ELASTIC THEORY FOR USE IN SOILS

SYMBOLS Notation a slope length of loaded area b half width of loaded rectangular area B full width of loaded rectangular area I influence factor or coefficient K coefficient L full length of loaded rectangular area m B/z n L/z N number of areas covered on influence chart q intensity of loading per unit area Q load r radius on horizontal plane R distance from surface origin x distance in x direction from origin y distance in y direction from origin z distance in z direction from origin normal stress shearing stress Poisson's ratio ,o,1,2 angle Subscripts where not defined above r in the radial direction x in the x direction y in the y direction z in the z direction v in the vertical direction t in the tangential direction l major principal value 3 minor principal value rz in the radial direction on a plane perpendicular to z direction xz in the radial direction on a plane perpendicular to z direction 2. BOUSSINESQ EQUATIONS The equations expressing the stress components caused by a perpendicular, point, surface force, at points within an elastic, isotropic, homogeneous mass which extends infinitely in all directions from a level surface, are attributed to Boussinesq (1885). Other point load solutions are given in the Appendix. The equations given for the Boussinesq problem, based on the coordinates shown in Figure 1 are 3 Q z3 3 Q (cos5 ) ' z ' (1) 2 (r 2 % z 2)5/2 2 z2 r ' Q 2 3 r2 z (r % z 2)5/2
2

Dimensional Analysis L L L L M L-1 T-2 M L T-2 L L L L L M L-1 T-2 M L-1 T-2 Angle

Extensive use has been made of elastic theory applied to the case of an homogeneous isotropic elastic half space assuming that the elastic parameters are uniform throughout the half-space. In nature the rigidity of soils generally increase with depth as a consequence of the increasing effective overburden pressure. Gibson (1967) has shown that for incompressible soils ( = 0.5) the elastic half space stress changes, caused by a surface vertical load, are identical irrespective of whether the Figure 1. Defined stress directions in cylindrical elastic modulus is uniform throughout, or increases linearly with coordinates for a vertical depth from a surface value of zero. It point load on the surface of a semi-infinite solid. is therefore reasonable to assume that, in relatively homogeneous isotropic soils where the pseudo-elastic modulus increases approximately linear with depth but is not necessarily zero at the surface, the stress increases, due to a vertical surface load, will approximate those given by the assumption of uniformity of elastic parameters throughout. Note that the assumption of stress similarity does not imply strain similarity, indeed the deformations obtained in Gibson's comparison are greatly different.

&
2 2

1 & 2 r % z % z (r 2 % z 2)

1. INTRODUCTION (1 &2) cos2 Q (2) 3 sin2 cos3 & ' In many problems, particularly those related to settlements, it is 2 1 % cos 2 z necessary to determine the stresses or increases in stresses in a soil mass. 1 z It has generally been found that if the factor of safety of the soil mass with ' & Q (1&2) & t 2 2 2 respect to ultimate bearing capacity failure exceeds a value of three (and (r 2%z 2)3/2 r %z % z (r 2%z 2) in many cases less) the increases in stress in the soil are approximately equal to those computed on the assumption that the soil is perfectly linear cos2 Q (1&2) (3) cos3 & ' & elastic. One of the main reasons for this similarity is that according to 2 (1 % cos) 2z linear elastic theory, constant ratios always exist between stresses and 3 Q r z2 3 Q sin cos4 strains. For the theory to be applicable, the real requirement is not that the ' ' (4) material necessarily be elastic, but that there must be constant ratios rz 2 (r 2 % z 2)5/2 2 z2 between stresses and the corresponding strains for the applied loading. where z is the vertical increment of stress Therefore, in non-elastic soil masses the elastic theory may be applied to r is the radial increment of stress any case in which stresses and strains may reasonably be assumed to t is the tangential increment of stress adhere to constant ratios. Some types of loading on soils cause strains rz is the shear increment of stress which are everywhere approximately proportional to the stresses; under Q is the applied increment of surface load other loading conditions such as those in which failure in shear is z is the depth of the required stress imminent, the strains are anything but proportional to the stresses. Clearly r is the radial distance of the required stress from the point of elastic theory would be applicable to the former case only. application, and thus: r ' tan&1 (5) z Examination of equation (1) shows that the increase in vertical stress

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 q is independent of the Poisson's ratio . Unfortunately the lateral increases x ' &sin cos % 2 (12) 1 in stress require a knowledge of Poisson's ratio. Where the lateral increase in stress are required they are commonly, but not always, obtained using q 2 2 (13) = 0.5. That is the soil is assumed incompressible. This is a reasonable xz ' sin 1 assumption for dense granular soils and for the initial loading of saturated clays. Even so it is not uncommon to use the same stresses, where where required, during and after consolidation due to the difficulty of estimating x & b 1 ' tan&1 an effective stress Poisson's ratio. (14) z x % b 3. STRESSES BELOW UNIFORMLY LOADED AREAS 2 ' tan&1 (15) z A load Q applied to a given surface area A can be divided into an b = half width of the loaded strip infinite number of discrete point loads (Q dA/A). If the foundation soil x = horizontal distance from a vertical plane along the centre line of the is assumed to behave similar to an elastic solid then the stresses produced loaded strip by the total load are equal to the sum of the stresses produced by the point loads. Thus the resultant state of stress for the applied load can be found For this case the principal stresses may be obtained as q by integration of a number of point loads. ( % sino) 1 ' (16) o q 2 ' ( & sino) (17) o where o ' 2 & 1 (18)

Figure 2. Strip loading on surface of semi-infinite solid. (a) Line Load: Integration of the Boussinesq equations for the stresses at an arbitrary point within an elastic solid result, for the stresses within the plane perpendicular to the line load, in the equations 2 QR z 3 2 QR cos4 ' z ' (6) z (x 2 % z 2)2 x ' xy ' 2QR z x 2 (x 2 % z 2)2 2QR z 2 x ' 2 QR z cos2 sin2 (7)

Figure 3. Contours of equal vertical stress below (a) uniform strip loading; (b) circular loading; (c) square loading.

2 QR cos3 sin ' (8) z (x 2 % z 2)2 where QR = the load per unit length ' tan&1 x/z (9) x = the horizontal distance of the point from the vertical plane below the load It should be noted that the equations are independent of Poisson's ratio. The stress parallel to the line load would, of course, be dependent on Poisson's ratio y ' (z % x) (10)

Hence for every point on a circle through the edges of the loaded strip and the given point the principal stresses have the same intensity and the direction of those principal stresses passes through the intersection between the circle and the plane of symmetry of the loaded strip.

(c) Circular and Rectangular Loaded Areas: The integration of the Bousinesq Equation for circular and rectangular areas has been solved by Love (1929). The solutions are given in the Appendix. Unfortunately the solutions involve comprehensive equations which do not lend themselves to easy calculation. They can be easily solved on a digital computer and typical solutions for (b) Strip Loading: Similarly for the strip loading with a uniform loading the vertical stress, shown in graphical form, are given in Figure 3. per unit area as shown in Figure 2. Examination of these figures indicates that the curves are in the form of q bulbs. These bulbs are commonly called "bulbs of pressure". sin cos % 2 z ' (11) 1

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4. INFLUENCE CHARTS In order to calculate the stresses at a point below irregular shaped uniformly loaded area Newmark (1942) developed what are known as influence charts. These charts are similar to that shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 may be used for the calculation of the vertical stress as follows: the uniformed loaded area is first drawn to scale such that the distance OQ equals the depth at which the stress is required, (2) the drawn to scale area is then located so that the centre of the chart is directly above the location of the point on the drawn scaled area of the required vertical stress, (3) the vertical stress is then calculated from the product of three quantities (a) the chart influence values (I) times (b) the number of influence blocks (N) covered by the area times (c) the value of the uniform surface pressure (q) below the loaded area. i.e. v ' I.N.q (19) Other charts have been prepared for vertical stresses and various shaped areas. Typical of these charts for a rectangular loaded area is Figure 5 and for an embankment loadings is Figure 6. 5. ASSUMED CONTACT PRESSURE FOR THE CALCULATION OF FOUNDATION STRESSES The term contact pressure indicates the normal stress at the surface of contact between a footing and the supporting earth. On an elastic semi infinite solid with uniform parameters a uniformly loaded area produces a bowl-shape settlement. On the other hand, if the elastic modulus increases linearly with depth from zero at the surface and Poisson's ratio equals a half, the settlement would be uniform (Gibson 1967). Such a response of uniform settlement or settlement proportional to the contact pressure is known as a "Winkler" foundation and may be modelled as an elastic spring foundation. The distribution of contact pressure on a rigid footing may be expected to depend very much on the uniformity of the elastic constants within a depth of one or two footing widths below the contact surface and the relative magnitude of the load increase in relation to the overburden stresses. Large footings on heavily overconsolidated clays and small model footings on dense sands tend to behave as footings on semi-infinite elastic solids with constant elastic parameters. Thus the contact pressures below rigid footings are greater at the footing perimeters than at their centres. Large footings on sands perform much closer to those represented by a "Winkler" foundation. Foundations on soft clays generally have low factors of safety and the soft clays are subject to nonlinear behaviour. Linear elasticity is generally inappropriate. Fortunately as the point in the foundation soil where the required stresses are to be estimated moves further from the contact area the contact stress distribution has less and less effect on the estimated stresses. Thus for the calculation of foundation soil stresses it is normal practice to assume a uniform distribution of contact stress. This assumption, however, is not necessarily valid when calculating the foundation design moments as discussed elsewhere. 6. REFERENCES Boussinesq, J. (1885) "Applications Des Potentiels a l'etude de l'equilibre et du Mouvement Des Solids Elastiques", Gather-Villars. Fadum, R.E. (1948) "Influence Values for Estimating Stresses in Elastic Foundations", Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam, Volume 3, pp. 77-84. (1)

(TA710.I6t). Gibson, R.E. (1967) "Some Results Concerning Displacements and Stresses in a Non-homogeneous Elastic Half-Space", Geotechnique, Volume 17, No. 1, pp. 58-67. (TA1.G3). Love, A.E.H. (1929) "The Stress Produced in a Semi Infinite Solid by Pressure on Part of the Boundary", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Volume 228, pp. 377-420. (Q1.L84). Newmark, N.M. (1942) "Influence Charts for Computation of Stresses in Elastic Foundations", University of Illinois, Engineering Experimental Station, Bulletin Series no. 338, p. 28. Osterberg, J.O. (1957) "Influence Values for Vertical Stresses in a Semi Infinite Mass Due to an Embankment Loading", Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, Volume 1, pp. 393-394. (TA710.I6t).

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Figure 4. Influence chart for vertical stress under any shaped uniform surface load. (e.g. Newmark, 1942)

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Figure 5. Vertical stress under corner of a rectangular area carrying a uniform pressure (e.g. Fadum, 1948).

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Figure 6. Vertical stress below centre line of half an embankment (e.g. Osterberg, 1957).

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APPENDIX
3 z13 KELVIN SOLUTION:- Point load within an infinite elastic mass. Q Solutions given are for a vertical point load Q acting downwards in the z ' 8(1 & ) [ R 5 1 z-direction, and at the origin of the axis (z-axis positive downwards) (1 & 2 ) z1 (1 & 2) (z & 2c) % & within an infinite elastic mass. These are as follows (symbols as for 3 R R3 1 Boussinesq solution): 3 & 12 (2 & ) c z 2 % 18c 2 z 3 (3 & 4 ) z % (1 &2) z 3z 3 Q 5 % z ' (20) R 8(1 & ) (z 2 % r 2)3/2 (z 2 % r 2)5/2 3

(33)

3r 2 z (1 & 2) z Q r ' & & 8 (1 & ) (z 2 % r 2)5/2 (z 2 % r 2)3/2

30 c z (z & c ) R7

(21)
r z '

t '
r z

(1 & 2) z Q 8(1 & ) (z 2 % r 2)3/2

(22) (23)

3 z1 3 1 & 2 1 & 2 Q r [ % & 8(1 & ) R15 R13 R3 3 (3 & 4) z 2 & 6 (3 & 2 ) c z % 6 c 2 R5 30 c z 3 (z & c ) ] % R7 %

(1 & 2) r 3r z 2 Q ' & % 8(1 & ) (z 2 % r 2)5/2 (z 2%r 2)5/2

(34)

CERRUTI SOLUTION:- Point load on surface in x-direction. Solutions given are for a point load Q, acting at the origin and in the xdirection, on and parallel to the surface of a semi-infinite (i.e, half space) elastic mass. These are as follows (symbols and axis as for Boussinesq solution):
x '
y '

z1 ' z & 2 c R1 ' r %

2 2 2 z1 2 2

(35) (36) (37)

R ' x % y % z

Q x 2 R 3
Q x 2R 3

3x 2 R2
3 y2 R2

&
&

(1 & 2) (R % z )2
(1 & 2) (R % z)2

2R y 2 R & y & R % z
2 2

(24) (25) (26)

2R x 2 3R 2 & x 2 & R % z

z '
xy '

3Q x z 2 2 R5
Q y 2R 3 3x 3 R2 % (1 & 2) (R % z)2 & R2 % x2 % 2R x 2 R % z

(27) (28) (29) (30)

yz ' zx '

3Q x y z 2 R 5 3Q x 2 z 2 R
5

MINDLIN PROBLEM 2 SOLUTION:- Horizontal point load 'c' below surface. Solutions given are for a horizontal point load Q acting in the xdirection a distance 'c' below the surface of a semi-infinite (i.e, half space) elastic mass. The origin of the axis is a distance 'c' above the surface and directly above the point load. These are as follows (symbols and axis as for the Boussinesq solution; note different origin): 3 x2 & Q x [ & x ' 8(1 & ) R15 & % (1 & 2) R13 % 1 & 2 R3 (38)

3 x 2 & 6(3 & 2) c z % 18 c 2

where R ' x 2 % y 2 % z 2

MINDLIN PROBLEM 1 SOLUTION:- Vertical point load 'c' below surface. Solutions given are for a vertical point load Q acting downwards a distance 'c' below the surface of a semi-infinite (i.e, half space) elastic mass. The origin of the axis is a distance 'c' above the surface and directly above the point load. These are as follows (symbols and axis as for Boussinesq solution; note different origin):
r ' & Q & [ 8(1 & ) R15 R13 4 (1 & ) (1 & 2) % R (R % z ) 2 (7 & 5) z % 12 (1 & ) c % R3 3 (3 & 4) z 3 & 6(7 & 2) c z 2 % 24c 2 z % R5 30c z 3 (z & c ) % ] R7 3z13 2 (1 % ) z1

R5 30c x 2 (z & c ) ] % R7 3 y2 & Q x [ & y ' 8(1 & ) R15 % % % 1 & 2 R13 % R3

1 & 2 (39)

3 y 2 & 6(1 & 2) c z % 6 c 2 R5 30c y 2 (z & c ) R7 ]

(31)

z '

3 z1 & Q x [ & 8(1 & ) R15 1 & 2 1 & 2 % % R13 R3 % % 3 z 2 & 6(1 & 2) c z % 6 c 2 R5 30c z 2 (z & c ) R7 ]

(40)

t '

(1 & 2) z1 & Q [ 8(1 & ) R13 4 (1 & ) (1 & 2) & R (R % z ) (1 & 2) (3 & 4) & 6 (1 & 2) c % R3 2 6 (1&2) c z & 6 c 2 z ] % R5

(32)

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x y '

3 x2 & Q x [ & 8(1 & ) R15 1 & 2 1 & 2 & % R13 R3 % % 3 x 2 & 6 c (z & c) R5 30 c x (z & c )
2 7

Xxy ' loge Vxx ' & (41) & Vyy ' & &

(z%A) (z%C) (z%B) (z%D) a & x (a & x)2 % z 2 a % x (a % x)2 % z 2 b & y (b & y)2 % z 2 b % y

(55) b & y b % y % A D b & y b % y % B C a & x a % x % A B a & x a % x % D C b & y b % y % A D b & y b % y % B C a & x a % x % A B b & y b % y % B C

(56)

R 3 z1 & Q x y [ & z y ' 8(1 & ) R15 3z % 6 (1 & 2) c 30 c z (z & c ) ] % % R5 R7 3 x 2 z1 (1 & 2 ) z1 & Q [ & z x ' & 5 3 8(1 & ) R1 R1 (1 & 2) z1 3x 2 z % % R3 R5 6 (1 & 2) c x 2 & 6 c z (z & c) % R5 30 c x 2 z (z & c ) ] % R7 where z1 ' z & 2 c R1 ' r 2 % z1
2

(57) (58) (59)

(b % y)2 % z 2 Vzz ' & Vxx % Vyy (42) Vxy ' & Vxy ' & z (a & x)2 % z 2 z (a % x) % z z
2 2

(43)

(b & y)2 % z 2 z
2 2

(60)

(44) (45) (46)

R ' x2 % y2 % z2

RECTANGULAR LOAD: Uniform load on footing 2a by 2b in size. Footing has 2a-dimension in x-direction and 2b-dimension in ydirection. Origin is at centre of surface loaded area on a semi-infinite elastic solid. Z-axis is downwards p 2Vz & (1 & 2)Xxx & z Vxx x ' (47) 2 p y ' 2 Vz & (1 & 2)Xyy & z Vyy (48) 2 p z ' V & z Vzz (49) 2 z p yz ' & z Vyz (50) 2 p zx ' & z Vzx (51) 2 p xy ' & (1 & 2) Xxy % z Vxy (52) 2 b & y b % y % tan&1 Xxx ' tan&1 a & x a & x z (b & y) z (b % y) & tan&1 & tan&1 A (a & x) D (a & x) (53) b & y b % y % tan&1 % tan&1 a % x a % x z (b % y) &1 z (b & y) & tan & tan&1 B (a % x) C (a % x) a & x a % x % tan&1 Xyy ' tan&1 b & y b & y z (a & x) z (a % x) & tan&1 & tan&1 A (b & y) B (b & y) (54) a & x a % x % tan&1 % tan&1 b % y b % y &1 z (a & x) &1 z (a % x) & tan & tan D (b % y) C (b % y)

(a % x) % z 1 1 1 1 & % & Vzx ' A B C D V z ' &2 (a & x) (b & y) % cos&1 (a & x)2 % z 2 (b & y)2 % z 2 (a & x) (b % y) % cos&1 (a & x)2 % z 2 (b % y)2 % z 2 (a % x) (b & y) % cos&1 (a % x)2 % z 2 (b & y)2 % z 2 (a % x) (b % y) % cos&1 (a % x)2 % z 2 (b % y)2 % z 2 A ' (x & a)2 % (y & b)2 % z 2 B ' (x % a) % (y & b) % z C ' (x % a) % (y % b) % z
2 2 2 2 2 2

(61)

(62)

(63) (64) (65) (66)

D ' (x & a)2 % (y % b)2 % z 2 cos-1 between 0 and , and tan-1 between -/2 and +/2.

CIRCULAR LOAD: Acting on area of radius a Footing has radius a in r-direction. Origin is at centre on loaded area that is on the surface of a semi-infinite elastic solid. z-axis downwards. p 2 Vz & (1 & 2) Xr r & z Vr r r ' (67) 2 p t ' 2 Vz & (1 & 2) Xr r 2 (68) (1 & 2) p z & Xr % Vr 2 r r p z ' Vz & z Vzz (69) 2 z r z ' & V (70) 2 r z &t r ' r z ' 0 (71) where a 2 z B z(2a 2 % 2r 2 % z 2) & % Xr ' r B r r (72) a2 & r2 (k,) & ( & ) (k,) & r

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Xr r ' & %

a2 r
2

&

z B r
2

z(2a 2 % z 2) B r2

(73)

Vr r Xr r

r60

' '

Vr r Xr r
r60 r60

' & ' &

a2 % r2 r2

1 V 2 zz r60 1 V 2 z r60

(88) (89)

(k,)&( & ) (k,) (74) (75) (76) & (77)

z Vz ' & 2 (k,) & ( & ) (k,) & B

r60

Vr ' & Vr r ' & Vr z '

& 2 B2 (r 2 % a 2 % z 2) (r 2 & a 2 & z 2) B2 A r2 2 B % B r2 1 % A2 B

2

B r

1 %

The elliptic integrals may be evaluated from the following where k is written as the modulus and must have a value not greater than 1: 12 2 12 32 4 1 % ' k % k 2 2 2 22 42 (90) 12 32 52 6 % k etc. 2 22 42 62 12 2 12 32 4 1 & k & k 2 2 2 22 42 12 32 52 6 % & k etc. 2 22 42 62 (k,) 2 1 1 3 & sin cos A k2 % A k4 2 2 2 4 4 1 3 5 & sin cos A k 6 etc. 2 4 6 6 (k,) ' 2 1 1 % sin cos A k2 % A k4 2 2 2 4 4 1 3 % sin cos etc. A k6 2 4 6 6 where 1 A2 ' 2 3 1 A4 ' % sin2 2 4 4 3 5 5 1 % sin2 % sin4 A6 ' 2 4 6 4 6 6 3 5 7 5 7 2 sin A8 ' % 2 4 6 8 4 6 8 7 1 sin4 % sin6 % 6 8 8 '

z B2 1 % & 2 B r A2 2 Vzz ' B (r 2 % a 2 % z 2) (r 2 & a 2 & z 2) B % & 2 a2 B r r A ' (a & r ) % z

2 2 2

(91)

(78)

(92)

(79) (80) 1 d A2
2

A ' (a % r )2 % z 2 ' m
0

B Complete elliptic integral of 1st. kind :& modulus m

0 2

1 & 1 &

sin

(93)

(81)

1 &

A B

(94) (95) (96)

'

sin2 d B2 Complete elliptic integral of 2nd. kind :& 1 & 1 & modulus 1 &

A2

(82)

A B 1

(k,) '

A 2 2 sin B Elliptic integral of 1st. kind :& A modulus B

0

(97)

d (83)

1&

(k,) '

m
0

1 &

A B

sin2 d (84)

Elliptic integral of 2nd. kind :& A modulus B when r < a > > and 2 z ' tan&1 a & r > >0 and when r > a 2 z ' tan&1 r & a On the centre line when r=0 then: Vr60 ' 2 ( a 2 % z 2 & z)

(85)

(86)

(87)

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EXAMPLE 1 A building 20 m x 20 m results in a uniform surface contact pressure of 150 kPa. Using the Newmark Influence Chart obtain the vertical pressure depth of 10 m below (a) the centre of the building (b) a corner of the building. Check your result from the Fadum Chart. Estimate the additional pressure at both locations of a tower 5 m x 5 m placed at the centre of the building imposing 300 kPa uniform additional pressure. ______________________________________________________ ___ Increase in stress below centre of building from influence chart = 4 x No. of sq. in one quarter x q x I = 4 x 177 x 150 x 0.001 = 106 kPa Increase in stress below corner of building from influence chart = No of sq. x q x I = 232 x 150 x 0.001 = 35 kPa Increase in stress below centre from Fadum chart For one quarter of building L = 10 m; B = 10 m; z = 10 m n = L/z = 10/10 = 1 m = B/z = 10/10 = 1 k from chart = 0.177 = 4 x k x q = 4 x 0.177 x 150 = 106 kPa Increase in stress below corner from Fadum chart h = 20 m; B = 20 m; z = 10 m n = L/z = 20/10 = 2 m = B/z = 20/10 = 2 k from chart = 0.233 = k x q = 0.233 x 150 = 35 kPa Increase in stress below centre due to tower = 4 x 27 x 300 x 0.001 = 32 kPa Increase in stress below corner due to tower = 7 x 300 x 0.001 = 2 kPa

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EXAMPLE 2 The bearing capacity failure of strip load on a rigid plastic soil is ( + 2)cu. Compare this with the load at first yield for an elastic plastic material (u = 0). ______________________________________________________ ___

EXAMPLE 3 Calculate the vertical stresses at 30 m depth below the ground surface supporting an embankment of height 10 m constructed of soil weighing 20 kN/m3, shoulder slopes of 2H:1V, a top width 20 m, and base width of 60 m for the following positions: (a) vertically below centre line. (b) vertically below shoulder. (c) vertically below toe. (d) vertically below 10 m beyond toe.

1 = q( + sin)/ 3 = q( - sin)/ 1 - 3 = 2q sin/ d (1 & 3) d ' 0 for max ' cos

' 90E for max 1 & 3 (1 & 3)max ' 2 q (1 & 3) 2

max

For a u material cu '

at failure

q (internal failure) = cu Compare with Bearing Capacity q = ( + 2)cu % 2 q(U.B.C.) ' 1.64 ' q(Elastic) q = max due to fill = 10 x 20 = 200 kPa. Chart embankment dimensions are: a = 20 m; b = varies; z = 30 m. (a) VERTICAL STRESS ON CENTRE LINE (1) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 0.333; I1 = 0.325. (2) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 0.333; I2 = 0.325. z = (I1 + I2)q = (0.325 + 0.325) 200 = 130 kPa. (b) VERTICAL STRESS BELOW SHOULDER (1) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 0.0; I1 = 0.180. (2) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 0.666; I2 = 0.400. z = (I1 + I2)q = (0.180 + 0.400) 200 = 116 kPa. (a) VERTICAL STRESS BELOW TOE (1) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 1.333; I1 = 0.470. (2) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 0.0; I2 = 0.180. z = (I1 + I2)q = (0.470 - 0.180) 200 = 58 kPa. (b) VERTICAL STRESS BELOW SHOULDER (1) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 1.666; I1 = 0.480. (2) a/z = 0.666; b/z = 0.333; I2 = 0.325. z = (I1 + I2)q = (0.480 - 0.325) 200 = 31 kPa.

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