BO CH HC

NC CT
I. TIU CHUN CHT LNG NC CT
Theo DVN nc ct phi t nhng tiu chun sau:
1.1. Trong sut, khng mu, khng mi, khng v.
1.2. pH = 5,0 n 6,8.
1.3. Cn kh khng c qu 0,001%
1.4. Amoniac khng c qu 0,00002%.
1.5. Clorid khng c qu 0,00005%.
1.6. Khng c: cht kh, carbon diocid, nitrat, nitril,sufat, calci, v kim loi nng.
2. NGUYN L CT ( NGUYN L WAT) HAY NGUYN L BNH LNH
C 2 bnh A v B thng vi nhau bng ng dn C.
Bnh A cha mt lng cht lng ( c kh nng bay hi). Lc ny h thng c p sut
p. Cung nhit cho bnh A cht lng si v ha hi v c p sut P (P > p). Hi
lng t bnh A s chuyn sang bnh B qua ng dn C ( do chnh lch p sut), mt
phn hi s ngng t li thnh cht lng bnh B.
Nu tip tc cung nhit cho bnh A v lm lnh cho bnh B th cht lng t bnh A s
chuyn dn sng bnh B.
Nh vy ta thc hin hai qu trnh cung nhit v lm lnh cng mt lc. l
nguyn l ct.
- Dng c ct gm c:
+ B phn ha hi.
+ B phn dn hi.
+ B phn ngng t: b phn lm lnh ( ng sinh hn) nhn, nhng nhit tt c din
tch ln, d ra sch.
- Phng php ct:
+ Phng php ct thng: thc hin ct trong iu kin kh quyn vi cc dng c
ct.
+ Phng php ct trong iu kin p sut gim p dng ct vi cc cht d hng,
bin cht nhit cao. H thng ct phi kn c lp thm b phn lm gim p sut
ti p sut v nhit cn thit.
+ Phng php ct phn on: tch hai cht lng ng tan c im si khc nhau
ra khi hn hp ca chng ( cn, ete). Nh ct thng nhng c lp thm mt ct ct
phn on gia ni ct b phn dn hi v b phn lm lnh. Cht lng thu c sau
khi ct, li em ct li. Lm nh vy nhiu ln cho n khi thu c cht lng c
im si thp gn nh tinh khit.
3. DNG C IU CH NC CT
Dng c lm bng thy tinh, ng thau, ng trng thic, thp khng r, gm cc b
phn nh ni ct, ng dn hi nc, ng sinh hn.
Ty theo v tr ng sinh hn ta c:
- ng sinh hn song song vi ni ct.

- ng sinh hn pha trn ni ct.

- ng sinh hn pha di ni ct.
4. K THUT IU CH NC CT.
4.1. Chun b:
- C s iu ch nc ct: c phng ct nc v phng thu bo qun nc ct ring
( nu khng c iu kin th dng bn g tt, sn trng m bo thu v bo qun
nc ct tt). Lm v sinh thng xuyn sau mi ln ct.
- Nhin liu: dng than , hi nc nn ( p sut, nhit cao), in.
- Dng c ct: x l, ra sch.
- Dng c cha nc ct lm bng thy tinh, kim loi c x l v c dit khun.
- Nc thin nhin: dng loi nc t tiu chun sinh hot, nc c cha t 1,5 n
3mg ng lng calci v magnesi/l l nc mm. Nc c cha 6 n 15mg ng
lng calci,magnesi/l l nc cng, nhiu hn na l nc rt cng.
Ngun nc thin nhin nh nc ao h, nc sui, nc sng, nc ging, nc
my, tt nht l nc ma v phi c x l trc khi ct.
+ Loi tp c hc: lng t nhin ri lc hoc cho nc chy qua b lc c cc lp
ct - si hoc ct - than - si.
Dng ha cht: dng phn chua, nhm sulfat... cc cht ny gp nc thy phn to
acid sulfuric v nhm hydrocid kt hp tp c hc l lng trong nc to khi vn
lng ng xung.
Lng ha cht dng ty loi nc. Theo quy nh ca vin v sinh dch t ch dng
t 0,01g n 0,07g ha cht cho 1 lt nc. Cho ha cht vo nc khuy u lng
ly nc trong dng.
+ Loi tp cht hu c: dng kali permanganat. Lng ha cht dng ph thuc
lng cht hu c c trong nc. Phi cho kali permanganat v 0,1ml acid sulfuric
1N. yn 6 n 12 gi, lc.
+ Loi tp cht bay hi nh CO2, NH3...bng cch:
un si nc 10 - 15 pht sau khi x l bng kali permanganat.
Dng ha cht nh phn chua, nhm sulfat c nh amoniac do to thnh amoni
sulfat khng ha hi.
2KAl(SO4)2 + 6NH4OH = K2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH4OH = 2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO4
Lng ha cht thng dng 0,5g cho mt lt nc. Nu trong nc c clorit th cui
giai on ct c th xut hin acid hydrocloric v vy nn cho hm dinatri phosphat
vi lng bng 2/3 lng phn chua.
+ Loi tp cht v c: nc c mui calci, magne. Do tc dng ca nhit, mui calci,
magne trong nc b phn hy thnh carbonat.
Cc mui carbonat ng thnh lp dy y, thnh ni lm cho nc lu si, ni
chng hng. C th loi ion calci, magne bng cch:
Chuyn cc mui tan calci, magne thnh cc mui khng tan bng cch cho tc dng
vi cht thch hp nh

Lng ha cht thng dng 0,5 - 1g cho mt lt nc. Cho ha cht vo khuy u,
mt thi gian cho ta vn ht, lc.
Cho nc chy qua ct trao i ion: cc ion calci, magne b gi li ( xem phn nc
kh khong phn sau):
4.2. Tin hnh iu ch nc ct
Ct nc c chu k ( ct nc gin on):
nc ( x l) bng khong 2/3 ni ct. t ln ngun nhit, lp h thng ct.
si 5 - 10 pht dit khun ton b h thng ct. Cho nc lm lnh chy qua ng
sinh hn. Nc ct ban u thu c b i vi lt. Th s b nu t thu ly nc ct.
Ngng ct khi nc trong ni ct cn khong 1/4 lng nc so vi lng nc ban
u.
Ra ni ct, dng c ct. Li lm nh trn
- Ct nc lin tc: Tin hnh tng t nh trn. Nc lm lnh ( x l)
b phn sinh hn sau khi tip xc gin tip hi nc nng li c a vo ni ct
qua b phn tip nc t ng.
Cch ct ny cho hiu sut cao, tit kim nhin liu.
5. KIM NGHIM NC CT
5.1. Ly mu: ly t 200 - 250ml nc ct trng l thy tinh trung tnh, sch trng
nc ct tt nhiu ln, kh - kim nghin ngay trong ngy.
5.2. Tin hnh kim nghim
- trong: lc nh l ng mu cho khi nc chuyn ng ri soi, khng c c
tp cht c hc, khng mu.
- Mi: ly 2ml nc ct thm ht vo ming giy lc ( loi tt) vung c cnh 10cm
ngi cch xa 2 - 4cm, khng c c mi.
- V: nh vi git nc ct vo li, khng c v.
- pH ly 10ml nc ct, un si ngui thm 1 git metyl nc c mu vng,
thm 0,05ml dung dch acid hydrocloric 0,01N nc phi chuyn sang mu hng.
Cn: ly 100ml nc ct cho vo mt dng c ( bit khi lng) lm bc hi cch
thy ti kh - sy 1000C - 1050C ti khi lng khng i. Cn xc nh cn khng
c qu 0,001%.
- Amoniac: ly hai ng nghim cng kch thc nh nhau.
+ ng 1 ( ng mu) cho 10ml nc ct v 0,15ml ( 3 git) thuc th nessler, lc u.
+ ng 2 ( ng chun) cho 1 ml dung dch amoniac 0,00002%, thm nc ct tt
( khng c amoniac) 10ml, thm thuc th nessler, lc u.
Sau 5 pht so snh ng 1 khng c khc ng 2.
- Clorid: cch lm tng t nh trn.
+ ng 1 ( ng mu) 10ml nc ct, thm 5 git acid nitrit 33% v 0,5ml dung dch
bc nitrat 2% lc u.
+ ng 2 ( ng chun): 10ml dung dch cha 0,00005% clorid thm thuc th nh trn
lc u.
Sau 5 pht so snh ng 1 khng c khc ng 2.

- Cht kh: ly 100ml nc ct thm 1ml dung dch kali permanganat 0,01N v 2ml
dung dch acid sulfuric long, un si 10 pht nc khng c mt mu.
- Carbon iocid: cho y vo mt l mt th tch nc ct mt th tch nc vi nh
nt kn lc u. Trong 1 gi khng c xut hin vn c.
- Nitrat, nitric: ly 5ml nc ct, thm t t 1ml dung dch diphenyllamin mi pha
( khng c xo trn). Min tip gip gia hai lp cht lng khng c hin mt
vng mu xanh.
- Sulfat: ly 10ml nc ct thm 0,5ml acid hydrocloric long, lc u. S 1 na sang
ng th 2 ( cng kch thc ri thm 10 git bari clorid 5%, lc u. Sau 10 pht ng
2 khng c khc ng 1 mt cch r rt.
- Calci: ly 10ml nc ct thm 2ml dung dch amonioalat 4% lc u, dung dch
khng c vn c.
- Kim loi nng: ly 10ml nc ct, thm 1ml dung dch acid acetic 30% lc u v
1- 2 git dung dch natri sulfid 2%, lc u dung dch khng c vn c.
6. BO QUN NC CT
Nc ct sau khi iu ch, kim nghim t yu cu cht lng. ng y vo dng
c ng ( thy tinh, nhm, thp khng g0 c x l v kh khun.
K THUT KH KHUN TRONG BO CH THUC
1. CC PHNG PHP KH KHUN
1.1. Kh khun bng phng php vt l
- Kh khun bng tia cc tm: dng tia cc tm ( c bc sng 265 - 275m do n
cc tm pht ra) kh khun khng kh c s pha ch.
Phi cho n cc tm hot ng t nht 30 pht trc khi lm vic. Khng kh c s
phi kh, rt t bi. Th tch c s pha ch cn kh khun phi ph hp kh nng tc
dng v tui th ca n.
- Kh khun bng phng php lc.
Trong iu kin nht nh khi cho dung dch thuc cn kh khun i qua mng lc,
tt c vi khun, mt s virus, c t, ch nhit t cng bi gi li. Thu c dung dch
thuc v khun.
Cc mng lc thng dng.
Thy tinh xp s 4, 5 ( L4, L5) xem bi lm trong.
S xp: bnh lc Esser, nn lc chamborland (L5 - L12 ) xem bi lm trong.
Mng lc Seit (t amian v cellulose p thnh tm dy 4mm) tu kch thc mao
qun c: Ek, EkS, EkS1, EkS2. Trc khi s dng phi ra bng dung dch acid
hydrocloric cho ht base ra li bng nc ct cho ht clorid.
Mng siu lc: lm bng vt liu tng hp nh ullpor,microcel...
Cc mng lc cn c x l ng k thut v c kh khun trc khi dng.
Tin hnh lc trong h thng kn, v khun, p sut thay i dung dch thuc qua
c mng lc vo dng c ng. Ngoi ra, cn dng siu m, bc x ion kh
khun.

- Dng nhit kh khun: nhit thp (t0C < 00C) vi khun ch b km hm ch

khng b tiu dit, tri li nhit cao (t0C 600C) tt c cc vi khun gy bnh cho
ngi hu nh u b tiu dit.
+ Dng sc nng kh: dng khng kh nng ( 60 0C - 3600C...) hay sc nng ca
ethanol chy kh khun dng c pha ch, bao gi thuc trong thi gian cn
thit.
S dng t sy...phi thc hin ng quy trnh k thut.
+ Dng sc nng m: dng sc nng ca nc ang si hay hi nc nhit si
hoc cao hn kh khun.
Phng php ny thng s dng kh khun trong pha ch.
Luc si: cho thuc men, dng c vo nc ct ri buc si trong thi gian cn thit (
1000C trong thi gian t 1- 2 -3h), lm tng nhit si c th thm mt s cht
tan: dung dch natri borat, natri carbonat 2% si 105 0C, dung dch natri clorid si
1080C, dung dch natri nitrat no si 120 0C song cn ch v c th lm v hng
thuc hay dng c, hi nc 1000C lu thng qua thng cha thuc, dng c.
Dng hi nc nn: trong mi trng hi nc ng nht nhit cao, p sut ln
cc vi khun k c nha bo cht rt nhanh ( 115 - 1200C/15 - 20 pht).
Dng c dng l ni hp - autoclave, c nhiu kiu khc nhau, np ni, thn ni lm
bng kim loi chu p sut v nhit cao, gia np v thn ni c rong chu c
p sut v nhit cao, m bo kn. Ngoi ra cn c p k, van x hi, van bo
him ( van an ton), gi v king.
S dng ni hp phi thc hin ng quy trnh k thut.
Cch kh khun ny thng c p dng rng ri v v khun cao.
Phng php Tyndall: Thuc, dng c tr nn v khun khi c kh khun nhit
t 70 - 800C/1h lm nh vy 3 ln, mi ln cch nhau 24 h, hoc 50 - 600C/1h lm
5 ln mi ln cch nhau 24h, p dng i vi nhng thuc men khng chu c nhit
cao.
1.2. Kh khun bng phng php ha hc
Dng ha cht c tnh xc khun mnh nng thp khng gy tc hi cho ngi,
khng lm hng thuc, thit b.
Phng php ny t dng v: kh c ha cht t yu cu trn. Tuy nhin mt vi
dng thuc ( dng ngoi, thuc ung...) mt s dc in cho php s dng mt s
ha cht bo qun chng nhim khun.
Cc loi thuc tim tnh mch, ty sng, thuc tim truyn tuyt i cm dng ha
cht kh khun.
Mt s ha cht thng c dng: formol dng kh khun khng kh c s pha
ch v loi formol tha bng dung dch amoniac hai gi trc khi lm vic.
Dung dch phenol 1- 5%, cloramin ( T, B), cloretol, nipazol, nipazin...
2. K THUT S DNG T SY, NI HP
2.1. K thut s dng t sy
- Kim tra in p t sy.

- B phn ni t ni cha?
- a ton b cng tc v trng thi ngh.
- Cm phch in vo ngun, kim tra h thng n bo, h thng bp in, b phn
iu chnh nhit c hot ng khng. Nu tt c u hot ng tt th s dng,
Nu c b phn no nghi ng hoc khng hot ng th cn sa cha, thay mi.
- Rt phch in ra khi ngun.
- Sp xp chai l, dng c...( x l, kh) vo tng ngn cho gn gng, d thy.
- Vn b phn iu chnh nhit ( ch nhit cn sy).
- Cm phch in vo ngun, t sy hot ng n sng.
- Rt phch in ra khi ngun, a cc cng tc v trng thi ngh.
- Khi nhit trong t sy tr li bnh thng ( qua nhit k thy ngn) m c t ly
chai, l v dng c ra t trn khay sch, kh.
- Kim tra li ton b h thng cng tc v cm ra khi ngun in cha?
2.2. K thut s dng ni hp
- Kim tra phiu kim tra v ni hp.
- Ra hoc trng li ni hp bng nc ct.
- Cho nc ct vo ni hp va ( ngp king)
- Kim tra, xp thuc, dng c vo gi t vo ni hp.
- y np ni v tr hp l.
- Vn cht cc c theo th t tng ct i din ri vn li cho cht tng cp mt.
- M van x hi.
- t ni hp ln ngun in
- Khi c lung hi nc x qua van x hi ( nc trong ni si) ng van x hi
li.
- Theo di kim trn p k, khi kim ch ti p sut v nhit cn thit. Bt u tnh
thi gian t lc v duy tr p sut v nhit y trong thi gian cn thc hin.
- a ni hp ra khi ngun in ( hay rt phch cm ra khi ngun in
- Ly thuc, dng c, bng bng theo cch sau:
+ Vi bng bng, gc, qun o th m van x hi ngay.
M cc ng vn theo tng cp i din, m np ni ly ngay bng bng, gc ra t
vo khay sch, kh v cho ngay vo t sy sy kh.
+ Vi thuc, dng c...
Ch cho kim p k ch v s 0 sau mt thi gian ngn khong t 3 - 5 pht. M
van x hi ri lm thao tc nh trn
- Ra ni hp, lm kh, y np ni cho vo t bo qun hay che kn trnh bi.

K THUT BO CH THUC THANG, CH THUC

1. U, NHC IM V PHN LOI THUC THANG
1.1. u, nhc im
- u im
+ Gia gim liu, v v bo ch thch hp vi th trng ngi bnh
+ Hp thu vo c th nhang
+ Dung mi l nc n nn gim c tnh kch thch, tc dng ph
+ Trong qu trnh sc, hm, ngm cc v thuc trong thang c s tng tc, h tr ln
nhau lm tng tc dng v gim tnh c, tc dng ph thuc.
+ Dng c bo ch n gin, c th sc nu ti nh.
- Nhc im:
+ Lng nhiu, v ng, kh ung
+ Dung mi l nc nn kh bo qun lu
1.2. Phn loi thuc thang
+ Thuc thang gii cm, gii c.
+ Thuc thang cha bnh
+ Thuc thang b
Phn loi trn c tnh tng i nhiu khi thang thuc trong c thuc cha
bnh v thuc b.
2. THNH PHN
2.1. Dc liu
- Tho mc: thng dng kh ch bin bo thi, i khi dng ti, dng c cy
hay tng b phn: hoa ( hng hoa, kim ngn), qu ( hi, mc qua, ch xc). ht ( ci,
xa tin t, bm bm), thn ( ma hong), l ( thng sn, t dip, v ( hu phc, hong
b, qu), r ( lu, nhn sm...) cn hn ( hnh, sm cau). Tho mc c nhiu tinh du
( qu, hi, bc h...) c nhiu cht nha ( nh hng, mc qua).
- ng vt: ng cng, a long, thuyn thoi...
- Khong cht: thch cao, thch tn
+ D tan: bch phn, bng sa, dim tiu
+Kh tan:thch cao, thch quyt minh, long ct, vn cp...
- Ch phm bo ch: cao thuc ( cao ban long, h ct...)
2.2. Nc: t ch tiu nc sinh hot, n c. Nc cng t tp cng tt nht l
nc ma
Lng nc dng ty theo loi thuc thang, thi gian v nhit khi iu ch thuc
nc.
Thng thng nc th nht dung t 400 - 600ml nc nu ti khi cn 100 200ml l c.
Lng nc hai ln cho vo v ly ra bng 1/2 lng nc th nht.
Nu iu ch dng cho tr nh lng nc cho vo, ly ra thng bng 1/3 hoc 1/2
lng dng ngi ln.
3. K THUT IU CH THUC THANG

3.1. Chun b
- Dc liu: t tiu chun c ch bin , bo thi, chia liu
- Nc: nc t tiu chun nc n
- Dng c: thng dng siu t nung, siu bng st trng men, siu nhm c dung
tch thch hp ( khong 1,5 lt)
3.2. Cch sc thuc thang
- Nhit v thi gian: thng thng la to trc khi si v nh sau khi si cn thi
gian cn c vo tnh cht dc liu, loi thuc thang. Thng chia 3 loi sau:
Loi thuc
Nc st I
Nc st II
(K t khi si)
(K t khi si)
Thuc gii cm
15 - 30 pht
10 - 15 pht
Thuc cha bnh 20 - 30 pht
15 - 25 pht
Thuc b
30 - 45 pht
20 - 30 pht
Thuc thang gii cm thng sc mt ln, thuc thang cha bnh, b c th sc 3 ln.
Trc khi sc nn ngm thang thuc vi nc mt thi gian ( khong 20 - 30 pht).
- Cch sc: c khi gp chung sc hoc ty tnh cht dc liu c cch sc thch
hp.
+ Sc trc vi dc liu rn cng ( tho mc: thn r, cnh: ng vt: mit gip,
xuyn sn gip, khong cht: thch cao, thch quyt minh) nn sc trc t 10 n 15
pht ri cho cc dc liu khc vo sc trong thi gian quy nh.
+ Sc sau: cho dc liu vo trc khi nhc ra ly nc sc khong 10 - 15 pht,
c p dng vi cc dc liu ( c tinh du, alcaloit, gucozit, antraquinon,
vitamin...) c tnh nng thay i bt li thi gian di, nhit cao.
+ Cho vo ti vi sc: mt s dc liu c cu to c bit ( nhiu lng nh: t b
dip; d ha h lng xung y siu nh: hot thch, kh rt dch lc nh: sa tin t).
+ Chit nc ring: dc liu qu hoc khng chu c nhit cao, thi gian di
nh tam tht, nhn sm, lc nhung, qu, sau ch bin thi lt mng, tn bt ri hm
hoc trn vi nc sc khi dng.
+ Trn vi nc sc trc khi dng: dc cht d tan, ch phm bo ch, trn vi
nc sc cho n u ri dng.
- Cch s dng v king k: nc sc thng dng nng ( ung) thuc gii cm,
thuc thang b, cha bnh nn ung vo lc i ( trc khi i ng hoc sng sm)
Thng thng mi ngy mt thang dng lm 2 -3 ln, mi t nn dng 3 - 5 thang.
Thuc thang gii cm cn king n cc thc n chua, mn
Thuc thang cha bnh cn king n cc thc n tanh, lnh
Thuc thang b cn king n cc th li tiu
3.3. Bo qun
Thuc thang khng bo qun c lu, cc v thuc phi ch bin ng k thut v
theo mc ch dng.
Thuc thang bo qun ng ch , ni kh ro chng nm mc, thng xuyn
kim tra.

4. MT S CNG THC THUC THANG

4.1. Thuc thang gii cm, gii nhit
- Ma hong thang Ma hong
9g
Qu chi
6g
Hnh nhn
9g
Cam tho
3g
Nc
600ml
Sc ma hong trc, khi si ht bt, cho hnh nhn, cam tho vo, sc to la trong
khong 25 pht. Cho qu chi vo sc tip khong 5 pht, gn lc. ( Qu chi c th tn
bt hoc mi trong bt thuc).
Pht hn cha cm st
4.2. Thuc thang ba bnh
- Thang x
Phan t dip
2g
Hoa cm chy
1g
Qu hi
1g
Qu th l
0,5g
Kali tactrat
0,5g
Hm ly 10ml. Ung vo bui sng
4.3. Thang thuc b
- T qun thang
Nhn sm
12g
Bch trut
8g
Phc linh
6g
Cam tho
1g
Thm gng, i ti 3g - sc hai nc cn khong 250ml
Nhn sm tn bt hoc hm ming, trn vi nc sc ung
Thuc b kin v cha suy nhc, ung nng sau khi n
- T vt thang
Thang lc v
Thang bt v
Thang thp ton i b
CH THUC
Ch thuc dng thuc thang c bit gm mt hoc nhiu dc liu c ch bin,
bo thi chia nh nht nh, phn liu ng gi thnh ch gi 100g, 50g, 20g, 15g,
5g. Khi dng iu ch thnh dch hm thay nc ung i khi cha bnh cho ngi
bnh.
Dch hm c th thm ng, mt hay siro cho d ung v ch dng trong ngy
1. THNH PHN
1.1. Dc liu: thng l tho mc t dng ti m thng dng kh.

Tho mc mm, mng mnh nh: hoa, l thn tho ch bin lm kh v bng tay hay
bng my.
Tho mc rn, cng nh: rm v thn, v ht, qu en tn th, ct nh thch hp.
1.2. Dung mi: nc t tiu chun nc ung
2. K THUT IU CH CH THUC
2.1. Chun b
- Dc liu ch bin t tiu chun, chia nh ti thch hp
Nu khi lng dc liu nhiu chuyn thnh cao lng hoc dch chit m c bng
dung mi thch hp (d ha tan vo nc) ri phun trn u vo hn hp dc liu
th rn chia nh ri sy kh nhit v thi gian cn c thy phn an ton
( khong 8%)
ngui dn, ng thnh ch thuc gi t 5 - 10 - 50g ty . Dn nhn ng quy
ch.
- Dung mi hm thuc: thng l nc t tiu chun n ung hoc nc ct
2.2. iu ch dch chit
Ty tnh cht dc liu, yu cu ch thuc dng lng nc cho thch hp c phng
php iu ch.
- Phng php ngm: ngm dc liu vi nc trong thi gian thch hp, p dng
dc liu cha cht nhy, hot cht d ha tan trong nc nhit thng nh cam
tho.
- Phng php hm: hm dc liu vi nc si nh ch, p dng cho dc liu
mm, mng manh nh rau ng, bc h, he hoa
- Phng php sc: sc dc liu vi nc trong thi gian cn thit, sc hai, ba ln,
p dng cho dc liu cng rn, hot cht bn vng nhit cao nh ht cau, r
lu, ch xc...
3. MT S CNG THC CH THUC
- Ch ru ng:
Ru ng
20g
Ru ng ct ngn 1 - 3mm sy nh hay sao qua cho kh - ng gi 20g, hm vi
nc ly nc hm ung hng ngy.
Tc dng li tiu
K THUT BO CH THUC BT
1. U NHC IM V PHN LOI THUC BT
1.1. u im
- Tng tc dng ca dc cht d rt hot cht trong dc liu, d trn u cc b
phn ca dc liu ( v, thm, cnh, l)
- Tng kh nng ha tan ca dc cht.
- Gim th tch, d lm kh. d vn chuyn
- K thut bo ch tng i n gin.
- Tin cho k thut bo ch cc dng thuc khc ( vin, cm, dung dch...).
1.2. Nhc im

- Kh ung
- Kh bo qun (d ht m, nm, mc).
1.3. Phn loi
1.3.1. Da vo thnh phn
- Thuc bt n: l thuc bt iu ch t mt dc cht.
- Thuc bt kp: l thuc bt iu ch t hai dc cht tr ln
1.3.2. Da vo cch dng
- Thuc bt dng trong
- Thuc bt dng ngoi
1.3.3. Da vo cch ng gi
- Thuc bt phn liu
- Thuc bt khng phn liu
1.3.4. Da vo mc chia nh
- Thuc bt: th, th va
- Thuc bt: mn va, mn, rt mn.
2. TIU CHUN CHT LNG THUC BT
2.1. Thuc bt kh, ti.
2.2. Thuc bt ng nht.
2.3. Thuc bt c s lng t dung sai cho php ( theo DVN) quy nh theo bng
sau:
Khi lng ca n v ng gi
Dung sai
( tnh theo gam)
(%)
ti 0.20
15%
0.20 - 0.50
12%
0.50 - 1.00
10%
10.00 - 20.00
5%
Trn 20
3%
2.4. chia nh thch hp: thuc bt dng ngoi mn cao hn thuc bt dng
trong ( ring thuc bt au mt phi rt mn). Thuc bt c v ng, mi kh chu m
tn mn th rt kh ung
Cho n khi bo ch thuc bt phi bit tnh cht dc cht, tc dng, cch dng ca
dc cht chia nh thch hp
3. K THUT BA CH THUC BT
3.1.K thut bo ch thuc bt n
3.1.1. Chun b
- Dc cht t tiu chun: ha cht, khong cht c th sy kh trc khi tn bt.
Nu l tho mc phi x l trc khi tn bt.
+ Loi tp cht: la chn, sng sy, ra... loi b phn khng cn thit, tp cht c
hc ( t, ct...)
+Lm kh:

Phi nng: n gin nhng mt s dc liu d b nh sng lm bin cht, phi phi
trong bng mt (m can) khi phi cn c dn cao v c mn tha che.
Sy nng: a s dc liu sy nhit 400C - 500C, dc liu c hot cht d bay
hi, d hng thng sy nhit 20 0C - 250C nh qu, hi, l hi, hoa hng,
colophan...
Dng c dng: c s nh dng t sy, c s sn xut ln dng l sy, bung sy hoc
dng n hng ngoi, siu m.
- Sy nhit thng: cho dc liu vo bnh thng kn c cht ht m nh: acid
sulfuric c, vi ti, calci clorid khan... lm mt dn nc ca dc liu...
- Sy gim p: h thng sy kn c b phn lm p sut ti p sut cn c.
- H thp nhit sy, tng tc lm kh, m bo hot cht v mu sc ca dc
liu.
3.1.2. Tn dc cht thnh bt
- Chia th dc liu: ty loi dc liu m chia tho cho thch hp
+ Ct: dng ko, dao, bo dao cu, my thi... ct dc liu to nh, dy, mng ty ,
p dng dc liu mm, do, dai nh cht nha, l tho, r, v cy...
+ p v: dng sc p, p nghin lm v cc dc liu rn thnh cc ht nh
nh: ht, ha cht.
Dng c dng p v nh: ci chy, my p, thuyn tn, my xay, my nghin...
+ Xt: dng lc ma st xt dc liu ln mt ry, bn xt... p dng cho dc liu
mm, dai.
- Tn bt: ty tnh cht dc liu v mn cn thit ca bt m chn dng c,
phng php cho thch hp.
- Tn trc tip: xem phn k thut nghin, tn ry, trn u.
+ Tn c cht trung gian: xem phn k thut nghin, rn ry, trn u.
3.1.3. Ry: xem phn k thut nghin, tn ry, trn u
Phng php ry: mun c nh theo yu cu c bt trong qu trnh tn thnh
thong phi ry trnh bt b nh qu. Khi ry lp bt trn ry phi mng v c di
ng, xo trn lun, bt phi kh, ry a qua li nh nhng, hay quay trn rung nh,
trnh v mnh hay st trn mt ry.
Dc liu c hay kch ng phi dng ry c np v c y.
Sau khi ry xong phi trn u.
3.2. K thut iu ch thuc bt kp
Thuc bt kp l hn hp ng nht ca nhiu bt dc cht ch yu l dc cht rn
chia nh thch hp i khi c mt lng nh c cht c snh, lng c trn
u vi nhau.
Mun hn hp ng cht phi ch n t l gia cc thnh phn, t trng, chia
nh, mu sc, m v thao tc hn hp...
Nu trong thuc bt kp c cc thnh phn v tnh cht bt tng t nhau hoc chnh
lch nhau khng ng k th d trn u. Nu chnh lch nhau qu nhiu, c cht c
phi hn hp theo nguyn tc khi lng tng ng.

3.2.1. Chun b
- Cc dc cht rn phi tn ring c c bt tng t nhau.
- Dng c hn hp thch hp, bao gi, nhn...
3.2.2. Trn u thnh bt kp
- Nguyn tc trn u ( nguyn tc hn hp) xem phn nghin tn, ry, trn u.
- Trng hp c thuc c A, B: bao gi cng cho thuc c A vo trc ri n
thuc c B, sau tip tc cho cc cht khc.
Ch : s lng thuc c qu t lng t 50mg tr xung phi s dng bt m cha
1/10 n 1/100 thuc c trn u vi t dc (lactose) v cho thm 0,25 n 1%
bt mu kim tra s ng u
+ Thuc c c mu: cho vo ci bt c thuc c khi lngt nht thm bt mu
va , trn nghin k cho ng mu ri thm dn cc bt khc.
+ Thuc c c mu: dng thuc c lm cht mu.
Nu lng thuc c t qu cn lt ci: bng mt lng t dc ( lactose) tng
ng trc khi cho thuc c.
- Trng hp c dc cht lng: cn quy nh khi lng cht lng ra s git
tng ng.
Nu lng cht lng khng qu 2 git cho 1 gam thuc bt th ch vic nh t t tng
git vo u chy ri nghin trn vo khi bt.
Nu lng cht lng nhiu hn cho 1 gam thuc bt c th c gim khi lng
cht lng i hoc thm t dc vo thu c bt nhng phi ch t dc
thm vo ( t dc thng dng: lactose, saccarose,talcum...)
- Trng hp c cht gy bn ( xanhmetylen, than hot, than tho mc) cho cht ny
vo gia khi bt ri nghin trn nh nhng cho ng nht.
- Trng hp c cht d bay hi: ( tinh du...) cho t t vo u chy ri nghin trn
u.
- Khi lng bt sau khi hn hp c ln hn 20g th phi ry qua ry tha hn
ri trn u li nh nhng.
- Khi trn hn hp cn ch cc bt tng k vi nhau ( chy, n, ht m, chy
lng) nu c phi bao ring bng t dc hay trn nh nhng hoc l gi ring, ch
trn hay hp nht khi dng.
- Thao tc hn hp: xem phn nghin tn, ry, trn u trn.
3.3. Chia liu: Chia liu l mt trong nhng bc trng yu ca iu ch thuc bt
n nh hng n liu lng iu tr. Cc cch chia liu:
3.3.1. Dng mt: Cch ny n gin nhng sai s thng 10%.
3.3.2. Dng dng ong: (dng tha c kch thc quy nh) xc hoc ong c iu
chnh c khi lng 0,5g - 2g sai s thng khng qu 4%. Chia thuc bt bng
tha thun li, nhanh chong, tha c th lm bng g, thp khng g. Nhng nguyn
nhn dn n sai s nh:
- Tnh cht ca thuc (t trng, dnh, m, ng iu ca bt).
- Cch ong: tc ong, hng ong, ng cht tay, ong lng tay.

3.3.3 Dng chn: Chia liu chnh xc thng dng chia liu thuc bt c thuc
c, chia liu chm thng dng cn tay hay cn a.
Ghi ch: Cn c thuc bt khng chia liu, c ng gi thnh ti, bao, hp, l ln
dng pha thuc khc hoc ngi bnh t chia liu dng v thng c tha xc km
theo.
V d: Thuc gi natri hyrocarbonat 50g.
3.4. ng gi.
3.4.1. Bao b. Ty theo tnh cht ca thuc, yu cu bo qun, s dng iu tr m
c cch ng gi cho thch hp.
- Giy: Dng loi giy dy c mt nhn, t hoc khng thm nc, c mu, c bn
c hc, khng c tp cht, khng tng tc vi thuc.
+ Giy du: Dng gi bt dc liu tho mc.
+ Giy nn: Dng gi thuc c ha cht d ha hi nh: long no, x hng,
menthol..
+ Giy bng knh: Thng dng loi giy mu vng m gi thuc cha tinh du,
du m, d chy m, d ht m v d bin cht do nh sng.
+ Mng polyetylen (P.E) kh gi nhng bo qun thuc tt, thng lm thnh ti, do
khng c du m, nc hoc rt t hi nc v khng kh qua.
Dng ng gi thuc d ht m, chy m.
+ Giy gi thuc c ct thnh mnh c kch thc nht nh thng c chiu rng
bng 2/3 chiu dai.
Giy gi c dn thnh ti in nhn thuc.
- ng l bng thy tinh hoc Polyme, loi bng thy tinh nay t dng v gi thnh
cao, loi polyme kh thng dng. Bao b loi ny bo qun thuc tt. Nu ng thuc
bt dng ngoi rc ln vt thng th nt trong ca l, hp thng c c nhiu l
nh.
- Nang: Dng nang tinh bt (v nhn) hoc nang gelatin cng ng thuc (xem
nang thuc).
3.4.2. cch ng gi.
- Phi m bo v khun.
- Bao b phi c x l, kh khun ng k thut v v khun.
- Bao b phi thch hp (c kch thc quy nh, khng tng tc vi thuc, bo qun
thuc tt).
Nhng iu cn ch khi ng gi:
+ Giy gi bao gi cng phi cho mt nhn tip xc vi thuc, giy gi c th gp
sn hay dn thnh ti. Gi thuc thng c hnh ch nht chiu rng bng 3/4 chiu
di, gc vung, gn kn khi vn chuyn, bo qun thuc khng vi ra ngoi. Thuc
cng loi nn gi ging nhau, thuc khc nhau cn dng giy mu phn bit
chng nhm ln. Sau khi gi xong phi cho vo ti, bao, l, dn nhn ng quy ch.
+ ng l thy tinh hay polyme phi x l ng k thut v kh khun thch hp
m v khun.

+ V nang: ng thuc vo v nang trong phng kh, sch trnh thuc ri ra mp

nang. ng xong dng gc v khun lau sch ngoi cho vo hp, l y kn hay ng
v.
+ Trong qu trnh ng thuc thnh thong kim tra khi lng c ph hp sai s cho
php khng kp thi iu chnh.
3.5. Bo qun.
Thuc bt d hng, ht m, chy lng, ln men mc, bin mu, mt mi... nn pha
ch tng lng nh, khng nn ch sn thuc bt qu nhiu v qu 12 nm.
Mun bo qun tt thuc bt: iu ch ng k thut, thuc bt kh, ti ng vo
bao gi mu, kn ni mt, trnh nh sng.
4. KIM TRA CHT LNG THUC BT.
-Thuc bt phi kh, ti, s khng dnh tay d dng dn mng trn ming knh kh,
gii hn m cho php.
- Thuc bt phi ng nht: Bng mt thng khng th phn bit r cc thnh phn,
kch thc cc tiu phn.
- Thuc bt phi c khi lng t yu cu: Cn thuc trong bao gi phi c khi
lng t dung sai cho php.
- Thuc bt phi c chia nh t tiu chun (xem phn nghin trn, ry, trn
iu) hm lng thuc chnh t tiu chun quy nh.
- Thuc bt phi t v khun cho php. Tm vi khun bng phng php quy
nh phi t yu cu.
5. MT S THUC BT THNG THNG.
5.1. Thuc bt n.
- Thuc bt c:
+ Bt m tin: ra sch ht m tin, n khi ht mm b v v mm. Ct thnh
ming mng, sy kh, tn thnh bt rt mn (ry s 22) trn u.
Bt mu xm, rt ng, cha 2,5 % ancaloit ton phn.
Thuc c bng A.
Liu ti a 0,1g mt ln, o,3g trong 24 gi.
- Thuc bt thng:
+ Bt cam tho: R cam tho co sch v, ra nhanh cho sch, ct thnh ming mng
(ct ngang th). Sy kh, tn bng cch gi trong ci st hau my nghin thnh bt
mn (c ry 24).
Bt mu vng nht, v ngt, mi c bit, cha 10 - 27% glyrhigin.
5.2. Thuc bt kp.
Thuc bt c:
+ Bt Aconitin
1%
Aconitin
100 miligam
Carmin
0,25g
Lactose
0,65g
Aconitin: Dc cht thuc c A, tc dng gim au, khng c mu.

Carmin: bt mu.
Lactose: t dc.
Trong ci v khun, cho mt t lactose lng ci, tip tc bt aconitin, carmin trn u
ri cho t t tng lng lactose vo then nguyn tc hn hp, trn u ti khi khi
bt ng mu.
thuc c bng A.
Bo qun trong l tht kn, kh. Khng c ng y trc mt ln ly thuc li
lc li cho u.
1g thuc c 10 minigam aconitin.
Theo phng php trn iu ch cc bt: Digitalin 1%
Strophanin 1%
Aconitin nitrat 1%
K THUT BO CH THUC VIN TRN
NI DUNG CHNH
Thuc vin trn l dng thuc rn hnh cu c khi lng t 0,10g n 0,50g ung
khng lu trong ming. (thuc vin trn c khi lng di 0,10gg l thuc ht
granullata, khi lng ln hn 0,50g gi l vin hon boli).
Trong ng dc dng thuc ny gi l hon vin c khi lng t 0,01g n 3g.
1. U NHC IM V PHN LOI
1.1. u nhc im
1.1.1. u im:
- D ung, che lp mi v kh s dng ca thuc.
- Ch ng tc dng cng dng ca thuc ni cn iu tr trong h tiu ha hay hp
th c tc dng.
- Chia lm tng i chnh xc.
- Bo ch n gin
- Vn chuyn, bo qun d dng
1.1.2. Nhc im:
- Tc dng chm
- Vin trn d chy dnh, nm mc, bin i mu...
1.2. Phn loi.
1.2.1. Da vo tnh cht ca dc cht.
- Vin c dc cht khng ta hoc kh tan trong nc
- Vin c dc cht d ta hoc d thm c
- Vin c dc cht d b oxy ha, bin cht.
1.2.2. Da vo hnh thc bn ngoi vin
- Vin trn
- Vin bao
1.2.3. Da vo t dc dnh dng trong bo ch vin
- Vin nc: cht dnh dng l: nc, cn, dm, dch chc dc liu.
- Vin h: cht dnh dng l h (tinh bt np , m, gm ...)

- Vin mt: cht dnh l mt ong

- Vin cao: cht dnh l cao thuc
- Vin sp: cht dnh l sp ong...
1.2.4. Da vo s tan hay gii phng dc cht d dy, rut (rut non, rut gi)
- Vin tan d dy
- Vin tan rut.
2. THNH PHN.
2.1. Dc cht.
- Ha cht: terpinhydrat, codein phosphat.
- Ch phm bo ch: cao thuc, mt thuc
- Dc liu tho mc: bt cam tho, nha
2.2. T dc.
2.2.1. Yu cu t dc
Mt s dc cht: gm nha, mt, cao thuc c th lm ngay thnh vin trn. Cn a
s phi lm thm t dc vo dc cht mi lm c thnh vin. Cht lng ca
vin ph thuc phn ln vo t dc. Do vy t dc thuc vin trn pha t nhng
yu cu sau:
- Khng c tc dng ph vo kch ng hay nh hng ti tc dng, cng dng ca
thuc.
- Th tch nh, dnh thch ng, d lm thnh vin.
- nhit thng khng lm vin b kh hay bin dng.
- Lm cho vin d tan r, gii phng thuc trong b my tiu ha.
2.2.2. Cc dc t thng dng.
- T dc n.
Khi khi lng dc cht qu nh cn phi thm t dc c n m bo cho
vin c th tch, khi lng nht nh, thng dng cc t dc.
+ Cc bt: tinh bt, caolin, nhm hydrocid, magnesi carbonat, magneocid, bentonit,
pectin, men bia, tho mc.
+ Cc ose: saccarose, lactose, glucose.
- T dc dnh: lm lin kt cc thnh phn ca vin, vin c do, dai.
+ Siro: c th dng siro n hay thm 10% glycerin hoc siro v glucose (t l 2/1).
+ Mt ong: l t dc dnh tt, c dnh cao khi trn vi bt c cht d to khi
mm, do v mt vin khng b cng, nt. Ngoi ra mt ong c kh nng khng
khun c ng kh bo v dc cht tt.
Dng mt ong tt, c c d = 1,40 - 1,45 do trc khi dng phi x l (loi bt
nc v tp cht) ng dc gi l luyn. Ty luyn ta c cc loi mt.
* Mt non: lun mt ong 1050C - 1100C, mt cn cha 4% nc, khi b 1git vo
nc mt ong vn li s c mt gi. Mt gi rt dnh dng lm vin trn c bt
dc cht dnh km nh: khong cht, dc liu nhiu s.
Tt nht l luyn mt p sut gim s cho mt tt hn, mt trong, mu nu nht, gi
c thnh phn mt.

Khi s dng mt ong cn cn c vo thi tit kh hu. Thi tit hanh kh th dng
mt non, thi tit m, nm th dng mt gi.
+ H: dng h np, m, go, tinh bt. H np c dnh cao nht, ty theo tnh cht
ca dc liu m dng c hay long, thng dng h 5 -10%. Vin h sau khi
kh d cng, nt, tan r chm gii phng hot cht t t, khi tri nm th d m, d
nm mc.
+ Cao thuc: vi dc liu nhiu s, dnh km, s lng nhiu gim th tc
khi lng vin v d lm vin. Cc dc liu tho mc chit ly dch c thnh
cao c dnh thch hp phi hp vi cc dc cht khc lm thnh vin.
+ Sp ong vaselin, lanolin, b ca cao: t dng v tnh dnh km lm vin kh r. Dng
iu ch vin c dc cht c, tnh kch thch cao, d b oxy ha hoc vin tc dng
rut.
+ Gm: arabic, adragant: C tnh dnh, do cao dng khng qu 3%, v lm vin kh
tan r.
+ T dc tng hp PEG (polytyen glycol) c nhiu loi c mc t 300 - 4000 VC,
c th thm glycerin, siro n hoc cn, d tan trong nc, lm vin d tan r, gii
phng dc cht tt.
- T dc r:
Lm cho vin khi tip xc nim dch ca c th r ra (do tng n)Hoc ha tan ti
mao qun ha tan dc cht. Phn ln cc t dc n cn ng vai tr t dc r
nh:
+ Tinh bt, bt tho mc gp trng dch trng n.
+ Magnesi carbonat, natri hydrocarbonat gp dch v to carbondiocid lm vin tan r.
+ Cc ose: saccrose, glucose ha tan ti mao qun ha tan thuc.
- T dc ht.
Dng cho vin c dc cht lng, mm hoc d chy lng thng dng bt mn dc
liu trong vin, kaolin, calci phosphat, calci carbonat,magnesi hydrocarbonat,
magnesi carbonat
- T dc m.
+ Nc: c dng ph bin, bn thn nc khng dnh song c th lm cho bt
dc liu c ng, keo, tinh bt sau khi hn hp vi nc va s tr nn kt
dnh. Cc dc cht d hng khi gp nc th khng dng (dc liu c glucozit).
+ Ethanol: cng nh nc, ethanol khi hn hp vi dc liu: nha, c du m s tr
nn keo dnh. Ty bt dc liu c trong vin m dng ethanol c cn thit.
Ethanol d bay hi lm vin chng kh nn thng dng ru ta hay cn 350 - 400.
+ Dm n: Cng nh nc khi dm phi hp va vi cc dc cht trong vin s
keo dnh v lm tng ha tan alcaloit c trong bt dc liu.
- Cc t dc khc.
+ phn bit vin, s hp dn ngi dng cn c th thm t dc mu (mu
khng c, thng dng mu thc phm c loi tan trong nc hoc tan trong du)
nh: rutin, caroten... v t dc lm thm nh cc tinh du.

3. TIU CHUN CHT LNG.

3.1. Thuc vin trn phi trn u v ng nht.
3.2. Thuc vin trn phi c khi lng t dung sai cho php.
3.3. Thuc vin trn phi c ng thnh phn quy nh v c hm lng dc cht
chnh t dung sai quy nh.
3.4. Thuc vin trn phi tan r, gii phng thuc tt.
3.5. Thuc vin trn phi t mc v khun cho php.
4. K THUT BO CH THUC VIN TRN.
4.1.Chun b:
- Cc dc cht rn tn thnh bt cn c, trn u thnh bt kp.
- Chn cc t dc v iu ch t dc cn.
- Dng c, thit b my mc...
4.2. Phng php lm thnh vin.
4.2.1. Dng bn chia vin hoc my chia vin.
- Lm khi do: cho bt kp vo ci hoc my nho sau cho t t t dc dnh
hay t dc m vo trn u, nho k thnh khi mn khng dnh chy ci hay my
nho l c.
- Lm thnh a: cn c vo liu lng khi lng vin, cn thnh tng khi nh.
Dng bn ln, ln thnh a vin c chiu di nht nh (ng vi s vin cn c)
hoc dng my nn p, p thnh a.
- Chia thnh vin: Dng bn chia vin hay my ct vin to thnh vin bng nhau.
a a vin ln bn chia vin hoc my ct rc nh mt lp bt chng dnh: talc,
bt cam tho hay xoa cn, du tho mc (lc,vng) du parafin vi vin mt ri ct
thnh vin.
- Lm u vin: Chia vin xong phi loi b nhng vin qu to, qu nh lm li,
lm u vin bng phng php cho vin qua ry, my sn hay dng my ly tm.
- Sa vin: cn phi sa vin cho vin trn u.
Vin to ra do bn chia vin bng tay c th dng bn xoa sa li vin.
Vin to ra do my ct a sang b phn my xoa vin cho trn u.
- Sy vin: sau khi sa vin trn u thng sy nh cho t yu cu nht
cn thit.
4.2.2. Dng ni bao hoc thng lc.
Ni bao vin bng ng hoc thp khng g. Ty dung tch ca ni m nh s lng
vin cn u ch. Ni bao c t nghin t 300 n 450, tc vng quay ca ni
thng l 20 n 40 vng/ pht
Thng lc bng nhm, ng, thp, khng g, nu lm bng tre sau khi an phi lm
trn v khng c thm nc mt trong bng cch: dng giy rp nh xoa tht
bng ri quang du v phi nng nhiu ln.
- Lm ct vin ( lm nhn): dng mt lng thuc vin trn, trn vi mt t t dc
dnh hay t dc m m cho vo ni bao hay thng lc v cho hot ng to

c ht nh nh ht k. Sau , dng ry sng chn cc ht cng c lm ct vin

( lm nhn)
C th dng ht ng, ht ci, ht ta t, ht k lm ct vin.
- Lm thnh vin: phun hay qut u t dc dnh vo ni bao hay thng lc cho ct
vin vo, trao u thng lc hoc quay ni t dc dnh bao u ct vin. Rc t
t thuc vi lng va vo tip tc lc thng ni bt thuc bm chc u
quanh ct vin.
Bao nhiu ln nh vy, thng sau vi ln bao phi ry hoc sng loi nhng vin
to, nh v tip tc bao ti khi t yu cu.
- Sy vin: sau khi c vin em sy nh 400 - 500C cho kh.
4.3. Bao vin
4.3.1. Mc ch
- Lm cho vin khng dnh vo nhau.
Che lp mi v kh ung ca thuc.
- Ch ng tc dng thuc d dy hay rut.
- Bo qun d dng, trnh ht m, trnh dc cht b oxy ha, trnh nm mc.
4.3.2. Cc cht dng bao
Khng kch ng nim mc h thng tiu ha, khng tng tc vi thuc, khng c
tc dng sinh hc ring, d dng bao u quanh vin, gip cho vin gii phng dc
cht tt.
Cc cht thng dng: Bt talc, bt cam tho, kaolin, caf, lycopot, chu sa, hng
hong, bch tho, graphit, than tho mc, than hot, ng, bc vng... phi l bt rt
mn. Mun vin tan rut bao bng: sp ong, keratin, salol, parafin, colodion.
T dc ht: siro, h gelatin...
4.3.3. Phng php bao.
- S lng vin t c th dng hai bt p vo nhau. Cho vin v bt bao vo trong bt
ri quay u ti khi t yu cu.
S lng vin nhiu dng ni bao hay thng lc. Vin phi sy kh, cng rn.
+ Vin mt cho vin vo ni bao, thng lc thm t t bt bao lc thng quay ri ti
khi lp bao, vin bao t yu cu.
+ Vin thng cch lm nh trn nhng phi thm t dc dnh trc khi cho bt
bao. Bao nhiu ln ti khi lp bao, vin bao t y cu.
4.4. ng gi, bo qun.
Thuc vin trn sau khi bo ch xong em sy kh, phn lng, ng gi ngay. Cn
c vo thi gian s dng, tnh cht vin m c cch ng gi v bo qun thch hp.
Vin c nc, dng ngay, dng ti bnh phng ng vo ti giy, hp giy hay ti
PE.
Vin c tinh du, dc cht d b oxy ha, d b nh sng lm bin cht ng trong
chai l thy tinh mu.
Vin hon hay vin mt ng gi trong qu sp hoc l thy tinh nt kn.

Cch lm qu sp: dng qu cu g c kch thc theo vin, lau sch khun, vi
khun mi phi luc si. Bi hoc nhng khun vo glycerin. Nhng khun vo hn
hp sp: sp ong - parafin theo t l 2/3 cch thy 700C, lm t hai n ba ln c
dy u thch hp.
Ly dao rch ngang gia qu sp tch na di v ly qu cu ra, na trn vn dnh
vo que cm ra, ch mt cho kh
Khi dng cho vin vo, y np di li ri nhng vo hn hp sp 2- 3 ln, rt que
cm ra, hn kn li bng sp trn.
Lm nh trn tn km li gi thnh cao.
C th gi vin bng giy ri nhng vo hn hp sp nng chy vi ln hoc dng v
qu sp bng cht do c g gn cht vo nhau ri hn kn bng parafin nng chy.
Vin ng gi xong bo qun ni mt thong, nh k kim tra li cht lng.
5. KIM SOT THUC VIN TRN
5.1. Hnh dng bn ngoi: vin phi trn u, gi nguyn hnh dng ban u. Mt
vin kh khng nt n, ng nht.
- Ct i vin ra cc thnh phn ca vin phi ng nht.
5.2. Khi lng: ly 10 vin trong 1 l bo ch, tnh khi lng trung bnh. Khi
lng trung bnh ny khng c vt qu hay thp hn 10% khi lng ghi trong
cng thc. Khng thc hin vi vin bao
5.3. Thi gian tan r: cho 1 - 2 vin vo bnh nn ( 100ml) thm 50ml dung dch
acid hydrocloric 0.5% 370C 20C. Lc bnh quay trn nhe nhng mi pht hai ln
mi ln 10 giy. Trong vng 2 h vin phi r ra hoc mm n mc ly u a chm
vo th vin phi bin dng d dng.
5.4. nh tnh, nh lng: theo phng php quy nh, cha ng thnh phn v
hm lng dc cht quy nh t yu cu.
5.5. v khun: th theo phng php quy nh khng c qu cho php.
6. MT S CNG THC THUC VIN TRN
- Vin tecpin - codein:
Tecpinhydrat
0.50g
Codein
0.10g
Nha thng tinh ch
v
Lm thnh 10 trn
Trn codein vi mt t bt mu (carmin) thm bt tecpin trn u thnh bt kp.
Thm nha thng nghin thnh khi nhuyn - ln thnh a vin, dng bn chia vin
thnh 10 vin. Sy nh, ng gi
Thnh phm gim c B dng trong.
K THUT BO CH THUC VIN NN
1. U NHC IM V PHN LOI
1.1. u nhc im
1.1.1. u im

- Khi lng vin, hm lng dc cht ca vin tng i chnh xc. Mt vin c
th khc rnh chia vin thnh 1/2 hay 1/4 gip cho vic chia liu v ung d dng.
- Trn mt vin c th khc ch v hm lng vin trnh nhm ln.
- Th tch nh, vn chuyn d, bo qun v s dng d dng.
- Vin c th bao o ngoi gip cho s dng, iu tr v bo qun tt hn.
- C th sn xut cng nghip gi thnh r.
1.1.2. Nhc im
- Bo qun lu vin d b bin cht: rn li, b, bin mu...
- Tc dng chm, t dng trong cp cu
- Kh dng cho tr em v ngi cao tui.
1.2. Phn loi
1.2.1. Theo cch iu ch
- Vin nn dp thng
- Vin nn dp sau khi lm ht
- Vin trn: vin paracetamol...
- Vin bao: vin erytromycin.
1.2.2. Theo cch dng
- Vin ung: vin sulfaguanidin, clorocid...
- Vin ngm: vin kaliclorat.
- Vin dng ngoi: vin bch i...
- Vin cy di da: vin procain penicillin
- Vin pha dung dch tim: vin caphein
2. TIU CHUN CHT LNG
2.1. Phi c hnh dng kch thc, mu sc ng theo quy nh
2.2. Phi c bn c hc m bo cho vn chuyn, s dng v bo qun tt.
2.3. Vin phi cha ng thnh phn theo cng thc ca vin.
2.4. Vin phi c khi lng, hm lng dc cht t dung sai cho php ca DVN
quy nh
2.5. Vin phi c tc dng y d khi dng.
2.6. Vin phi t vo khun cho php.
3. THNH PHN
3.1. Dc cht: nh ha cht, ch phm bo ch bt dc liu v phi t tiu chun.
3.2. T dc: cht cn thm vo lm c thnh vin t yu cu v khi lng
v hnh dng
4. T DC THNG DNG TRONG BO CH VIN NN
4.1. T dc n: pha long dc cht, tng khi lng, tng th tch gip cho vin
t yu cu. l nhng t dc thng dng sau:
4.1.1. Bt tho mc: dng loi mn cn c tc dng ht, ch phm bo ch nh cao
thuc, tinh du c trong thnh phn ca vin. Thng dng cc tinh bt cam tho, bt
sm b chnh...

4.1.2. Tinh bt: bt trng khng tan trong nc, cn, c tnh n nh, khng n hng
ti dc cht trong vin. Thng dng cc tinh bt nh: tinh bt ng, khoai, sn, m,
hong tinh...
4.1.3. Dectrin: sn phm thy phn tinh bt c mu trng hoc hi vng, tan chm
trong nc lnh, d tan trong cn.
4.1.4. Saccarose: lm thnh bt mn, c v ngt, khi ht m s kt khi nn cn c
tnh dnh, iu v thuc. Bt ng dng phi hp vi tinh bt hat tinh bt vi dectrin
cho hn hp t dc kh tt, d lm ht, vin dp, cng tt. Nhng vin dc cht
c tnh acid th khng dng bt saccarose.
4.1.5. Calci phosphats: bt trng, mn thng dng calci hydrophospha, trung tnh
dng cho vin c cha cao thuc, tinh du.
4.1.6. Calci carbonat: bt trng, mn v rt n nh, khng tan trong nc, tng k
vi acid. Vin thuc thng thm vo lm gim bt tng tc ca dch v vi dc
cht. Calci carbonat cn c tc dng ht tinh du trong vin song yu v c tnh kim
mnh dng nhiu s gy to bn.
4.1.7. Cc cht khc: ngoi cc cht trn cn dng bt lactose, glucose, magne
carbonat, kaolin... Hin nay thng dng bt cellulose khng c, tr khng tng
tc vi dc cht cn c tnh dnh lm vin r tt l mt t dc l tng.
4.2. T dc dnh: lm cho thnh phn vin lin kt vo nhau, gim lc p ca my,
nhng t dc dnh thng dng l:
4.2.1. Nc ct: tuy khng c tnh dnh nhng khi dng vi cao kh v dc liu c
tinh bt, keo s tr nn dnh.
4.2.2. Ethanol: cng nh nc khi dng vi t dc liu s dnh. Ethanol dng cho
vin c cha nhiu cao tho mvj hay cc bt dc liu m nu dng nc s to nn
dnh qu mnh hoc lm cho hot cht b thy phn. Ethanol c cn ty thnh
phn ca vin.
V d: bt dc liu c hot cht d tan trong nc, thi tit nong dng ethanol c
cn cao.
Khi dng ethnil thao tc phi nhanh.
4.2.3. H tinh bt: th keo do nc v tinh bt 70 0C to thnh tnh dnh cao. Nng
tinh bt trong h cn c tnh cht dc cht trong vin yu cu ca ht dp vin
xp hay ch. Nng h thng dng t 5% - 20%, thng thng 10%.
4.2.4. Dectrin: phi sy kh gp nc s dnh, tnh dnh km, thng pha thnh hn
hp 10% dectrin vi tinh bt. Dectrin thng dng cho vic c bt tho mc.
4.2.5. Siro v bt ng: tnh dnh tng i mnh, thng c dng cho cc vin
c cha dc liu tho mc, c phi hp vi h tinh bt theo t l t
10 - 70%. Dng nng ng cao ht chc, gim c bt vn trnh dnh chym
v vin, nhng cao qu th vin ht m mnh, b vin v bin cht.
4.2.6. Natri carbocymetyl cellulose: tnh dnh kh mnh, thng dng dung dch 1% 2% trong nc lm t dc dnh. Natri carbocymytlyl cellulose khi gp nc s n
ra th tch c th tng gp 10 ln nn cn dng lm t dc r.

4.2.7. Bt cellulose: t dc dnh tt, to ht trn, chuyn ng d dng, khi dp vin

d sy kh sau khi dp vin c cng tt. Bt cellulose khu ht nc th tch tng
lm vin d r, dng cho vin cha bt tho mc l 5 - 10% vi bt, cao l 10 - 20%
vi ha cht l 10%.
4.2.8. Cc cht khc: ngoi cc cht trn cn dng h gm arabic 2- 5%, h bch cp
2%, pectin, colophan, gelatin...
4.3. T dc ht: thm vo ht cch dc cht: lng d ht m, chy lng, mm
nh: cn thuc, cao thuc, tinh du, du...Thng dn bt tho mc magnesi,
carbonat, calci carbonat, kaolin, bentinit...
4.4. T dc r: lm cho vin tan r trong b my tiu ha gii phng dc cht,
chia lm ba loi t dc r nh sau:
4.4.1. Cht dp nim dch h tiu ha hay nc tan ra l: cc loi ng, cc loi
mui tan.
4.4.2. Cht dp nin dch h tiu ha hay nc s n ra lm vin ta v l: tinh bt,
bt tho mc, cellulose, natri carbocymetyl cellulose. Cc t dc n thng ng
c vai tr t dc r. Thng dng nht l tinh bt, trc khi dng phi sy kh 40
- 500C, thng dng vi t l 5 - 20% so vi lng ht kh.
4.4.3. Cht dp nin dch tiu ha s sinh khi lm tan r vin. Thng dng l cc
mui carbonat: calci carbonat, magnesi carbonat, natri carbonat, cc cht ny khi gp
mi trng acid dch v trong d dy s to kh carbon diocid lm tan v nin .
Khi trong vin c cha bt tho mc kh ln th c th khng cn thm t dc r.
4.5. T dc trn bng
Lm ht trn, chuyn ng d v u vo ci gim bt ma st gia ci v chy, d
y vin ra. Thuc khng dnh vo my, b mt vin bng p, gim ht m.
T dc trn bng thng dng l:
4.5.1. Magnesi stearat: bt trng mn, d trn u vi ht. Ty theo tnh cht ca ht
dc cht ( kh nng ht m, tnh dnh...) ,m dng magne stearat nhiu hay t,
thng dng l 0,5 - 1% so vi khi lng ht, nu dng t l cao s nh hng ti
tan r ca vin.
4.5.2. Talcum: c t trng ln, trn bng km, khng tan trong nc, lm vin kh
r, t l thng dng 3 - 6%. Nay thng dng hn hp talcum vi magne stearat.
( Bt talcum thng ln calci carbonat v tp cht khc nn phi tinh ch v ki tra
khi dng).
4.5.3. Cc cht khc: ngoi cc cht trn cn dng: acid boric t l 2 - 5%, du
parafin 0,5 - 1%, du tho mc... lm t dc trn bng.
4.6. T dc lm m
Dng khi dc cht, t dc kh nhanh hoc d bay bi trong qu trnh bo ch,
thng dng glycerin, tri ethanolamin stearat, natri laurylsulfat, tween.
4.7. T dc mu
phn bit vin, kim tra ng u ca dc cht, phn bit hm lng dc
cht, khng c tc dng ring, bn vng trong qu trnh bo qun.

Mt s cht mu thng dng:

- Mu vng: rutin, caroten, riboflavin...
- Mu nu: caramen, purpurin...
- Mu xanh l: clorophin...
- Mu en: graphit, than tho mc...
- Mu tm: cc antrocyamin...
4.8. T dc m
n nh c cht khi gp dch tiu ha khng b ph hy, thy phn lm mt tc
dng, thng dng cc mui calci ( carbinat, phosphat).
4.9. T dc lm thm, ngt
che lp mi v kh chu ca dc cht, cng vi t dc mu lm tng s hp dn
khi dng: nh tinh du, ng, glycerin, sarcarin, natri calcicyclamat...
5. K THUT BO CH THUC VIN NN
5.1. Chun b
- Dc cht: t tiu chun, dc liu tho mc c x l ri xay nh hoc chit ly
dch chit c thnh cao, ct ly tinh du, chit ly hot cht. Phn ln dc cht c
chia nh thch hp ri lm thnh bt kp
- T dc: da vo thnh phn, tnh cht dc cht v yu cu ca vin m chn
c trang thit b, my mc cn thit, chun b bao gi.
5.2. Lm thnh vin
Tr mt s dc cht trn, dnh r... c th dp thng hoc thm mt t t dc ri
dp thnh vin nh: natri clorid, natri hydrocarbonat... cn phn ln cc dc cht
mun lm thnh vin phi qua giai on lm ht.
5.2.1. Lm ht:
- Mc ch lm ht:
+ Lm tng s lin kt gia cc tiu phn cht rn, lm cho vin chc hn, bo qun
tt hn.
+ Cc bt dc cht thng xp, nh, lc ma st ln d kt khi chuyn ng km
nh hng n khi lng vin nn phi lm thnh ht trc khi dp vin.
+ Vin cha nhiu dc cht c t trng khc khc nhau, qu trnh dp vin d b
phn lp nh hng ti hm lng ca vin.
+ Trong qu trnh dp vin, my dung ng to thnh lung khng kh chuyn ng
bt mn s bay bi v dnh vo u chy gy hin tng dnh chy lm bong mt
vin. V vy mun lm c vin nn tt da vo cc tnh cht cc dc cht, t dc
ca vin, trang thit b hin c to thnh ht cn thit.
- Cch lm ht:
+Phng php lm ht kh ( dp kp): p dng cho nhng dc cht d bin cht khi
gp m v nhit nh: aspirin, vitamin C, khng sinh...
Ln u dp thnh vin to ( ch cn rn chc m khng cn khi lng), xc thnh ht
(bng my cn, st ht kh0. Ry qua c ry 30 - 35 lm u ht, trn u vi t
dc trn ri dp thnh vin.

+ Phng php lm ht t:
Nu ton b thnh phn vin l bt mn, trn thnh bt kp, thm t dc dnh va
trn u xt qua c ry 27 - 30 lm thnh ht.
Nu l cao kh c dnh mnh ch vic nghin v ry qua ry 30 - 35 lm thnh ht
Cao c dnh km khng th dp thnh vin th thm t dc dnh va khi
nghin ri trn u v lm thnh ht.
Nu cao mm th trn vi bt dc liu c trong vin hoc t dc va v xt
thnh ht.
Nu bo ch t c th xt bng tay dng c ry 30 - 35 ( 0,8 - 2mm)
Trong sn xut cng nghip dng my xt ht, my lm ht tng si.
- Sy ht: ht xt xong phi em sy ngay nu khng s kt khi bin dng. Nhit
sy thng t 60 - 800C.
Vi ht c cha cht thm, tinh du, glucozit, dc cht d hng nhit cao
thng sy nhit 500C.
Vi ht nhiu tinh bt: ng th khng sy c sy nhit qu cao 70 0C v bt
s ha h, ng s chy ht b rn li.
Khi sy nhit phi tng t t trnh hin tng mt ngoi kh trc to thnh
mng cng nc bn trong khng thot ra c. Ri ht u trn khay, chiu dy
khng qu 2cm, qu trnh sy thnh thong phi o u, nh tay trnh ht vn, vn
ht.
dp c thnh vin ht phi c m thch hp t 0,5 - 7% ty loi.
Ht cng qu vin dp d r mt, kh r, ht mm th vin d b, st, v.
Sy ht c th dng ht sy, phng sy, tia hng ngi...
5.2.2. X l ht trc khi dp vin
- Lm u ht:
+ Vi vin c khi lng trn 0,3g lm u ht qua c ry 35
+ Vi vin c khi lng t 0,1 - 0,3g lm u ht qua c ry 34
+ Vi vin c khi lng di 0,1g lm u ht qua c ry 32.
- Phun tinh du: trnh bay tinh du cho nn tinh du c trong vin ch c phun
u vo ht trc khi dp vin: tt nht l phun u vo t dc trn ri trn u vo
ht trc khi dp vin.
- Thm t dc trn v r: t dc trn phi tht mn, t dc r phi tht kh, cho
ht vo trn u ri cho vo thng y kn, khi dp vin ly ra dng .
Ch : tng dnh trong qu trnh dp vin mt s ht cn thm mt lng t
dc dnh thch hp nh: bt, ng, cn vi vin c cao thuc v du mo cn thm
t dc ht trc khi dp vin mi khc phc c hin tng b ca vin
5.2.3. Dp thnh vin
- My dp vin: hin nay my dp vin c chia lm:
+ My dp vin tm sai: lc nn do lc tm sai to nn. Loi my ny khi hot ng
lc nn mnh to nn cng mt lc nn my thng gay ting n ln, rung nhiu,

vin nn mnh,nhit lc nn cao, vin thng khng u, cht lng vin km,
hiu sut thp hin nay t dng.
+My dp khun mm khun quay: loi my ny gm hai h thng chy trn v chy
di c nng ln v h xung t t ng thi h thng khun ( ci) trn mm quay
trn ly ht vo, to vin v gt vin ra. Vin c to ra do nn t t nn cht
lng tt. Mt vng quay ca my c th b t 2 - 3 h thng chy ci cng dp nn
cho hiu sut cao, c th dp c hng vn vin trong mt gi.
Loi my ny hin nay rt thng dng.
+ Cu to chung: bt c loi my no cng gm c hai b phn chnh nh sau:
Chy v ci: chy c chy trn v chy di v phi lt kht vo lng ci. Chy di
c nhim v iu chnh khi lng vin v y vin sau khi dp c ln mt ci.
Chy trn iu chnh lc nn ca my to chc ca vin.
Mt chy c nhiu kiu: c th khc ch, khc ngn, phng, lm va, lm cu. Mt
chy phi tht nhn bng, cnh mt chy phi st khng c st m.
Chy c nhiu c c th dp c nhiu loi vin c khi lng khc nhau.
Phu nh ht vo ci: y vin thuc ra v thu nh ht vo ci gt ht bng mt ci.
- Qu trnh hot ng ca my dp vin
+ Nh ht vo ci: sau khi lp ci chy v iu chnh sn. Phu nh ht vo ci gt
bng mt ci v chuyn ng.
+ Dp ht thnh vin: sau khi phu nh ht rt i chy trn h xung nn ht vo ci
vi p lc v su nh thc. Ht b nn gia chy trn v chy di to thnh
vin.
+ Gt vin ra: chy trn rt ln, chy di nng ln ngang bng mt ci, phu nh ht
i ti gt vin ra, chy di ng thi h xung v tr c ci nh ht. Phu nh ht
v gt ht bng mt ci.
Qu trnh hot ng lp i lp li nh trn.
5.3. Bao vin
Vin bao l ch phm t dng thuc ht vin trn, vin nn khi mt ngoi c bao
bng mt hoc nhiu lp ca mt cht hay hn hp ng nht ca nhiu cht.
Khi lp bao mng vin c gi l vin bao phin ( theo DVN.Vin bao l vin nn
c bao bng mt hay nhiu lp ca hn hp nhng cht khc nhau nh: cc cht
nha thin nhin hay tng hp, cc cht n khng tan, ng, cc cht ha do, cc
cn a chc, sp ong, cc cht lm thm c quy nh, lp bao cng c th cha
cc hot cht).
5.3.1. Yu cu thuc vin bao
- Vin c mt nhn bng, ng u, lp bao mng.
- Vin phi c khi lng, hm lng t yu cu.
- Vin phi c bn c hc, tan r, gii phng dc cht, v khun t yu cu.
5.3.2. Mc ch bao vin
- Che lp mi v kh s dng ca thuc, hp dn ngi dng.

- Trnh c cc tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi lai ( khng kh, m, dch tiu

ha...) ti thuc.
- Ch ng c cc tc dng ca thuc.
- Trnh c tnh thch ng: tng k ca dc cht vi dch tiu ha hay gia cc
thnh phn c trong vin khi dng thuc.
- Phn bit c vin, bo qun c lu, khng kt dnh vo nhau.
5.3.3. Cc cht lng dng bao
- Yu cu chung ca cc cht dng bao.
+ D dng bm u trn mt vin.
+ Bn vng v c kh nng ngn cch cc yu t ngoi cnh v gia cc thnh phn
ca vin.
+ Khng kch ng, tr v mt sinh hc v dc cht ca vin
+ C mi v, mu sc hp dn, r tin, d kim
- Cc cht bao thng dng:
+ Tan d dy: nu l cht rn phi l bt rt mn.
Bt tho mc: lycopot, cam tho, sm b chnh, tinh bt, qu, caphe..
Bt ha cht: tale, kaolin, magne carbonat, calci carbonat, graphit, saccarose, dectrin.
+ Tan rut: thng dng.
Salol: c th dng n hoc cng mt s cht khc.
Gelatin c formal ha ( ch nng formol v thi gian, v nng cao, qu lu
s khng tan).
Keratin: c hai loi: acid, base khi dng cn ch .
Sellak: khng tan trong mi trng acid, d tan trong mi trng base. Rt t dng
n c m phi kt hp vi cc cht khc nhau nh: Sellak 5; butylstearar 5; du
thu du 0,5; ethanol 950, 89,5.
Sellak 31,25; du thu du 6,25%; ethanol 950 62,5%; cellulose cetatphtalat cht bao
tt vi mi quy m pa vi aceton nng 5%.
+ Bao mng mng: cc cht hay dng:
Carbowax6000, PEG trong thnol 25%, zein 15%, tween 20 - 30%, isopropanol
( 25%) 82%.
Carbowax6000 70g, dung dch cellulosa cetatphtalat 10% 300m, aceton va
500ml ( d tan trong nc, d d). Carbowax 6000 70g dung dch cellulosa
cetatphtalat 10% 300m, phm vng 0,5g aceton va 500ml ( Cng thc khc
tng t thm sp ong 5g).
+ T dc dnh khi bao: thng dng dung dch siro c nng 50 - 60% ( d thm
su lm mm vin) tng dnh thng thm gelatin, gm metylcellulose...
+ T dc bao nhn: thng dng nh: tale, tylose KN 25, acrosil, titandiocid, khi
dng thng trn u vo dung dch siro.
+ T dc lm bng vin: thng dng sp ong, parafin, stearin, spermacety...
Spermacety
80g
Du parafin
80g

Talc
30g
Hay: sp ong
80g
Du parafin
100g
Tale
100g
Hay: spermacety 16g
Siro
39g
Hoc: gm arabic 40% 3g
H tinh bt
7g
Mi kg vin dng khon 5g
+ T dc mu dng bao: xem phn t dc mu trn
T dc mu khng tan trong nc dng dng bt rt mn trn u vi t dc
khc khi bao.
T dc mu tan trong nc ha vo dung dch siro khi bao nhn
5.3.4. K thut bao vin
- Chun b:
+ Vin phi bao hoc bao: thuc ht vin trn, vin nn. Ring vi vin nn
iu ch vin bao dng ni bao vin phi x l mi bt cnh sc nh sau: cho vin
nn vo ni bao, cho ni bao hot ng ti khi t th ly ra v loi bt.
+ Cc cht dng bao: ty theo yu cu vin tan rut, d dy hay bao mng mng
m chun b, iu ch cho thch hp. Nu th rn phi tn bt rt mn v ng nht.
+ Trang thit b:
Ni bao vin xem bi thuc vin trn.
My dp vin bao: hot ng nh my dp vin. Trc tin to v h mt. t vin
vo v cui cng dp kn to vin bao, vin bao thu c u v p, bo qun tt.
- Tin hnh bao vin:
+ Nu l thuc ht, vin trn s lng t ch cho vin khng kt dnh ( xem bi
thuc vin trn)
+ Nu l thuc vin nn ty theo yu cu v thit b s dng khi bao
Dng ni bao vin
Bao ng: cc giai on gm:
Bao lt: cho vin vo ni bao, ni hot ng thm t dc dnh ( h gelatin 10 - 15%,
c th thm gm arabic 3%) lm cho mt vin m u dnh. Thm t t bt tale
va vo ri lm kh vin bng sc nng 30 0 - 500C( do bp in, lun khng kh
nng v phi sch). Vin kh li bao nh trn. Bao t 4 - 5 lp bao.
Bao dy: tin hnh bao nh trn nhng dng t dc dnh l dung dch siro 60 - 70%,
c th thm t 4 - 8% gelatin v dng bt bao: cali carbonat, tale hay calci carbonat +
talc, tinh bt, kaolin, dectrin, bt ng, magne carbonat. Bao t 10 - 15 lp.
Bao hn ( bao ng): tin hnh bao nh trn nhng khng dng bt bao m ton
dng siro nhit bao khng qu 400C.

Bao mu: vin phi tht nhn, cht mu trn u vi bt bao hoc ha tan vo siro.
Tin hnh bao nh trn ri khi lp mu t yu cu, nhit khi bao thng t 35 400C.
Bao bng: cho cht lm bng vo ni bao c vin ti khi mt nhn bng u, p
v t yu cu.
Bao vin tan rut: tin hnh nh bao ng nhng dng cc cht to mng mng.
u im: tit kim nguyn liu, n gin, nhanh, trn, mng bao rt mng khi
lng vin t thay i chng m v nhit tt.
Nhc im: tn km, c cho ngi thao tc, bao mu sc km bao ng.
Dng my dp to vin bao: gm hai giai on chnh:
To v bao khuyt mt.
t vin cn bao vo v ri dp kn mt
Bao nhanh, u p, bn c hc tt, hiu sut cao.
X l vin bao khng t yu cu:
Lp bao khng ng u, mu khng ng nht, khng nhn bng. Cn x l nh
sau:
Tip tc bao dy thm cho nhn, mu ng u.
Loi b mt lp bao hoc ph b ton b lp bao ri sy vin kh v bao li.
5.3.5. ng gi, bo qun
Vin sau khi bo ch xong loi b vin khng t yu cu. Sy vin tht kh.
Dng bao gi: nh ti PE, ng l thy tinh, hp kim loi hoc nha, c x l
v kh khun c th ng vin vo v ngy nay hay dng.
Khng nn ng lng ln hn 1000 vin
Dn nhn ng quy ch
Bo qun: ni mt, kh ro, thong, nh k kim sot cht lng ti a khng
qu 1 nm.
6. KIM SOT THUC VIN
6.1. Hnh dng, kch thc: vin c cng mt cng thc phi c hnh dng, kch
thc nh sau, mu phi l mu ca cht dng lm vin ( tr vin bao). Mt vin
phi nhn c th khc ch, khc rnh. Cnh phi sc v thnh phi lnh ln.
6.2. bn c hc: vin nn phi c bn c hc m bo c hnh dng khi
ng gi v vn chuyn. 3 vin ri t do t cao 1m ln mt mt phng v chc
khng vin no c gy, v. Nu mt vin c vt rng nt th coi nh b v. Khi ch
m cnh di 1/4 vin th coi nh khng v. Nu lm ln th nht khng t th lm
li vi 3 vin khc.
Dng my: cho mt s vin vo my, cho my quay vi vn tc nh trc
trong mt thi gian nht nh. Tnh khi lng trung bnh mi vin so vi khi lng
trung bnh ca mi vin trc khi th khng c vt qu dung sai cho php.
6.3. ng u khi lng: cn chnh xc 20 vin bt k v xc nh khi lng
trung bnh ca mi vin. Cn ring tng vin so vi khi lng trung bnh. Khng
c qu 2 vin c khi lng chnh lch qu lch tnh theo t l phn trm ca

khi lng trung bnh v khng c c vin no chnh lch qu gip hi t l phn
trm .
Khi lng trung bnh ca vin
lch t l phn trm
Ti 80mg
10
Trn 80mg - di 250mg
7,5
T 250mg tr ln
5
6.4. Thnh phn ca vin: vin phi cha ng thnh phn ca cng thc, nh tnh
theo chuyn lun ring.
6.5. ng u hm lng: ly 10 vin bt k nh lng dc cht theo chuyn
lun ring, nu hm lng dc cht trong vin trong phm vi dung sai cho php
15% ( hay 85 - 115% gi tr trung bnh). Khng t yu cu nu c 1 vin ngoi
dung sai cho php ( ngoi khong 75 - 124%). Nu c vin ngoi dung sai (GTTB)
nhng trong dung sai 25% th th li vi 20 vin khc bt k.
Thuc vin nn t yu cu nu trong tng 30 vin th khng c qu 1 vin
ngoi dung sai cho php 15% v khng c vin no ngoi khong dung sai 25%
6.6. tan r: dng my th tan r Erweka hoc dng c tng t c kch thc
quy nh.
My gm 1 b phn mang 6 ng thy tinh h hai u c gi v tr thng ng,
u di cc ng l mt tm li bng si thp khng ri, chu c cc dung dch
acid, u trn cc ng y mt a nh bng cht do trnh cho cht th bn ra khi
vn hnh my. B phn ny c gn vi mt b phn c kh to cho dng c
chuyn ng ln xung vi khong cch 50 - 60mm v tn s c nh 28 - 32 chu k
mi pht.
B phn ng th c nhng chm vo trong mt bnh thch hp thng c th tch
1000ml ng cht lng th v d nh: nc ct
C mt b phn iu nhit duy tr cht lng nhit th 37 0C 20C v c nhit
k theo di.
Khi dng c chuyn ng ln xung trung bnh phi c th tch cht lng soa cho
b phn cc ng th v tr thp nht th li kim loi phi di b mt lp cht
lng phi trn t nht 25mm v khi v tr thp nht th li kim loi cch y bnh t
nht 25mm.
Tin hnh th: tr ch dn ring theo chuyn lun. Cho 1 vin vo mi ng, y a
nhng chm cc ng vo bnh ng nc ct ri cho my vn hnh.
Thi gian tan r khng qu 15 pht.
ta r t yu cu khi khng cn cn trn li hoc khng cn cn dnh vo b mt
li ca a y. Nu cn cn th ch l mt khi mm khng cn nhn kh rn s
thy c. Nu vin bi dnh vo cc a th th li vi 6 vin khc nhng khng cho
a vo ng. Mu th t yu cu nu 6 vin tan r ht.
Vin bao
- Vin bao phi c b mt nhn bng, thng c mu phi ng u.

Khi ct vin thy cc lp bao khc nhau.

- ng u khi lng, hm lng, xc nh tin hnh tng t nh trn ( vin
khng bao).
- tan r: tr vin dng nhai. Phi p ng yu cu th tan r ca vin nn
khng bao, trong cn trn di cn li c th l cc mnh v bao.
Vin bao phin phi tan r trong 30 pht.
Vin bao phi tan r trong 60 pht
i vi cc vin bao khc vin bao phin, nu c vin no khng tan r th lm li trn
6 vin khc thay nc ct bng dung dch acid hydroclric 0,1M.
Mu th t yu cu nu c 6 vin u tan ht.
i vi vin bao k c vin bao phin, nu vin khng t yu cu do b dnh vo a
th lm li vi 6 vin khc, nhng khng cho vo a ng. Mu th t yu cu nu c
6 vin u tan r ht.
Vin bao tan rut:
- Tng t nh vin bao
- tan r: dng c nh trn. Cho mt vin vo trong mi ng, khng dng a,
nhng dng c vo trong bnh ng dung dch acid hydrocloric 0,1M, cho my vn
hnh trong 120 pht tr ch dn trong chuyn lun. Ly dng c ra khi bnh v quan
st, khng c c vin no c du hiu b nt lm cho hot cht b ha tan mt hoc
b tan r ngoi cc mnh v ca lp bao. Thay cht lng trong bnh bng dung dch
m phosphat pH 6,8 cho a vo mi ng v vn hnh dng c trong 60 pht, ly
dng c ra khi cht lng v quan st.
Mu th t yu cu nu tt c 6 vin u tan r ht. Nu vin bi dnh vo a th lm
li vi 6 vin khc nhng khng dng a ( th bng dung dch m phosphats pH =
6,8). Ha tan 28,8 dinatrihydrophosphat v 11,45g dikalihydrophosphat trong nc
ct thm nc ct va 1000ml.
Vin tan trong nc.
- Kim sot tng t vin khng bao.
- tan r: th nh vin khng bao dng nc ct 19 -200C tr ch dn khc.
Vin phi tan r ht trong 3 pht.
7. MT S CNG THC THUC VIN NN.
7.4. Vin berberin (cng thc cho 10000 vin)
Berberin clorid
1000,0g
H tinh bt
125,0g
Magnesi stearat 10,0g
- Tnh cht, c im: T trnh by sau khi hc dc liu, ha dc, dc l.
- Cch lm:
Trn u berberin clorid vi h tinh bt nho, xt ht, sy ht 70 0C cho kh,
m cn 6%.
Thm bt magne stearat trn u sau khi lm u ht, dp thnh 10.000 vin ng
gi.

Thnh phm thuc thng dng trong.

K THUT IU CH DUNG DCH THUC.
NI DUNG CHNH
Dung dch thuc l dng thuc lng iu ch bng cch ha tan mt hay nhiu dc
cht trong mt dung mi hay hn hp dung mi thch hp, dng trong hay dng
ngoi.
Dung mi l nc, ta c ung nc.
1. U NHC IM V PHN LOI.
1.1. u nhc im.
1.1.1.u im:
- Hp th v gy tc dng nhanh hn thuc dng rn nh: vin, bt, cm.
- Mt s dc cht dng dung dch thuc khng kch ng nim mc nh dng
rn, v d:Cloranhydrat, mt s c tc dng mc cao hn khi dng dng lng.
1.1.2.Nhc im:
- Km bn vng, khng bo qun c lu.
- Chia liu km chnh xc hn dng thuc rn
- Bao g cng knh, vn chuyn kh khn
1.2. Phn loi.
- Dung dch dng ung: dung dch baugett, lugol
-Dung dch dng ngoi: tarnier, sulfarin...
- Dung dch m: dung dch brmfor 1/10.
2. THNH PHN CA DUNG DCH
2.1. Dc cht.
Cn gi l cht tan: v c, hu c, c th dng rn hay lng, acid boric, natrisulfat,
clorofor, cht th kh t gp hn nh: carbon dioxit... t tiu chun ( tan ca
dc cht: biu th bng lng ti thiu dioxid t tiu chun ( tan ca dc
cht: biu th bng lng ti thiu dung mi ha tan hon ton mt phn dc cht
. V d: Natri benzoat ha tan trong hai phn nc c ngha mun ha tan 1g natri
benzoat th cn ti 2g nc ct.
H s ha tan: Lng dc cht ti a c trong mt lng dung dch ca n, v d:
trong 100 phn dung dch acid boric c 3 phn acid boric.
Nng ca dung dch: l t s gia khi lng cht tan tnh bng th tch khi
lng v dung dch bng th tch hay khi lng. Trong bo ch thng dng t l
phn trm tnh bng t l cht tan trn th tch dung dch (k hiu %). V d: Nng
acid 3% ngha l: trong 100ml dung dch c cha 3g acid boric.
2.2. Dung mi.
Thng dng nc ct thm, nc kh khong hoc hn hp dung mi tng
ho tan ca dc cht nh: hn hp ethanol-glycerin, hay ethanol- nc, ethanolglycerin - nc.
- Nc ct: (xem bi nc ct).

- Nc ct thm: ch phm thu c bng cch ct dc liu vi nc hay ha tan

tinh du vo nc ct (nc thm). Nc thm cha cc hot cht d bay hi c
trong dc liu nh tinh, acid cyanhdric
Nc thm c dng bo ch lm cht dn hoc dung mi thng, c mt s t c
tc dng dc l nh: nc bc h, nc ct l o (thnh phm c bng B).
K thut iu ch nc ct thm
Phng php ct dc liu
Ct ko bng hi nc: p dng cho dc liu mm, dc liu ti, kh chia nh t
trn v cch mt nc, khi ct hi nc si bc ln i quan dc liu ko theo cc
cht d bay hi v ho tan vo nc ct thu c.
Ct trc tip: p dng cho nhng dc liu cng, y ni c lt v ri cho dc
liu c chia nh vo nc cho ngp dc liu ri ct. C loi phi ngm trong
nc trc ri ct nh: qu, inh hng ...
Nc ct thm thu c, khuy k ri lc loi tinh du tha. S lng nc thu c
tu theo loi dc liu. Nc ct qu thu bng 5 ln dc liu, nc ct bc h, hoa
cam, hoa hng, l o tng ng lng dc liu. Ring mt s nc ct thm c
phi nh lng hot cht.
V d: nc ct l o cha 0,1% acid cyanhydric
Phng php ho tan tinh du vo nc ct:
- Ho tan tinh du trong ethanol ri dng cn tinh du ho tan trong nc ct ri lc
trong.
V d: ly 3ml cn 1% tinh du ho tan trong nc ct ri lc trong.
Dng cht trung gian ho tan tinh du bc h ho tan tinh du vo nc: dng talc,
kaolin, bt giy lc ... nghin k cht trung gian vi tinh du, thm nc ct nghin
k 24 gi, thnh thong khuy, lc qua giy lc thm nc.
- Nc ct l o
L o ti 100g
Nc 400ml
Ct nh, gi dp l o (hoc v nt l o) ct ko bng hi nc. Thu ly 100ml,
lc k lc qua giy lc thm nc. Nc ct l o phi cha 0,1% acid
cyanhydric.
ng gi kn
Thnh phm c B
- Nc ct bc h
Ngn bc h ti 100,00g
(hay ngc bc h kh 20g)
Nc vd
Ct nh ct nh trn thu ly 100ml
- Nc hi c, v cht, d chu, cha 0,03 - 0,04% tinh du

- Nc kh khong: l nc thin nhin c loi cc mui tan cha trong .

Mun c nc kh khong lm bng cch cho nc i qua ct trao i ion gi l
ionit (c cationit v anionit).
+ Cu to v tnh cht ca ionit: l nhng cht cao phn t thin nhin hay tng hp
khng tan trong nc, khng tan trong acid, base v c hay hu c, bn vng vi tc
nhn oxy ho. Ionit c cha nhng nhm hot ng c cc ion linh ng c th trao
i d dng vi nhng ion c cng in tch trong dung dch c kh nng phc hi.
R-H+ k hiu ca cht trao i cation c ion linh ng l ion hyro
R+-OH- k hin ca cht trao i cation c ion linh ng l ion hydroxyn
V cu trc ho hcm chia cc cht trao i ion lm 2 loi:
Cht v c trao i ion nh: betonit, zeolit, permulit cng thc chung MeP-Me l
kim loi kim.
Cht hu c trao i ion nh: wofatit, amberlit, dower.
Cc cht bn vng c hc, bn vng vi nhit v tc nhn oxy ho: acid nitric,
kali permanganat, kali bicromat ... c ch to di cc dng ht hnh cu c ng
knh khong 0,5mm.
+ Nguyn tc iu ch nc kh khong: cho nc thng chy qua ct cha catiotit
gi li cation, sau li cho chy qua ct cha anionit gi li anion.
Khi nc thng chy qua ct cha cationit, acid t do c to thnh v cation
c gi li.
R- - H+ + Na+ + Cl- R- - Na+ + H+ + ClKhi tip tc chy qua anionit, anion c gi li v to ra nc:
R+ - OH- + H++ Cl- R+ - Cl- + HOH
Qu trnh trao i ny xy ra trn b mt cht ionit
+ Phc hi kh nng trao i ion ca ionit khi cationit v anionit khng cn kh nng
trao i ion, cn phi phc hi kh nng trao i ion bng cch:
Cho dung dch acid hydrocloric long (3-6%) chy qua mt cationit ti khi c pH
acid. Cho dung dch acid hydrocloric long (3-4%) chy qua ct anionit ti pH base.
Phng trnh phc hi nh sau:
R- - Na+ + H+ + Cl- R- - H+ + Na+ + ClR+ - Cl- + Na+ + OH- R+ - OH- + Na+ + ClSau ra ionit phc hi bng nc ct cho n khi khng cn vt ion l c.
+ Nhng im ch khi dng iu ch nc kh khong
Ngm ionit trong nc ct 24 gi cho trng n ra sch ri cho vo ct
Tc nc chy qua ct t 15-20 lt/1 gi
Nu mi ct cha 2kg ionit c th c 600-800 lt nc kh khong tu ngun nc
xu, tt. Sau phc hi v s dng tip tc, thi hn khng qu 10 nm.
Qu trnh s dng khng c kh cht ionit
- Ethanol: d bay hi, chy, n, d b oxi ho, khng mu, mi thm, v nng lm
ng vn abumin, enzim.

- Ho tan trong nc, glycol bt k t l no. Kh nng ho tan dc cht rng. PHi
hp vi nc hay glycerin nc kh nng ho tan tt hn ethanol.
Ethanol c tc dng st khun, bo qun lu, lm cho mt s dc cht bn vng,
tng tc dng iu tr ca thuc.
- Glycerin : lng snh, khng mu, v ngt nng, d ht nc d ho tan cn.
Kh nng ho tan dc cht rng: mui, acid v c, hu c, alcaloit ...
Glycerin d b oxi ho, d chy n, vi tc nhn oxy ho nh: Kali clorat, bicromat,
permanganat, acid nitric ... nng 25% glycerin c tc dng st khun nn ch
yu lm dung mi ch thuc dng ngoi.
3. K thut iu ch dung dch thuc
3.1. Chun b
- Dc cht: V c, hu c t tiu chun
- Dung mi: chn dung mi tu theo yu cu tnh cht ca dc cht t tiu chun.
- Dng c, thit b ho tan, lc ...
3.2. Phng php ho tan
Tu theo tnh cht ca dc cht m chn phng php ho tan cho thch hp.
- Ho tan nhit thng: p dng cho nhng dc cht d tan trong dung mi,
cho dc cht vo dung mi thch hp, khuy u cho tan ht.
V d: acid boric, thu ngn II clorid ...
- Nghin: Cn tc dng lc c hc ho tan dc cht vo dung mi. Cho dc cht
v dung mi vo ci hay dng c ri nghin cho tan ht.
V d: Calci hypoclorid ...
- Ngm: p dng cho dc cht kh tan trong dung mi, d hng nhit cao. Cho
c cht vo dung mi ngm trong vi gi ti hng ngy cho tan dn ra.
V d: Calci hydroxyt.
- Phng php ho tan t trn xung hay phng php ho tan chy vng: ngm treo
(per descensum): tn nh dc cht ri rc nh ln b mt ca dung mi hoc cho
vo ti vi treo tip xc vi b mt dung mi, dc cht tip xc vi dung s tan dn
to thnh lp dung dch bo ho, lp ny c t trng ln hn nn chuyn ng xung
di y lp dung mi c t trng nh ln tip tc ho tan dc cht. Qu trnh ho
tan nh trn c tip din cho ti khi c cht tan ht. Phng php ny thng dng
ho tan cht c tnh ko (argyrol, protacgol, mercurocrom )
- Dng cht trung gian: thm mt cht tan khc tng ho tan ca dc cht
trong dung mi nhng khng lm nh hng xu ti dc cht v khi dng.
V d: thm kali iodid d ho tan iod, dng natri bezoat hay natri salicylat ho tan
cafein, pyramidon, dng urotropin, uretan ho tan cc mui quinin; dng acid
citric ho tan calci glycerophosphat.
- Cho hai cht phn ng vi nhau: thng thng mt cht kh tan hoc khng t an
phn ng vi cht kia tan to thnh cht mi c tc dng iu tr cn c.
V d: Cho asetrioxyt phn ng vi kali carbonat to kali asenid trong iu ch dung
dch Fowler

3.3. Lm trong dung dch thuc:

Dung dch thuc sau khi iu ch xong phi lc. Phi tun theo nguyn tc: nhanh,
trong, v khun, tu theo tnh cht dung dch thuc, yu cu trong m chn loi
vt liu lc, dng c lc v phng php lc thch hp (xem phn ho tan, lm trong
trn).
Mun dch lc c trong cn lc i lc li nhiu ln, phn u ca dung dch cht
khng tan to thnh trn mt vt liu lc mt lp ta nh mng tin lc.
3.4. ng gi, bo qun
Dung dch thuc sau khi iu ch xong thng ng gi trong chai l thu tinh hay
cht do vi dung dch thuc d hng bi nh sng cn ng trong chai l thu tinh
mu hay bo qun trong bng ti, gi li bng giy en (tu tnh cht dc m dng
nt cho thch hp, phi kn).
- Dn nhn ng quy ch, ni thong mt, cao ro, trnh nh sng.
4. Kim sot dung dch thuc
4.1. trung, mu sc, mi v: dung dch thuc phi trong sut, mu sc mi v ca
dc cht dng pha ch.
4.2. Dung tch: phi c dung tch t dung sai cho php, kim tra bng dng c
chun.
4.3. Thnh phn, nng hoc hm lng: cha ng thnh phn ca cng thc, c
nng hay hm lng t yu cu v dung sai cho php, nh tnh, nh lng theo
phng php quy nh.
4.4. v khun: phi t v khun cho php
5. Mt s cng thc dung dch thuc
5.3. Dung dch acid boric 3%
Acid boric 3,00g
Nc ct v
100,00ml
- Tnh cht, c im: t trnh by sau khi hc ho dc, dc l ...
- Cch lm:
+ Nghin acid boric vi nc ct, thm nc ct nghin k cho tan thm nc ct
va - lc trong - ng l hay chai.
Hoc ho tan acid boric trong mt lng nc ct un si. ngui thm nc ct
va ri lm nh trn.
Dn nhn thnh phm thuc thng dng ngoi (cng dng ra mt, ra vt thng).
5.7. Dung dch iod mnh 1% (dung dch lugol)
Iod 1,00g
Kali iodid 2,00g
Nc ct v
100,00ml
- Tnh cht, c im: t trnh by sau khi hc ho dc, dc l
- Cch lm:
+ Nghin iod vi Kali iodid trong khong 10ml nc ct cho tan ht. Thm nc ct
va , trn u, lc trong.

+ Ho tan Kali iodid v iod trong 10ml nc ct cho tan ht, thm nc ct va ,
trn u lc trong.
+ Ngm treo iod trong dung dch Kali iodid cho tan ht, thm nc ct va , khuy
u, lc trong. ng chai, dn nhn thnh phm gim c B dng trong.
(Cha bu c, ung theo git).
DUNG DCH M
Dung dch thuc thng c dng pha ch theo n vi s lng t do trong pha
ch mt nhiu thi gian cn ng, ha tan, lc. rt ngn thi gian pha ch, trnh
sai s cn ong do s lng t, thng dng cc dung dch m c nng cao pha sn
thay s lng dc cht nguyn cht . Nhng dung dch n cht c nng cao
l dung dch m v thng pha nng 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%; tng ng t l
1/20; 1/10; 1/5; 1/2.
V d: dung dch calci bromid 1/5 c ngha l 5ml dung dch calci bromid cha 1g
calci bromid 2g, th lng dung dch calci bromid 1/5 cn ly l 2g x 1/5 = 2x5 10ml
Khi pha dung dch m trnh pha dung dch gn bo ho, phi iu ch chnh xc v
phi nh k kim tra li nng .
Ch pha dung dch m vi ho cht bn vng dng dung dch v bo quan trong
mt thng.
- Vi ho cht km bn vng ch nn pha dng trong 3-4 ngy.
MT S DUNG DCH M
Dung dch glycerin xanhmetylen
Xanh metylen
0,60g
Nc ct
v
Glycerin
24ml
- cch lm: Tm xanh metylen vi vi git nc ct, thm glycerin khuy u
cho tan ht, ng chai.
Thnh phm thuc thng dng ngoi.
K THUT IU CH SIRO
1 Tnh cht, c im
1.1 Siro lng, snh, trong, v ngt, c t trng 1,32 20 0C ng vi 35 baum v
1,26 1050C ng vi 26 baum, tr siro gm c t trng 1,33, siro iodotamin 1,33
200C.
1.2 Siro thng ung bng tha canh (1 tha canh thng ng vi 15ml v bng
khong 20g siro).
1.3 Siro c u im l d ung v c kh nng che lp c mi v kh chu ca mt
s dc cht v c bo qun c lu, ngoi ra siro cn c tc dng dinh dng.
2 Phn loi
Chia ra lm 2 loi
2.1 Siro n (cn gi l siro ng) thnh phn c saccarose v nc.

2.2 Siro thuc l siro c cha dc cht.

3. thnh phn
3.1 Dc cht: bao gm nhiu loi:
- Ho cht: codein, morphin, calci, bromid...
- Ch phm bo ch: cn opi, cn ph t, cn cnh kin, cao thuc....
- Cht nha: nha thng, cnh kin....
- Tho mc: mch mn, khuynh dip, vin ch....
3.2 ng: thng dng ng saccarose dc dng
3.3 Cht dn
- Nc ct
- Dung dch thuc
- Dch chit tho mc.
- Dch p qu.....
4. K thut iu ch
4.1. Siro n .
4.1.1. Cng thc v phng php u ch.
- Siro n iu ch theo phng php ngui.
Sacacarose 180g
Nc ct 100ml
Cho ng vo nc, khuy k n khi tan hon ton, c th iu ch theo phng
php chy vng hoc ngm kit.
Siro iu ch phng php ngui c u im l ng sacacarose khng b phn hu
thnh ng kh.
- Siro n ch theo phng php nng.
Sacacarose 165g
nc ct 100ml
Cho ng vo nc, un si ho tan ng. C th iu ch theo phng
php ca dc in Lin X trc y nh sau: cn64g ng cho vo 36g nc,
khuy u, un si, thm nc ct cho 100g
4.1.2 Kim tra nng trong siro.
Dc in VN quy nh siro n ng phi c t trng 20 0C l 1,32 (tng
ng vi 350 Baum) hoc 1050C l 1,26 (tng vi 300 Baum) v tng ng
vi nng ng l 64%.
xc nh nng ng trong siro ngi ta dng ng k, t trng k hoc
ph k baum.
- ng k: l dng c chia vch c bit, cho ng k vo siro, ng k ni
ti u mc l nng ng trong siro.
T trng k (dng loi o cht lng nng hn nc). t trng k l loi ph k
chia vch theo g/l hoc g/ml.
Khi th t trng k vo siro, t trng k ni ti vch no vch l t trng ca
siro nhit lc o.

- Ph k baum (dng loi o cht lng nng hn nc).

- Khi th ph k baum vo si ro, ph k ni ti mc no l baum ca
siro nhit lc o.
T trng v baum ca mt cht c lin quan vi nhau, nu bit c t trng s
tnh c baum v ngc li
+ Nu bit c baum (n) tnh ra t trong (d)
///////////
+ Bit c t trng (d) tnh ra baum(n):
//////////
Bng tng quan gia baum v t trng.
Ngoi ra c th xc nh siro ng bng cch cn, mt lt siro phi c khi lng
1320g 15-200C, hoc nhit si ca siro phi l 1050C. (Phng php ny t dng
v chnh lch nhit trn nhit k rt nh, kh xc nh, gy sai s ln).
4.1.3. a nng ng ca siro n ng quy nh.
- Nu siro c nng thp hn th phi tip tc c.
- Nu siro m c phi pha long bng nc ct. Lng nc ct thm vo c
tnh theo cng thc sau: Q = 0,033 x S x D
Trong : Q l lng nc ct cn thm vo tnh bng g, kg.
S l khi lng siro m c tnh bng g, kg.
D l baum chnh lch.
V d: C 5000g siro n o c 38 0 baum 200 C, u chnh c siro ng
(350 baum) lng nc cn thm vo l:
p dng cng thc: Q = 0,033 x S x D
Thay s ta c Q =0,033 x 5000 x 3 = 495ml
Nu dng t trng k,. Lng nc thm vo c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q=0,033.S.145/////
d1 l t trng ca siro c
d0 l t trng ca siro ng
4.1.4. Lm trong siro.
- Lc: dng phng php lc qua cc vt liu nh vi gc, giy lc (loi g xp to).
- Nu ng xu, khng tinh khit dng mt trong hai phng php sau:
+ Dng bt: giy lc : 1g giy lc trong c 1000g siro
Cch lm: ct giy lc thnh ming nh nghin vi t nc nng trong ci thnh bt
nho, cho vo siro lc ang nng, khuy u, un si vi pht, ngui 40 50 0C
lc qua vi.
+ Dng lng trng trng: 1 lng trng trng lm c 10 lt siro.
Cch lm: nh lng trng trng vi mt t nc ct, trn u vi siro lc ngui, t
ln bp un nh la cho n lc si (trong qu trnh un khng c khuy)
Lng trng trng vn li ko theo cc cht vn l lng ni trn mt siro, ht b bt,
un cho siro ng , ngui 60- 700C lc qua vi.
Phng php ny khng dng lm trong siro thuc.

- Kh mu siro: dng than hot vi t l 3- 5%, cho than hot vo siro, khuy
u un si, lc qua giy lc.
Phng php ny ch dnh cho siro n.
4.2. Siro thuc
4.2.1. Siro thuc iu ch vi dc cht l ho cht
- Ho tan dc cht trong mt t dung mi thch hp (cn, nc ct) ri trn vi siro.
V d: siro bromid, siro codein.
- Nu ho cht d tan trong nc c th ho tan thng vo siro.
V d: Siro bromid
4.2.2 Dc cht l ch phm bo ch:
- Nu l cao thuc:
Cao lng mm: ho tan thng vo siro n.
V d: Siro lc tin.
Cao c, cao kh: ho tan trong mt tdung mi thch hp (cn, glycenrin) ri trn
vi siro n hoc ho tan cao trong mt t siro n un nng.
V d: Siro ipeca
- Nu l dch chit m c
Thng ngi ta iu ch thnh cc dch chit m c 1/10 pha siro thuc c
nhanh.
Khi dng trn mt phn dung dch chit m c 1/10 vi 9 phn siro thuc c
10 phn siro thuc.
4.2.3.Dc cht l dc liu
- Siro iu ch vi cht nha.
Cht nha d tan: hm thng vi siro.
V d: siro nha thng.
Cht nha kh tan: hm ly dch chit ri thm ng, theo t l 180gam ng
saccarose cho 100ml dch hm.
*iu ch dch chit m c 1/10
Ngm dc liu ct hoc nghin nh vi cn 600 trong 12 gi thm nc nng
700C hm 6 gi, p ly ht nc, ct ly cn thm. B hm ln th hai lm nh trn.
Trn nc hm hai vi nc cn li trong ni ct, lc.
C di p sut gim ti m c nht nh. Thm mt lng tng ng cn
600 loi tp cht, lc, ct thu hi cn ri c ti khi lng c. Trn vi cn thm
trn, siro n, cn 950 v nc ct c dung dch m c c t 180 n 200 cn.
Dch tch m c 1/10 pha siro thuc c nhanh. Phi iu ch sn nhng dch
chit m c. Khi dng trn 1 phn dch chit m c 1/10 vi 9 phn siro n
c 10 phn thuc theo t l riro n ch ngui.
V d: siro tolu, siro cnh kin
- Siro iu ch vi dc liu tho mc:
Hm dc liu ly dch chit, t l dc liu v dch chit thng l 1/10-1/5. Thm
c theo t l siro n ch ngui.

Nu hot ng cht trong dc liu d tan trong cn, ngm dc liu trong cn 3070 trong 12 gi, ri hm, ri lm nh trn.
V d: Siro v cam ng
- Siro iu ch vi dch qu:
p qu ly dch lc, o t trng, tnh lng ng cn thm theo bng.
T trng dch qu 200C
1,022
1,029
1,036
1,044
1,052
1,066
1,075

Lng ng dng cho 1000g dch qu (g)

1638
1584
1530
1476
1422
1368
1260

4.2.4. Dc cht gm nhiu loi

Vn dng nguyn tc trn, tu dc cht m chn phng php thch hp. C th cho
hai cht tc dng vi nhau to thnh 1 cht mi c tc dng.
V d: siro st (II) iodid, siro iodtanic.
5. Bo qun
5.1. Siro iu ch khng ng mt thi gian d b vn c do nm, mc, si
bt, ln men lactic, ethylic ... hin tng ln men cng nhanh nu trong siro c ng
kh.
5.2. Mun siro bo qun lu phi:
- iu ch ng quy nh
- ng chai co th tch va phi, chai nt phi v khun
- ng siro vo chai lc nng, y kn ngui lc u.
- ni kh ro, thong mt.
- C th thm cn, clorofoc, acid benzoic, acid salycylic vi nng thch hp
bo qun.
6. Mt s cng thc siro
6.1. Siro acid citric
6.1.1. Cng thc
Acid citric 1,0g
Nc ct 2,0ml
Siro n
v 100,0g
6.1.2. c im nguyn ph liu
- Acid citric : dc cht c tc dng gii nhit, tan trong nc
- Nc ct : dung mi ho tan acid citric
- Siro n : cht dn to dng thuc
6.1.3. iu ch
- Chun b: dng c, cn dc cht theo cng thc
- Ho tan acid citric trong 2ml nc ct
- Trn u dch lc acid citric vi siro n
- Thm siro n va 100g, khuy u, ng chai

6.1.4. Dn nhn: thh phm thng dng trong

6.1.5. Cng dng: Gii kht, dng pha ch mt s dng thuc khc
C th iu ch bng cch ho tan acid citric tn nh hn vi siro thm 2ml cn v
chanh ti v siro n va , trn u.
6.12. Siro iodotanic
6.12.1. Cng thc
Iod 2g
Tanin 4g
Nc ct 400ml
ng trng 600g
6.12.2. c im nguyn ph liu
+ Iod: dc cht thuc c bng B, khng tan trong nc, khi tan tc dng vi tamin
to hp cht hu c iodotanic c tc dng b, cha lao hch, ngi thiu iod, tr em
chm pht trin.
+ Tamin: dc cht, phi hp vi iod tp hp cht c tc dng b, tan trong nc.
+ Nc ct, ng trng: cht dn, to dng thuc
6.12.3. iu ch
+ Chun b: dng c, pha ch, bnh cu, cn ho cht theo cng thc.
+ Ho tan tamin vo nc ct, lc vo bnh cu.
+ Cho iod tn nh v khong 1/6 lng ng, y kn
+ un cch thu 600C thnh thong lc.
+ Khi iod tan ht (khng cn phn ng vi giy tm h tnh bt) cho nt lng ng
cn li, tip tc un cho tan ht, lc, ng chai.
Siro c t trng 200C = 1,30
6.12.4. Dn nhn: nhn thuc thng dng trong
6.12.5. Cng dng: b, cha lao hch, dng cho ngi suy nhc, ngi mi m dy,
ngi thiu iod, tr chm pht trin.
K THUT BO CH THUC TRA MT
1. Thnh phn thuc tra mt:
1.1. Dc cht
Dc cht t tiu chun tng t dng pha thuc tim, phn ln c tc dng ti
ch l khng sinh (cloramaphenicol, tatracyclin ...), khng khun (sulfacylum), st
khun (bc nitrat, argyrol, protaegol, km sulffat, ng sulfat, acid boric). Gy t
gim au (dionin, cocain ), co ng t (pilocarpin, eserin) gin ng t (atropin,
homatropin ...)
1.2. Cc cht khc cn thm vo thuc tra mt
- bo qun chng nhim khun: mai hoa, long no, veryl, nipazyl, nipazol,
cloretol.
- ng trng ho: thng dng natri nitrat, natri clorid, kali nitral, acid boric,
natri hydrocarbonat ...

- n nh pH: thng dng dung dch acid boric, h m phosphat, h m boric borat.
1.3. Cht dn
t tiu chun pha thuc tim thng dng:
- Nc ct pha thuc tim (mt s nc ngoi dng nc ct pha thuc tim trong
bnh bc nguyn cht trong mt thi gian), i khi c th dng nc ct thm.
- Du thc vt: dng loi du p ngui trung tnh v tit khun 135 0C - 1400C trong
1 gi. Thng dng: du lc, du oliu, du vng, du hng dng.
2. Tiu chun cht lng chung
Thuc tra mt (dng lng) tuy l dng thuc dng ngoi nhng v s dng cho mt l
mt c quan tinh t, mn cm ca ngi, nn thuc tra mt phi c cht lng nh
thuc tim v phi p ng c.
2.1. Chnh xc, tinh khit, v khun
2.2. Phi ng trng vi nc mt
2.3. C pH thch hp m bo thuc bn vng v khng gy au, xt cho mt.
2.4. Mun t cc tiu chun trn cn phi thc hin nh sau:
2.4.1. Dc cht, cht cn thm vo v cht dn t tiu chun c th dng pha thuc
tim.
2.4.2. V ng: l thu tinh phi trung tnh khng c asen, ch ... nt cao su phi
dng loi tt, trung tnh khng phai tp cht khi bo qun, dng thuc. Ngy nay
thng dng cht do: loi tt, trung tnh, khng cho khng kh, hi nc qua, khng
cha tp cht, thi tp cht vo thuc khi bo qun v s dng.
2.4.3. V khun: tin hnh pha ch, ng gi trong iu kin v khun.
Thuc tra mt c pha vi dc cht thng c tc dung khng khun, st khun
tuy vy cc dung dch ny vn c th l mi trng pht trin ca mt s vi khun,
nm mc thc y s phn hu thuc v nhim khun mt khi dng. Ngoi ra thuc
tra mt sau pha ch c kh khun c th nhim khun li trong qu trnh s
dng v bo qun.
V vy, cc dc in c quy nh cho thm cht bo qun thch hp, cc cht bo
quan thng dng l: mai hoa, long no (0,7-2 0/00) veryl (0,01-0,02%), nipazol,
nipazil (0,1-0,2%) clorotol (0,25-0,5%). Khi dng cn ch trnh tng k hay
tng tc xu xy ra.
2.4.4. ng trng thuc tra mt: thnh phn ca nc mt c: nc t 98,1 - 99,9,
albumin t 0,4-3% v vt cht bo.
Hin nay xc nh c nc mt c p sut thm thu bng p sut thm thu ca
huyt tng ngha l ng trng vi dung dch natri - clorid 0,9% v c h bng
im toC t 0,520C n -0,580C.
Dung dch qu u trn hay nhc trng gy kch ng mt v mt s t bo v
bng cch tit ra nc mt lm tri thuc nn dc cht khng c thi gian tc dng.
Mt bnh thng chu c nhng dung dch thuc c nng tng ng vi nng
natri clorid t 0,6 - 1,5%.

Cc cht thng dng ng trng thuc tra mt: natri clorid ... (xem phn trn).
Ch trnh hin tng k nh: thuc tra mt bc nitrat th khng c ng trng
bng natri clorid. Nhng argyrol c th pha trong dung dch natri clorid 0,9% tc
dng li rt tt.
Cc dung dch keo c ng trng bng glucose.
Lng cht dng ng trng thay i tu nng c dc cht. Mt s dc in
quy nh nu dc cht c s dng vi nng 1% tr xung c th ho tan vo
dung dch ng trng ca cht cn dng.
2.4.5. Vn pH: pH ca nc mt bin i trong khong t 6,3 n 6,8 do mt
thng c cm gic au xt vi dung dch acid hn vi dung dch kim.
Mt s dc cht d b ph hu pH ca nc mt nh cc alcaloit.
Do n nh thuc tra mt phi dng h m: thng dng l:
- Dung dch acid boric 2,2% (pH = 5) pha cc dung dch tra mt: cocain, procain,
adrenalin, dionin ...
- Dung dch m phosphat (pH = 6,8)
Natri dihydro phosphat 4,00g
Natri hydrophosphat
4,75g
Nc ct v 100,0ml
Dng pha dung dch tra mt: atropin, homatropin, pilocarpin
- Dung dch m acid boric - natri borat (ph = 7,09)
Acid boric 11,56g
Natri bonat 1,14g
Natri cloric 2,20 g
Nc ct v
1000,0ml
Dng pha dung dch tra mt: protagol; cloramphenicol ...
Khi pha thuc tra mt phi kt hp c vn pH v ng trng.
3. K thut bo ch thuc tra mt:
Thuc tra mt phi v khun nn phi pha ch trong iu kin v khun.
3.1. Chun b
3.1.1. C s pha ch: theo h thng mt chiu, tt nht l c phng ring. Nu khng
th c th dng bn lt gch men trng hoc mt lau ra c d dng, c iu
kin thm mt t knh c ca t trn bn tin hnh: cn, ho tan, lc, ng l.
C s pha ch phi sch s v c tit khun bng n t ngoi hoc lau bng dung
dch phenol 2-3%.
3.1.2. Nguyn ph liu t chun dc dng. Cht dn t tiu chun pha thuc
tim.
3.1.3. Dng c pha ch, vt liu v dng c lc
Phi x l ng k thut, kh khun (luc si trong nc ct 30 pht, hp 120 0C
trong 15 pht, hoc sy 1600C - 1800C trong 1 gi. Ring giy lc th ra k bng
nc ct v sy kh.
3.1.4. V ng:

Chai, ng, l khng nt v, sc m, c ra trong ngoi bng nc thng ri bng

nc x phng cho sch. Nu sng l l thu tinh kim phi ngm vo dung dch
sulfocromic trong 24 gi. Ra li cho sch, ra li bng nc thng 3-4 ln cho
sch, ra li bng nc ct.
Luc si 15-30 pht trong nc ct lc.
Nu l, nt l cht do th ra sch trong v ngoi bng nc thng ri bng nc
x phng cho sch. Ra li bng nc thng nhiu ln cho sch, ra li nhiu ln
bng nc ct ct (c th trc trng bng cn 70 0) ring nt nha sau khi lm
nh trn ngm vo ethanol 700 trong 15-20 pht. Ra li bng nc ct cho sch,
trng li bng nc ct tt.
Nt cao su: dng loi nt su tt, trung tnh. Ra sch ngm vo dung dch natri
carbonat 5% t nht 1 gi, c ra trong ngoi tng nt mt bng nc thng cho
sch. Ra li bng nc ct, trng li bng nc ct luc si 30 pht trong nc ct
lc.
Ngy nay t dng ng roto v nt cao su, dng ph bin l l thu tinh hay cht do,
nt bng cht do.
3.1.5. Ngi lm cng tc pha ch: thc hin ng quy trnh pha ch, v khun (xem
ch v sinh v khun trong pha ch t chc qun l dc).
3.2. Tin hnh pha ch
3.2.1. Ho tan dc cht trong dung mi nhit thng hay nhit cao (phng
php ho tan thng).
3.2.2. Lc trong (tr dung treo tra mt) thuc trong sut (xem phn ho tan, lm
trong). C khi tit khun bng phng php thch hp.
3.2.3. ng l hoc ng
3.2.4. Dn nhn ng quy ch, thuc tra mt thng d hng khng bo qun c
lu. Bo qun ni thong mt, cao ro trnh nh sng thng t hng tun n hng
thng.
4. Mt s cng thc thuc tra mt
4.5. Thuc tra mt cloramphenicol 0,4%
Cloramphenicol 0,40g
Acid boric 0,40g
Natri borat 0,20g
Natri clorid 0,20g
Nc ct pha tim v 100,00 ml
- Tnh cht, c im: t trnh by sau khi hc dc liu, dc l, ho dc.
- Cch lm: ho tan acid boric trong nc ct pha tim nng ri cho natri borat, thm
Cloramphenicol ho tan ht, cho tip natri clorid ho tan ht thm nc ct pha tim
va , lc trong, ng l.
Thnh phn thng tra mt
Cha au mt ht, au mt v cc vim nhim mt khc.

K THUT IU CH CN THUC
1. Phn loi:
1.1. Theo thnh phn
1.1.1. Cn thuc n: thnh phn ch c mt dc cht
V d: cn qu, cn bc h ...
1.1.2. Cn thuc kp: thnh phn c nhiu dc cht
V d: cn opi kp, cn opibenzoic ...
1.2. Theo loi dc liu v phng php iu ch
1.2.1. Cn thuc iu ch vi ho cht, tho mc, ng vt kh
V d: cn long no, cn iod, cn qu, cn c c dc...
1.2.2. Cn thuc ti: iu ch vi dc liu ti.
V d: Cn v cam, cn v chanh ti ...
1.2.3. Cn thuc ct: iu ch vi cc dc liu c cc cht bay hi.
V d: Cn ct qu, cn ct ha hng ...
1.2.4. Cn thuc gi: cn gi l ru thuc, thnh phn c cha ng, glycerin, siro
lm gim tnh kch ng ca cn.
V d: ru b huyt tr phong, ru ng gia b
2. Thnh phn:
2.1. Dc cht
- t tiu chun Dc in Vit quy nh.
- Bao gm nhiu loi:
+ Ho cht iod, long no ...
+ Dc liu tho mc: qu, cnh kin, m tin, c c dc ...
+ ng vt: rn, tc k ...
+ Ch phm bo ch: tinh du, cao thuc ...
Cc dc liu cn c phn chia ti nh thch hp nht nh (tu dc liu m
cn cn cho thch hp chit sut).
2.2. Dung mi
- Dng cn ethylic t tiu chun ca Dc in Vit Nam quy nh.
- cn thay i tu loi dc cht, t 20 - 90.
3. K thut iu ch
3.1. Dc cht t tiu chun
Ethanol c cn thch hp
Dng c, ph liu
3.2. Phng php ho tan dng trong iu ch cn thuc
3.2.1. Dc cht l ho cht, tinh du, cao thuc:
- p dng phng php ho tan hon ton (ho tan thng hay thm trung gian).
- Dng c l cc chn, bnh cu ...
3.2.2. Dc liu l tho mc, ng vt
- p dng phng php ho tan chit sut: thng dng phng php ngm lnh hoc
phng php nh git (ngm kit)

- Dng c: Bnh thu tinh, s, snh, bnh ngm kit.

3.3. Nguyn tc iu ch cn thuc
3.3.1. Dc cht l tinh du
- p dng phng php ho tan thng
- Thng dng cn 900
- T l thng l 2%
3.3.2. Dc cht l ho cht
- p dng phng php ho tan thng hoc thm cht trung gian
- T l v cn khng nht nh.
V d: Cn Long No 10% dng cn 900
Cn long no 2,5% dng cn 600
3.3.3. Dc cht l cao thuc
- p dng phng php ho tan thng
- cn: vi cao thuc c thng dng cn 700, cao thuc thng cn 600
- T l: ph thuc vo nng hot cht ca cao v nng hot cht quy nh ca
tng loi cn thuc.
- Cc cn thuc iu ch t cao thuc c u tin l d bo qun hn cc cn thuc
iu ch t dc liu.
3.3.4. Cn thuc c iu ch t dc liu tho mc, ng vt
- Dc liu thng;
+ p dng phng php ngm lnh hoc ngm nh git.
+ cn: cc dc liu c cha cht nha, tinh du dng cn 800 (tr cn ti, cn l
hi dng cn 600).
Cc dc liu khc dng cn 600
+ T l : thng l 1/5 (1 phn dc liu ly 5 phn cn thuc)
- Dc liu c
+ p dng phng php ngm nh git hoc ngm lnh.
+ cn thng dng cn 700 (tr cn ph t v gai du dng cn 900).
+ T l : thng l 1/10 (1 phn dc liu ly ra 10 phn cn thuc)
3.3.5. Dc cht gm nhiu loi (cn thuc kp)
- Vn dng cc nguyn tc trn v chn cn cho thch hp
V d: Cn opi kp dng cn 300, cn opi benzoic dng cn 600
- Phng php iu ch c th ngm, ho tan.
- Ngoi ra nhn dn ta c iu ch cn thuc (ru thuc) bng cch ngm mt hay
nhiu v thuc trong ru ta (cn 400) trong nhiu ngy thng l 100 ngy vi t l
1/4.
4. Kim sot cht lng:
4.1. nh tnh
4.1.1. Mu sc, mi v: phi c mu sc mi v ca dc liu dng
4.1.2. H s vn c: l lng nc cn thit lm c 10ml cn thuc (tr cn opi,
cn long m khng ta mi nc ct).

4.1.3. Xc nh t trng: dng t trng k

4.1.4. Xc nh cn kh: ly 5ml cn thuc, lm bc hi n kh, xy 1000C - 1050C
cho n trng lng khng i. Cn, tnh ra s gam cn kh c trong 100ml cn
thuc.
4.1.5. Dng phn ng c hiu cho tng loi cn thuc
V d: dng phn ng stricnin, bruxin trong cn m tin; phn ng ca morphin, acid
meconic trong cn opi ...
4.2. nh lng hot cht trong cn thuc.
V d: Tu loi cn chn phng php thch hp.
4.2.1. Phng php acid
p dng cho cn thuc cha ancaloit. Dng dung mi thch hp chit sut ancoloit
di dng base, ri nh lng bng acid.
4.2.2. Phng php vi sinh vt
p dng cho cn thuc cha glucozit tr tim
Nguyn tc ca phng php trn tnh cht ca glucozit tr tim gy nn; vi liu c
ngng tim sc vt. Hot lc ca thuc tr tim c nh gi so vi hiu lc nhng
ch phm chun v c biu th bng n v tc dng. Th nghim c xc nh
trn mo.
4.2.3. Phng php nh lng cp tc gii hn (debreuile)
p dng xc nh t l ancaloit c trong cn thuc (phng php debreuile)
- Nguyn tc: dng thuc th mayer 1/10 to ta vi ancaloit. T lng thuc th
dng v h s kt ta ca tng ancaloit, tnh ra lng ancaloit c trong cn thuc.
H s kt ta ca mt s ancaloit.
1ml thuc th mayre 1/10 kt ta 0,00240g morphin
1ml thuc th mayre 1/10 kt ta 0,00210g anconitin
1ml thuc th mayre 1/10 kt ta 0,00150g anconitin
1ml thuc th mayre 1/10 kt ta 0,001710g ancaloit ton phn ca m tin.
- Cch lm:
Ly hai mu c lng cn thuc nh nhau, lm bc hi n kh. Ho cn vi vi ml
dung dch acid hydroclorid 1%.
Mu 1: Cho mt th tch thuc mayer 1/10 (va kt ta gn ht ancaloit c trong
cn thuc ng tiu chun. Lc iu, lc. Nc lc phi cn ta vi thuc th mayer
1/10.
Mu 2: cho mt th tch thuc mayer 1/10, ln hn lng thuc th cho vo mu 1
(khong 1-1,5ml). Lc u, lc. Nc lc khng c cn ta vi thuc th mayer
1/10.
V d: nh lng ancaloit trong cn m tin.
+ Mu 1: Ly 5ml cn m tin, bc hi cch thu n kh, ho tan cn vi 5ml dung
dch acid hydroclorid 1%, thm 7ml thuc th mayer 1/10, lc, sau vi pht lc.
Thm vi git thuc th mayer 1/10, nc lc phi cn ta.

+ Mu 2: Lm nh trn, nhng dng 8ml thuc th mayer 1/10, nc lc phi khng

cn ta vi thuc th mayer 1/10.
+ Mu 1:
+ Mu 2:

0,00171. 7 .100
5
0,00171. 8 .100
5

= 0239g
= 0,273g

vy ch phm c cha t 0,239% n 0,273% ancaloit ton phn (tiu chun l

0,25%).
4.3. Xc nh cn trong cn thuc
4.3.1. Nguyn tc:
Cn thuc c cha mt lng cht ho tan nht nh, nu dng alcol k o ngay s
sai s nhiu. V vy phi loi cc cht ho tan trc khi ct, lm sao cht lng thu
c sau khi ct ch gm gn ethylic v nc. o xc nh cn v tnh ra t l
alcol ethylic c trong cn thuc.
4.3.2. Cch x l cc cht bay hi c trong cn thuc:
- Acid bay hi (acid cyanhdri, acid hydroclorid, acid acetic ) c trung ha bng
kim (thng dng natri hydroxyt).
- Base bay hi: (amoni hydroxyt) dng acid sulfuric hoc acid phosphoric
- Lu hunh v hp cht ca lu hunh dng vi git natri hydroxyt
- Iod t do dng bt km hoc natri hyposulfit cho ti khi ht mu
- Ether, tinh du, cloroforum, long no ... loi bng cch lc ch phm vi cng th
tch dung dch natri clorid bo ho v cng th tch ether du ho (im si 40-500C)
trong mt bnh lng gn 2-3 pht. Sau khi cc lp phn chia, lp nc cn vo
mt bnh lng gn khc, ri li chit nh trn vi lng ether du ho bng 1/2 lng
dng ln u. lp cn vo bnh ct ri lc lc lp ether vi mt na th tch dung
dch natri clorid bo ho. Lp nc cn ny li c vo bnh ct. Cho mt lung
khng kh chy qua bnh ct na pht li vt ether du ho cn li. Sau em
ct. Cho mt lung khng kh chy qua bnh ct na pht li loi vt ether du ho
cn li. Sau em ct.
- Nu ch phm c nng cn di 30% th khng dng dung dch natri clorid bo
ho m dng 10g natri clorid khan.
4.3.3. Cch ct
Cho vo mt bnh ct c dung tch 200 - 250ml mt th tch chnh xc cn thuc. N
cn thuc c nng di 20%, ly 75ml; Nu nng cn t 30% n 50% th ly
50ml; nu nng cn cao hn 50% th ly 25ml. Trc khi ct, pha long ch phm
bng nc ct c th tch bng 75ml. Cc nt ca bnh ct, ng sinh hn ... phi
dng nt cao su tht kn. Bnh hng phi c at trong mt bnh cha nc lnh.
m bo cho dung dch si u cn cho vo bnh ct vi vin bi thu tinh.
Trong khi ct nu ch phm c nhiu bt, ph bt bng cch cho thm 2-3 ml acid
phosphric, acid sulfunric hay 2-3g calci hydroclorid, parafin, sp ong.
Hng hn hp vo mt bnh nh mc 50ml v ly n khong 48ml/

iu chnh nhit c cng nhit vi ch phm lc ly ra th 200C - 250C) ri

thm nc ct va n vch.
Hn hp thu c phi trong sut hoc ch hi c. Dng alcol k xc nh cn
ca hn hp; sau tnh cn thuc bng cng thc sau:
x=

50 . c
v

x l cn ca cn thuc
50 l th tch hn hp ct dc
c l cn ca hn hp ct c
v l th tch cn thuc ly ct
5. Bo qun
Cn thuc lu c th xut hin mt s bin i: c cn, vn c, bin mu, gim
nng hot cht. Mun bo qun tt phi ng vo chai nh, ng y nt kn,
ni mt, trnh nh sng.
Trong qu trnh bo qun nn nh k kim tra nng hot cht trc khi cp pht.
6. Mt s cng thc cn thuc
6.3. Cn Iod 5%
- Cng thc
Iod 5g
Kali iodid 2g
.............
- c im nguyn liu:
+ Ido: dc cht, thuc c bng B, c tnh oxy ho mnh, n mn da, giy, vi,
thng hoa nhit thng, khng tan trong nc, tan trong cn v dung dch kali
iodid m c. C tc dng cha nm, st khun, cha hc lo.
+ Kali iodid: Cht ph lm tng tan ca iod trong nc.
+ Cn 950 v nc ct l dung mi.
- iu ch
+ Chun b: dng c, cn, ho cht, pha cn 47,50....
+ Cn ho cht: cn 5g iod bng phng php cn kp, trn mt knh ng h c np
y, cn 2g kali iodid.
+ Ho tan kali iodid trong khon 5ml nc hn hp cn v nc, thm iod nghin
nh, khuy (hoc nghin trong ci s, ci thu tinh) cho n khi tan ht. Thm hn
hp cn v nc va , lc ng chai.
+ Dng nhn: thnh phm gim c B dng ngoi.
+ Cng dng: st khun, cha nm hc lo.
+ Bo qun cn, thu dn ni pha ch.
Trong cn thuc ny kali iodid va l cht lm tng tan ca iod, va lm cht n
nh. Nu khng c kali iodid s sy ra phn ng sau:
I2 + O2 HI + HIO
C2H5OH + HI C2H5-I + H2O

C2H5OH + HOI CH3-CHO + HI + H2O

CH3-CHO + HOI CH3-COOH + HI
C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3-CH2-COO-CH3 + H2O
Cc sn phm trn s lm thay i mu sc, tng acid, gim nng iod. Nhng
nu c kali iodid s xy ra nh sau:
HI + HOI + KI KI3 +H2O
K THUT IU CH CAO THUC
1. Phn loi:
1.1. Theo ty y
1.1.1. Da vo th cht
- Cao lng: th cht snh gn nh siro c th ong rt c d dng. Khi lng cao
sau khi iu ch bng khi lng dc liu kh em dng.
V d: cao lc tin, cao ba gc, cao cam tho, cao belladon ...
- Cao mm: th cht nh mt c cha khong 20% nc.
- Cao c: th cht do, d lm thnh khi bnh vin, cha khong 10-15% nc.
V d: cao opi, cao c c dc ...
- Cao kh: c th tn thnh bt c d dng, cha ti a 5% nc.
V d: cao m tin ...
1.1.2. Da vo dung mi iu ch.
- Cao nc: dung mi l nc
V d: Cao cam tho, cao canh ky na
- Cao cn: dung mi l cn.
V d: cao lc tin, cao c c dc.
- Cao ete: dung mi l ete
V d: cao dng x c.
1.2. Theo ng y:
1.2.1. Cao lng: th cht lng, ong rt d dng, sau khi iu ch 1ml cao lng tng
ng vi 1-4,5g c khi n 10g dc liu kh.
V d: cao hy thim, cao ch mu ...
1.2.2. Cao mm: th cht sn st
V d: cao quy bn
1.2.3. Cao do: th cht sn st
V d: can ban long, cao h ct
2. K thut iu ch cao thuc
2.1. Cao ty y
2.1.1. Chun b
- Phn ln l tho mc, thng dng kh. Dc liu ch glucozit nn dng ti v
phi n nh trc bng hi cn.
Dc liu cn c phn chia ti nh nht nh, tu theo tnh cht ca dc liu
v dung mi dng.

- Dung mi: tu hot cht v tp cht c trong dc liu, cn chn dung mi ho tan
nhiu cht t tp cht, khng c tc dng dc l, khng tng tc vi hot cht, r
tin, d kim.
Ch nn dng mt lng dung mi ti thiu v trnh ko di thi gian c.
Lng dng: thng gp 6-12 ln dc liu.
Dung mi l nc: l loi dung mi hay dng nht v r tin, d kim, nhng din
ho tan rng nn cha nhiu tp cht, kh bo qun. Dung mi l nc khng ho tan
ancaloit, tinh dn, cht bo nn khng dng cho cc dc liu cha cc hot cht
trn.
Cn ethylic: ho tan c ancaloit, tinh du, tanin ... t ho tan tp cht nn bo qun
d hn v c dng rng ri hn.
Ether: t dng v d chy, d n, t tin ch dng trong trng
hp hot cht trong dc liu ch tan trong ether, hoc dng loi tp cht trong
mt s cao thuc.
2.1.2. Chit sut hot cht
- Dung mi l nc
+ p dng mt trong cc phng php sau: ngm lnh, hm, sc, hm, ngm nh git
(t dng).
+ Lng dung mi gp 8-12 ln dc liu.
Ngm phn on:
Ln th nht ngm dc liu 2/3 lng dung mi trong thi gian t 12-24 gi. Khng
nn ngm qu 48 gi.
Ln th hai ngm b vi dung mi cn li trong thi gian nh trn.
Gn, p b
Trn chung 2 dch chit lng 24 gi ni mt. Tt nht nhit thp.
Lc, c n th cht mun c.
Hm:
Hm 2 ln, mi ln t 6 - 12 gi.
Trn chung 2 dch chit loi tp v c thnh cao.
Sc, hm si:
Cng tin hnh 2 ln, thi gian tu tng loi, lc loi tp, c thnh cao.
- Dung mi l cn, ete
Thng dng phg php ngm nh git
Dc liu c dng cn 700, dc liu thng dng cn 600.
Lng dung mi gp 6 ln dc liu
Tin hnh nh iu ch cn thuc. Rt dch chit tu theo th cht cao.
Mun iu ch cao lng:
Hng dch chit ln u bng 8/10 khi lng dc liu ring.
Dch chit sau c cn khong bng 2/10 so vi lng dc liu dng. Trn bng khi
lng dc liu dng. lng 2-4 ngy, lc.
Mun iu ch cao mm, cao c, cao kh.

Hng dch chit ln u bng khi lng dc liu, ring. Phn dch chit sau c
n c snh. Thm dch chit u lng, lc. Tip tc c n th cht mun c.
2.1.3. Loi tp cht
- Cht nhy, anbumin, gm, tinh bt (dung mi l nc)
Loi bng cch un si hoc c dch chit cn 1/2 - 1/4 th tch ban u, thm 2-3
ln th tch cn. lng 5-6 ngy, gn, lc.
- Cht nha: (dung mi dng l cn)
Ct ht dung mi, thm nc ct gp 2 ln dch chit, thm 2% bt tale, khuy k,
lc.
- Cht bo: dng ete hoc parafin
C dch chit cn 1/2 - 1/4, cho ete vo lc k loi lp ete i
Nu dng parafin, cho parafin vo lc dch chit cn nng, trn k, ngui, vt
parafin b i.
2.1.4. C thnh cao
- C dch chit nhit cng thp cng tt.
- Thi gian c cng nhanh cng tt
- Trnh tc dng ca oxy trong khng kh, tt nht l c bnh p sut gim. Dc in
Vit Nam quy nh: c dch chit nhit khng qu 500C, c di p sut gim.
iu ch cao kh: c ti th cht cao c v tip tc lm bc hi trong t sy n th
cht cao kh .
2.2. Cao ng dc
2.2.1. Chun b
- Dc liu:
+ Thc vt: ch bin sao tm tu tng loi n thuc v tu v thuc.
+ ng vt:
Xng: loi b tht, gn, p nh xng, loi b tu. ra sch, sy kh, sao tm
(thng tm, vi ru v nc gng trong 24 gi. Sao vng)./
Sng (gc): ngm nc mt thi gian cho mm, co sch v en, ca khc 5-7cm,
ch nh co b tu phi kh, ri sao, tm.
Quy bn: lc ht da tht, b thnh ming nh
Cao ton tnh (c tht, xng): b lng, b rut, gan, m ... lc xng, tht ring. Tht
thi ming 100-200g p ru, gng hoc dc liu c tinh du (hi, tho qu ...)
nc hoc sy, xng lm nh trn.
- Dung mi: dng nc t tiu chun nc ung.
2.2.2. Chit sut:
- p dng phng php hm si, lng nc cho ngp dc liu 5-10cm. un cn, b
sung nc, gi nguyn mc nh c.
- Thi gian un:
Dc liu l cnh nh, l: hm si 2 ln mi ln 4-6gi
Dc liu l thn d cng: hm si 3 ln mi ln 6-8 gi
Dc liu l ng vt: hm si 3 ln mi ln 12 - 36 gi.

2.2.3. C thnh cao

- C nh la, c iu kin th c cch thu, cch ct ti th cht mun c.
- Cao c: c n khi snh
- Cao do: c n khi ly dao rch su xung 2 mp cao khng khp li ngay c.
vo khay men xoa du vng, ngui ct thnh ming 50 - 100g.
3. iu chnh nng hot cht trong cao.
i vi cc loi cao c quy nh t l hot cht (cao thuc c A, B) sau khi iu ch
phi nh lng nng hot cht.
Nu cha t phi iu chnh
- Nu cao lng: nng hot cht thp, phi tip tc c hoc phi hp vi cao cng
loi c nng hot cht cao hn.
- Nu cao c nng ln hn phi pha long
* Cao lng: pha long bng dung mi dng iu ch
* Cao c, cao mm: pha long bng glycerin hoc cao khng c tc dng c hiu
(cam cam tho, cao ru ng, cao c g ...)
* Cao kh: pha long bng lactose, glucose, bt cam tho ...
3.1. Pha long cao c nng hot cht ln hn quy nh
p dng cng thc :
m1c1 = m2c2
m1c1

m2 = c
2
Trong :
m1 l khi lng cao c hot cht ln hn quy nh
m2 l khi lng cao c hot cht ng tiu chun
c1 l nng phn trm hot cht cao qu tiu chun.
c2 l nng phn trm hot cht cao ng tiu chun.
m2 - m1 = khi lng dung mi hoc t dc thm vo.
V d: c 300g cao m tin 18% ancaloit ton phn tnh iu chnh v cao ng
tiu chun (16% ancaloit ton phn).
m1c1

p dng cng thc : m2 = c

2
Ta c :
m1 = 300g
m2 = ?
c1 = 18%
c2 = 16%
Thay tr s vo cng thc trn ta c:
m2 =

300 .18
337,5g
16

Lng t dc cn thm vo 300g cao 18% ancaloit ton phn c cao ng tiu
chun 16% ancaloit ton phn l : m2 - m1 = 337,5g - 300g = 37,5g.
Cao m tin l loi cao kh, nn dng lactose pha long.

3.2. Hn hp cao c nng hot cht qu tiu chun vi cao c nng hot cht
thp hn tiu chun.
p dng cng thc : m1 (c1 - c3) = m2 (c2 - c3)
m2 =

m1 (c1 c3 )
c1 c3

Trong :
m1 l khi lng cao qu tiu chun
m2 l khi lng cao ng tiu chun
c1 l nng phn trm hot cht cao qu tiu chun
c2 l nng phn trm hot cht cao ng tiu chun
c3 l nng phn trm hot cht cao di tiu chun
V d: c 120g cao opi 21% mocphin, hn hp vi bao nhiu ga cao opi 18%.
p dng cng thc: m2 =

m1 (c1 c3 )
c1 c3

m1 = 120g; m2 = ? ; c1 = 21%; c2 = 20%; c3 = 18%

Thay tr s vo cng thc trn c :
m2 =

120 ( 2120)
20 18

= 180g

Khi lng cao di tiu chun cn ly l : m2 = m1 = 180 - 120g = 60g

Trn 60g cao opi 18% vi 120 g cao opi 21% mocphin c opi 20% mocphin.
4. Kim sot cht lng
4.1. ho tan
Ho tan 1g cao trong 20ml dung mi dng iu ch, cao phi tan ht, cn cn li
khng ng k.
4.2. Cn kh
Cn chnh xc 0,50g cao (nu cao lng cn 2g) trong mt chn s cn b v mt
a thu tinh nh. Nho cao n 4-5 ml cn hoc nc nng, n cch thu cho bay
hi ti kh, sy 1000C - 1050C trong 3 gi. ngui, cn tnh ton suy ra lng
cn c trong 100g cao.
4.3. nh tnh
Dng phn ng c hiu (tu hoc cht c trong cao)
V d:
- Cao opi tm phn ng ca morphin, acid meconic.
- Cao m tin phn ng ca strychnin, bruxin.
4.4. nh lng
Chit sut hot cht c trong cao, nh lng bng phng php cn o th tch. C
th dng phng php nh lng cp tc ca debrenille bit gii hn nng
hot cht trong ch phm (kt ta khng chnh xc lm).
V d:
* nh lng cao m tin

Mu 1: ho tan 0,10g cao m tin trong 5ml acid hydrocloric 1%. Thm 9ml thuc
th mayer 1\10 lc vi pht lc. Nc lc thm vi git thuc th mayer 1\10 phi
cn kt ta.
Mu 2: lm tng t mu 1 nhng cho 10ml thuc th mayre 1\10 nc lc thm vi
git thuc th mayer 1\10 phi khng c c hay ta.
Nh vy ancaloit trong m tin (kh) c trong khong t 13,5% - 17% (t/c l 16%).
* nh lng cao opi:
Mu 1: ho tan 0,20g cao opi trong 20ml nc vi. Lc ly chnh st 10ml acid ho
bng acid hydrochloric 4%. Thm 7,5 ml thuc th mayer 1\10, lc vi pht lc.
Nc lc phi cn ta khi thm thuc th mayer 1\10.
Mu 2: Lm tng t mu 1 nhng dng 9ml thuc th mayer 1\10. Nc lc phi
khng c hay ta khi thm thuc th mayer 1\10.
Vy nng morphin t 18% - 22%. Cao opi ng tiu chun l 20% morphin.
5. Bo qun
Qu trnh bo qun cao thng xy ra hin tng cng li, chy nho, bin nu do
cht dip lc hoc tp cht b oxy ho, nng hoc cht gim, ln men, mc ...
Bo qun cao trong chai c dung tch va nt kn, ni mt. Cao d b mc c thm
cht bo qun nh: cn, glycerin, acid bencozic (0,1 - 0,2%).
6. Mt s cng thc cao thuc
6.1. Cao lng lc tin
6.1.1. Cng thc
Lc tin (bt mn va) 1000g
Cn 600
6000 ml
6.1.2. c im nguyn ph liu.
- Lc tin: dc liu c dng an thn, dng cha mt ng, c hot cht tan trong cn.
- Cn 600: dung mi
6.1.3. iu ch
- Chun b: bnh ngm kit, dc liu v dung mi theo cng thc, bnh hng ...
- Tin hnh: lt y bnh bng mt lp gc v bng ht nc dy 3-4cm. Cho bt
dc liu ( thm t vi khong 300ml cn 60 0 2-4 gi) vo bnh nh nhng sn
bng mt bt, t mt ming giy lc trn ct va kht ln trn mt bt, mt lp bi
thu tinh ln trn. M kho bnh, dung mi t t cho n khi c git dung mi
chy ra, kho vi li, tip tc dung mi cho ngp dc liu t 2-3 cm, ngm trong
24 gi. Rt ly khong 800ml dch chit lin tip tc rt ton b dch chit sau, ct
thu hi dung mi, c cn li 200ml, trn vi dch chit u, thm dung mi cho
1000ml, lng 2 ngy, lc, ng chai.
6.1.4. Dn nhn: thnh phm thng dng trong.
6.1.5. Cng dng: an thn, gy ng.

K THUT IU CH THUC TIM

1. u nhc im ca thuc tim

1.1. u im:
- Dc cht tc dng nhanh, c th hp thu nhanh, nhiu hn thuc ung do thuc
tin liu lng t hn thuc ung.
- Trnh c s ph hu v bin i dc cht do tc dng ca cc yu t nh (men,
pH, ...)
- Trnh c tc dng ph ca mt s dc cht nu nh ung.
V d: ung morphin s gy to bn.
Ung emetin gy nn
- C tc dng ni theo mun
V d: gy t ti ch hay ton thn
- Dng trong cp cu rt hiu qu.
1.2. Nhc im
- S dng i hi phi c cn b chuyn mn
- C th gy phn ng ti ch hay ton thn
- i hi phi c y trang thit b khi s dng
- V c tc dng nhanh nn khi nhm ln rt kh cu cha.
- K thut pha ch phc tp, i hi phi c mt s iu kin.
2. Tiu chun cht lng chung ca thuc tim.
2.1. Trong sut (tr nh tng, hn dch tim).
2.2. Mu sc tu theo dc cht.
2.3. Phi tuyt i v khun
2.4. pH ng tiu chun quy nh.
2.5. Khng c cht gy st nht l nhng thuc tim dng vi khi lng ln.
2.6. Th tch khng c t hn th tch ghi trn nhn.
2.7. Cha ng thnh phn ghi trong cng thc.
2.8. Nng , hm lng, khi lng phi t trong dung sai cho php
2.9. t gy au v khng gy kch ng khi tim, c p sut thm thu tng ng vi
p sut thm thu ca mu.
3. Thnh phn thuc tim
3.1. Dc cht:
- Phi tinh khit, t tiu chun pha thuc tim m dc in quy nh.
l cc cht: v c nh calcid, magnesi sulfat .. cc cht hu c nh cc vitamin,
novocain, alcaloit, glucozit, khng sinh, tng liu ...
3.2. Dung mi: t tiu chun pha thuc tim, thng dng:
- Nc ct : xem phn trn v t chc qun l dc nc trong pha ch.
- Du thc vt: phi dng loi p ngui, trong, tinh khit, trung tnh v c tit
khun 1150 - 1200C thng dng: du oliu, du lc, du vng, du hng dn, du
ht thuc phin...

- Dung mi tng hp: l este ca acid bo c phn t lng cao (C 14 - C18) l nhng
cht alchol t do hoc este ho nh: etyloleat, benzyloleatm polyetylenglycol,
propylenglycol ...
3.3. Cht ph
Mt s thuc tim ngoi dc cht, dung mi, cn phi thm mt s cht ph lm
tng tan, n nh, bo qun nhng khng tng tc xu vi dc cht lm hi ch
c th ngi dng.
- Cht lm tng ho tan ca dc cht: xem bi dung dch thuc.
- Cht n nh:
+ n nh dung dch cc cht d oxy ho nh: vitamin C, novocain, apomocphin...
* Thng dng: natri sulfit, natri bisulfit, cystin, acid etylendianmin teraacetic
(EDTA) v mui natri ca n, hoc ng thuc trong kh nn tr (nitrogen,
cacbondioxyt).
+ Trnh hin tng thu phn, racemic ho.
* Thng dng: acid hydrocloric, acid citric v mt s h m.
- Cht bo qun: ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun nht l cc thuc tim iu
ch t nguyn liu l ng vt.
+ Cc cht thng dng: phenol t l 0,5% cresol 0,3% v este ca acid para
aminobenzoic.
- Cht ko di tc dng ca dc cht: lm thi gian tc dng ca thuc lu hn.
V d: thuc tim insulin thm protamin km, thuc tim penicillin thm procain.
4. V ng thuc tim
Thuc tim c ng trong ng tim hoc chai l thch hp (do Limousin pht
minh) thng dng nht l ng tim lm bng thu tinh.
4.1. Cc loi ng tim
Loi hai u ko nh, y bng trn u kia ko nh ...
Thng c nhiu c: 1-2-5-10-20-50...ml
4.2. Cht lng ng tim
ng tim thng lm bng thu tinh hay cht do. Nhng cht ny khng c nh
hng ti cht lng thuc tim v khng gy hai cho ngi dng.
Nu l thu tinh phi trong sut, trung tnh khng c bt, bn vng v mt ho hc,
chu c nhit cao, tng i d chy.
Nu l cht do bn vng v mt ho hc, chu nhit cao, khng hp thu c
cht, khng cho khng kh, hi nc i qua, trong sut, c bn c hc tt.
Thng dng: polyamit, polyolefin halogen ho, polyetylen, polyvinyl clorua ...
4.3. Kim tra cht lng ng tim bng thu tinh.
Tm kim loi nng (ch, asen) ly mt s ng c tng dung tch khong 20-30ml.
Ra sch ngoi v trong ng. ng nc ct hai ln lc, hn kn - hp 120 0C
trong 30 pht. ngui, ca u ng, ly nc trong ng ra.
+ Tm ch: ly 10ml nc trn, thm 1 git acid hydrocloric c, 3 git natri sulfid
hay amoni sulfid 2%.

Dung dch khng c c mu nu.

+ Tm asen: ly 5ml nc trn, thm 5ml dung dch natri hypophosphit.
un cch thu si 30 pht
Dung dch khng c c mu nu.
Hoc ly 1ml nc trn cho mt ht km vo thm 2-3 git acid sufric c. y ln
ming ng mt mnh giy lc va c tm dung dch bc nitrat. Giy khng c
c mu vng hay nu.
Xc nh kim:
+ Dng ch th mu vn nng: Pha long dung dch ch th mu vn nng bng nc
ct trung tnh vi t l 2%. ng vo ng tim ra sch. Hn kn - Hp 120 0
trong 30 pht.
Sau khi hp, nu dung dch ch th mu vng (pH - 6) hoc mu l m (pH = 7) l
thu tinh tt. C mu xanh l cy (pH = 8) l thu tinh loi hai. C mu chm nht
(pH = 9) hoc tm (pH = 10) l thu tinh kim khng c dng ng thuc tim
(c th dng ch th mu BRP pha long vi nc ct tt lm nh trn).
+ nh lng kim bng dung dch acid hydrocloric 0,01N. Ly mt s ng c tng
th tch ln hn 100ml v lm tng t nh tm kim loi nng.
- Ly chnh xc 100ml nc trong ng tim cho vo bnh nn sch, thm 2 git dung
dch ch th metyl , 1 git dung dch xanh metylen. Ri nh lng bng dung dch
HCl 0,01N.
Dung dch chuyn t mu xanh sang tm nht.
Th d ht nml HCl 0,01N
- Lm mt mu khc vi nc ct ht nml HCl 0,1N.
Lng dung dch HCl 0,01N trung tnh kim ca ng l n - n em so snh vi
bng quy nh sau y:
Loi ng 1ml dng khng qu 1ml dung dch HCl 0,01N
Loi ng 2ml dng khng qu 0,8ml dung dch HCl 0,01N
Loi ng 5ml dng khng qu 0,6ml dung dch HCl 0,01N
Loi ng 10ml dng khng qu 0,45ml dung dch HCl 0,01N
Loi ng 15ml dng khng qu 0,40ml dung dch HCl 0,01N
5. K thut iu ch thuc tim
5.1. Chun b
- C s pha ch: dy chuyn sn xut phi b tr theo h thng mt chiu m bo
v khun.
Thuc tim phi c pha ch trong phng ring hoc t pha ch
Phng pha ch: nn nh phi c lt gch hoc lng xi mng d lau ra, tng
c lt gch men trng hay sn trng cao 1,6m tnh t nn nh.
Trc khi pah ch khng kh phng pha ch phi tit khun bng tia cc tm hoc hi
formol (c 100m3 khng kh dng 625g formol dc dng pha ch vi 2500ml nc,
un si dung dch, ra a, ng kn ca 1 m (12 gi). Sng hm sau thay
bng a amoniac 2 gi).

- Nguyn ph liu: dung mi t tiu chun dc dng dng pha ch thuc tim.
- X l v n thuc tim.
+ Chn ng: loi tt, trong sut, trung tnh.
+ Ra ng: ra ngoi bng nc hp v sinh, ra li bng nc ct, ca u ng
bng nhau, ming ct bng phng.
Ra trong bng nc ct lc: ng ct vo ng bng bm tim hay my nc
phun mnh vo ng, vy mnh nc trong ng ra bng tay hoc my. Ra nhiu ln
m bo cho ng tht sch.
Tit khun ng: sy ng 1600C - 1800C trong 30 pht hay hp 1000C trong 1 gi.
ng dng ng thuc tim l bt, du, nh tng hay hn dch phi c sy kh.
- Dng c pha ch: phi sch s, trng nc ct ri trng bng nc ct kh khun.
Sy kh nu cn.
- Ngi pha ch: thc hin ch v khun trong pha ch, thay qun o, mang khu
trang, i m kh khun, st khun tay trc khi vo phng pha ch, i guc, dp
ring.
5.2. Tin hnh pha ch.
Thc hin pha ch theo s :
- Cn dc cht: nng hay hm lng dc cht trong thuc tim thng c
tnh theo khi lng trong th tch. Phi cn c vo hm lng nguyn cht ca dc
cht theo phiu kim nghim loi dc dng cho php tnh ton dc cht cn
phi cn (xem bi thuc tim truyn).
V d: Dung dch tim Calci clorid 10%. Nu pah ch 1 lt th cn cn 100g Calci
clorid ri ho tan trong nc ct tt cho va 1 lt.
- Phng php ho tan: ho tan dc cht vo dung mi nhit thng hoc cao
cho cht ph khi cn thit (dung mi l du th un nng cch thu cho dc cht
chng tan).
- Lc trong: phi lc nhanh, trong v khun (tr nh tng, hn dch), chn vt liu
lc, phng php lc, dng c cho thch hp (xem bi ho tan lm trong) kim tra
trong, nng .
- ng ng: thuc lc xong phi ng ng ngay khi c trong nng , hm
lng.
Thuc tim dng lc th tch phi ln hn cht t so vi th tch ghi trn nhn tu
theo dung mi l nc, du theo bng sau:
Th tch ghi trn nhn
(ml)
1,0
2,0
5,0
10,0
20,0
50,0
100,0

Th tch cn phi ng vo ng (ml)

Dung dch nc
1,10
2,15
5,30
10,50
20,60
50,00
102,00

Dung dch du, nh tng

1,15
2,25
5,50
10,70
20,80
51,50
103,00

ng thuc vo ng c th dng bm tim hay my ng thuc. Thuc tim d b

oxy ho c iu kin ng trong kh tr (nitroren cacbon dioxyt).
Hn ng: ng ng thuc tim xong phi hn ngay. Nu thuc l cht hu c phi ra
u ng bng nc ct trc khi hn.
Hn bng cn, xng: va un u ng qua ngn la n hi va quay trn t t n
khi u ng kn hoc l ngn la n hn qua tng hn ng c xp sn trong
ci.
Ngy nay c my ng thuc vo ng ri chuyn sang hn t ng ngay trn my.
Kh khun: tu theo tnh cht dc cht v nn cn thuc trn chn phng php
kh khun cho thch hp m bo an ton cho thuc v ngi dng c hiu qu cao
(xem bi kh khun trong pha ch).
Kim tra h ng tim: sau khi tit chun co ng cn nng vo nc lnh c pha
cht mu (xanh metylen ...) ng no h s nhum mu cn loi b.
Soi, in v dn nhn: lau kh, soi ng bng nh sng ban ngy loi b ng vn c (tr
nh tng, hn dch).
ng tim t tiu chun in, dn nhn ng quy ch.
5.3. ng gi bo qun
Thuc tim ng gi trong bao gi thch hp da vo hng dng, thi gian bo
qun, bo qun ng k thut, ch quy nh.
6. Kim sot cht lng thuc tim
6.1. trong mu
Thuc tim phi c trong sut khng c vn c (tr nh tng, hn dch) mu
sc ng quy nh soi bng nh sng ban ngy.
6.2. Th tch thuc trong ng
Dung dch thuc khng c nh hn, th tch ghi trn nhn.
S lng cn ly: Ly 10 ng bt k, loi t 1ml n di 100ml. Ly 3 ng loi
100ml tr ln.
Dng ng ong chnh xc ti 1\100ml.
6.3. Nng , hm lng
Phi t trong phm vi dung sai cho php
6.4. pH
t tiu chun quy nh
6.5. nh tnh
Dng phng php, thuc th quy nh phi cha ng thnh phn ghi trong cng
thc.
6.6. nh lng
Dng phng php quy nh. Thuc c nng , hm lng dc cht ng, t tiu
chun.
6.7. v khun, cht gy st
Phi tuyt i v khun khng c c cht gy st (xem bi thuc tim truyn)
6.8. Khng c hng trc thi gian quy nh.

K THUT PHA CH THUC TIM TRUYN

1. c im ca thuc tim truyn
1.1. Dc cht thng.
1.2. Dung mi pha ch l nc ct
1.3. Dng vi liu lng ln nn cn phi ng trng c pH 7,4 v thh phn cng
ging huyt tng ca mu cng tt.
1.4. Thi gian tim truyn ko di
1.5. Phi v khun, khng c cht gy st, khng dng cht bo qun
1.6. ng ng, chai c dung tch ln (300ml, 500ml)
1.7. Thng dng 2 loi:
- ng trng: l thuc tim truyn glucose 5%, natri clorid 0,9% c p sut thm
thu tng ng vi p sut thm thu huyt tng ca mu, c th tim tnh mch
hoc tim di da.
- u trng: dung dch glucose 10-30%, natri clorid 10% c p sut thm thu ln
hn p sut thm thu huyt tng ca mu nn ch c tim nh git tnh mch.
2. Phn loi:
Da vo tc dng, cng dng ca thuc tim truyn phn loi nh sau:
2.1. Dung dch b nc, cht in gii
Loi ny c tc dng b nc, iu ho cc cht in gii, lp li thng bng kim toan trong c th nh dung dch natri clorid, kali clorid, natri hydrocarbonat, ringer ...
2.2. Dung dch dinh dng, cung cp nng lng
C tc dng nui dng, cung cp nng lng cho c th nh dung dch glucose,
m thu phn (plasmosan) acid amin (moriamin, klinitamin)
2.3. Dung dch thay th mu, tng p lc ko
C thnh phn c bn gn ging huyt tng ca mu, dng thay th tm thi mt
phn mu trong nhng trng hp mt mu nhiu nh dung dch albumin, dextran
(plasmodex), huyt tng kh, polivinyl pyrolidon (subtosan prolidon).
2.4. Dung dch iu tr
L loi c tc dng iu tr bnh nh dung dch acid glutamic 1% iu tr amoni
trong huyt cao, ri lon chc nng gan; manitol, sorbitol 10-20% v ure 20-30%
cha ph no.
3. Yu cu cht lng
3.1. Cht lng thuc tim truyn phi t tiu chun ca thuc tim (xem bi thuc
tim).
3.2. Tuyt i khng c cht gy st
4. K thut pha ch
4.1. Quy nh v c s pha ch v ch v sinh v khun (xem gio trnh qun l
dc)
4.2. Trang tit b k thut
4.2.1. Dng c pha ch

Phi c dng c pha ch nh bnh thu tinh, thng st trng men hoc thp khng
g, dng c lc, t sy, ni hp, cn, dng c ct nc ...
4.2.2. Thit b my mc (ch trang b nhng thit b) cn thit ti thiu.
4.2.3. Chai, nt, ng tim
- Chai, ng ng phi l thu tinh trung tnh, khng c bt, chu c nhit v d
c ra.
- Nt cao su dng loi tt, chu c nhit v p sut, khng thi tp cht, va vi
ming chai m bo kn.
- Chai ng dung dch tim truyn khng dng ng cc dung dch khc
4.3. Nguyn ph liu
4.3.1. Nguyn liu
Dng loi ho cht dc dng, kim nghim t tiu chun pha thuc tim.
4.3.2. Nc ct:
Dng nc ct mi khng qu 6gi t tiu chun quy nh Dc in vit nam,
mun qu 6 gi phi trong bnh v khun nhng cng khng qu 24 gi.
...........
4.5. Pha ch
4.5.1. Cn nguyn liu
Cn c vo cng thc, s lng cn pha, hm lng nguyn cht ca nguyn liu ghi
trn phiu kim nghim tnh lng nguyn liu cn ly.
Lng nguyn liu cn ly c tnh theo cng thc.
X=

P .100
n

X l lng nguyn liu cn phi cn pha (g)

P l khi lng nguyn liu theo cng thc pha ch (g)
n l hm lng nguyn cht ca nguyn liu ghi trn phiu kim nghim (%)
V d:
Pha 6 lt dung dch glucose ghi trn phiu kim nghim l loi cha 90% glucose
nguyn cht.
Theo cng thc lng glucose cn ly:
Glucose khan 1800g
Nc ct pha tim v 6000ml
Vy lng glucose 90% cn phi cn.
X=

100 . 18000
=
90

200g

Cn 2000g glucose 90% ho tan vi mt t nc ct v thm nc ct va

6000ml.
4.5.2. Ho tan dc cht
Ho tan thng hoc ho tan nng dc cht trong dng c thu tinh hoc thp
khng g c chia vch. Ho tan ht phi nh lng cp tc iu chnh nng .
4.5.3. Lc trong

Yu cu lc nhanh, trong h thng kn v v khun. Dung dch lc phi trong sut,

khng c s bng, vt l ...
Phng php lc bng p sut gim (tc ph thuc vo vt liu lc ... p sut thu
tinh).
Dng c thng dng l phu lc nm, phu lc Knikfi, nn lc chamberland, phu
thu tinh xp...
Tr nh tng v hn dch tim.
4.5.4. ng chai
Tin hnh ng chai, nt kn ngay sau khi lc trong h thng kn, ti phng pha ch
v khun, trnh tip xc vi khng kh.
4.6. Tit khun
Ph thc hin ngay sau khi ng chai, ng nhit thch hp
V d:
- Dung dch glucose thng hp 1000C trong 1 gi.
- Dung dch natri clorid hp 1200C trong 20 pht hoc 1000C trong 1 gi.
4.7. Kim nghim thnh phm.
4.7.1. Kim tra trong bng hp soi c n 40w, loi b cc chai thuc khng t
tiu chun,.
4.7.2. nh lng nng thnh phm theo phng php ghi trong DVN, sai s
cho php 5%
4.7.3. V khun bng cy tm cc vi khun i kh, ym kh, nm mc
4.7.4. Cht gy st (Ch nhit t) nhit nguyn, cht gy st th trn th.
- Chn th: khng b bnh, khng c cha, nng 1,7kg - 2,7kg
C th dng th th nhng phi c ngh 2 ngy (nu ln th trc khng c phn
ng), 7 ngy (nu ln th trc c phn ng). Khng dng th tim thuc gy d
ng.
Ba ngy trc khi th, ly nhit 3 ln cch nhau 1 gi vo sng khi cha cho th
n. Ch dng th c nhit t 380C - 39,50C. Trong thi gian ly nhit khng cho
th n, c th cho th ung.
- Dng c tim: kh khun 1800C trong 2 gi.
- Tin hnh:
+ Ly nhit mu: ly nhit ca 3 th 2 ln cch nhau 20 pht. Khi nhit ny
khng c chnh lch nhau qu 0,20C. Nhit mu l trung bnh cng ca 2
nhit .
+ Tim thuc: nu khng c ch dn c bit. Tim chm vo tnh mch tai th vi
liu 10ml dung dch ng trng c un nng 37 0C cho 1kg th. Tc tim
4-6ml\1 pht. (dung dch u trng phi pha vi nc ct tt thnh dung dch ng
trng).
- Ly nhit 3 ln ca tng th sau khi tim 1-2-3 gi. Tnh nhit tng ca mi
th bng cch ly nhit ti a sau khi tim tr i nhit mu.

- Nhn nh kt qu:
+ Thuc tim truyn khng c cht gy st, khi khng c th no tng nhit bng
hoc hn 0,60C v tng s tng nhit ca 3 th khng qu 1,40C.
+ Khi c 1 hay 2 th tng nhit bng hoc hn 0,60C hay tng tng nhit ca
c 3 th vt qu 1,40C. Phi th li trn 5 th khc.
+ Nu trong 8 th c 4 th tr ln tng nhit bng hoc hn 0,6 0C mi con hay
tng s tng nhit c a 8 th vt qu 3,7 0C th thuc tim truyn em th khng
t tiu chun.
4.8. Dn nhn
Dn nhn ng quy nh (ng s kim nghim ngy pha ch), hn dng (nhn nn n
mu sc, kiu ch khc nhau chng nhm ln).
Dung dch u trg phi in dng ch m nt ch tim tnh mch
Mi tr pha ch phi c mu lu theo di qu trnh s dng.
5. Mt s thuc tim truyn
5.1. Thuc tim truyn glucose 5%
5.1.1. Cng thc:
Gluco 50g
Nc ct pha tim v 1000ml
ng chai 500ml
iu ch 500 chai thuc
5.1.2. c im nguyn ph liu:
- Gluco : l dc cht, d tan trong nc, c tc dng cung cp nng lng cho c
th.
- Nc ct : l dung mi
5.1.3. K thut iu ch :
- Chun b: cn k thut, ni hp, dng c pha ch tit khu (ng o 500ml, cc
chn 1000ml, a thu tinh, chai 500ml, nt, h thng lc). Gluco nc ct pha thuc
tim, nhn thuc.
- Cn gluco bng cn k thut.
- Ho tan gluco vi nc ct, thm nc ct va .
- nh lng cp tc xc nh nng gluco trong dung dch.
- Lc trong bng h thng lc kn trong phng pha ch v khun.
- Kim tra trong ca dung dch.
- ng chai nt kn trong phng pha ch v khun.
- Tit khun 1100C trong 20 phc bng ni hp
- Th ch nhit (khng c c).
- Kim tra trong.
- Loi cc chai khng t yu cu.
- Dn nhn: thnh phm thng dng trong (ghi r hn dng)
- Cng dng: cung cp nng lng cho c th, dng trong trng hp nc, nui
dng c th trong cc trng hp ngi bnh khng n c.

- Sau pha ch ra dng c pha ch, thu dn, v sinh ni pha ch, kim tra v lau cn
cho sch s.
5.3. Thuc tim truyn natri clorid 0,9%
5.3.1. Cng thc
Natri clorid 9g
Nc ct pha tim v 1000ml
5.3.2. c im nguyn ph liu
- Natri clorid : dc cht tan trong nc c tc dng cung cp cht in gii.
- Nc ct l dung mi ...
5.3.3. K thut iu ch
- Chun b (nh bi thuc tim truyn gluco).
- Tin hnh iu ch (nh bi thuc tim truyn gluco)
- Dn nhn: thnh phm thng dng trong
- Cng dng: cung cp cht in gii .