Photographic Lenses

Content 1. Overview 2. General description 3. Singlets 4. Petzval Lenses 5. Anastigmatic Doublets 6. Triplets, Quadruplets 7. Quasi-Symmetric Wide-field, Wide-Angle 8. Telephoto, Retrofocus 9. Fish-eye 10. Special 11. Vignetting, Stopping down 12. Straylight and Ghost Images
08.07.2008

Page No. 1

Extrem Wide Angle

Quasi-Symmetrical Angle
Topogon Metrogon

Special
Telecentric I

Photographic Lenses
Overview

Fish Eye

Telecentric II Pleon Super-Angulon Panoramic Lens Hypergon Telephoto

Compact

Catadioptric

Families of photographic Lenses Long History Not unique

Wide Angle Retrofocus

Retrofocus SLR

Pleogon

Hologon

Plastic Aspheric I

Plastic Aspheric II

IR Camera Lens Flektogon Distagon Biogon

UV Lens

Triplets
Retrofocus II Vivitar Triplet Pentac

Singlets Less Symmetrical

Ernostar Ernostar II Landscape Achromatic Landscape

Heliar

Hektor

Inverse Triplet

Sonnar

Petzval
Petzval, Portrait Petzval Projection

Symmetrical Doublets
Dagor Rapid Rectilinear Aplanat

Quadruplets
Double Gauss Biotar / Planar Ultran Petzval,Portrait flat R-Biotar Dagor reversed Periskop

Double Gauss II

Noctilux

Quasi-Symmetrical Doublets
Orthostigmatic Tessar Protar

Plasmat Kino-Plasmat

Celor

Unar

Antiplanet

Angulon

Page No. 2

Photographic Lenses
Anforderungen
1. 2. Korrektion von Verzeichnung, Koma, Wlbung und Astigmatismus ber ein i.A. groes Feld Farbtreue Bildwiedergabe Korrektion von Farbfehler, insbesondere Farbquerfehler (max. 1-2 Pixel fr digitale Sensoren) Korrektion der sphrische Aberration ber die Wellenlnge Auflsung feiner Details Film: Begrenzung Korngre des Films (max. 100 LP/mm) CCD: Begrenzung Pixelgre des Sensors (etwa Nyquist-Frequenz) Hohe ffnung dunkle Szenen Kompakte und leichte Bauform Kurze Baulngen, Linsen dicht gestellt Einsatz von Kunststoffkomponenten Ergnzende Funktionen Zoom, Autofokus, Suchereinblick
Page No. 3

3.

4.

5.

6.

Photographic Lenses
Field Size and Aperture
Apertures: 1. low aperture : 2. medium aperture : 3. high aperture : Typically Field sizes
14 low field 24 medium field 35 wide angle > 45 extrem wide angle

f/14 f/6 ...f/8 f/3.5 f/2.8 ...f/1.0

Triplet Tessar Double Gauss

image

Page No. 4

Photographic Lenses
Field Size and Aperture
Typical ranges
Log w 200

100 Topogon Metrogon 50

Fisheye objective Distagon Flektogon Hologon Biogon Tessar Sonnar

20 Landscape objective 10 Telephoto Petzval 5.0 PetzvalProjection Cooketriplet DoubleGauss

0.02 f/25

0.05 f/10

0.10 f/5.0

0.20 f/2.5

0.50 f/1.0

1.0 f/0.5

NA

Page No. 5

Photographic Lenses
Image Format
Standard sensor Formats
8 mm Super 8 16 mm 35 mm movie 35 mm still 6x7 4x5 CCD 1/2 inch, aspect 4:3 CCD 2/3 inch, aspect 4:3 CCD 1 inch, aspect 4:3 name of the format size in mm x mm 3.52 x 4.8 4.22 x 5.77 7.42 x 10.22 19.05 x 25.37 24 x 36 56 x 69.5 101.6 x 127.0 4.80 x 6.40 6.60 x 8.80 9.60 x 12.8 length of the diagonal in mm 5.95 7.15 12.63 31.73 43.3 89.3 163 8.00 11.00 16.00

Pixel numbers

name of the format CCD VGA CCD SVGA CCD HDTV 35 mm still movie 6x7

pixel grid 480 x 640 768 x 1024 1080 x 1920 8400 x 12600 19600 x 24325

Page No. 6

Photographic Lenses
Focal Lengths and Formats
135 mm film 2x in [mm] 2y in [mm] h in [mm] Super wide angle 107 100 94 Wide angle Standard Telephoto 84 75 47 29 18 12 Super Telephoto 8 2.5 36 24 21.6 16 18 20 24 28 50 85 135 200 300 1000 Cut film 9x12 112 83 69.7 52 58 64 77 90 160 270 430 640 970 3200 Advanced Digital Digital Digital Digital Rollfilm Photo 4:3 3:2 4:3 4:3 6x6 System 2/3'' 1'' 1/2'' 1/3'' 3:2 56.5 56.5 40.0 30 33 37 44 52 92 160 250 370 550 1800 25.1 16.7 12.6 11 13 14 17 20 35 59 94 140 210 700 13.8 9.2 8.3 6.1 6.9 7.7 9.2 11 19 33 52 77 120 380 8.8 6.6 5.5 4.1 4.6 5.1 6.1 7.1 13 22 34 51 76 250 6.4 4.8 4.0 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.6 5.4 9.5 16 26 38 57 190 4.8 3.6 3.0 2.1 2.3 2.6 3.1 3.6 6.4 11 17 26 39 130

Page No. 7

Photographic Lenses
Depth of Field
Circle of least confusion D'0 , , F-number k Sharp image p DEnP distances snear = =

DEnP + Do

p 2 s' ps' + ksD'o

s far
exit pupil

p DEnP p 2 s' = = DEnP Do ps ' ksD' o

image plane

entrance pupil object space

principal plane

NA

DEnP

sDF sfar p snear

system

Page No. 8

Photographic Lenses
Brightness and Exposure
Exposure Time corresponds to aperture Range between wide angle and telephoto lenses
aperture f/16 f/11 f/8 f/5.6 f/4 f/2.8 f/2 f/1.4 f/1 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 1/1000 exposure time normal lens telephoto wide angle exposure

Page No. 9

Photographic Lenses
Singlet Lenses
Landscape
lens stop

Stop: rear

image plane

stop

Stop : front
lens image plane

Achromatic (Chevalier, French, Grubb)

stop

K5

F2

Page No. 10

Photographic Lenses
Petzval Lenses
K5 F2 K5 F2 stop

Petzval Portrait lenses (1840): 2 Achromates Problems : field curvature vignetting

curved image

field lens

flat image

Version with flattening lens (1873 by Piazzi-Smyth)

Page No. 11

Photographic Lenses
Petzval Lenses
Typical performance
a)
486 nm 587 nm 656 nm 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 2 0.2 0 1 2.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 4 0.2 0 0 field angle 2 4
solid: tan dashed: sag

tan sag ideal 0 2 2.8 4

b)

20

40

60

80

[mm-1] 100

10 cyc/mm 40 cyc/mm 20 cyc/mm 60 cyc/mm

c)

Page No. 12

Photographic Lenses
Symmetrical Anastigmatic Doublets
Steinheil Periscope good correction of distortion and lateral colour due to symmetrical setup

Rapid Rectilinear (Dallmeyer)

Page No. 13

Photographic Lenses
Further Anastigmatic Doublets

Protar (1890, Rudolph) using new glasses with higher index

Dagor (1892, Hegh) cemented triplets problem: high zonal spherical aberration

Orthostigmat (1893, Steinheil)

Page No. 14

Photographic Lenses
Cooke Triplet
Cooke Triplet (1893, Taylor)
d1 d2

Analytical solution possible : 8 degrees of freedom (6 radii, 2 air spaces) control seven basic aberrations + focal length Important : Glass choice Typical solution areas

35 30 25 LaFN21 20 15 10 5 NA 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 LaK8 SK4

Page No. 15

Photographic Lenses
Cooke Triplet
Example design
a)
486 nm 587 nm 656 nm 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 15 0.2 0 1 21 0.8 0.6 0.4 30 0.2 0 0 field angle 30
solid: tan dashed: sag

tan sag ideal 0 15 21 30

b)

20

40

60

80

[mm-1] 100

10 cyc/mm 40 cyc/mm 20 cyc/mm 60 cyc/mm

c)

15

Page No. 16

Photographic Lenses
Lens Examples
Tessar (1902, Rudolph) better corrected higher order aberrations

Heliar (1900 Voigtlnder) correction very similar to Tessar

Pentac (1903 Voigtlnder) correction very similar to Tessar

Page No. 17

Photographic Lenses
Quasi-Symmetric Wide-Field Lenses
a)
486 nm 587 nm 656 nm 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 7 0.2 0 1 10 0.8 0.6 0.4 14 0.2 0 0 field angle 14
solid: tan dashed: sag

Double Gauss
0

tan sag ideal 0 7 10 14

b)

20

40

60

80

[mm-1] 100

10 cyc/mm 40 cyc/mm 20 cyc/mm 60 cyc/mm

c)

Page No. 18

Photographic Lenses
Quasi-Symmetric Wide-Field Lenses
Double-Gauss variant 30

Large Aperture Double Gauss f/1.4

Planar

Page No. 19

Photographic Lenses
Wide-Angle Lenses
Hypergon Strong vignetting
I(r)
1.0

0.5

13

26

39

52

field angle w 65

Topogon Metrogon

Page No. 20

Photographic Lenses
Wide-Angle Lenses
Hologon Inverse Triplet

Pleogon

Biogon

Super-Angulon

Page No. 21

Photographic Lenses
Telephoto Lenses
a image plane b

Telephoto Principle: Short system / large focal length Reduction factor

k= L f'
P'

s' f'

Range : 0.5 ...0.8

d L=kf'

Layout

fa =

f 'd f '(1 k ) + d

fb =

( f a d )( kf ' d )
f a kf '

d opt = L / 2 = k / 2 f '

Page No. 22

Photographic Lenses
Telephoto Lenses
Example Lenses

Floating element
s [mm]
10
5

a)

10

floating element

10 7.5

8.5

9.5

d9 [mm]

Page No. 23

Photographic Lenses
Retrofocus Lenses
Retrofocus Principle Large working distance / short focal length
P'

f' s'

Principal plane

Inverse Telephoto Lens

Telephoto

image plane

focal length f'

Inverse telephoto ( telephoto turned around )

Page No. 24

Photographic Lenses
Retrofocus Lenses
a)
486 nm 587 nm 656 nm 1 0.8 0.6
10

Example lens
y

tan sag ideal 0 23 32 46

b)

0.4
5

23
x

0.2 0 1 [mm-1] 100

20

40

60

80

-5

32

10 cyc/mm 40 cyc/mm 20 cyc/mm 60 cyc/mm

c)
solid: tan dashed: sag

0.8 0.6

-10

-10

-5

10

0.4 45 0.2 0 0

23

field angle 45

Page No. 25

Photographic Lenses
Retrofocus Lenses
Example lens 2

Distagon

Page No. 26

Photographic Lenses
Fish-Eye-Lens
Example lens
y

a)

486 nm

587 nm

656 nm

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

tan sag ideal 0 50 71 100

b)

50

0.2 0 1 [mm-1] 100

20

40

60

80

71
-100% 0 100%

10 cyc/mm 40 cyc/mm 20 cyc/mm 60 cyc/mm

c)
solid: tan dashed: sag

0.8 0.6 0.4

100 0.2 0 0 field angle 100

50

Page No. 27

Photographic Lenses
Fish-Eye-Lens
Nikon 210

Pleon

Page No. 28

Photographic Lenses
Fish-Eye-Lens
Pupil variation: position and orientation

pupil location

sExP [mm]
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 20 40 60 80

y'ExP [mm]
150

100

50

100

20

40

60

80

100

w []

w []

Page No. 29

Photographic Lenses
Fish-Eye-Lens
Pupil variation: Shape
DExP [mm]
14 1 12

Dtan /Dsag

Dsag
10 8 6

0.8

0.6

0.4 4 2 0

Dtan

0.2

20

40

60

80

100

120

20

40

60

80

100

120

I(w)
100

w []

w []

Brightness
50

0 0

52.5

105

w []

Page No. 30

Photographic Lenses
Special Designs
Catadioptric Lenses

Relatively small field angle

Page No. 31

Photographic Lenses
Special Designs
Compact Camera

Plastic Aspheric Lens

Mobile Phone camera

Page No. 32

Photographic Lenses
Special Designs
UV-Lens

CaF2 Quartz CaF2 CaF2

Quartz

IR-Lens

Page No. 33

Photographic Lenses
Vignetting
axis 0 zone 14
y 0.25 mm

field 23
y

Reduction of field aberrations

a) without vignetting

yp

yp

yp

xp

xp

y 0.25 mm

b) with vignetting
yp yp yp

x 588 nm 656 nm 486 nm

xp

xp

Page No. 34

Photographic Lenses
Stopping Down
Resolution: Geometric versus diffraction Example Double Gauss
f/10 f/5.0 f/3.3

D [m]
25

spot total
20

15

10

Airy
5

spot axis

10

12

14

16

18

20

f-no

Page No. 35

Photographic Lenses
Stopping Down
D [m]

Example Triplet

120

100

80

MTF [%]

60

spot total
40

0.5

30 LP/mm
0.4

20

spot Airy
0 5 10 15 20 25

spot field
30 35

f-no

0.3

0.2

60 LP/mm
0.1

f-no
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Page No. 36

Photographic Lenses
Stopping Down
a) f/28 b) f/56 c) f/80

Resolution versus depth of field

Page No. 37

Photographic Lenses
Floating Elements
Refocussing near distances Performance improvement Combined with lens movement

object at infinity

floating element

image plane

object at s = -1.23 m

z [mm]
20.5

a)

Dspot [m]
10
3

b)

20 10 19.5 10 19
1 2

fix

refocussed
18.5 0 10 10
1

10

10

10 0 10

10

10

10

- s [m]

- s [m]

Page No. 38

Photographic Lenses
Modularitt moderner Filmkameras
Feste Frontgruppe Fokus gruppe Feste Gruppe mit Blende Prisma

25.00 25.00 MM MM

Page No. 39

Photographic Lenses
Straylight and Ghost Images
a b

Different reasons Various distributions

Page No. 40

Photographic Lenses
Straylight and Ghost Images

Ref.: M. Peschka

Page No. 41

Photographic Lenses
Straylight and Ghost Images
3 4

Calculation of reflected light

56 sequence 6 - 4 sequence 5 - 3

Colour effects due to coatings

14 - 11
sequence 13 - 4 sequence 13 - 5 sequence 20 - 18

15 - 11 20 - 18

6-4 5-3 9-3

sequence 7 - 2

sequence 6 - 4

7-2

Ref.: M. Peschka

Page No. 42

Photographic Lenses

Page No. 43