Fault Level You need to specify what type of "Fault Level". Do you mean: 1.

Fault level internal to an Alternator/Generator/ attery. !. "a#imum $hort %ircuit %urrent availa&le at the input to a "ain switch&oard. '. "a#imum Fault level internal to a "ain switch&oard. (. Fault level at input to a Distri&ution su&)&oard. *. Fault level internally at a Distri&ution su&)&oard. +. Fault level at the input to a load device , motor/welder/li-ht fittin- etc. .. Fault level internal to a load device , motor/welder/li-ht fittin- etc. You need to specify the followin-: 1. $upply type , D% or A%. !. /f D% the /nternal resistance of the supply &attery or Generator. '. /f A% the 0olta-e1 fre2uency1 num&er of phases1 at all sta-es of the transmission networ3. (. 4esistances of ca&les if D% supply. *. 4eactance/impedance of lines/ca&les at supply fre2uency if A% supply. +. /f A%1 then reactance of transformers etc. in the transmission networ3 from the $upply. 5here are other factors to consider1 &ut the a&ove are the main considerations. 6nce these are 3nown1 the "Fault levels" at all parts of the networ3 may &e calculated...
The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt drop on full load due to the winding resistance and leakage reactance expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage. It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage required to circulate full-load current under short circuit conditions

/mportance of fault level is that the protective devices installed should &e capa&le to withstand the fault current and &rea3 the specified fault current level. "ethod to calculate fault level is ) 5he rated 0olt ampere of transformer is ta3en as &ase 0A in "0A. Fault "0A , ase "0A ase /mpedance $uppose one transformer is a 113v/(''01 1+7780A1 impedance,*9 5hen ase "0A , 1.+ "0A ase /mpedance , */177 Fault "0A , 1.+#177 , '!"0A * Fault current on L0 side is '!#1777#1777 , (!++:.1+ A 1..'! # (''

Fault current on ;0 side is '!#1777#1777 1..'! # 11777

, 1+.:.+1 A

$o L0 &rea3er should &e capa&le of &rea3in- ('8A for a specified time <1 sec or ' sec= And &us &ar should &e a&le to withstand ('8A for the specified time. 5he L0 ca&les should &e capa&le to ta3e the re2uired fault current till the &rea3er opens<&rea3er openin- time=.

$i-nificance of transformer impedance

06L5AG>1 %?44>@5 64 power1 and temperature)weAre accustomed to seein- those characteristics <especially the first two= as ratin- information for any electrical e2uipment. 5ransformers used in electric power distri&ution systems are no e#ception. ut in addition to those familiar properties1 transformer ratin-s include one other item: percent impedance. Be donAt see that term used for anythin- other than transformers or reactors <which are similarly constructed &ut donAt involve a ratio &etween input and output volta-es=. Bhy do transformers have an impedance ratin- and why in "percent"C 5he simplest answer to the first 2uestion is that a transformer is always interposed &etween a primary <upstream= source of ener-y and a secondary or downstream load that ma3es use of that ener-y. ;ence1 the transformer constitutes impedance)to current flow from source to load. 5he hi-her that impedance1 the more volta-e drop will occur for a -iven load current. /f a downstream fault occurs1 its effect on the circuit will &e lessened to the e#tent that transformer impedance increases. 5he circuit desi-ner therefore needs to 3now the value of transformer impedance. Does the impedance ratin- in percent e2uate to percent volta-e drop associated with the flow of rated currentC @ot necessarilyD that depends upon the power factor in the secondary circuit. 4emem&er that in a series a)c circuit the volta-es are phasors1 at phase an-les with one another dependin- upon the inductance and capacitance involved. /n any inductive apparatus1 impedance is a comple# varia&le made up of &oth resistance and reactance. $ince current flow throu-h resistance always results in /Esup !E4 loss ener-y that is wasted as heat1 transformer desi-n aims at minimiFin- the resistive component. 5herefore1 in most volta-e drop calculations1 transformer impedances can &e treated as entirely reactive. 5he terms percent impedance and percent reactance are often used interchan-ea&ly. Bhen the secondary load is a lar-e motor1 its impedance will also &e lar-ely reactive. 5herefore1 calculatin- volta-e drop &y simple arithmetic is often accurate enou-h. Bith a small transformer1 or with loads and connectin- ca&le that are more resistive1 volta-es must &e viewed vectorially1 and the result can &e 2uite different.

A transformerAs percent impedance is evaluated &y a simple test. 5he secondary terminals are short)circuited. A low volta-e is then applied to the primary terminals1 and increased until the current measured in the short)circuited secondary reaches the rated ampere value. 5he impedance is then the ratio of that primary volta-e to the rated volta-eD multiplyin- that &y 177 -ives the impedance in percent. /n addition to its role in volta-e drop calculation1 that fi-ure determines the ma#imum fault current the transformer is capa&le of deliverin- to a downstream short)circuit. For e#ample1 consider a 11777 30A transformer with a *9 impedance ratin- and a (G7 volt secondary. 4ated full)load secondary current would &e 11!77 amperes <current , 30A/ H 1..' times 7.(G 30I=. 5he ma#imum short)circuit current would &e 11!77 divided &y per unit impedance of 7.7*. or !(1777 amperes. Loo3in- at that another way: /f *9 of rated primary volta-e results in 1779 rated current in the short)circuited secondary1 1779 of rated primary volta-e would cause !7 times as much secondary current. /n this e#ample1 thatAs !7 times 11!771 or !(1777. 6f course1 thatAs only a theoretical ma#imum. ?nder fault conditions in a real system1 impedance of ca&les and other circuit components upstream from the transformer primary would drop the primary volta-e &elow 1779.

5ransformers volta-e ratin-s are typically at full load. For instance1 A !( 0A%1 17A transformer will have a terminal volta-e of !( when it is feedin- 17 amps to a load. $ince the transformer windin-s have some resistance1 the transformer desi-ner has to wind the transformer to put out more than !( volts1 since some of the volta-e will &e lost1 dropped across the resistance of the secondary windin-s. ut1 accordin- to 6hmAs law1 the volta-e dropped across a resistance is proportional to the current <>,/4=. /f we ta3e away the 17A load1 there is no current1 and therefore no windin- volta-e dropJ 5he e#cess volta-e the desi-ner &uilt in now appears at the terminals. 5his is the no)load volta-e. /n my e#ample a&ove1 when we remove the 17A load1 the output volta-e of the transformer mi-ht rise to !+.(0. Be would say the no)load volta-e of that transformer is !+.(0 5he ratio of full)load volta-e to no)load volta-e is called the transformerAs "re-ulation factor". /t is calculated as: <no)load volta-e ) full)load volta-e= / full)load volta-e K 177. 6urs is: <<!+.( ) !(= / !(= K 177 , 179.