THIT K ANTEN CHO CC THIT B DI NG HOT NG TRONG DI TN GSM, UTMS, WLAN

1. Gi i thi u Truyn thng khng dy pht trin rt nhanh trong nhng nm gn y, theo cc thit b di ng ang tr nn cng ngy cng nh hn. th a mn nhu c u thu nh cc thit b di ng, anten g n trn cc thit b u cui cng phi c thu nh kch thc. Cc anten ph ng, nh anten vi di (microstrip antenna) v anten mch in (printed antenna), c cc u im hp dn nh kch thc nh v d gn ln cc thit b u cui, ... chng s l la chn th a mn yu c u thit k trn. Cng bi l do ny, k thut thit k anten ph ng bng rng thu ht rt nhiu s quan tm c a cc nh nghin c u anten. Gn y, nhiu anten ph ng mi c thit k tha mn cc yu c u v bng thng c a h thng truyn thng di ng t bo hin nay, bao g m GSM (Global System for Mobile communication, 890 960 MHz), DCS (Digital Communication System, 1710 1880 MHz), PCS (Personal Communication System, 1850 1990 MHz) v UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, 1920 2170 MHz), c pht trin v xut bn trong nhiu cc ti liu lin quan. Anten ph ng cng rt thch hp i vi ng d ng trong cc thi t b truyn thng cho h thng mng c c b khng dy (Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN) trong cc di t n 2.4 GHz (2400 2484 MHz) v 5.2 GHz (5150 5350 MHz). Trong bi, trnh by thi t k cc mt anten vi d i bng rng a di tn, s dng cho cc thi t b di ng ho t ng trong di tn GSM, UTMS, WLAN. Anten c ch to trn cht nn c h ng s in mi r=4.4, dy l 0.8 mm v c thit k ti tn s 900 MHz v 2000MHz. ng thi s dng ph n mm Ansoft HFSS thit k v m ph ng. HFSS s dng phng php phn t h u h n (Finite Element Method, FEM), k thu t chia li thch nghi (adaptive meshing) v giao din ha p mang n s hiu bit su s c i vi tt c cc bi ton tr ng in t 3D

2. Phn tch v thi t k anten 2.1. M t m hnh anten Trong bi bo co tp trung thit k mt anten n cc phng ph h p cho ng dng trong cc thi t b cm tay di ng (mobile hanset). Anten bao gm m t b pht x hnh ch nht b x bi cc rnh un khc to thnh 3 nhnh, trong 2 nhnh cng hng v 1 nhnh iu chnh. Anten c in trn ch t nn FR4 v c tip in bi mt ng vi d i 50 . Anten ny c th ho t ng trong cc d i tn GSM, UTMS v WLAN vi h s sng ng VSWR nh hn 2.5.
2.1.1. Gi i thi u

Trong bi trnh by, mt anten n cc ph ng vi cu trc 2D c thit k. C cu trc v cc tham s c a c u trc u c iu ch nh mt cch c n thn t c yu c u cng h ng nhiu tn s (a cng hng), bng thng v convenient profile. Anten c 3 nhnh v c in trn m t tm in mi. Trc tin, 2 nhnh c thit k cng hng 2 tn s nh t nh, v sau nhnh th 3 c thm vo iu chnh t n s cng h ng cho ph h p vi cc d i t n mong mu n. Vi din tch nh 36 x 15 mm2, anten p ng yu c u c a cc chun truyn thng sau: GSM (Global System for Mobile communications, 890 MHz 960 MHz), UTMS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, 1920 MHz 2170 MHz) v WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network, 2400 MHz 2484 MHz).

Hnh 2.1: Hnh dng c a anten c thit k trong kha lu n

2.1.2. Thi t k thnh ph n bc x

Hnh d ng tng th ca anten m kho lu n thit k c th hin trong hnh 2.1 v thnh ph n b c x c th hin trong hnh 2.2 di y.

Hnh 2.2: Thnh ph n b c x c a anten Thnh ph n bc x n cc phng chim din tch l 36 x 15 mm2, v c in trn cht n n FR4 dy 0.8 mm (h ng s in mi tng i l 4.4). Tm in mi ny c dng ph bin lm cc mch PCB cho in tho i di ng. Ch t nn (lp in mi) rng 36 mm v di 75 mm. m t sau c a tm in mi, mt ph ng t c in c chiu r ng 36 mm v chi u di 60 mm. Thnh ph n b c x n cc c tip in bi mt ng vi d i 50 nh c ch ra trong hnh 2.1. Thnh ph n bc x chnh (patch) ban u c dng hnh ch nh t. B ng cch x m t rnh un khc trn thnh phn b c x ban u to ra 3 nhnh, trong nhnh cng hng th nht l nhnh di hn, nhnh cng h ng th hai l nhnh ng n hn v nhnh iu ch nh (nhnh th ba) vi cc kch thc chi tit c ch ra trong hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3: Kch thc chi tit thnh ph n bc x ca anten Ta mong mu n anten ho t ng ti 2 d i tn (d i th nh t cho GSM v d i th hai gm 4 di gn nhau l DCS, PCS, UTMS v WLAN), do thit k ban u ch c 2 nhnh c ng hng (khng c nhnh th ba). Chiu di c a nhnh di hn tnh t im tip in ti u cui c a nhnh c ng h ng th nht l kho ng 75 mm. Gi

tr ny rt g n vi bc sng ti tn s 900MHz trong khng gian t do. Cng nn ch rng, t n s cng h ng ph thuc c vo chiu di c a nhnh v chi u rng ca u cui. Theo cch tng t, chi u di c a nhnh c ng h ng th hai tnh t im tip in ti u cu i ca n l kho ng 35 mm, x p x bc sng ti tn s 2 GHz. di 2 nhnh c ng hng c ch n ng n hn so vi bc sng c ng hng c ch n. L do chnh l mt s t n ti trong th c t ca ch t n n s thu ngn bc sng c ng hng. Anten vi ch 2 nhnh c ng hng 1 v 2 c kh nng hot ng 2 di tn. Tuy nhin, bng thng li cha bao ph tt c 5 di tn c lit k trn, c bit l d i WLAN (kt qu m phng c th hin trong ph n sau). Do , nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th ba) c thm vo t i mt v tr thch h p trn nhnh c ng h ng th nht. Cc kt qu m ph ng ch ra r ng, b ng cch iu ch nh c n th n cc kch thc c a nhnh th ba, cc mode c ng hng c bn v b c cao hn ca nhnh cng hng th nht c th c iu chnh ti tn s mong mun. Theo d liu m ph ng, t n s cng h ng c a mode c bn c gim t 900 MHz xu ng 870 MHz. i vi mode bc cao hn, tn s cng hng thay i t ln hn 3 GHz xu ng kho ng 2.3 GHz. Do , anten khi c 3 nhnh c th ho t ng c 3 di t n GSM/UTMS/WLAN.
2.1.3. Thi t k thnh ph n ph i h p tr khng d i r ng

Trong thit k ny l a ch n b phi h p tr khng dng tam gic. Do hnh d ng ca n d dng th c hin c b ng phng php t h cng. S bin i ca tr khng Z(z) theo z c a ph i h p tr khng dng tam gic l:

Hnh 2.4: B phi h p tr khng d ng tam gic

Vi Z0 = 100 v ZL = 50 . p ng bin ca h s ph n x c:

Hnh 2.5: B ph i h p tr khng lin t c dng tam gic [4] (a). S bin i c a tr khng theo z (b). p ng bin ca h s ph n x ()
2.1.4. Thi t k ng truyn vi di 50

Thit k vi Ansoft Designer 2.0, xc nh rng (W) c a mt ng truyn vi di c tr khng c trng Z0 = 50 , hng s in mi cht nn r = 4.4 (FR4epoxy), chiu cao ch t nn h= 0.8 mm, dy lp ng l t = 0.034 mm. Cc bc thit k l n lt nh sau: 1. Khi ng Ansoft Designer 2.0 2. T menu Project, chn Insert Planar EM Design Sau c a s Choose Layout Technology xut hi n cho php b n ch n Layout. 3. Ta chn MS-FR4(Er=4.4) 0.060 inch, 0.5 oz copper. Sau nhn Open. 4. C a s thit k xut hin, cho php b n th c hin cc thao tc thi t k. T menu Layout, ta ch n Layers, chn tab Stackup sa i cc thng s ca ng truyn nh hnh 2.6:

Hnh 2.6: Thit lp cc thng s ca ng truyn 5. Ta s c lng r ng (W) c a ng truyn vi di. T menu Planar EM, ta chn Estimate. C a s Estimate xu t hin, vi tab m c nh l Tline.

Hnh 2.7 : c lng rng W c a ng truy n vi di

2.2. M ph ng c u trc anten v i ph n m m Ansoft HFSS

HFSS l vit tt c a Hight Frequency Structure Simulator. HFSS l ph n mm m phng trng in t theo phng php ton sng (full wave) m hnh ha b t k thit b th ng 3D no. u im n i bt c a n l c giao di n ngi dng h a. N tch h p m ph ng, o ha, m hnh ha 3D v t ng ha (t ng tm li gi i) trong mt mi trng d dng hc, trong li gi i cho cc bi ton in t 3D thu c mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Ansoft HFSS s dng phng php phn t h u hn (Finite Element Method, FEM), k thut chia li thch nghi (adaptive meshing) v k thut h a. Ansoft HFSS c th c s dng tnh ton cc tham s ch ng h n nh: tham s S, t n s c ng h ng, gi n trng, tham

s , ... HFSS l m t h thng m phng tng tc, trong phn t m t li c bn l m t t din. iu ny cho php b n c th tm li gii cho b t k vt th 3D no. c bit l i vi cc cu trc c d ng cong ph c tp. Ansoft l cng ty tin phong s dng phng php phn t h u h n (FEM) m phng trng in t b ng cc k thu t nh: phn t h u h n, chia li thch nghi, Ansoft HFSS cung c p m t giao di n trc gic v d dng s d ng pht trin cc m hnh thi t b RF th ng. Chu trnh thi t k c minh h a trong hnh 4.1, bao gm cc bc sau:
1. V m hnh vi cc tham s cho trc: v m hnh thit b, cc iu kin

bin v ngun kch thch.

2. Thit t cc thng s phn tch: thc hin thit t cc thng s

tm li gi i.
3. Ch y m ph ng: qu trnh ny hon ton t ng. 4. Hin th kt qu: a ra cc bo co v th trng 2D.

Trong qu trnh thc hi n phn tch, HFSS s chia ton b cu trc thnh cc t din nh (g i l mt li). H thng m t li s lp kn ton b cu trc. Ti m i bc thch nghi, HFSS s tnh gi tr ca tham s S cho t ng m t li. Gia 2 bc thch nghi lin ti p, HFSS s tnh gia s Delta S vi cng thc nh sau: Delta S = Maxij [mag (SN ij S(N-1)ij)] Trong i v j l ch s ca ph n t tung ng trong ma tr n S v N l ch s ca bc thch nghi. Delta S l gi tr ln nht c a gia s ca bin ca tham s S tng ng. HFSS s so snh gi tr Delta S ny vi tiu chun hi t do ngi dng nh ngha kt lun s hi t c a li gi i.

Hnh 2.8: Chu trnh thc hin m phng vi HFSS

2.3. Thi t t cc tham s trong HFSS 2.3.1. Solution Setup

Click ph i vo Analysis v chn Add Solution Setup. C a s Solution Setup s hin th. Ti y ta s thit t Solution Frequency (hay Adaptive Frequency) v Convergence Criteria (tiu chu n hi t). General Tab Solution Frequency Tn s ny c s d ng b i thnh ph n chia li thch nghi (adaptive mesher) t ng chia m t li. Sau khi thit t Solution frequency, tt nhin s nh n c m t gi tr bc sng tng ng, v HFSS s thit t vic tnh ton cc mt li theo gi tr bc sng ny. Do , nu thit t tn s Solution frequency cao hn, ta s nh n c bc sng ngn hn, mt li ta thu c cng nh hn. iu cng c ngha rng, s lng mt li s ln hn. V l thuyt, kt qu m ph ng nhn c s chnh xc hn. V vy, Solution frequency khng nht thit ph i trng vi tn s cng h ng c a cu trc. Tuy nhin, ta s gp mt vn khc l: ti nguyn c a my vi tnh (b nh) l c

hn. Do , nu s l ng m t li qu l n, s lm trn b nh my tnh. Gi i php cho vn ny c thc hin nh sau: chia di t n quan tm (500 MHz 3 GHz), i vi anten c thit k trong kha lun ny, thnh 5 d i tn nh hn v thc hin phn tch vi thit t Solution frequency cho tng d i nh nh sau: L a ch n Solution frequency 500 -- 1000 MHz 1000 -- 1500 MHz 1500 -- 2000 MHz 2000 -- 2500 MHz 2500 -- 3000 MHz 1000 MHz 1500 MHz 2000 MHz 2500 MHz 3000 MHz

Hnh 2.9: Thit t cc ty chn Solution Setup trong tab General Solve Ports Only Khi s d ng ty chn ny, HFSS xc nh tn s hoc mode ban u c s dng kch thch c u trc. Li gii ch p d ng t i cc port c th c s dng tnh ton gi n trng ti port. Li gii ny h u dng khi c n xc nh s lng mode, di port v/ho c thit lp port hp l trc khi ch y Analysis tm ton

b li gi i. Adaptive Solutions Maximum Number of Passes: gi tr ny iu khin s lng bc thch nghi l n nht m th tc chia li thch nghi s thc hin khi n c gng tho mn tiu chu n hi t. Maximum Delta S Per Pass: gi tr ny nh ngha tiu chun hi t cho qu trnh chia li thch nghi. Thng th ng gi tr ny c ch n kho ng 0.02 ho c 0.01 l . Qu trnh chia li thch nghi c th s ngng khi s lng bc thch nghi cha t n gi tr Maximum Number of Passes nu gi tr Delta S tha mn tiu chu n hi t Maximum Delta S Per Pass c thit lp trn. Advanced Tab Initial Mesh Options Do Lambda Refinement: li khi t o l m t h th ng m t li c dng t din b t k. Qu trnh Lambda Refinement s thao tc trn li kh i to cho ti khi h u ht cc di ca ph n t mt li x p x bc sng trong khng kh v 1/3 bc sng trong in mi. Bc sng c tnh ton t gi tr tn s c nh p vo trong tu chn Solution Frequency trong tab General Use Free Space Lambda: tu chn ny s p qu trnh Lambda Refinement h ng ti kch thc m t li xp x bc sng trong khng kh. Cc c tnh vt liu ca cu trc s b b qua. iu ny c th h u d ng trong cc ng d ng s dng cc in mi c dn in cao. Adaptive Options Refinement Per Pass: s lng m t li tng ln sau mi bc thch nghi v c iu khin bi tu ch n Refinement Per Pass, tham s ny tnh theo ph n trm. iu ny m b o r ng gi a mi bc thch nghi, mt li xo trn v m b o rng bn s khng nh n c s h i t sai. Minimum Number of Passes: m t phn tch thch nghi s khng d ng cho ti khi s lng bc t i thiu m bn xc nh trong ty chn ny hon thnh, thm ch

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ngay c khi tiu chun hi t tho mn. Minumum Converged Passes: mt phn tch thch nghi s khng d ng tr khi s lng bc h i t ti thiu m bn xc nh hon thnh. Tiu chun h i t ph i ph h p vi s lng bc ti thiu ny trc khi cc phn tch thch nghi d ng. Thng th ng cc ty chn trong tab ny u m c nh l . N u mu n kt qu chnh xc hn, ta c th thay i cc ty chn ny.

Hnh 2.10: Thit t cc ty chn Solution Setup trong tab Advanced

2.3.2. Mesh Operations

Click ph i vo Mesh Operations, ch n Assign, ch n On Selection, ch n Length BasedCa s Element Length Based Refinement xut hin. Ti y cho php bn thit t cc ty chn cho qu trnh chia li thch nghi Maximum Length of Elements Kinh nghim th c t t m ph ng cho ta mt nhn xt rng: thit t ty ch n Maximum Length of Elements vi gi tr bng 1/30 gi tr bc sng trong chn khng tn s cao nht trong di t n thc hin phn tch s cho kt qu chnh xc. V d trong d i 500 MHz 1000 MHz th t n s 1000 MHz l t n s cao nh t trong

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di, bc sng trong chn khng tng ng vi tn s l 300 mm, do 1/30 ca bc sng ny s l 10 mm.

Gi tr Maximum Length of Elements c thit t cho 5 d i tn trong m ph ng cho anten trong kha lun nh sau: 500 -- 1000 MHz 10 mm

1000 -- 1500 MHz 7 mm 1500 -- 2000 MHz 2000 -- 2500 MHz 2500 -- 3000 MHz 5 mm 4 mm 3 mm

Hnh 2.11: Thit t ty chn Mesh Operations

2.3.3. Radiation Boundary

Bin b c x (radiation boundary), cng cn gi l bin h p th (absorbing boundary). Sng in t b c x ra ngoi c u trc anten v i thng ti bin b c x . H th ng s hp th cc sng bc x ny ti bin bc x . Cc bin b c x cng c th c t tng i gn vi c u trc v c th c hnh d ng b t k . Vi c u trc

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c thit lp bin bc x , cc tham s S c tnh ton c tnh n c cc nh h ng c a m t mt do b c x . Khi bin b c x c thit lp trong mt c u trc, trng xa c tnh ton d a trn sng h p th thu c t i bin bc x . n gin, ta th ng v bin b c x l m t hnh hp ch nht, v di c nh c a n thng c ch n b ng bc sng trong chn khng c a tn s thp nht trong di t n quan tm. Tuy nhin, i khi qu trnh m ph ng vi thit t bin bc x nh vy din ra qu ch m, ta c th thit t bin bc x bng ch gi tr bc sng trong chn khng c a tn s thp nht. Trong kha lu n ny, tn s thp nh t trong d i 500 MHz 3000 MHz l 500 MHz, do ta v bin bc x l mt hnh hp ch nht (hnh 3.1) vi di c nh l 300 mm (1/2 bc sng ti t n s 500 MHz).

Hnh 2.12: Bin b c x cho anten trong kha lu n 3. Kt qu m ph ng v i HFSS 13.0 Vi tiu chun hi t c thit t trn l: s thay i c c i c a bin ca tham s S phi nh hn 0.02 (gi tr m c nh), HFSS c n 6 bc thch nghi th a mn tiu chun hi t ny. Hnh 3.1 th hin qu trnh h i t ca li gi i

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Hnh 3.1: S hi t ca li gii trong HFSS th h s phn x S11 (Return Loss) theo t n s cho anten c m ph ng th hin trong hnh 3.2.

Hnh 3.2: th S11 cho anten

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Hnh 3.3: th VSWR cho anten Vi m t mt do ph n x (Return Loss) S11 = -8 dB (tng ng vi h s sng ng VSWR=2.5), ta th y anten khng c nhnh th 3 c ng hng gn cc tn s 900MHz v 2200MHz. Ti p theo ta xem xt cc gi n tr ng bc x c a ra bi HFSS. y, ta ch quan tm ti gi n bc x trng xa trong cc m t phng ta XOY, XOZ v YOZ.

Hnh 3.4: Gi n bc x trng xa trong m t phng XOY

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T cc hnh 3.4, 3.5 v 3.6 ta th y, t i tn s 870 MHz, anten b c x c h ng trong m t ph ng XOY v XOZ, bc x v h ng trong m t ph ng YOZ. Tuy nhin, ti cc tn s cng hng cao hn th gin bc x trong c ba m t ph ng b mo d n so vi t i t n s cng hng 870 MHz.

Hnh 3.5: Gi n bc x trng xa trong m t phng XOZ

Hnh 3.6: Gi n bc x trng xa trong m t phng YOZ

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Hnh 3.7: Gi n b c x 3D tr ng xa trong h ta cc ti t n s 870 MHz

Hnh 3.8: Gi n b c x 3D tr ng xa trong h ta cc ti t n s 2160 MHz

Hnh 3.9: Gi n b c x 3D tr ng xa trong h ta cc ti t n s 2380 MHz

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T cc gin bc x trn ta th y, khi tn s tng ln th gin bc x c a anten b bp mo d n, do nh h ng c a bc x c a m t ph ng t, cng nh bc x do ng tip in vi d i, cng nh s lch phi h p tr khng tng ln. 4. Kt lun Kha lu n l bc m u trong nghin c u, thit k v ch to anten m ch d i bng r ng c kh nng hot ng ti nhiu bng tn. Tuy nhin trong iu kin c s vt cht cn kh khn, em thc s c gng t c mt s kt qu thit th c nht nh. H ng pht trin tip theo c a kha lun gm nh ng vn sau: Ti u ha cc thit t tham s trong ph n mm m phng Ansoft HFSS 13.0 thu c kt qu chnh xc hn n a (Chi tit trnh by trong phn ph l c B). M t s tham s quan trng trong l: o Mesh Operations o Chia di tn c n quan st thnh cc d i nh hn, thc hin phn tch tng di vi tham s Solution frequency c ch n ph h p cho t ng di. Lm tng bng thng thm n a. Tp trung vo vic iu chnh kch thc ca nhnh c ng h ng th 1, v tr c a im tip in, v nghin c u chi tit cc nh hng c a nhnh iu chnh (nhnh th 3). L a ch n b phi h p tr khng d i rng khc c c tnh tt hn. C th l b phi hp tr khng lin tc Klopfenstein (nh chng 2 phn tch). S d ng cc thit b chuyn dng ch t o anten nh m th c hin chnh xc cc kch thc nh thit k.

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TI LI U THAM KH O 1. Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John Willey & Son, INC, Second Editon 2. David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Willey & Son, INC, Second Editon 3. Y. J. Wang, C. K. Lee, Design of Dual-Frequency Microstip Patch Antennas and Application for IMT-2000 Mobile Handsets, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 4. Xu Jing, Zhengwei Du and Ke Gong, Compact Planar Monopole Antenna for Multi-band Mobile Phones, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China 5. Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahl, Apisak Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Hanbook, Artech House 6. U.S. Marine Corps, Field Antenna Handbook 7. Chin Liong Yeo, Active Microstrip Array Antennas, Submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering, University of Queensland

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