Cac Qua Trinh Phan Rieng

GVBM: Trn Trng V 2012
Cc qu trnh phn ring

Nhm 4 D09_TP01 Page 1

I. QU TRNH LY TM.
1.1 Khi nim.
- Ly tm l mt qu trnh phn ring cc cu t c khi lng ring khc nhau trong
mt hn hp lng khng ng nht di tc dng ca lc ly tm.
1.2 Phn loi qu trnh ly tm.
- Ly tm phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau: nh h nh tng nc
trong du hoc h nh tng du trong nc.
- Ly tm tch pha rn ra khi pha lng (huyn ph): lm trong nc qu trong
qu trnh sn xut nc qu trong.
C =
R
m
2
e

Trong : m: khi lng kg
e : tc thng quay m/s
R: bn knh ca thng quay.
- Nu R v ca thit b ly tm cng ln th tc chuyn ng ca cc ht phn tn
trong h nh tng hoc huyn ph s cao.V vy, s gip cho chng ta rt ngn
thi gian ly tm v nng cao c mc phn ring.
1.3 C s khoa hc ca qu trnh.
- Da vo ng dng chnh ca qu trnh ly tm m qu trnh ly tm c cc c s l
thuyt nh:
C s ca qu trnh ly tm l phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau (nh
tng)
- Trong qu trnh phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau. Nu lin tc cho hn
hp hai cht lng ny vo mt ng hnh tr c bn knh r v chiu cao l h vi tc
quay l (rad/s). Khi cht lng c khi lng ring ln hn s phn b st
vo thnh ng. Cn cht lng c khi lng ring thp hn s phn b gn tm
ng. Gia hai cht lng ny s hnh thnh b mt phn chia gia hai pha, b mt
phn chia ny rt quan trng trong thit k thit b xc nh v tr ca ng
dn vt liu v x ra ngoi. Nhng trong thc t th b mt phn chia gia hai pha
ny khng r rng.
Theo cng thc:
B A
B A A
n
r
r

=
2 2
2

- Trong : l khi lng ring.
r l bn knh.
- Chng ta k hiu A l cht lng c khi lng ring ln hn, B l cht lng c
khi lng ring nh hn.
- Nu mun tch mt cht lng c khi lng ring nh (B) ra khi cht lng c
khi lng ring ln hn (A), v d nh tch cht bo ra khi sa th thi gian lu

Cc qu trnh phn ring

trong vng vnh khuyn A phi di hn thi gian lu trong vng vnh khuyn B.
Khi mt phn chia pha c xu hng chuyn v pha tm ca ng ly tm th
tch ca vnh khuyn A vt tri hn so vi vnh khuyn B. Lc , cht lng B
s chu tc dng ca lc ly tm trong mt khong thi gian ngn, cn cht lng A
chu tc dng ca lc ly tm trong thi gian di hn. iu ny t c khi bn
knh R
A
gim bn knh R
i
gim. thc hin qu trnh tch cht lng A ra khi
cht lng B qu trnh ny s din ra ngc li. S thay i v tr ca mt phn
chia pha c th thc hin c vi nhng khong cch rt nh ( c th t 25-
50 m). Tuy nhin vic hiu chnh v tr ny ph thuc vo kt cu ca thit b.
Vic hiu chnh v tr ca mt phn chia pha cng c th c thc hin bng cch
thay i lu lng ca dng ra.

C s ca qu trnh ly tm tch pha rn ra khi pha lng ( huyn ph )

- Trong qu trnh ly tm phn ring h huyn ph. Khi huyn ph c cung cp
vo thit b c dng hnh tr t y, th di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc ht rn
trong h ny s dch chuyn v pha thnh ng. Nu cc ht rn ny chuyn ng
v pha thnh ng trc khi ra khi ng th chng s c gi li trong ng v
tch ra khi h huyn ph. Nu nh ht rn khng dch chuyn n thnh ng th
n vn li trong dung dch v i ra ngoi ng ly tm. T l gia lng ht rn
c gi li trong ng v lng ht rn i ra khi ng ly tm ph thuc vo tc
nhp liu.
Phng trnh th hin mi quan h gia tc nhp liu, tc ly tm v kch thc ca
ng ly tm nh sau:
( ) | |
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(

=
2 / 1 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 /
ln 2
18
) (
2
R R
R
g
V
D g
q
p s
e

q


Cc qu trnh phn ring

- Phng trnh ny c d dng tnh ton lu lng dng nhp liu trong ng
ly tm hnh tr khi bit kch thc v tc quay ca ng ly tm.

Trong : q: lu lng ca dng dung dch
g: gia tc trng trng
s
: t trng ca huyn ph

1
: t trng ca dung dch
q: nht ca dung dch
e
:
tc gc ca ng ly tm
R
1
bn knh trong ca vnh khuyn to thnh bi cht lng
R
2
: bn knh trong ca ng ly tm
V: th tch ca phn cht lng c gi li trong ng ly tm
1.4 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ly tm
- nht ca pha lng: nht l mt yu t quan trng nh hng rt ln n qu
trnh ly tm. Khi tc dng cng mt lc, nu nht ca mi trng cng ln th
tr lc ca n cng cao v th m tc ly tm cng chm. Nu mun qu trnh ly
tm c nhanh hn th phi lm cho nht ca nguyn liu vo cng thp.
t c iu ny th nhit l yu t quan trng tip theo nh hng n qu
trnh ly tm. Tuy nhin cng cn phi ch , khi gia tng nhit cho sn phm
cn ch n cc thnh phn nhy cm vi nhit nh(vitamin, protein,).
- chnh lch khi lng ring: nu chnh lch khi lng ring ca hai cu t
cng ln th qu trnh phn ring cng d dng v ngc li. Trong qu trnh phn
ring hai cht lng, chnh lch khi lng ring ca hai cht lng khng nn
thp hn 3%.
- Ngoi ra cn mt s yu t khc nh hng n qu trnh ly tm nh:
o Vn tc ly tm.
o Bn knh ly tm.
o Thi gian lu.
1.5. Thit b:
My ly tm c phn thnh 3 nhm:
- My ly tm phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau.
- My ly tm lm trong cht lng bng cch loi b s lng nh cht rn (ly tm
lc).

Cc qu trnh phn ring

- My ly tm cho h huyn ph c t l pha rn cao

Phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau
- Thit b ly tm ng: Thit b ny bao gm mt ng hnh tr c ng knh l 0.1
m v di 0.75 m. Vn tc quay bn trong ng ly tm c th t t 15000-50000
vng/pht v ph thuc vo ng knh. Tc quay cng ln ng knh ng
phi cng nh. thit b ny th nguyn liu c a vo trong ng t pha di.
Hai pha lng c tch ra trong ng v c thu hi nh trn ca ng ly tm
thng qua c cu chy trn. Tu thuc vo i tng cng nh hiu qu ca qu
trnh phn ring c th lp thm c cu a trng lc.

- Thit b ly tm da: Thit b c cu to bao gm chn xoay than hnh tr c
ng knh t 0.2-1.2 m, bao gm nhng thanh kim loi xp chng ln nhau to
thnh hnh nn v khong cch gia hai thanh kim loi l 0.5-1.27 mm vi tc
quay l 2000-7000 vng/pht.
- Trn cc a c sp xp sao cho c th to thnh mt dng chy t a trn
xung a cui cng ca chn xoay. Ti khong trng gia cc thanh kim loi,
di tc dng ca lc ly tm, pha nng s di chuyn ra xa tm a cn pha nh s
di chuyn vo gn tm ca a v c y ln trn nh ca chn xoay thu hi.
Thit b ny c s dng tch kem t sa v lm r cc loi du, chit
xut c ph v nc tri cy.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

Ly tm lm trong cht lng bng cch loi b s lng nh cht rn (ly tm lc).
- Thit b ly tm c chn xoay dng cn: cu to gm mt chn xoay dng cn quay
quanh mt trc thng ng. Tt c c t trong v c nh. Nguyn liu i vo
y ca chn xoay, di tc dng ca lc ly tm, cc huyn ph s di chuyn v
thnh ca chn xoay v bm trn . Phn dung dch s di chuyn ln pha trn v
chy trn ra ngoi.Trong cc loi vi phun, cht rn lin tc c thi qua cc
l nh ngoi vi ca bt v c cha trong mt bnh cha, khi b dy thit b
c ngng hot ng, lp b c tch bng dao v tho ra ngoi bng ca x
ca y chn xoay. Trong cc loivan, cc l c trang b vi van m nh k.
Thit b ny c th p dng cho huyn ph c 3% rn. u im ca thit b ny l
hn ch tn tht pha lng v nng cc cu t thuc pha phn tn trong dng b
c th tng cao hn.

Ly tm cho h huyn ph c t l pha rn cao.
- Thit b ny gm mt chn xoay hnh tr, c mt u dng cn, bn trong c trc
vis. thit b ny th trc vis v chn xoay quay cng chiu vi nhau, nhng tc
ca chn xoay cao hn tc ca trc vis. Khi y, cht rn s c y ra
thnh ca chn xoay v c trc vis y v pha u cn v thot ra ngoi, cn
pha lng s di chuyn n u cn li v thot ra ngoi.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

1.6. ng dng ca qu trnh ly tm
o Ch bin sa: trong cng ngh ch bin sa, qu trnh ly tm c s dng tch
cht bo ra khi sa. Tu theo mc ch m c th tch mt phn hoc hon ton cht
bo. sn xut cc sn phm sa gy, qu trnh ly tm c th lm gim lng bo
trong sa xung thp hn 0,05%
- tch cht bo ra khi sa, ngi ta s dng thit b ly tm dng a .Thit b
gm c thn my, bn trong l mt thng quay c ni vi mt motor truyn
ng bn ngoi thng qua trc dn. Cc a quay c ng knh dao ng t 20-
120 cm v c xp chng ln nhau. Cc l trn da ly tm s to nn nhng knh
dn theo phng thng ng. Khong cch gia 2 a ly tm lin tip l 0,5-1,3
mm. Thit b hot ng theo phng php lin tc. u tin sa nguyn liu s
c np vo my ly tm, tip theo sa s theo h thng knh dn chy vo cc
khong khng gian hp gia cc a ly tm. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, sa
c phn chia thnh 2 phn: phn cream c khi lng ring thp s chuyn
ng hng v pha trc ca thng quay, phn sa gy c kh lng ring cao s
chuyn ng v pha thnh thng quay. Sau cng c hai dng cream v sa gy s
theo nhng knh thot ra ngoi. Hm lng cht bo trung bnh trong sa gy
l 0,05%. Trc khi a vo tch bo sa thng c gia nhit ln 55-65
0
C.

o Sn xut du tinh luyn: trong qa trnh tinh luyn du, du th c x l vi
nc, axit hoc kim loi cc phosphatide v cc cht gum. Sau khi x l xong,
du s c em i ly tm tch cc tp cht ra. Nu qu trnh tch gum bng
axit th sau khi tch gum, du s c em i ly tm tch cc tp cht ra. Nu
qa trnh tch gum bng axit th sau khi tch gum, du s c ra li bng nc
nng v nc ra ny cng c tch ra bng phng php ly tm. Sau du s
c tip tc em i trung ho v cc cht x phng s c tch ra bng phng
php ly tm. Du tip tc c ra bng nc nng v nc ra cng c tch ra
bng phng php ly tm.
o Sn xut bia: Trong cng ngh sn xut bia, phng php ly tm c th c s
dng lm trong dch nha v bia. Qa trnh ly tm cng c th c ng dng
tch nm men c trong bia. Trong qu trnh ly tm bia , cn m bo kn ca thit
b, v nu khng s gy ra tn tht CO
2
ng thi O
2
c th xm nhp vo bia, lm
gim bn ca sn phm. Qu trnh ny s dng khi lng nm men c trong bia
cn lc rt nhiu (ln men ni, chu k ln men ngn). u im ca qu trnh ny l rt
ngn thi gian v c th s dng trc khi a bia vo ln men ph. Vi phng php

Cc qu trnh phn ring

ly tm cho php gim lng nm men xung t hn 500.000 t bo/ml. Tuy nhin,
phng php ny cng c nhc im l:
Vn u t cao
My ly tm cn c bo dng thng xuyn
C nguy c ho tan O
2

Hao ht nhiu
p sut tng t ngt (cn phi c thng iu khin p sut).

o Sn xut ru vang: qu trnh ly tm c nhiu ng dng trong qa trnh sn xut
ru vang. Qu trnh ly tm c th s dng hoc kt hp vi qu trnh lc. lm
trong dch nho sau khi p, ta c th s dng phng php ly tm. tch nm men
st trong ru vang cng c th s dng phng php ly tm.Trong sn xut ru
vang , qa trnh ly tm cng c th c p dng tch nm men v tp cht
trc khi cho vo thng .

o Ch bin rau qu: Trong cng ngh sn xut cc loi rau qu, qa trnh ly tm ng
vai tr kh quan trng. Qu trnh ly tm c th c s dng tch cc loi cht
nhy khi sn xut nc p t citrus hay qu da . N cng c th c s dng
tch cc tp cht trong qu trnh lm trong cc loi nc qu sn xut nc qu
trong. N cn ng dng trong sn xut tinh du t cc loi qu c mi. Dch trch
ng c cha 0,5-3% w/w tinh du. Hn hp ny tip tc c ly tm ln 2 tch
tinh du c tinh sch cao hn.

o Trong cng ngh sn xut ng: khai thc.
y l giai on tch tinh th ra khi mt bng lc ly tm trong cc thng quay vi tc
cao. Sau khi ly tm nhn c ng, mt nu v mt trng.
Nguyn tc thc hin: my ly tm quay sinh lc ly tm lm cho mt vng ra qua li ly
tm bn thnh my, cn ng ct ht to khng lt qua li nm li. Kh nng tch mt
ph thuc vo loi ng non v tnh nng my ly tm. Qu trnh ly tm c chia
thnh hai giai on:
X l ng non trc khi ly tm
ng non c a xung cc thit b kt tinh lm lnh. Thi gian kt tinh lm lnh i
vi ng A khong 2 3h, ng non B: 6 8h, ng non C: 22 32h. Sau c
x xung mng phn phi khuy u v phn phi n cc my ly tm.Mng phn
phi ng non l mt thng hnh ch U nm ngang, bn trong c cnh khuy loi vt ti
quay vi tc 1 vng/pht. tinh th ng khng lng xung y mng, pha di
lp thm mt cnh khuy nh c co quay vi tc 3 vng/pht.Mng t nghing v
pha my ly tm v c mng x ng non xung my ly tm. i vi ng non C,
mng phn phi l thit b hai v nng nhit ng non ln khong 2-5
0
C nhm
gim nht ng non. Nh lc ly tm phn ln mt c tch ra gi l mt nguyn
Ru Rhum c sn xut t nguyn liu chnh l nc ma hoc r ng ma.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

o Trong sn xut ru RHUM: ly tm nhm chun b cho qu trnh chng ct,
hon thin gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
Qu trnh ly tm nhm tch b b men v nhng cht khng ho tan ra khi dch dm
chn trc khi chng ct. thc t cho thy, nu cc nh sn xut chg ct dch dm chn
khng qua ly tm th thnh phn ho hc ca dch ct thu c c thay i i cht so
vi trng hp s dng dch dm chn c qua ly tm. Kt qu l ru Rhum thnh phm
c hng v gn ging vi ru Cognac v b mt i hng v c trng ca n.
Trong qu trnh ny ly tm s phn ring b nm men v mt s cht khng tan ra khi
pha lng ca dch dm chn. Sau qu trnh ly tm, t trng ca dch dm chn s thay i.
Thit b: c th s dng thit b ly tm phn ring h rn-lng.
Trong sn xut protein concentrate t u nnh (Soy protein Concentrate-SPC).
Trong qu trnh ny ly tm c ng dng nhm mc ch khai thc
Qu trnh ly tm s thu nhn dch chit, ng thi loi b phn b khng ho tan ra khi
dch chit.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu
Gim th tch v khi lng ca bn thnh phm
Thay i trng thi t dng huyn ph sang dng dung dch
Tn tht mt t protein, vitamin, cht mu theo b.
Phng php thc hin:
S dng ly tm lc tch b. Phn rn thu c sau khi ly tm ln 1 c a vo
trch ly ln 2 nhm tch kit cc cht ho tan cn st trong b, sau ly tm ln 2 loi
b.
Trong sn xut tinh bt sn: ly tm c ng dng trong qu trnh tch dch bo. Nhm
mc ch loi dch bo hn ch qu trnh oxy ho lm chuyn mu tinh bt v cc
phn ng ho hc, ho sinh khc nh hng n cht lng ca tinh bt thnh phm.
tch dch bo c th s dng my ly tm da v ly tm lc.
Nhng kh khn thng gp trong khi ly tm: Ngoi trng hp my b o do xung
ng non khng u, hoc cc b phn ta v gim xc h hng, li ly tm b
thng, cn gp cc trng hp ly tm kh do thnh phn cc cht khng ng trong
ng non nh hng n s tch mt khi ng, hoc do nht ln, ng non nu

Cc qu trnh phn ring

khng t, thng phi ly tm lu, hoc dng lng nc v lng hi nhiu, ra lu,
do tinh khit mt ly tm cao, tng tn tht ng. Trong trng hp c th gim
thi gian ra hi hoc tng lng nc, ng thi ch hi vo v thng quay tng tc
chy ca mt. C trng hp cn cho khng kh nng vo v thng y kn trnh
ng b ngui v tng tc chy ca mt.
Ngoi ra qu trnh ly tm cn ng dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc khc nh tch b sau khi
trch ly trong qu trnh sn xut sa u nnh, lm trong cc loi syrup, tch nc sau khi
lng tinh bt, tch cht bo t tht xay, tchnc trong c ph nhn sau khi ra ca ph
trong qa trnh s ch, tch cc tinh th trong qu trnh c c, kt tinh.
II. QU TRNH LC:
- Qu trnh lc l qu trnh tch cc cht rn khng tan t 1 huyn ph bng cch
cho huyn ph i qua vt liu dng l xp (hoc gi l vch ngn). Kt qu phn
cht lng s i qua vch ngn c gi l cht lc(dch lc) v cht rn c gi
li gi l b lc (bnh lc).
2.1. C s khoa hc ca qu trnh lc:
- Khi phn dch huyn ph i qua my lc. Nhng phn u tin s ng vai tr l
mt ci by trong mi trng lc tc l cc phn t c kch thc ln s t li
thnh 1 m hoc nhng ht nh b vng vo nhng ht ln khng qua vch
ngn c v kt qu n lm gim din tch trong vch ngn v khng cho cc
phn sau i qua. Khi h huyn ph c tnh cht keo th sau mt thi gian, trn lp
mng lc xut hin mt lp gel c th lm bt cc l ca mng, nhng m nh
vy c gi l lp mng th cp ( secondary membrane hay layer).

- iu ny lm tng lc cn ca lu lng cht lng v chnh lch p sut
cng cao hn, v vy cn phi duy tr tc dng chy ca cht lc.
Tc trong qu trnh lc c biu th nh sau:

Lc truyn( chnh lch p sut ngang qua my lc)
Tc trong qu trnh lc =
Lc cn dng chy


Cc qu trnh phn ring

Gi s b lc khng b nn p th tr lc ca dng chy qua my lc s c s dng
cng thc:
(

)

Trong : R (m
-2
) = tr lc ca dng chy i qua vch ngn
( Nsm
-2
) = nht ca cht lng
r ( m
-2
) = tr lc ring ca b lc
V (m
3
) = th tch dch lc
V
c
(m
3
) = th tch phn b lc c trong huyn ph cn phn ring
A (m
2
) = din tch b mt lc ca vch ngn
L (m) = dy ca vch ngn v lp b lc
Trong trng hp tc lc khng i, tc dng chy qua vch ngn c tnh theo
cng thc sau:

Trong :
Q (V/t) (m
3
s
-1
) = tc chy ca dch lc
(Pa) = chnh lch p sut 2 bn vch ngn
t(s) = thi gian lc
- Phng trnh ny c dng xc nh mc thay i trong qu trnh lc
tc lc l mt hng s.
Trong trng hp p sut lc thay i, tc dng chy qua vch ngn s gim dn do
tr lc b lc tng dn. phng trnh tr c vit li nh sau:

Da vo dc
v gi tr
, chng ta c th xc nh c tr lc ring ca b
lc, chiu dy ca b v vch ngn.
Trong trng hp b lc b nn p, tc tr lc ring ca b thay i theo p sut lc, ta
c:

Trong :
r: tr lc ring ca b vi s chnh lch p sut l 101.10
3
Pa
S: nn ca b.
- Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta cn thc hin qu trnh ra b lc. Nu sn phm
cn thu nhn l dch lc th vic ra b lc l tn thu cc cht ha tan v phn dch
lng cn st li trong b. Cn nu sn phm cn thu nhn l b lc th qu trnh ra b
nhm mc ch lm sch b, ra tri cc cht ho tan trong pha lng cn ln trong b.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

2.2. Mc ch cng ngh v phm vi thc hin:
- Mc ch khai thc: trong cng nghip thc phm, qu trnh lc nhm mc ch phn
ring huyn ph, gi li nhng cu t cn thit to nn sn phm, ng thi tch b
cc tp cht trong hn hp ban u. Theo quan im ny, qu trnh lc c mc ch cng
ngh l khai thc.
V d: trong cng ngh sn xut sinh khi nm men bnh m, sau qu trnh ln men
chng ta s thu c mt canh trng lng dng huyn ph. Qu trnh lc s gip
chng ta tch b pha lng v thu nhn c sinh khi nm men.
Trong cng ngh sn xut sa u nnh qu trnh lc nhm loi b b u v thu ly dch
huyn ph sa, gip cho qu trnh truyn nhit tt hn trong cc giai on sau.
-Mc ch hon thin: qu trnh lc gip ci thin mt s ch tiu cht lng sn phm
nh trong, tch b cn cn st li nn c mc ch cng ngh l hon thin.
V d: trong cng nghip sn xut ru vang, sau qu trnh tng tr, ru vang vn cn
cha mt t cn l lng. l cc hp cht keo c bn cht l protein b bin tnh do qu
trnh tng tr din ra nhit thp. Qu trnh lc gip chng ta loi b cn, ci thin
trong ca sn phm. Tng t nh qu trnh lc bia, vi mc ch lm trong bia sau qu
trnh ln men ngi ta lc bia loi b mt s tp cht, cn b lm bia trong hn.
Trong cng nghip thc phm, qu trnh lc thng c s dng trong sn xut cc sn
phm ln men (bia, ru vang, nc gii kht ln men...), nc rau qu, thc ung dng
pha ch, syrup, sn xut cc loi ng (glucose, maltose), maltodextrin, tr v caf ha
tan, du thc vt, mt s sn phm t sa
2.3. Cc yu t nh hng v bin i ca nguyn liu:
- Vt l: khi lc huyn ph, chng ta s thu c dch lc v b lc. Mt s ch tiu vt l
ca dch lc s thay i so vi huyn ph ban u nh t trng, trong
- Ha hc: qu trnh lc khng gy ra nhng bin i ha hc trong huyn ph. Tuy
nhin, nu chng ta thc hin qu trnh lc nhit cao hoc trong iu kin tip xc
vi khng kh th cc cu t trong nguyn liu c th b bin i hoc tng tc vi nhau
v to ra mt s hp cht ha hc mi.
- Ha l: qu trnh lc huyn ph s phn ring 2 pha lng v rn.Thng thng khng
xy ra s chuyn pha trong qu trnh lc. Tuy nhin, mt s cu t d bay hi nh cc
hp cht mi trong dch lc c th b tn tht.
- Sinh hc: qu trnh lc khng gy ra nhng bin i sinh hc. Nu thi gian lc huyn
ph ko di th h vi sinh vt c sn trong huyn ph hoc cc vi sinh vt t mi trng
sn xut b nhim vo huyn ph s pht trin. hn ch vn ny, cc nh sn xut
thc phm cn tin hnh lc nhanh v trong iu kin kn.
Cc yu t nh hng:
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lc c th c chia thnh ba nhm lin quan n
tnh cht ca vch ngn, tnh cht ca huyn ph v iu kin thc hin qu trnh.
- Tnh cht ca vch ngn:

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Tnh cht quan trng ca vch ngn trong qu trnh lc huyn ph l kh nng gi pha
rn v kh nng cho pha lng khuch tn qua vch ngn.
Kh nng gi pha rn c xc nh bng t l phn trm lng pha rn b gi li trn
vch ngn so vi tng lng pha rn c trong huyn ph ban u. Gi tr ny ni ln hiu
qu ca qu trnh phn ring bi vch ngn. Kh nng gi pha rn ca vch ngn cng
cao th hiu qu phn ring ca qu trnh lc s cng cao.
Kh nng khuch tn ca pha lng qua vch ngn c xc nh bi tc dng dch
lc. Gi tr ny gip cho chng ta d on thi gian thc hin qu trnh lc.
Cc tnh cht ny ph thuc vo bn cht ha hc v cu trc hnh hc ca vch ngn.
Ty theo tng trng hp c th m cc nh sn xut cn la chn vt ngn ph hp
thc hin qu trnh phn ring.
- Tnh cht ca huyn ph:
Pha phn tn: t l phn trm khi lng ca pha phn tn trong huyn ph v cc tnh
cht ca pha phn tn nh kch thc, hnh dng, kh nng chu nn, s nh hng n
tc lc v phn ring. Trong qu trnh lc, b lc s c hnh thnh t pha rn ca
huyn ph. Ngi ta chia b lc thnh hai nhm: khng b nn p v b nn p. Tr lc
v lng pha lng cn st trong hai loi b ny s thay i theo nhng quy lut khc
nhau.
Pha lin tc: thnh phn nh tnh v nh lng cc cu t c trong pha lin tc, gi tr
pH, nht, s nh hng n tc lc v phn ring.
iu kin lc:
p sut lc nh cp phn trn, ng lc ca qu trnh lc l s chnh lch p sut
2 bn b mt ca vch ngn. Chnh lch p sut ny cng ln th tc lc s tng
theo.
- Trong qu trnh lc, vic hnh thnh lp b lc s lm tng tr lc cho qu trnh v
tc lc s gim dn. tng tc lc, cc nh sn xut thng tng chnh
lch p sut hai bn b mt vch ngn, tc tng p lc bm huyn ph (trng
hp lc p lc) hoc to p sut chn khng su hn t pha dch lc ( trng hp
lc chn khng). Tuy nhin, cn ch l nu b lc thuc dng b nn p th vic
tng p lc bm huyn ph c th lm cho cc mao dn trong b b gim kch
thc. Kt qu l trong khong thi gian u tng p sut th tc lc s tng
ln, nhng sau , tc lc b chm li. Ngoi ra, vic tng p lc bm huyn
ph qu ln hoc to chn khng qu su t pha dch lc c th lm tn thng
cu trc ca mt s vch ngn.
Nhit lc: nhit s nh hng n nht ca pha lng trong huyn ph. Khi tng
nhit , nht gim, kh nng khuch tn ca cc cu t trong pha lng s gia tng
nn tc lc cng tng theo. Tuy nhin, nu s dng nhit cao th s tng chi ph

Cc qu trnh phn ring

nng lng cho qu trnh lc.Ngoi ra, nhit cao cn lm tn tht cc cu t mn cm
vi nhit c trong thc phm, ng thi c th xy ra mt s phn ng ha hc khng
mong mun trong huyn ph.Trong cng nghip thc phm, ty thuc vo bn cht ca
nguyn liu m cc nh sn xut s la chn nhit lc thch hp.
V d: trong sn xut bia, sau qu trnh nu dch nha, ngi ta thc hin qu trnh lc
nhit 76-78
0
C tch b b malt. Cn sau qu trnh ln men ph, ngi ta tin hnh
lc bia 2-4
0
C nhm mc ch tch b cn men v cc tp cht l lng dng keo.
2.4. Thit b:
- Trong cng nghip thc phm, qu trnh lc c th c thc hin trn cc thit b
hot ng gin on hoc lin tc. i vi cc thit b hot ng gin on, qu
trnh lc thng gm 5 giai on: chun b huyn ph, lc huyn ph, ra b, tho
b, v sinh thit b sn xut cho m sn xut tip theo
Da vo phng php to ra s chnh lch p sut hai bn b mt vt ngn, cc thit b
lc c chia lm ba nhm: thit b lc hot ng nh p sut thy tnh, thit b lc p
sut v thit b lc chn khng.

2.4.1. Thit b lc nh p sut thy tnh:
- Thit b dng ny t c s dng do thi gian ko di. u im quan trng ca
thit b l cu to n gin, d vn hnh v t tn chi ph nng lng cho qu trnh
lc. Trong cng nghip thc phm, thit b lc nh p sut thy tnh hin nay ch
c s dng cho mt vi trng hp nh lc nc cng ngh phc v cho sn
xut, lc nc thi qua x l trc khi thi ra sng h, hoc lc dch nha
tch b malt trong sn xut bia. Vic s dng ni lc ( lauter tun) tch b malt
sau qu trnh nu dch nha hin nay vn ph bin nhiu nh my bia trn th
gii. Trong phng php ny, ngi ta dng b malt lm vch ngn v chiu cao
phn dch lng trong ni lc lm ng lc cho qu trnh phn ring. u im ca
vic s dng thit b lc nh p sut thy tnh trong sn xut bia l c th c gii
ha v t ng ha qu trnh lc.
2.4.2. Thit b lc p sut:
Thit b lc p( filter press) : thit b lm vic gin on. Vic np huyn ph vo
thit b v tho dch lc ra khi thit b c th thc hin lin tc trong mt khong thi
gian, tuy nhin vic tho b lc d c thc hin theo chu k.
Thit b gm c hai b phn chnh l khung v bng vi tit din hnh vung.Khung c
chc nng cha b lc v l ni bm huyn ph vo.Cn bng lc vi chc nng to
nn b mt lc vi cc rnh dn dch lc.
Vch ngn s dng trong thit b lc p c dng tm vi tit din xp x tit din ca
bng v khung.
Nguyn tc hot ng:
u tin, ngi ta s t hai tm vt ngn ln hai b mt ca mt bng, sau s xp xen
k cc khung v bng ln h thng gi . Khi p cc khung v bng st li vi nhau th

Cc qu trnh phn ring

cc l trng ti bn gc ca khung v bng s hnh thnh nn ng dn huyn ph vo
v ng tho dch lc ra.
Trong qu trnh lc, vic p cht cc khung bng l rt quan trng gi cho p sut lc
c n nh.Huyn ph c bm vo thit b v c phn phi vo bn trong cc
khung. Khi , pha rn s b gi li trong khung bi vch ngn. Cn pha lng s i qua
vch ngn v theo cc rnh trn bng tp trung v ng tho dch lc ri chy ra
ngoi thit b.
Khi cc khung cha y b, chng ta cn dng qu trnh lc v tin hnh ra b.Qu
trnh ra b c th thc hin xui chiu hoc ngc chiu qu trnh lc.
u im ca thit b lc p l vn hnh n gin, chi ph u t thit b khng nhiu.
Nhc im chnh ca thit b l tn nhiu nhn cng trong vic tho b, v sinh v lp
rp thit b trc mi m lc.
Thit b lc p s dng da lc: thit b c dng hnh tr ng hoc nm ngang. B
phn chnh ca thit b l cc da lc vi tit din hnh trn. Mi da lc c h thng
gi bng li. Pha bn ngoi gi c ph mt lp vch ngn. Pha bn trong
l knh dn dch lc. Ngi ta s gn cc da lc ln ng hnh tr to thnh h
thng knh tho dch lc.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b nh sau:
u tin: Bm huyn ph vo thit b. Cc cu t ca pha rn s b gi li trn b mt
vch ngn ca cc da lc. Ring pha lng s chui qua vch ngn i vo knh dn
bn trong da lc ri chy tp trung v ng thu hi thot ra ngoi. Trong qu trnh hot
ng, ng thu hi hoc cc da lc c th xoay nh ng c. Theo thi gian s dng, cc
cu t pha rn s bm y b mt vch ngn trn da lc. v sinh da lc, ngi ta s
ln lt tho thn tr, sau tho cc da ra khi ng hnh tr.
Thit b lc p s dng ct lc: thit b c dng hnh tr ng. B phn chnh ca
thit b l cc ct lc hnh tr. Mi ct lc c mt gi
hnh ng c lm bng thp khng r v c l trn
thn. Pha bn ngoi gi c ph mt lp vt liu
lc, cn pha bn trong l knh dn dch lc. Cc ct
lc c gn tn tm . Tm chia thit b thnh 2
khoang: khoang trn cha huyn ph v khoang
di cha dch lc. Thit b c trang b 2 ca, ca
pha trn l ni bm huyn ph vo thit b. Ca
pha di l ni tho dch lc. Np y gn trn thn
c th tho lp c.
Trong qu trnh hot ng, ngi ta s bm huyn ph vo
ca pha trn. Cc cu t pha rn s b gi li trn b mt
nhng ct lc. Pha lng s chui qua vch ngn trn b mt
cc ct lc v theo knh dn i xung khoang pha bn
di ri thot ra ngoi thit b theo ca pha di. v

Cc qu trnh phn ring

sinh cc ct lc, ngi ta s to np ra khi thn hnh tr, ri tch ct lc ra khi tm .

2.4.3. Thit b lc chn khng:
Hin nay c nhiu dng thit b lc chn khng. C 2 dng thit b thng dng nh sau:
Thit b lc chn khng dng thng quay:
y l thit b hot ng lin tc. Nguyn tc hot
ng nh sau: Thng lc dng hnh tr nm ngang, trn
thn thng c c l v b mt ngoi c ph mt lp
vch ngn.
Ngi ta c th ph ln mt lp bt tr lc ln b mt
ngoi ca lp vch ngn tch cc tp cht c kch
thc nh ra khi huyn ph.Bn trong thng c
chia thnh nhiu ngn ring bit.Mi ngn c ng
dn ni vi ng trung tm ti trc ca thng quay. Cc
ng dn v ng trung tm s to nn mt h thng
ng ng ht chn khng v dn dch lc.
Thng lc c t bn trong b cha huyn ph mt
su c nh.Mt ct ngang vung gc vi trc ca thng lc c chia thnh 6
vng.ng lc ca qu trnh lc c to ra l nh bm chn khng. Khi thng lc quay
trong b huyn ph, p lc chn khng s lm cho phn dch lc c ht qua vch ngn
chy vo bn trong thng ri i theo ng trung tm thot ra ngoi. Cc cu t pha
rn ca huyn ph s b bm li trn b mt vch ngn. Thit b c cu to hin i khi c
vng ra b lc v tho b khi vch ngn nh h thng nc ra v dao co b c
thit k ngay trn thnh thit b.
Thit b lc chn khng dng da quay:
y cng l thit b hot ng theo phng php lin
tc. B phn chnh ca thit b l cc da lc c xp
song song theo phng thng ng v gn trn mt trc
nm ngang. Cc da c th xoay xung quanh trc nm
ngang ny.Vch ngn c ph thnh 1 lp bn ngoi
xung quanh da.Mi da u c b phn tho b
ring.Bn trong da cng c chia thnh nhiu khoang
v mi khoang u c ng dn ni vi ng trung tm
thot dch lc.Trong qu trnh lc, mi da s hot
ng tng t nh nguyn l ca thit b lc chn
khng dng thng quay.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

2.5. ng dng ca qu trnh lc:
Qu trnh lc c s dng lm trong cc cht lng bi v qu trnh lc tch mt
lng nh cc cht khng tan( v d t ru, bia)
V d : Qu trnh lc trong sn xut sa u nnh:

Nc
Nc
u nnh
Phn loi
Cn
Ngm
Lc
Bc v
Xay
ng ha
un nng
ng chai
Thanh trng
B
Sn phm

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Thuyt minh qu trnh lc:
Sau khi xay ta c mt dung dch huyn ph, gm c dung dch keo v nhng cht rn
khng tan trong nc.
Mc ch ca qu trnh lc l:
- Loi b thnh phn b u, thu ly dch huyn ph sa
- Gip cho qu trnh truyn nhit tt hn trong cc giai on sau.
- Ci thin gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
Cch tin hnh.
Sau khi nghin, ta thu c mt hn hp rn- lng (huyn ph). dch huyn ph vo
thit b lc thu dch sa. Trong qu trnh tch cc dung dch keo ra khi cht rn s
xy ra hin tng cc cht rn s gi trn b mt n nhng tiu phn keo, v vy phi
dng nc ra li 2-3 ln phn b. Lng nc dng ra b khng nn qu nhiu.
Trong giai on lc nn qua hai bc: lc tinh v lc th.
=> Lc l qu trnh quan trng quyt nh hiu sut thu hi sn phm, dch sa thu c
phi m bo tiu chun hm lng cc cht kh, c bit l hm lng protein v
lipit. Sau khi lc xong dch sa c mu c trng ca sa u nnh, tinh th ng nht,
khng c cn hay ln cn.
i vi qu trnh lc, tch b ra khi dch sa u, ta cn phi lu khng nn vt cn
kit dch sa v nu lm nh vy th lng dch sa u thu c c tng ln nhng ng
thi cng s lm tng hm lng cc thnh phn cn trong dch sa, gy gim gi tr cm
quan ca sn phm. Thit b c th s dng l thit b lc ly tm hoc thit b lc khung
bn.
Trong cng ngh sn xut ng ma: vi mc ch l khai thc, qu trnh lc vi mc
ch tn thu phn ng st cn trong nc bn. Trong qu trnh lc nc bn, ngi ta
thng b sung thm mt phn cc x mn lm cht tr lc, gip qu trnh lc d dng
hn v tn km hm khi mua cc cht tr lc. Cc dng thit b thng dng: thit b
lc khung bn v lc chn khng thng quay. Ngoi ra cn s dng thit b lc da v
thit b lc ng.
Qu trnh lc trong sn xut ng mch nha: vi mc ch cng ngh l hon thin.
Qu trnh lc gip ph ring 2 pha, pha phn tn gm cc ht than hp ph cc cht

Cc qu trnh phn ring

mu v mt s tp cht b ln trong dung dch thy phn, pha lin tc l dch ng nha
c tinh sch. Thit b thng s dng: thit b lc khung bn vi mng lc vi c
ph mt lp bt tr lc diatomite, ngoi ra cng c th s dng thit b lc chn khng
thng quay. i vi thit b lc khung bn, ngi ta s dng bm a nguyn liu vo
thit b lc, tc lc dao ng trong khong 200- 400 L/m
2
.gi, khi qu trnh lc kt
thc ngi ta thi khng kh sch vo thit b tn thu phn dch lc cn st trong b
lc.
Qu trnh lc ng dng trong sn xut ko: vi mc ch l khai thc hn hp sau phi
trn. Hn hp sau phi trn c gia nhit gim nht, sau lc loi cc tp
cht hay cc ht ng cha ha tan ht.Qu trnh lc cn hn ch c hin tng kt
tinh ng khng mong mun trong qu trnh lm ngui sau ny.Nhit khi lc khong
70
0
C.
Sn xut Protein concentrate t u nnh( cn gi l Soy Protein Conentrate SPC), qu
trnh lc c s dng l lc UF (Ultrafiltration), vi mc ch cng ngh l khai thc,
tch b cc thnh phn ng ha tan, mui ra khi dung dch, lm tng t l hm lng
protein u nnh so vi tng hm lng cht kh ca bn thnh phm.
- Cc bin i nguyn liu: v vt l: bn thnh phm s b gim th tch v khi
lng. V ha hc: gim hm lng carbohydrat, mui, vitamin trong dng
retentate.
- Phng php thc hin:
- Thit b: s dng h thng siu lc UF vi kch thc l mng dao ng
trong khong 10
-4
-10
3
m, p sut 1- 10 bar.
- Dung dch i vo h thng siu lc c nng cht kh khong 9-10%,
dng retentate thu c c nng cht kh khong 25- 30%.
- Nhit dung dch trong qu trnh siu lc phi ln hn 60
0
C v nh hn
64-65
0
C.
- Trong qu trnh siu lc, cc nh sn xut c th hi lu dng retentate v
thit b membrane v b sung nc vo dng ny vi t l 9:1 (v/v) nhm
mc ch tch kit cc cht ha tan c phn t lng nhra khi dng
retentate.
ng dng qu trnh lc trong sn xut nc ung pha ch (thc ung khng c cn): vi
mc ch cng ngh l hon thin, qu trnh lc s tch b cc tp cht v than hot tnh,
lm tng trong ca syrup. Khi lc cc tp cht s b gi li trn b mt ca mng lc,

Cc qu trnh phn ring

phn bt tr lc bm trn b mt ca mng lc s gip chng ta loi b c cc tp cht
mn b ln trong syrup. Thit b c s dng l thit b lc p ( lc khung bn). Nguyn
l hot ng: u tin dung dch syrup c cha than hot tnh v bt tr lc c bm
qua thit b lc khung bn, cn tin hnh hi lu dch lc cho n khi dch lc tr nn
trong sut th bt u thu nhn sn phm.
ng dng qu trnh lc trong sn xut nc ung pha ch (thc ung c cn): qu trnh
lc nhm mc ch hon thin, qu trnh lc s tch b phn cn mn xut hin trong qu
trnh tang tr ln 2, t ci thin trong ca sn phm. Khi lc phn cn mn s b gi
li trn mng lc, pha lng s chui qua h thng mao dn ca mng lc v to nn dch
lc. Thit b thng s dng: thit b lc c dng hnh tr ng nh thit b lc p s
dng ct lc hay thit b lc p s dng da lc, qu trnh lc cn c thc hin nhit
phng v trong iu kin kn. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng c th s dng thit b lc p
(lc khung bn) vi mng lc vi, c dng thm bt tr lc diatomite. Thit b lc p c
chi ph vn hnh thp, tuy nhin trong qu trnh lc, bi v vi sinh vt d xm nhp vo
sn phm.
ng dng trong sn xut bia 2 giai on:
- Giai on lc dch nha v ra b malt: vi mc ch cng ngh l khai thc. Qu
trnh lc phn ring dch nha (pha lng) v b malt cha cc hp cht khng tan
(pha rn). Thit b s dng l ni lc vi li lc pha di v c b phn nh ti
b lc bn trn gip qu trnh lc d dng hn, nhanh hn. Nguyn l hot ng:
u tin dch nha s c bm vo thit b, cho cnh khuy hot ng trong mt
thi gian ngn ri tt cnh khuy cho b malt lng trn li lc v hnh thnh mt
lp vt liu lc. Cn hi lu phn dch lc u tin cho n khi dch lc t
trong theo yu cu th bt u thu nhn dch nha. ra b, ngi ta bm nc
nng (78
0
C) vo thit b. Cho cnh khuy hot ng nh ti b, gip ha tan
cc cht chit cn st li trong b vo nc ra. Sau , tt cnh khuy v ch ti
hnh thnh lp vt liu lc ri thu nhn phn dch lng.
- Giai on lc bia: mc ch cng ngh l hon thin, gip tch cc cn b, cc cu
t rn ra khi bia, lm trong bia, ci thin cht lng bia. Thit b s dng l thit
b lc p s dng ct lc hay thit b lc p s dng da lc, cc vt liu lc thng
c ph thm mt lp bt tr lc diatomite hoc polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP)
tch cc cu t tht mn hoc polyphenol. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta s
dng kt hp nhiu thit b lc vi nhau m bo cho bia thnh phm c

Cc qu trnh phn ring

trong t yu cu. Qu trnh lc bia cn c thc hin trong iu kin kn hn
ch s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt v oxy khng kh vo bia.
Qu trnh lc trong sn xut ru vang: vi mc ch l hon thin, ci thin trong
ca sn phm. Khi lc cc t bo nm men v cc cu t l lng c tch ra khi
ru vang.Thit b thng s dng l thit b lc p s dng ct lc hay thit b lc p
s dng da lc hnh tr kn, lp vt liu lc thng c ph thm bt tr lc
diatomite sn phm t c trong nh yu cu. Ngy nay, mt s nh sn xut
cn s dng thit b phn ring bng membrane tch vi sinh vt ra khi sn phm.
Cn lu qu trnh lc ru vang cn c thc hin trong iu kin kn hn ch
s xm nhp vi sinh vt t mi trng bn ngoi vo bn trong sn phm, v vy thit
b lc cn t trong mi trng kn, v trng
ng dng qu trnh lc trong sn xut ru rhum: tng t nh qu trnh lc trong
sn xut ru vang.
Sn xut c ph ha tan: vi mc ch cng ngh l hon thin. Qu trnh lc s loi
b cc tp cht khng tan c trong dch trch c ph nng cao cht lng ca sn
phm. Thng thng, dch trch ly cn ln b c ph do b khng c gi li hon
ton khi dng dch trch ra khi thit b trch ly. Qu trnh lc s loi b cc tp cht
ny, m bo khi ha tan sn phm s dng khng c cn xut hin. Phng php
thc hin: Qu trnh tch tp cht khng tan trong dch trch c th thc hin bng
phng php ly tm hoc lc khung bn. Phng php lc khung bn thng c s
dng v hiu qu kinh t cao hn so vi phng php ly tm. Tuy nhin, cn ch l
b c ph l b nn c, nn trong qu trnh lc, cn b sung bt tr lc hn ch
hin tng tc nghn b mt lc.
III. QA TRNH P:
3.1. Khi nim:
Qu trnh p l qu trnh thu hi cc thnh phn c gi tr bn trong nguyn liu bng
cch s dng p lc ph v cu trc nguyn liu v lm cho cu t thu hi thot ra
ngoi.
Qu trnh p thng s dng c lp, hoc phi kt hp vi cc qu trnh khc tng
cng hiu qu thu hi cc cu t cn thit c trong nguyn liu. Trong thc phm, ngi
ta chia qu trnh p ra lm hai nhm:

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Qu trnh p khng c qu trnh h tr: phng php ny thng p dng i vi cc loi
nguyn liu c cu trc mm, d ph hu hoc cc loi nguyn liu c m cao nh cc
loi tri cy.
Qu trnh p c qu trnh h tr: Qu trnh h tr thng l qu trnh nghin hoc x l
nhit. Phng php ny thng dng cho cc loi nguyn liu c m thp, c cng
ln v d nh cc loi ht c du.
3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh p:
Nguyn liu: Nu nh nguyn liu a vo qu trnh c bn c hc cao th cn phi c
qu trnh tin x l h tr cho qu trnh p nh vy nng sut p gim khi cu trc ca
nguyn liu cng cng. Ngoi cng ca nguyn liu, mt s yu t khc cng nh
hng n nh: kh nng n hi ca nguyn liu, nht ca dch p (khi nht ca
dch p cng ln th tr lc cng cao, dch p kh khuych tn ra bn ngoi), kh nng
lin kt mt s thnh phn trong nguyn liu. nu mun qu trnh p t thun li th cn
c qu trnh x l cc lin kt trong nguyn liu. V d, khi p cht bo trong ht u
nnh, trc khi p u nnh cn c nghin v chng sy. Qu trnh chng sy lm cc
lin kt gia lipit v thnh phn khc trong u nnh yu i v d thot ra ngoi.
xp ca nguyn liu: Khi p nguyn liu c xp cng cao th qu trnh p s cng
hiu qu. Ngoi ra, khi xp cao, t bo nguyn liu cng d b ph v khi chu tc
dng ca lc p, nh vy th nng sut ca qu trnh s tng cao.
p lc p: lc p l yu t nh hng rt ln n qu trnh. Khi ta to p lc p khng
ln th chng ta s khng khai thc c ht nhng cu t m ta mong mun nh vy s
lng ph nguyn liu.nu ta s dng lc p qu ln, hm lng cc cu t khng mong
mun trong dch p s cng nhiu
Ngoi p lc, nhit l yu t quan trng khng km. Nh chng ta bit, khi nhit
cng tng, nht ca cht lng cng gim, dch p s thot ra cng nhiu nhng
cng tu vo tng loi nguyn liu m chng ta c th s dng hay khng s dng nhit
. Khi chng ta p mt s loi tri cy th khng cn phi gia nhit v khi gia nhit s
nh hng n nhng vitamin, ng thi lm tng chi ph cho qu trnh p. Nhng khi p
nhng ht c du th qu trnh p thng c thc hin nhit cao hn nhit
nng chy ca cht bo tng ng c trong nguyn liu
Ngoi ra, cng cn mt s yu t khc nh hng n nh: tc tng p lc, qu trnh
tin x l.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Mt s bin i ca nguyn liu:
Thay i ch yu v mt vt l, qu trnh p s gim th tch v t trng c th thay
i.khi p cn ch mt s thnh phn d b phn hu ( nh vitamin, polyphenol) thot
ra khi t bo, tip xc vi khng kh v d dng b oxy ho. hn ch hin tng ny
c th tin hnh x l nhit nguyn liu v hot cc enzyme ho nu. Khng thay i
nhiu v ha sinh, ha hc, sinh ha (c th tn tht vitamin ). Tuy nhin, i vi dch p
tri cy sau khi p xong dch p cn c a i ch bin trnh nhim vi sinh vt.
3.3. Thit b
i vi thit b trong qu trnh p th c chia ra lm hai loi: thit b p gin on v
thit b p lin tc.
Thit b p gin on:
Thit b p dng tank: y l mt thit b hnh tr, t nm ngang. Bn trong thit b c
chia thnh hai ngn bng mt mng cht do, lp dc theo chiu di ca tank. Nguyn
liu sau khi c a vo mt phi ca tank th kh nn s c a vo pha cn li v
p ln khi nguyn liu.Nh vy, cht lng trong nguyn liu s thot ra ngoi qua cc l
trn tank khu vc nn.Sau khi p xong, kh s c x ra v tank s quay lm cho b
c nh ti ra v thot ra ngoi qua knh tho b. Thit b ny thng c s dng
trong qu trnh p gin on vi nng sut t 3600 kg/m n 25000 kg/m. u im ca
thit b ny l lm vic t ng v nng sut cao.

Ngoi ra, cn mt s thit b p khc nh: thit b p khung bn, thit b p dng hnh tr.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Thit b p khung bn Thit b p dng hnh tr
Thit b p lin tc:
Thit b p trc vis (screw press): thit b ny bao gm bung p hnh tr di, bn trong
c trc vis bng thp khng g. Trn bung p c cc l nh dch p c th thot ra
ngoi.B p s thot ra cui thit b thng qua l tho liu v c th hiu chnh p lc
thng qua vic thay i kch thc ca l tho liu ny.Lc p c th thay i bng tc
ca trc vis. Trong qu trnh vn hnh. Lc ma st c th lm gia tng nhit ca
khi nguyn liu m khi nhit tng th nht mi trng s gim. Do , dch p s
d dng thot ra ngoi. Tuy nhin cng phi cn thn v nhit s nh hng n cc
thnh phn nhy cm vi nhit c trong nguyn liu. Khi s dng thit b ny th phi s
dng chung vi qu trnh lc hoc ly tm v cc b mn c th ln trong dch p. Thng
thng, thit b ny vn hnh vi tc trc vis l 5-500rpm, p lc 138-276NM/m
2
.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

Thit b p trc: Cu to ca thit b ny bao gm cc trc hnh tr, thng c lm
bng kim loi nng. Trn b mt cc trc c cc rnh.Khi nguyn liu i qua khe hp
gia hai trc th lc p s tc dng ln nguyn liu v dch p s thot ra ngoi. Thng
thng thit b ny c thit k bao gm nhiu trc ni tip vi nhau tng hiu qu
hn.
Thit b p bng ti: c u im l nng sut ln nhng kh v sinh v bo tr, chi ph u
t thit b t.

Mt s thit b khc nh:
p vt: p qu , ht c du sau khi nghin v chng sy
Thy lc: Thch hp cho vt liu cng( ht c du)
Trc: Vt liu cng v c si( ma)
Kh nn: Vt liu cn trnh v nt( cc loi qu)
3.4. ng dng ca qu trnh p:
Qu trnh p c mc ch l khai thc, thu hi nhng cu t, thnh phn m ta mong
mun. V th, m qu trnh ny c ng dng rt nhiu trong cng ngh thc phm.
Trong cng ngh sn xut du bo, thu hi cht bo trong ht c du, phng php p
thng c s dng. tng hiu qu qu trnh p du, cc ht c du thng c
nghin s b v x l nhit (chng sy) tng hiu qu qu trnh p du. Ngoi ra,
tng hiu qu thu hi du, qu trnh p c kt hp vi qu trnh trch ly. Nguyn liu
sau khi c s l s b v p s tip tc c trch ly tn thu cht bo trong b p.
Trong cng ngh ch bin rau qu, thu hi dch qu, qu trnh p thng c s
dng. Thng thng,i vi cc loi tri cy, nguyn liu thng khng c x l trc

Cc qu trnh phn ring

khi p. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh p cc loi tri cy, cn ch n cht lng ca dch
p v trong qu trnh p cc cht khng mng mun c bit l cc cht ng c th i
vo sn phm v lm nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm.
Sau qu trnh trch ly, c mt lng dung mi v cc cu t mong mun cn gi li trong
nguyn liu. tn thu ngi ta thng em nguyn liu sau khi trch ly i p. Tuy
nhin, trong trng hp ny cn tnh n hiu qu kinh t ca qu trnh thu hi cc cu t
mong mun.
Trong sn xut ng: Giai on khai thc nc ma nhm ly kit lng nc a trong
cy ma. Giai on khai thc nc ma l giai on u tin v quan trng ca dy
chuyn sn xut ng ch tiu quan trng ca giai on ny l nng sut p v hiu sut
p ma.
ly nc ma cn ph v cc t bo ca cy ma bng cch dng lc c hc x ti v
p dp thn cy. Giai on khai thc nc ma chia lm 2 bc x l v p ma:
X l ma
Nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh p d dng hn, nng cao nng sut v hiu sut p.
p ma
Da vo phng thc b sung nc m qu trnh p ma c chia thnh hai nhm: p
thm thu hoc p khuch tn
Trong cng ngh sn xut bt ca cao: ca cao sau khi rang s c p thu hi cht bo
nhm hiu chnh hm lng cht bo trong bt ca cao. i vi sn phm bt ca cao, hm
lng cht bo thng thp hn so vi hm lng cht bo c trong nguyn liu. Hm
lng cht bo trong bt ca cao thng dao ng khong 10-20%
Do , sn xut bt ca cao, th cn thc hin qu trnh p tch bt hm lng cht
bo c trong ca cao sau khi rang v kim ho.
Trong sn xut SURIMI: sau qu trnh ra, m trong tht tng ln n 92%. Theo yu
cu, m ca tht c cho qu trnh phi trn v lnh ng l 80-82%. Do , cn phi
loi b bt nc c trong tht c. C th s dng thit b p trc vis loi b nc ra
khi c.
Trong sn xut ru vang:
p c p dng vo qu trnh p v tch b nho.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Mc ch cng ngh: khai thc
Sau qu trnh ln men, phn dch lng s c bm qua thit b tang tr, cn phn b nho
s c em p tn thu cc cht chit cn st li trong b nho.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:
p l mt qu trnh phn ring tch v thu hi mt phn dch lng b ;n trong b nho.
Thit b
Phn b nho gm c v nho, mt phn cung nho v mt phn dch lng, s dng thit b
vi hai bng p thng ng v c xp song song nhau.

Trong cng ngh sn xut bt cacao:
Qu trnh p c ng dng trong giai on p b.
Mc ch cng ngh: khai thc
Ca cao sau khi rang s c p thu hi cht bo nhm hiu chnh hm lng cht bo
trong bt ca cao thnh phm. i vi sn phm bt ca cao, hm lng cht bo thng
thp hn so vi hm lng cht bo c trong nguyn liu.Hm lng cht bo trong bt
ca cao thng dao ng trong khong t 10-20%.Mt s sn phm c th c hm lng
cht bo cao hn hoc thp hn. Do , sn xut bt ca cao, th cn thc hin qu trnh
p tch bt hm lng bo c trong ca cao sau khi rang v kim ha.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Trong qu trnh p ca cao, bin i quan trong nht l hm lng cht bo trong ca cao s
gim.Hm lng cht bo cn li trong ca cao ph thuc vo yu cu ca sn phm.
Phng php thc hin v thit b
Trong qu trnh p b ca cao, c 2 loi thit b p thng c s dng l thit b p thy
lc v thit b p trc vis.
Thit b p thy lc thng c s dng sn xut bt ca cao c hm lng bo cao
v p ca cao c ha lng.
Thit b p vis thng c s dng sn xut bt ca cao c hm lng bo thp v p
dng vt liu ri. Bt ca cao khi c sn xut bng thit b p trc vis c th t hm
lng cht bo thp hn 8%.
Cc thng s cng ngh
Kch thc ca nguyn liu ng vai tr quan trng.Kch thc nguyn liu ca cao cng
ln th hiu sut p cng thp.
Nhit ca ca cao: trong qu trnh p b, nhit cng cao th hiu sut p tng v
nhit cao, cht bo s chuyn sang trng thi lng v d khuch tn ra ngoi. Thng
thng th ca cao khng cn phi gia nhit trc khi p m ca cao khi nghin s c
em i p ngay.
p lc p: p lc p cng cao th hiu sut p cng cao. p lc p trong qu trnh p phu
thuc vo tng loi thit b c th.
IV. TRCH LY BNG DUNG MI:
4.1. Gii thiu v trch ly:
Trch ly l qu trnh ha tan chn lc mt hay nhiu cu t c trong mu nguyn liu
bng cch cho nguyn liu tip xc vi dung mi. ng lc ca qu trnh trch ly la s
chnh lch nng ca cu t trong nguyn liu v trong dung mi. y l mt qu
trnh truyn khi.
Mt s hot nglin quan n victchccthnhphnc th cathcphm u rt quan
trng trong mt s ng dng, bao gm c vic sn xut ra cc loi sn phm nh:
- Cc loi du thc phm, cc loi du c tnh nng c bit t cc loi ht ging
thc vt

Cc qu trnh phn ring

- Cc loi hng v v cc loi tinh du thit yu t cc nguyn liu (v d nh : ht
tiu en, bch u khu, inh hng, gng, hoa bia, rau mi ty, vani,)
- Caf
- ng
- Loi b caffeine t caf v tr
Mt vi sn phm sau khi c tch ra t thc phm bng dung mi, c th c s
dng trc tip (vd: du n) hoc mt vi sn phm khc tip tc c x l bng phng
php c c.
Nhiu phng php trch ly rt gn vi nhit mi trng xung quanh, nhng cng c
khi nhit cao l tc nhn xc tc qu trnh trch ly din ra nhanh hn. C rt t thit
hi do nhit gy ra v nhit cng nh hng khng ng k n cht lng ca sn
phm.
Mt s loi dung mi ch yu c s dng trch ly nh nc, mt s dung mi hu
c hoc carbon dioxide siu ti hn.
4.2. Gii thiu v dung mi:
Chn dung mi l mt vn quan trng thc hin qu trnh trch ly. Ngi ta thng
da vo nhng tiu ch sau y chn dung mi.
o Dung mi c kh nng ha tan chn lc, tc cu t cn thu nhn trong mu
nguyn liu c ha tan cao trong dung mi. Ngc li, cc cu t khc c trong
mu nguyn liu cn trch ly th khng ha tan c trong dung mi hoc c
ha tan km.
o Dung mi phi tr vi cc cu t c trong dung dch trch ly.
o Dung mi khng gy hin tng n mn thit b, kh chy v khng c vi
ngi s dng
o Dung mi c gi thnh thp, d tm, cc nh sn xut c th thu hi dung mi sau
qu trnh trch ly ti s dng.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

Bng 4.1: Dung mi s dng trch ly cc thnh phn thc phm:
Thc phm Dung mi Nng cht tan
cui
Nhit (
o
C)
Caf cha tch
cafein
Carbon dioxide siu
ti hn, nc hoc
methylene chloride,
N/A 30-50 (CO
2
)
Gan c, cc sp ph
t tht
Acetone hay ethyl
ether
N/A 30-50
Trch ly hoa bia

CO
2
siu ti hn N/A <100-180
Caf ha tan

Nc 25-30 70-90
Tr ha tan

Nc 2,5-5 N/A
Du oliu

Carbon disulphide N/A
Ht, u v cc ht
cha du
Hexane, heptane
hay cyclohexene
N/A 63-70 (hexane)
90-99(heptane)
71-85(cyclohexane)
C ci ng

Nc Gn bng 15 55-85
Nhiu loi dung mi thng mi c s dng tric tch cc thnh phn ca thc
phm u c trnh by bng 4.1. S trch ly s dng dung mi l nc ( lc ) c
c nhng u im trc mt l chi ph thp v an ton, thng c s dng trong
vic trch ly ng , tr v caf.... trch ly du v cht bo i hi mt dung mi hu
c. Tuy nhin, dung mi hu c l nhng cht rt d chy nn cn phi c s ch cn
trng c vic vn hnh cc thit b v kim tra thit b thng xuyn, m bo thit b
c kha van cht ch v cn c cc thit b chng tia la in.
Carbon dioxide siu ti hn c tm thy ngy cng rng ri trong cc ng dng loi b
caffeine t tr v caf v ng dng trch ly hoa bia trong sn xut bia (Grader 1982). N
cn c s dng trch ly v c c cc thnh phn hng v t cc loi tri cy v cc
loi hng liu ( bao gm ht tiu, inh hng v gng) v c bit hn l cc loi tinh
du t h nh cy c mi, hng lot cc loi ht v ht ging. S kt hp ca phng
php trch ly bng carbon siu ti hn v phng php n s to ra mt dng sn phm
mi cho ba sng bng ng cc, sn phm m ng, v bnh ko c m t bi Rizvi v
cng s ( 1995). Gaehrs (1990) .

Cc qu trnh phn ring

S siu ti hn xut pht sinh t nhit v p sut ti hn th hin trn gin nhit d-
p sut ca CO
2
( hnh 4.1 ). Khu vc siu ti hn cho carbon dioxide l khi n nm trn
ng p sut ti hn ( 73,8 bar) v nm bn phi ng nhit ti hn ( 31
o
C )
(Brogle, 1982). trng thi siu ti hn, ging nh mt dung mi, n hot ng nh
mt cht lng v khuch tn d dng nh mt cht kh. N c u im l d bay hi v
tch cc cc cht tan mt cch d dng v khng li d lng trong thc phm. N
cn l cht khng d chy, khng c hi, c ch vi khun v chi ph thp. N c s
dng di iu kin gn im ti hn ( near- critical fluid hay NCF) cho cc ng dng
de-odourising hay cho cc cht tan c kh nng ha tan cao. Cho cng vic trch ly c
hon thin hn hay cc ng dng c lin quan n cc cht tan t c kh nng ha tan, n
c s dng nhit v p sut cao hn ( Rizvi v cc cng s. 1986). Gii hn trn
cho nhit hot ng l s nhy cm bi nhit ca cc thnh phn thc phm v gii
hn trn chi ph cho thit b p sut (khong 40 MPa).

Hnh 4.1: Gin p sut- nhit cho carbon dioxide
TP= ng ba phn cch, , CP=im ti hn, P
c
= im p sut ti hn( 73.8 bar), T
C
=
nhit d ti hn ( 31, 06
o
C).

Cc qu trnh phn ring

4.3. Bn cht ca qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi:
Trch ly rn-lng: lin quan n vic loi b cc thnh phn mong mun (cht tan) t
mt thc phm bng cch s dng mt cht lng (dung mi) m c th ha tan c
nhiu cht tan. iu ny c ngha l chng ta trn ln thc phm v dung mi li vi
nhau, c th trn mt ln duy nht hoc trn nhiu ln, gi mt khong thi gian xc
nh v sau tch dung mi ra. Trong sut thi gian gi th khi lng cht tan c s
chuyn i t thc phm sang dung mi, xy ra trong ba giai on sau:
1. Cht tan ha tan vo dung mi.
2. Dung dch di chuyn xuyn qua cc phn t ti b mt ca phn t
3. Dung dch bt u phn tn vi s lng ln vo trong dung mi.
Trong sut qu trnh trch ly, thi gian gi nn cho dung mi c th ha tan ht cc
cht tan,v thi gian cho vic chuyn i cc thnh phn trong dung mi t n im
cn bng.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh trch ly:
o Ha l: bin i ha l c xem l nhm bin i quan trng nht trong qu
trnh trch ly. l s ha tan ca nguyn liu ( pha rn) vo dung mi (pha
lng). Cn lu l ty theo tnh chn lc ca dung mi m thnh phn v hn
lng cc cu t ha tan thu c trong dch trit s thay i. Thng thng
cng vi cc cu t cn thu nhn, dch trch cn cha mt s cu t ha tan
khc. Cc nh sn xut cn phi loi b cc tp cht ha tan v khng tan ra
khi dch trch trong cng on x l tip theo trong qui trnh sn xut.
V d: Trong qu trnh trch ly sn xut du bo t u nnh, s dng dung mi
l hexane, cu t cn thu nhn l triglyceride. Tuy nhin trong dch trch lun b
ln mt s tp cht ha tan khc nh acid bo t do, phospholipide..
Trong qu trnh trch ly c th xy ra nhng bin i v pha khc nh s bay hi,
s kt ta,. V d nh trong sn xut c ph ha tan qu trnh trch ly c th lm
tn tht mt s cu t hng c trong nguyn liu. iu ny nh hng khng tt
n mi ca bt c ph ha tan.Hoc trong qu trnh sn xut ng saccharose,
mt s hp cht keo c th b kt ta trong qu trnh trch ly.Bin i ny gp
phn lm sch dch trch v gip cho qu trnh kt tinh sau din ra d dng hn.
o Vt l: S khuch tn l bin i vt l quan trng trong qua trnh trch ly. Cc
phn t cht tan s chuyn t tm nguyn liu n vng b mt v dch chuyn

Cc qu trnh phn ring

t vng b mt vo dung mi. Cc phn t dung mi s khuch tn t bn
ngoi nguyn liu vo bn trong cu trc cc mao dn ca nguyn liu. S
khuch tn s gip cho qu trnh chit rt cc cu t cn trch ly t nguyn liu
vo dung mi xy ra nhanh v trit hn. ng lc ca s khuch tn l s
chnh lch nng .
o Ha hc: Trong qu trnh trch ly, c th xy ra cc phn ng ha hc ca cc
cu t trong nguyn liu. Tc ca cc phn ng ha hc s gia tng nu
chng ta thc hin qu trnh trch ly nhit cao.
Vd: Trong qu trnh trch ly glyceride trong unnh , nu thc hin nhit
cao d lm cho cht bo b oxi ha. Hin tng ny lm cho dch trch cha nhiu
tp cht v gy kh khn cho qu trnh tinh sch tip theo.
o Ha sinh v sinh hc: Khi s dng dung mi l nc v thc hin qu
trnh trch ly nhit phng th mt s bin i ha sinh v sinh hc c
th xy ra. Cc enzyme trong nguyn liu s xc tc phn ng chuyn ha
nhng c cht c ngun gc t nguyn liu. H vi sinh vt trong nguyn
liu s pht trin. Tuy nhin nu chng ta thc hin qu trnh trch ly
nhit co th cc bin i ha sinh v sinh hc xy ra khng ng k.
Tm li: Trong qu trnh trch ly c th xy ra nhiu bin i khc nhau. Ty thuc vo
phng php trch ly v cc thng s cng ngh m mc ca cc bin i s thay i.
Cc nh sn xut cn la chn phng php thc hin v cc thng s cng ngh ph
hp tng cng cc bin i c li v hn ch cc bin i c hi xy ra lm nh
hng n hiu sut v cht lng ca sn phm.
4.4. Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh trch ly:
- Nhit trch ly: Nhit cao ng thi tng tc ha tan v tng kh nng
khuch tn vi s lng ln cht tan vo dung mi. Nhit ca a s cc qu
trnh trch ly c gii hn di 100
o
C do s cn nhc v kinh t. Vic trch ly cc
thnh phn khng mong mun nhit cao hn hoc nng hn s gy ra h
hng cc thnh phn ca thc phm.
- Kch thc ca nguyn liu : tc chuyn i v khi lng t l thun vi
din tch b mt tip xc v vy gim kch thc phn t ng ngha vi vic tng
kh nng tip xc th c th tng kh nng trch ly ln n ti hn nht nh.Tuy
nhin, nu kch thc ca nguyn liu qu nh th chi ph cho qu trnh nghin, x
ngyn liu s giia tng. Ngoi ra, vic phn ting pha lng v pha rn khi kt thc
qu trnh trch ly s kh khn hn.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

- nht ca dung mi: nht ca dung mi cn thp cho php dung
mi d dng xm nhp vo bn trong phn t ha tan c cc cht tan c
trong phn t.
- Lu lng ca dung mi: Nu dng dung mi c bm vi mt tc cao vo
thit b cha nguyn liu cn trch ly th s lm gim i kch thc lp bin bao
bc xung quanh nguyn liu, y l ni tp trung cc cu t ha tan. Do tc
trch ly cc cu t trong nguyn liu s gia tng. Ty thuc vo hnh dng thit b,
kch thc ca lp nguyn liu trong thit b m tc d dung mi bm vo thit b
s c la chn sao cho thi gian trch ly l ngn nht v hiu sut thu hi cht
chit l cao nht.
- Thi gian trch ly: Khi tng thi gian trch ly th hiu sut thu hi cht chic s
gia tng. Tuy nhin nu thi gian trch ly qu di , th hiu sut thu hi cht chic
s tng thm khng ng k. Cc nh sn xut phi xc nh c thi gian trch
ly ti u cho qu trnh trch ly bng phng php thc nghim.
- T l khi lng gia nguyn liu v dung mi: Vi cng mt lng nguyn
liu, nu ta tng tng lng dung mi s dng th hiu sut trch ly s tng theo.
l s chnh lch nng ca cu t cn trch ly trong nguyn liu v trong
dung mi s cng ln. Tuy nhin nu lng dung mi s dng qu ln th s lm
long dch trch. Khi , cc nh sn xut phi thc hin qu trnh c c hoc x
l dch trch bng phng php khc tch bt dung mi. Nh vy chng ta cn
xc nh t l ph hp gia khi lng nguyn liu v dung mi
Vd :Trong cng ngh sn xut thc ung t tho mc, t l khi lng giau74 nguyn
liu v dung mi ( nc ) thng dao ng trong khong 1/6 -1/10.
- p sut :Trong phng php trch ly bng lu cht siu ti hn, p sut v
nhit l hai yu t nh hng quyt nh n hiu sut thu hi cht chit.
Thng thng, khi tng p sut v nhit th qu trnh trch ly din ra cng
nhanh v hiu sut trch ly s tng theo. Tuy nhin, vic tng p sut s lm
tng chi ph vn hnh v gi thnh tht b cng tng cao.
Trong nghin cu ca trch ly carotenoids v chlorophyll t to nannochloropsis
gaditana bng CO
2
siu ti hn, ngi ta thy rng, khi tng p sut t 10Mpa -40Mpa
th hiu sut trch ly tng theo, nhng nu tip tc tng p sut ln 50Mpa th hiu sut
trch ly b gim nh. Cc tc gi cho rng p sut qu cao, tng tc gia oah rn v
pha lng b gim i nn lm gim hiu sut trch ly. Do trong trng hp ny, p sut
thch hp cho qu trnh trch ly l 40 Mpa.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

4.5. Thit b dng trong qu trnh trch ly:
Trch ly trong mt thit b gin on hay lin tc qua mt giai on hoc nhiu giai
on. Cc thnh phn n v c trng ca s trch ly c trnh by hnh 4.2

Hnh: Cch b tr ca h thng trch lys dng CO
2
siu ti hn.
Cc thnh phn ch yu bao gm, thng trch ly, mt thng tch, mt thit bnh ngng t
v thit b bm CO
2
. Trong phng php CO
2
siu ti hn, CO
2
c lu tr gn nh l
mt cht lng siu ti hn trong thit b ngng t, sau c bm ln thit b trch ly
thng qua mt thit b trao i nhit bng mt my bm vi p sut cao. Trng thi ca
CO
2
trong thit b trch ly c xc nh bng p sut, c iu khn bng van gim p,
ngoi vic xc nh bng p sut cn xc nh c trng thi ca CO
2
bng nhit ,
iu khin s n nhit bng mt cht lng tun hon thng qua lp v bc xung quanh
thit b. Vt liu c trch ly c ty i bng kh CO
2
loi b ht khng kh, sau
CO
2
lng c bm vo trong vi mt tc ph hp sao cho thi gian lu ca CO
2
va
iu kin cn bng c thit lp.Dung dich tip theo se c truyn ti thit b
tch, trong cc in kin c iu chnh ti thiu ha kh nng ha tan ca cn
thnh phn trch ly (thng bng phng php gii nn). CO
2
sau c quay tr v

Cc qu trnh phn ring

thit b ngng t lm lnh v ti s dng, thnh phn trch ly c tch ra t thit b
tch.
- Thit b trch ly mt bc:
y l nhng ci bn khp kin, c gn mt ci li h tr cc thnh phn rn
ca thc phm. Dung mi c un nng s thm vo cc phn t rn mc kt trn
li v c thu nhn di y li. C hoc khng c s tun hon dung mi.
Chng c s dng trch ly du hoc sn xut caf hay trch ly tr. Sn phm
caf ha tan c m t chi tit bi Clarke (1990). Mc d c u im l vn v chi
ph vn hnh thp, trch ly mt bc c th i hi mt h thng phc hi dung mi t
tin hoc chi ph cao cho cc bin php x l nhim nc khi nc c s dng
nh l mt dung mi.

- Thit b trch ly nhiu bc:
Phng php ny bao gm mt lot14- 15 bn cha, mi bn ng vai tr quan trng
nh trong thit b trch ly mt bc, chng c lin kt vi nhau, v th dung mi ni
ln s c bm ti cc bn tip theo, c th b b sung hay i mi dung mi hoc
cho dung mi c hot ng trong cc thit b cn li.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Phng php ny c s dng sn xut du, trich ly tr v caf , trch ly ng t
c ci ng.

S nguyn l h thng trch ly nhiu bc ngc dng
- Thit b trch ly lin tc:
C rt nhiu cc thit k v trch ly, mi ci c th hot ng dng truy cp-hin tai
hoc hp tc hin ti. V d, mt trong nhng thit k c mt ci bn cha km theo 2
thng thang my theo chiu dc c lm t nhng ci thng c l v lin kt vi
mt ci chung. Nguyn liu ti c ti vo mt ci thng bn knh nh dn ca
thang my v dung mi c bm vo pha trn trch ly cht tan theoco
currently.
Nhng ci thng sau s hng ln trn, v dung mi ti c chuyn ln pha
trn ca ci thang my th hai trch ly cht tan theo counter currently. Dung dch
c thu nhn ti y v c bm ln pha trn ca thang my th nht trch ly
thm cht tan, hoc n c tch ra tip tc qu trnh. Nhng thit k khc ca
thit b trch ly s dng bng ti vt c l thay v thang my thng.
Nhng thit k khc s dng bng chuyn lun phin, c phn thnh nhiu on,
mi on c c l y cha c cht. Dung mi c phun ln mi on, v
c thu nhn di y v c bm ln cc phn on trc sn xut ra

Cc qu trnh phn ring

trch ly counter currently. Trch ly lin tc v ly tm tch c s dng trch ly
du, caf, c ci ng, v trong vic chun b phn lp protein. Chi tit hn ca cc
qu trnh c th hin bi Brennan v cng s ( 1990 )
Gii thiu kiu thit b trch ly lin tc thit b Hildebrandt. Thit b c 2 thp, dng
hnh tr ng, chng ni vi nhau bi mt ng hnh tr nm ngang bn di. Bn
trong thit b c cc vis ti vn chuyn nguyn liu. Nguyn liu c np lin tc
theo ca np v c vis ti a xung bn di thp 2 qua ng hnh tr nm
ngang ri theo thp 1 ln phi trn. Cui cng nguyn liu c tho ra ngoi thit b
theo ca tho b, dung mi s c np vo thit b t tho 1 v s chuyn ng qua
ng tr nm ngang ri i qua thp 2, cui cng dch trch c tho ra ngoi ca chn.
Nh vy dng nguyn liu v dung mi chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau. Trc vis
trong thit b chuyn ng xoay vi tc 1vng/pht.

Hin nay, thit b ny c s dng trch ly saccharose t c ci ng, cht bo
t nguyn liu thc vt giu bo.Nng sut thit b c th ln ti 40 tn nguyn liu/
gi.

4.6. Cc ng dng ca qu trnh trch ly:
+ Thm thu ngc (RO) (hay cn gi l hyperfiltration) v siu lc (UF) l hai n v
hot ng ng dng qu trnh trch ly, trong nc v cc cht tan trong dung dich
c loi b mt cch chn lc thng qua mt ci mng bn thm. Hai qu trnh ny
tng t nhau trong p sut tc dng ln c cht lm ng lc vn chuyn cc cht

Cc qu trnh phn ring

qua mng. Tuy nhin, s thm thu ngc c s dng tch nc t nhng phn t
c khi lng thp ( v d nh mui, ng, hp cht thm,...), nhng phn t ny c p
sut thm thu cao. (bng 4.2) . Mt p sut nm trong khong 5-10 ln c s dng
trong siu lc UF (4000-8000x10
3
pa), do cn thit vt qua ( y l gii hn ca
thm thu ngc).
+ ng dng thng mi ln nht trong thc phm ca thm thu ngc l c c sa t
cc nh my sn xut ph mt, hoc cc giai on trc c c, trc khi sy kh hoc
c ng dng trong cc nh my sn xut kem. Thm thu ngc cng c s dng
:
- C c v lc sch nc p tri cy (Robe,1993), enzyme, ln men ru v du
thc vt.
- c c bt la m, axit citric, lng trng trng, sa, c ph, xi r, chit xut
thin nhin v hng liu.
- Lm ru vang v bia.
- Kh khong v lc nc t cc l khoan trong lng t hoc lng sng, hoc kh
mui ca nc bin.
+ ng dng cui cng, nhng ion ha tr 1 v a ha tr, phn t, vi khun, vt liu hu
c vi khi lng phn t ln hn 300 th s c loi b n 99,9% t c s tinh
khit cao cho sn xut nc, cho cc nh my sn xut nc gii kht v nhng ng dng
khc.
+ Nhng ng dng khc bao gm sn xut ru bia c nng thp, ru to, ru vang
v phc hi protein hoc cc cht rn khc t vic chng ct cn, pha long nc p, x
l nc thi t vic xay xc ng hay cc thit b lm sch nc. Mng siu lc cn c
s dng cho vic chun b trch ly caf v cht lng ca trng cho qu trnh sy v trc
khi c c.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

Bng 4.2.p sut thm thu ca mt s loi dung dch.
Dung dch Nng p sut thm thu
Nc p to 15
o
Brix 2.04
Nc p h cam 10
o
Brix 1.48
Caf trch ly 28% TS 3.4
ng 1% w/v 0.37
Sa - 0.69
Dung dch mui 15% TS 13.8
Dung dch ung 44
o
Brix 6.9
Siro ng 20
o
Brix 4.41
Nc st c chua 33
o
Brix 6.9
protein - 0.69
Trong sn xut c ph ho tan: trch ly nhm mc ch khai khc cc cht to hng,
cc cht ho tan trong c ph rang. y l giai on quan trng nht, nh hng quyt
nh n hiu sut ca ton b quy trnh sn xut.
Trong qu trnh ny ta c th s dng phng php trch ly gin on: Trong
phng php ny c ph c cho vo cc tank cha nc vi t l ph hp. cc
tank cha c cu to hnh thn tr, y cn, c v o. Hn hp c ph v nc
c gia nhit bng hi nc. sau khi thi gian trch ly, dch trch ly c tho
ra y. nng cao hiu qu qu trnh trch ly, hin nay ngi ta s dng h
thng trch ly nhiu bc. nhit trch ly trong khong 90-100
0
C, thi gian trch ly
trong 1 bnh xp x 45 pht. Phng php ny c u im l cu to thit b n
gin, d vn hnh, gi thnh r nhng tn thi gian v hiu sut thp.
Phng php trch ly lin tc: Phng php ny s dng thit b trch ly dng trc
vis. Cu to thit b gm trc vis, trc vis ny s lm c ph di chuyn trong bung
trch ly. Nc nng thng l 100
0
C s di chuyn theo chiu ngc li. Khi c ph
v nc tip xc nhau qu trnh trch ly s din ra
Kt hp c hai phng php: u tin, c ph c trch ly theo phng php
trch ly gin on. Sau c a i trch ly tip trong thit b trch ly lin
tc.u im ca phng php ny l nng cao hiu qu trch ly i vi phng
php trch ly gin on.
V. NG DNG CHUNG CHO CC QU TRNH PHN RING:
ng dng trong quy trnh sn xut du tinh luyn.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

t
o
= 100 110
o
C
p
ck
= 500 760mmHg
Ty mu
Kh mi
Lc p
Thnh phm
Cn t
t hot tnh (0,1-
3%)
Than hot tnh (0,2-
1%)
Trung ho

Nc
(t
o
: 90-
100
0
C)

Cn
photpho
lipit
Thy ha
Ly tm tch cn
Ra nc
Cn x phng
phng
Nc
ra
Dung dch NaOH
12 16
o
Be.

Nc
(t
o
: 80- 90
0
C)

Ly tm
t
o
C :110-115
0
C
t : 50 - 60 pht

t
o
C :16 - 20
o
C

Nguyn liu
Sng loi tp cht
Nghin
p
Chng sy
B p
Lc
Ht
lp,
t

Bt
chng sy
B lc
Du th

Cc qu trnh phn ring

p du: Hin nay, vic khai thc du quy m trung bnh v quy m ln thng s
dng cc loi my p vt vi c cu khc nhau:
C ch ca qu trnh p:
Khi p, di tc dng ca ngoi lc, trong khi bt xy ra s lin kt b mt bn trong
cng nh bn ngoi ca cc phn t, ta c th chia ra lm hai qu trnh ch yu:
* Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn lng: y l qu trnh lm du thot ra khi cc khe vch
gia cc b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca t bo. Khi bt u p, do lc nn cc
phn t bt st li gn nhau, khi lc nn tng ln, cc phn t bt b bin dng. Cc
khong trng cha du b thu hp li v n khi lp du c chiu dy nht nh, du bt
u thot ra. Tc thot du ph thuc vo nht ca lp du v ph thuc vo p lc
p, nht cng b, p lc cng ln th du thot ra cng nhanh.
* Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn rn: khi lc nn tng ln, s bin dng xy ra cng mnh
cho n khi cc phn t lin kt cht ch vi nhau th s bin dng khng xy ra na.
Nu nh trong cc khe vch khng b gi li mt t du v p lc cn c th tip tc tng
ln th t cc phn t bt ring bit s to thnh mt khi chc dnh lin nhau. Trn thc
t, p lc p cng ch t n mt gii hn nht nh, c mt lng nh du cn nm li
nhng ch tip gip nhau, cho nn kh du vn cn c tnh xp. c bit khi ra khi
my p, tnh xp ca kh du li tng ln khi khng cn tc dng ca lc nn na.
Mt iu quan trng nh hng n hiu qu ly du l nu tc tng p lc qu nhanh
th s lm bt kn cc ng thot du lm du khng thot ra c, iu ny thy rt r
cc my p m trong nguyn liu khng c o trn (my p th cng).
Ngoi ra, nu ch xt n thun v s chuyn dch ca du qua cc khe vch, cc h ng
mao qun ca t bo nguyn liu, ta c th rt ra nhng iu kin m bo vic tch
du t hiu qu sau y:
- p sut chuyn ng ca du trong cc khe vch v cc ng mao qun ca t bo
nguyn liu cng ln, du chy ra cng nhanh, mun nh th th ngoi lc tc dng ln
du phi ln. Ngoi lc tc ng ln nguyn liu (bt p) gm c hai phn: mt phn tc
ng ln du v mt phn tc ng ln cc phn t rn lm cc phn t ny bin dng.
Do , cho p lc tc ng ln du ln, ta cn phi thay i tnh cht c l ca cc
phn t rn (qua cng on chng sy) lm gim phn p lc lm cho cc phn t bin
dng, nh , p lc tc ng ln phn du s tng. Tuy nhin, vic tng ngoi lc cng
thc hin n mt gii hn no , nu vt qu gii hn ny s dn n s co hp cc
ng mao qun dn du hoc cc khe vch cha du mt cch nhanh chng lm hiu qu
thot du gim.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

- ng knh cc ng mao qun cha du cn phi ln trong sut qu trnh p trnh
vic du thot ra qu chm hoc khng thot ra c. Trn thc t, hin tng ny
thng xy ra v khc phc cn phi tng p lc p t t nhm m bo thi gian
cho lng du ch yu kp chy ra. Nu p lc p tng t ngt, cc ng mao qun cha
du nhanh chng b hp li hoc b bt kn, du s chy ra chm. Mt khc, nu p lc p
tng mnh trong giai on u s lm ri lon s chuyn ng ca nguyn liu trong my
p do du chy ra mnh lit ko theo nhiu cn du.
- Chiu di cc ng mao qun cha du phi ngn v s thot du khi p thng i theo
mt phng chung v v pha c on ng ngn nht. Nu ng chy du cng di
th thi gian chy qua on ng y cng ln. Ngoi ra, khi ng chy du ngn, s
ng mao qun b tc trong qu trnh p cng t hn. V th, thc hin vic p du mt
cch trit th lp nguyn liu trong my p phi mng.
- Thi gian p phi ln, nu thi gian p qu ngn, du chy ra cha ht, ngc li,
nu thi gian p qu di s nh hng n nng sut my p. Vic ci tin c cu my p
cng c th rt ngn c thi gian p.
- nh
t ca du phi b tr lc khi du chuyn ng b, t thi gian du thot

ra khi nguyn liu s ngn. nht ca du b, bt p phi c nhit cao v trong
qu trnh p nhit phi n nh. Khi bt p b ngui, nht ca du tng v tnh do
ca bt gim nh hng n s thot du. Tuy nhin, khi nhit bt p qu cao, du s
b oxy ha mnh, du s b sm mu v kh du s b chy kht. V th, vic dng nc
hoc du ngui lm mt lng p l vic lm rt cn thit, trnh c hin tng pht
nhit khi my p lm vic.
Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut p:
- c tnh c hc ca nguyn liu p nh hng rt ln n hiu sut p, c tnh ny do
cc cng on chun b, c bit l khu chng sy quyt nh. Ngoi ra, mc nghin
bt, nhit , m ca bt cng l nhng yu t c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut
p.
- Cc iu kin hnh thnh trong qu trnh p nh p lc p, nhit p, c cu my p
Thit b p:
tin hnh p du, ngi ta c th dng my p vt hoc my p th cng (my p th
cng khng gii thiu). My p vt gm ba loi: loi p lc thp, p lc trung bnh v p
lc cao, my p vt lm vic lin tc, bn trn l cc tng ni chng sy, v th sau khi
chng sy xong, c th tin hnh p ngay.
p lc trong lng my p vt c to thnh l do s nn nguyn liu v sc phn khng
ca nguyn liu, p lc ny ln hay b ty thuc vo cu to lng p v trc vt.

Cc qu trnh phn ring

Do tit din khe cn ti ca ra kh b hn bt c im no trong lng p, v th nn
nguyn liu chuyn ng s b nn tr li tc l to cho my p c p lc. Mt khc, do
trc vt c s thay i bc vt (ngn dn v pha ra kh du), ng knh ca lng p
cng thay i, nh dn v pha ra kh du, cho nn mun cha c lng nguyn liu t
on sau chuyn ti buc phi xy ra s nn, tc l to nn p lc.
Trn thc t, nu ta cho vo my p mt lng bt qu nho, khi trc vt quay hu nh
khng c mt p lc no. iu ny chng t rng c tnh ca bt p quyt nh s to
thnh p lc trong my p. c tnh ca bt p li do cng on chng sy quyt nh, v
vy c th ni rng p lc trong my p do khu chng sy bt quyt nh.
Khi lm vic vi my p vt, cn ch mt s im sau:
- Khng cho my chy trong iu kin qu ti, khng cc tp cht nh kim loi, si,
ri vo my p,
- Thng xuyn quan st v tr ca du chy ra t bn di my p, nu du chy ra nhiu
nht gia lng p, chng t bt p t yu cu, cn nu du chy ra u hoc cui
my p, chng t bt p qu t hoc qu kh. Lc cn phi ng ca cp bt p
xung my p v iu chnh li ch chng sy cho thch hp.
- Thng xuyn quan st ng ra ca kh du, trong iu kin bnh thng, kh du ra
thnh tng mng nh, chiu dy ng u, khng nt vn, mt mt hi g gh c nhiu
vt rn, mt mt nhn bng. Mu ca kh du ti, khng c mi chy kht, khng c
vt du loang l.
- My chy m, du khng theo khe cn thot ra ngoi.
Trch ly:Ngy nay, phng php trch ly c p dng rng ri v n mang li hiu
qu kinh t cao hn phng php p v c kh nng t ng ha cao. Phng php trch
ly c th ly c trit hm lng du c trong nguyn liu, hm lng du cn li
trong b trch ly khong t 1 1,8 %, t hn nhiu so vi phng php th cng (5
6%). Trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta thng kt hp c hai phng php: p v trch ly.
Ngoi ra, phng php trch ly c th khai thc c nhng loi du c hm lng b
trong nguyn liu v c th khai thc du vi nng sut ln. Tuy nhin, do dung mi cn
kh t tin, cc vng nguyn liu nm ri rc khng tp trung nn phng php ny
cha c ng dng rng ri trong nc ta.
C s l thuyt ca phng php trch ly.
ha tan vo nhau ca hai cht lng ph thuc vo hng s in mi, hai cht lng c
hng s in mi cng gn nhau th kh nng tan ln vo nhau cng ln. Du c hng s
in mi khong 3 3,2 cc dung mi hu c c hng s in mi khong 2 10, do

Cc qu trnh phn ring

c th dng cc dung mi hu c ha tan du cha trong nguyn liu. Nh vy, trch
ly du l phng php dng dung mi hu c ha tan du c trong nguyn liu rn
iu kin xc nh. V vy, bn cht ca qu trnh trch ly l qu trnh khuch tn, bao
gm khuch tn i lu v khuch tn phn t. Dung mi dng trch ly du thc vt
phi t cc yu cu sau:
- C kh nng ha tan du theo bt c t l no v khng ha tan cc tp cht khc c
trong nguyn liu cha du,
- C nhit si thp d dng tch ra khi du trit ,
- Khng c, khng n mn thit b, khng gy chy n vi khng kh, ph bin v r
tin.
Trong cng nghip trch ly du thc vt, ngi ta thng dng cc loi dung mi nh
hidrocacbua mch thng t cc sn phm ca du m (thng ly phn nh), hidrocacbua
thm, ru bo, hidrocacbua mch thng dn xut clo; trong s ph bin nht l
hexan, pentan, propan v butan. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi dung mi khc nh sau:
- Ru etilic: thng dng nng 96%v trch ly.
- Axton: cht lng c mi c trng, c kh nng ha tan du tt. Axton c xem l
dung mi chuyn dng i vi cc nguyn liu c cha nhiu phtphatit v n ch ha tan
du m khng ha tan phtphatit.
- Fron 12: l mt loi dung mi kh tt, khng c, bn vi cc cht oxy ha, d bay
hi, tr ha hc vi nguyn liu v thit b. Ngoi ra vic s dng Fron 12 cho ta kh
nng phng trnh chy n d dng.
Nhng yu t nh hng n vn tc v kit du khi trch ly.
a: Mc ph v cu trc t bo nguyn liu: l yu t c bn thc y qu trnh trch ly
nhanh chng v hon ton, to iu kin cho nguyn liu tip xc trit vi dung mi.
b. Kch thc v hnh dng cc ht nh hng nhiu n vn tc chuyn ng ca dung
mi qua lp nguyn liu, t xc tin nhanh hoc lm chm qu trnh trch ly. Nu bt
trch ly c kch thc v hnh dng thch hp, s c c vn tc chuyn ng tt nht
ca dung mi vo trong cc khe vch cng nh cc h mao qun ca nguyn liu; thng
th kch thc cc ht bt trch ly dao ng t 0,5 10mm.
c. Nhit ca bt trch ly: nh ta bit, bn cht ca qu trnh trch ly l qu khuch
tn, v vy khi tng nhit , qu trnh khuch tn s c tng cng do nht ca du
trong nguyn liu gim lm tng vn tc chuyn ng ca du vo dung mi. Tuy nhin,

Cc qu trnh phn ring

s tng nhit cng phi c gii hn nht nh, nu nhit qu cao s gy tn tht
nhiu dung mi v gy bin tnh du.
d. m ca bt trch ly: khi tng lng m s lm chm qu trnh khuch tn v lm
tng s kt dnh cc ht bt trch ly do m trong bt trch ly s tng tc vi protein v
cc cht a nc khc ngn cn s thm su ca dung mi vo bn trong ca cc ht bt
trch ly lm chm qu trnh khuch tn.
e. Vn tc chuyn ng ca dung mi trong lp bt trch ly gy nh hng n qu trnh
khuch tn. Tng vn tc chuyn ng ca dung mi s rt ngn c thi gian trch ly,
t tng nng sut thit b.
f. T l gia dung mi v nguyn liu nh hng n vn tc trch ly, lng bt trch ly
cng nhiu cng cn nhiu dung mi. Tuy nhin, lng dung mi li nh hng kh ln
n kch thc thit b.
Sau khi thc hin phng php p hoc trch ly th du th cng cha cc thnh phn nh
cht dng ht phn tn, cc ht rn c trong du th. Chng ta c th thc hin cc
phng php c hc tch cc tp cht c hc nh: lng, lc, ly tm
Ly tm:
Nu du c lng tp cht trn 0.5% th dng phng php lng; lng tp cht di
0.5% th s dng phng php ly tm; lng tp cht nh hn 0.1% th dng phng
php ly tm siu tc. sau qu trnh ly tm, hu ht nhng cn tp cht khng tan s c
tch ra, tuy nhin qu trnh ly tm khng tch c cc loi sp to thnh mng tinh th
l lng trong du nhit thng.
Lc: vi mc ch hon thin. Lc du s loi b cc tp cht rn ra khi du, ch yu l
cht hp ph v cc tp cht b hp ph.Lc nng nhit 50-55
0
C, tch c cc
tp cht khng tan c kch thc nh v phn tn trong du, sau h nhit xung 20-
25
0
C lc ngui, tch cc phc photpholipid.
- Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: khi lng gim do lc tch cc cht hp ph
khi hn hp, du thu c trong, mu sng.
- Phng php thc hin: qu trnh lc du thng dng my lc p khung bn,
p sut bm nn du vo my l 0,25- 0,35 MPa, nhit du vo l 55- 60
0
C.
trch ly du trong b hp ph, s dng dung mi hexan hay ether ethylic.
B hp ph v dung mi c trn u trong thit b trch ly. Du trong b s
ha tan vo dung mi, sau ly tm tch ring b v dung mi c cha du,

Cc qu trnh phn ring

ri tin hnh chng ct thu hi dung mi v du. Du thu c c th em
tinh luyn li hoc nu x phng.


Cc qu trnh phn ring

MC LC

I. QU TRNH LY TM. ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Khi nim. ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Phn loi qu trnh ly tm. .................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 C s khoa hc ca qu trnh. ............................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ly tm ........................................................................................ 3
1.5. Thit b: ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.6. ng dng ca qu trnh ly tm .................................................................................................. 6
II. QU TRNH LC: ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. C s khoa hc ca qu trnh lc: ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Mc ch cng ngh v phm vi thc hin: ..................................................................................... 11
2.3. Cc yu t nh hng v bin i ca nguyn liu: ........................................................................ 11
2.4. Thit b: ............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.5. ng dng ca qu trnh lc: ............................................................................................................. 16
III. QA TRNH P: .................................................................................................................................. 20
3.1. Khi nim: ........................................................................................................................................ 20
3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh p:........................................................................................... 21
3.3. Thit b ............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.4. ng dng ca qu trnh p: .............................................................................................................. 24
IV. TRCH LY BNG DUNG MI: ......................................................................................................... 27
4.1. Gii thiu v trch ly: ................................................................................................................ 27
4.2. Gii thiu v dung mi: ............................................................................................................ 28
4.3. Bn cht ca qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi: .................................................................... 31
4.4. Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh trch ly: ................................................................... 32
4.5. Thit b dng trong qu trnh trch ly: ................................................................................. 34
4.6. Cc ng dng ca qu trnh trch ly: ...................................................................................... 37
V. NG DNG CHUNG CHO CC QU TRNH PHN RING:........................................................ 39


Cc qu trnh phn ring

Cac Qua Trinh Phan Rieng

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Cac Qua Trinh Phan Rieng

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GVBM: Trn Trng V 2012

Cc qu trnh phn ring

t ca du phi b tr lc khi du chuyn ng b, t thi gian du thot

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