DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, BUET BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY EEE 312 Experi e!

" N#.$ 1 RAMP GENERATORS Objectives 1. To analyze the operation of discrete integrator circuits. 2. To analyze the operation of an IC integrator. 3. To demonstrate linear ramp circuits. Introduction There are two basic methods of producing linear ramps. The first involves charging a capacitor from a constant voltage. Using this method the ramp is linear only if the charging of the capacitor is limited to a small portion !the first 1"#$ of the charge curve. The second method involves charging capacitor with a constant current. If the current is constant is constant the charge will build up in a linear manner. Thus the voltage across the capacitor will be linear ramp. This e%periment demonstrates these two methods of forming a ramp. Equipment &'(211) Trainer *+, !multimeter$ +scilloscope 1(-.1 +perational amplifier 1(/0/ transistor 1(0/0 transistor 1(".)1 microfarad capacitor 2(".1 microfarad capacitors 1(".""22 microfarad capacitors 2(1" 2 ohm resistors 13.4 5# 1(1"" 2 ohm resistor 13.4 1"# 1.1 , ohm resistor 13.4 1"# 1(1"" ohm resistor 13.4 1"# Procedure PART A 1. Construct the following circuit. Turn on the trainer and set the generator fre6uency to 1""" 7z.
1"" 2ohm potentiometer 8;U<9& 1" 2ohm ".""22 = >/' 1 2 3

2. 8et the potentiometer fully cloc2wise. Using the oscilloscope view the rectangular wave input to the 9C circuit. 'raw the waveform. 4hat is the time of one cycle of the 1""" 7z waveform: 4hat is the time of the positive portion of the waveform: 3. 8et the potentiometer fully countercloc2wise. *iew the output. 'raw the output waveform. 7ow much resistance is now in series with the capacitor: 'oes the capacitor have time to charge to the pea2 of the rectangular wave during the positive portion of the input waveform: Compare the amplitude of the input waveform with that of the output waveform. Is the input higher or lower than the output:

.. 8et the potentiometer fully cloc2wise. *iew the output and draw it. 7ow much resistance is now in series with the capacitor: Compute the 9C time constant. Can the capacitor charge to the positive pea2 of the input wave: Compare the amplitude of the input waveform with that of the output waveform. Compare the shape of the output waveform with that of the input waveform and with that of the output waveform drawn in 8tep 3. Compare the amplitude of the input waveform with that of the output waveform 5. 9eplace the ".""22 microfarad capacitor with a ".1 microfarad capacitor. 8et the potentiometer fully countercloc2wise. 'raw the output waveform. 4hat is the 9C time constant: 4hich is longer one time constant or the positive portion of the input waveform: 'oes the capacitor have time to charge to the pea2 of the input wave: Compare the amplitude of the output with that of the waveforms drawn in 8teps 2 3 and .. 4hich has the highest amplitude: Compare the linearity of the output with that of the waveforms drawn in 8teps 2 3 and .. 4hich waveform is the most linear: ). 8et the potentiometer fully cloc2wise. 'raw the output waveform. 4hat is the time constant: Compare the amplitude and linearity of the output with that of the waveforms drawn earlier. 4hich is the most linear: -. =rom the above steps does the amplitude and linearity of the ramp of the output increase or decrease with the increase of 9C time constant: PART B 1. Construct the following circuit. <d?ust the @ and A power supplies to @12 volts and A12 volts. /otice that C1 is initially shorted by a ?umper wire.
Cumper wire used as switch

C1 @12 volt 91 1,ohm 3 (12 volt ".11= @12 volt 2 ( -.1 @ . (12 volt ) +utput

12ohm potentiometer

B. <d?ust the 1 2 ohm potentiometer so that the voltage between terminal 2 of the potentiometer and ground is e%actly @1 volt. 1". 7ow much current flows through 91: 11. 8witch your oscilloscope to its slowest speed. Connect the * input between pin ) and ground of the op amp. <d?ust your vertical amplitude control to view a 'C signal appro%imately 12 volts in amplitude. 12. 'isconnect one end of the ?umper wire from across C1. /otice the trace on the oscilloscope. In which direction the trace very slowly deflects: 13. 9econnect the ?umper across C1. +nce again disconnect one end of ?umper wire. 9ecord the time re6uired for the trace to deflect.

1.. 9econnect the ?umper wire across C1. 8et the voltage at the terminal 2 of the potentiometer to @2 volts. 'isconnect one end of the ?umper. 9ecord the time re6uired for the trace to deflect. Increasing the input voltage has what effect on the slope of the ramp: 15. 9econnect the ?umper wire across C1. 8et the voltage at the pin 2 of the potentiometer to A2 volts. 'isconnect one end of the ?umper. In which direction the trace deflects: 1). 9eplace the 1, resistor !91$ with a 1""2 resistor. 9epeat step 15. 4hat effect does it have on the slope of the ramp: PART C 1-. Construct the following circuit. <d?ust the power supply and set the fre6uency to 1 27z.
1"" 2

".1= 86uare wave from >enerator ".)1= 1" 2 1"" 2 potentiometer @12 volt 2 ( -.1 @ . (12 volt ) +utput

11. Connect the probe of the oscilloscope between pin 2 of the potentiometer and ground. <d?ust the potentiometer until the rectangular waveform at this point is - volt pea2 to pea2. 1B. 'raw two cycles of the input waveform. 2". Connect the probe of the oscilloscope between pin ) of the op(amp and ground. 'raw two cycles of the output waveform. PART D 21. Connect the following circuit. <d?ust power supply and set generator fre6uency to 1""" 7z.

1" 2ohm ".1= 1"" 2ohm +UT0UT 1" 2ohm 1"" ohm 3 2 1 D 1 2ohm potentiometer

8;U<9&

22. 8et the 12 potentiometer fully cloc2wise. *iew the input waveform. 'raw two cycles of input waveform.

23. *iew the output waveform and draw two cycles of output waveform. 2.. 4hile viewing the output waveform slowly turn the 12 potentiometer countercloc2wise. 4hat effect does it have on the output waveform: 4hy: PART E 25. Construct the following circuit. <d?ust the power supply and set fre6uency to 1""" 7z.

1" 2ohm 1= 1"" 2ohm

8;U<9& ".)1 =

+UT0UT 1" 2ohm 1"" ohm 3 2 1 1 2ohm potentiometer @12*

2). 8et the 12 potentiometer fully cloc2wise. 'raw two cycles of the output waveform. Compare the two circuits of 0<9T ' and 0<9T & their inputs and outputs. Report 1. 'iscuss operation of the five circuits shown and compare their performance as ramp generator. 2. <nswer every 6uestion as2ed in various parts of the e%periment with associated waveforms in a separate sheet. 3. 4hich ramp generator you thin2 is the best: 4hy: