = 45 .5% of OIIP
Calculate fractional oil recovery at producing WORs of 1, 5; @ M=0.8 and V=0.5, for WOR=1, ER(1-Sw) =.200 ER=0.20/(1-Sw)=0.20/0.90= 0.222 @ M=0.8 and V=0.5, for WOR=5, ER(1-0.72*Sw) =.29 ER=0.29/(1-0.72*Sw)=0.29/0.928= 0.312
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

51

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite WOR-recovery performance; Calculate fractional oil recovery at producing WORs of 25, 100; @ M=0.8 and V=0.5, for WOR=25, ER(1-0.52*Sw) =.38 ER=0.20/(1-0.52*Sw)=0.38/0.948= 0.400 @ M=0.8 and V=0.5, for WOR=5, ER(1-0.40*Sw) =.43 ER=0.20/(1-0.40*Sw)=0.43/0.96= 0.459

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

52

Other Prediction Methods

Example waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite WOR-recovery performance; Tabulate fractional oil recovery at producing WORs of 1, 5, 25, 100;
WOR 1 5 25 100 % OIIP 22.2 31.2 40.0 45.9 Waterflooding RF* 11.8 20.8 29.6 35.5

*- Primary recovery=10.4

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

53

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite injection and production rates, WOR, and recovery vs time Calculation approach of Craig, Geffen, and Morse (1955) to relate oil recovery and producing WOR to cumulative injected water. Correlation of Caudle and Witte (1959) for calculating five-spot water injection rates. For layered system with identical properties except permeability, determine performance of one base layer, for others adjust performance using permeability contrast. For stratified reservoir with layers differing in krw/kro, performance of each layer is calculated individually. Composite performance is sum of individual layer performance.
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

54

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Performance of 5-spot flood approximates that of many other patterns. Minimum number of layers* of equal thickness required to obtain performance of 100-layer 5-spot waterflood @ WOR above 2.5.
Mobility Ratio 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 *Craig, 1970
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

Permeability Variation, V 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 0.2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 0.3 2 2 2 2 3 4 10 0.4 4 4 4 4 4 10 20 0.5 10 10 10 10 10 20 50 0.6 20 20 20 20 20 50 100 0.7 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.8 20 100 100 100 100 100 100
55

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern

Minimum number of layers* of equal thickness required to obtain performance of 100-layer 5-spot waterflood @ WOR above 5.
Mobility Ratio 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 *Craig, 1970
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

Permeability Variation, V 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 0.2 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 0.3 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 0.4 4 4 4 4 4 5 10 0.5 5 10 10 10 10 10 20 0.6 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 0.7 10 10 20 20 20 50 100 0.8 20 100 100 100 100 100 100

56

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern

Minimum number of layers* of equal thickness required to obtain performance of 100-layer 5-spot waterflood @ WOR above 10.
Mobility Ratio 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 *Craig, 1970
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

Permeability Variation, V 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 0.3 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 0.4 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 0.5 4 5 5 5 5 10 10 0.6 5 5 5 5 10 10 100 0.7 10 10 10 10 10 20 100 0.8 20 20 20 20 50 100 100

57

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite injection and production rates, WOR, and recovery vs time Water injection with no free gas initially present;
S wsz S wc E Abt (S w S wc )

determine N pu = estimate 1 - Npu

calculate N ps = fo 2 (1 N pu ) determine Npu + Nps

1 ( N ps + N pu ) calculate WOR p = ( N ps + N pu )
1/19/2011 Waterflooding/Introduction

58

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite injection and production rates, WOR, and recovery vs time Water injection with no free gas initially present;

determine WOR = WOR p * Bo estimate S w S wc in swept area calculate E A (S w S wc ) S gi

E A (S w S wc ) S gi determine Soi
calculate

E A (S w S wc ) S gi * STOIIP S oi
Waterflooding/Introduction

1/19/2011

59

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite injection and production rates, WOR, and recovery vs time Water injection with no free gas initially present;

use krw vs Sw curve determine M from get

from Figure 1

calculate iw= ibase determine iw,average

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

60

Other Prediction Methods

Waterflood performance with time for 5-spot pattern Composite injection and production rates, WOR, and recovery vs time Water injection with no free gas initially present;

determine Wi estimate t = Wi/iw,average determine t = (t) calculate q = iw(Npu + Nps)/Bo determine iw,average

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

61

Other Prediction Methods

1/19/2011

Waterflooding/Introduction

62