NACA 0012

Standard C81 Table

CL
alpha

M
0
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.8
-1.007
-1.19
-1.333
-1.334
-1.255
-1.161
-1.055
-0.844
-0.633
-0.422
-0.211
0
0.211
0.422
0.633
0.844
1.055
1.161
1.255
1.334
1.333
1.19
1.007
0.8
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

-180
-172.5
-161
-147
-129
-49
-39
-21
-16.5
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16.5
21
39
49
129
147
161
172.5
180

CD

0.2
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.8
-1.007
-1.19
-1.333
-1.334
-1.255
-1.161
-1.055
-0.844
-0.633
-0.422
-0.211
0
0.211
0.422
0.633
0.844
1.055
1.161
1.255
1.334
1.333
1.19
1.007
0.8
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

0.3
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.81
-0.944
-1.09
-1.22
-1.28
-1.26
-1.19
-1.01
-0.88
-0.66
-0.44
-0.22
0
0.22
0.44
0.66
0.88
1.1
1.19
1.26
1.28
1.22
1.09
0.944
0.81
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

0.4
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.83
-0.96
-1.055
-1.096
-1.12
-1.13
-1.12
-1.082
-0.907
-0.684
-0.456
-0.228
0
0.228
0.456
0.684
0.907
1.082
1.12
1.13
1.12
1.096
1.055
0.96
0.83
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

0.5
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.85
-0.965
-0.99
-1
-1
-1
-0.994
-0.985
-0.922
-0.741
-0.494
-0.247
0
0.247
0.494
0.741
0.922
0.985
0.994
1
1
1
0.99
0.965
0.85
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

0.6
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.85
-0.965
-0.98
-0.97
-0.96
-0.947
-0.93
-0.91
-0.87
-0.77
-0.544
-0.272
0
0.272
0.544
0.77
0.87
0.91
0.93
0.947
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.965
0.85
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

alpha
-180
-175
-170
-165
-160
-140
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-30
-21
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
21
30

0
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.155
0.102
0.038
0.0264
0.022
0.0196
0.0174
0.0154
0.0138
0.0122
0.011
0.01
0.0093
0.0088
0.0085
0.0083
0.008
0.0083
0.0085
0.0088
0.0093
0.01
0.011
0.0122
0.0138
0.0154
0.0174
0.0196
0.022
0.0264
0.038
0.102
0.155
0.332
0.562

0.18
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.155
0.102
0.038
0.0264
0.022
0.0196
0.0174
0.0154
0.0138
0.0122
0.011
0.01
0.0093
0.0088
0.0085
0.0083
0.008
0.0083
0.0085
0.0088
0.0093
0.01
0.011
0.0122
0.0138
0.0154
0.0174
0.0196
0.022
0.0264
0.038
0.102
0.155
0.332
0.562

0.28
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.181
0.148
0.099
0.0455
0.03
0.0232
0.0189
0.0159
0.0138
0.0122
0.011
0.01
0.0093
0.0088
0.0085
0.0083
0.008
0.0083
0.0085
0.0088
0.0093
0.01
0.011
0.0122
0.0138
0.0159
0.0189
0.0232
0.03
0.0455
0.099
0.148
0.181
0.332
0.562

0.38
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.207
0.181
0.146
0.094
0.06
0.038
0.0259
0.0187
0.0147
0.0123
0.011
0.01
0.0093
0.0088
0.0085
0.0083
0.008
0.0083
0.0085
0.0088
0.0093
0.01
0.011
0.0123
0.0147
0.0187
0.0259
0.038
0.06
0.094
0.146
0.181
0.207
0.332
0.562

0.48
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.235
0.209
0.18
0.148
0.111
0.078
0.053
0.0351
0.022
0.0141
0.011
0.01
0.0093
0.0088
0.0085
0.0083
0.008
0.0083
0.0085
0.0088
0.0093
0.01
0.011
0.0141
0.022
0.0351
0.053
0.078
0.111
0.148
0.18
0.209
0.235
0.332
0.562

0.62
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.399
0.562
0.332
0.257
0.233
0.212
0.191
0.164
0.135
0.105
0.077
0.053
0.035
0.0212
0.0132
0.01
0.009
0.0085
0.0083
0.008
0.0083
0.0085
0.009
0.01
0.0132
0.0212
0.035
0.053
0.077
0.105
0.135
0.164
0.191
0.212
0.233
0.257
0.332
0.562

50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
140
160
165
170
175
180

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

0.7
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.85
-0.965
-0.98
-0.97
-0.96
-0.94
-0.923
-0.9
-0.84
-0.75
-0.578
-0.313
0
0.313
0.578
0.75
0.84
0.9
0.923
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.965
0.85
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

0.75
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.71
-0.795
-0.83
-0.84
-0.85
-0.85
-0.85
-0.845
-0.82
-0.77
-0.627
-0.35
0
0.35
0.627
0.77
0.82
0.845
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.795
0.71
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

0.8
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.68
-0.76
-0.79
-0.805
-0.815
-0.82
-0.81
-0.805
-0.77
-0.72
-0.603
-0.395
0
0.395
0.603
0.72
0.77
0.805
0.81
0.82
0.815
0.805
0.79
0.76
0.68
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

0.9
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.64
-0.7
-0.72
-0.73
-0.735
-0.74
-0.74
-0.73
-0.695
-0.593
-0.396
-0.2
0
0.2
0.396
0.593
0.695
0.73
0.74
0.74
0.735
0.73
0.73
0.7
0.64
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

1
0
0.78
0.62
1
1
-1.18
-1.18
-0.64
-0.7
-0.72
-0.73
-0.735
-0.74
-0.74
-0.73
-0.695
-0.593
-0.396
-0.2
0
0.2
0.396
0.593
0.695
0.73
0.74
0.74
0.735
0.73
0.73
0.7
0.64
1.18
1.18
-1
-1
-0.62
-0.78
0

-50

-40

-30

0.72
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.274
0.252
0.233
0.216
0.198
0.17
0.145
0.122
0.101
0.082
0.0615
0.038
0.0167
0.0102
0.0086
0.0083
0.008
0.0083
0.0086
0.0102
0.0167
0.038
0.0615
0.082
0.101
0.122
0.145
0.17
0.198
0.216
0.233
0.252
0.274
0.332
0.562

0.77
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.292
0.271
0.249
0.231
0.211
0.192
0.176
0.159
0.14
0.111
0.082
0.054
0.03
0.0175
0.0117
0.0091
0.008
0.0091
0.0117
0.0175
0.03
0.054
0.082
0.111
0.14
0.159
0.176
0.192
0.211
0.231
0.249
0.271
0.292
0.332
0.562

0.82
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.332
0.305
0.282
0.26
0.239
0.22
0.202
0.186
0.172
0.155
0.139
0.12
0.088
0.0575
0.0355
0.024
0.0175
0.0137
0.0175
0.024
0.0355
0.0575
0.088
0.12
0.139
0.155
0.172
0.186
0.202
0.22
0.239
0.26
0.282
0.305
0.332
0.562

0.92
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.342
0.342
0.298
0.293
0.272
0.252
0.232
0.213
0.199
0.183
0.169
0.14
0.111
0.095
0.086
0.081
0.078
0.078
0.078
0.081
0.086
0.095
0.111
0.14
0.169
0.183
0.199
0.213
0.232
0.252
0.272
0.293
0.298
0.342
0.342
0.562

1
0.022
0.062
0.132
0.242
0.302
1.042
1.652
1.852
2.022
2.022
1.962
1.842
1.662
1.392
0.562
0.342
0.342
0.298
0.293
0.292
0.291
0.275
0.254
0.232
0.214
0.192
0.17
0.14
0.112
0.102
0.098
0.096
0.095
0.096
0.098
0.102
0.112
0.14
0.17
0.192
0.214
0.232
0.254
0.275
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.298
0.342
0.342
0.562

-50

-40

-30

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.392
1.662
1.842
1.962
2.022
2.022
1.852
1.652
1.042
0.302
0.242
0.132
0.062
0.022

1.5

0.5

0
-20

-10

-0.5

-1

-1.5

10

20

30

40

50

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-20

-10

10

20

30

40

50

Atmospheric Inputs
Density
0.00238
V_
0.00000
V_
0.00000
V_
0.00000
V_
0.00000
RPM
2000
RPS
33.333333
rad/s
209.43951
V_tip
837.75804

0.0100
0.0090
0.0080
0.0070
Power Coefficient, Cp

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

, Inflow Ratio
v_i
(mph)
0
0.003501
0.007003
0.010504
0.014006
0.017507
0.021008
0.02451
0.028011
0.031513
0.035014
0.038515
0.042017
0.045518
0.04902
0.052521
0.056023
0.059524
0.063025
0.066527
0.070028

0.0060
0.0050
0.0040

v_i
(ft/s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

Thrust
lbs
0
2.93
5.87
8.80
11.73
14.67
17.60
20.53
23.47
26.40
29.33
32.27
35.20
38.13
41.07
44.00
46.93
49.87
52.80
55.73
58.67

Geometric Inputs
Nb, number of blades 3
Disk Diameter
8.00
Disk Radius
4.00
Disk Area
50.27
c, Chord
0.42
, Solidity
0.09931268

slugs/ft^3
mph
ft/s
knots
m/s
rev/min
rev/s
rad/s
ft/s

0
2.06
8.23
18.51
32.91
51.43
74.05
100.79
131.65
166.62
205.70
248.90
296.21
347.63
403.17
462.83
526.59
594.47
666.47
742.58
822.80

Ct
0
0.000025
0.000098
0.000221
0.000392
0.000613
0.000883
0.001201
0.001569
0.001986
0.002452
0.002967
0.003531
0.004144
0.004806
0.005517
0.006277
0.007086
0.007944
0.008852
0.009808

Ct, hover onlyPower (ideal)

check
(ft*lb/s)
0
0
0.000025
6.03
0.000098
48.27
0.000221
162.91
0.000392
386.17
0.000613
754.23
0.000883
1,303.32
0.001201
2,069.62
0.001569
3,089.34
0.001986
4,398.69
0.002452
6,033.87
0.002967
8,031.08
0.003531
10,426.53
0.004144
13,256.41
0.004806
16,556.94
0.005517
20,364.31
0.006277
24,714.73
0.007086
29,644.40
0.007944
35,189.53
0.008852
41,386.32
0.009808
48,270.96

Power Coefficient, Cp

0.0040
0.0030
0.0020
0.0010
0.0000
0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

Thrust Coefficient, Ct

0.070

0.080

ft
ft
ft^2
ft

Power (ideal)
(HP)
0
0.01097
0.08777
0.29621
0.70212
1.37133
2.36967
3.76294
5.61698
7.99762
10.97067
14.60197
18.95732
24.10257
30.10353
37.02602
44.93588
53.89892
63.98096
75.24785
87.76538

Power Corrections
, Induced Power correction
1.100 factor
Cd_0
0.010

Power (ideal)Cp,simple
(kW)
0
0
0.00818 0.0000001
0.06545 0.0000007
0.22088 0.0000023
0.52357 0.0000055
1.02260 0.0000107
1.76706 0.0000185
2.80602 0.0000294
4.18858 0.0000440
5.96382 0.0000626
8.18083 0.0000859
10.88868 0.0001143
14.13647 0.0001484
17.97328 0.0001886
22.44820 0.0002356
27.61030 0.0002898
33.50868 0.0003517
40.19241 0.0004218
47.71060 0.0005007
56.11231 0.0005889
65.44664 0.0006868

Cp_i
induced
0.0000000
0.0000001
0.0000008
0.0000025
0.0000060
0.0000118
0.0000204
0.0000324
0.0000484
0.0000688
0.0000944
0.0001257
0.0001632
0.0002075
0.0002591
0.0003187
0.0003868
0.0004640
0.0005508
0.0006478
0.0007555

Cp_0
profile
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124
0.000124

Cp_corrected
FM
0.0001241
0
0.0001242 0.0006911
0.0001249 0.0054992
0.0001267 0.0182969
0.0001302 0.0422063
0.0001359
0.078941
0.0001445 0.1282996
0.0001565 0.1881246
0.0001725 0.2548329
0.0001930 0.3243084
0.0002186 0.3927791
0.0002498 0.4573789
0.0002873 0.5163203
0.0003316
0.568779
0.0003833 0.6146458
0.0004429
0.654265
0.0005110 0.6882229
0.0005881
0.717199
0.0006749 0.7418752
0.0007719 0.7628859
0.0008797 0.7807955

Cp/
0.00125
0.001251
0.001258
0.001276
0.001311
0.001369
0.001455
0.001576
0.001737
0.001943
0.002201
0.002516
0.002893
0.003339
0.003859
0.004459
0.005145
0.005922
0.006796
0.007772
0.008857

Ct/
0
0.00
0.000988
0.002222
0.00395
0.006172
0.008888
0.012098
0.015801
0.019998
0.024689
0.029874
0.035553
0.041725
0.048391
0.055551
0.063205
0.071352
0.079994
0.09
0.10

Michael Duffy
AE 6070, HW 2
Sep. 10th, 2006
0.080

0.090

0.100

Ct/Cp_ Ideal
1000
285.5993
142.7997
95.19978
71.39983
57.11987
47.59989
40.7999
35.69992
31.73326
28.55993
25.96358
23.79994
21.96918
20.39995
19.03996
17.84996
16.79996
15.86663
15.03154
14.27997

USER INPUTS
Airspeed, V
Pressure Altitude, h
Type of Day
Temperature, T

QUIK CALCS

250 ktas
4000 ft

std std/trop/hot
95

Temperature, T

44.756

Delta

0.8637

Theta

1.0694

Sigma

0.8076

Density

3
1.920E-03 slugs/ft

3.937E-07

2
2.051E-04 ft /sec

0.365

a, Speed of Sound
Airspeed, V

1154.546 ft/sec
224.671639 kcas

INPUT HERE:
OUTPUT HERE:

at the given alt for the given day

at the given alt for the given day type (NOT USED, BUT FOR YOU INFO)

INSTRUCTIONS

Propeller calculator instructions:

1) Open MS Excel before loading the spreadsheet, should have a blank workbook.
2) Click Tools -> Add-ins -> Check the 'SOLVER' Check box
3) Click Tools -> Options -> 'Calculation' Tab -> Check the 'Iteration' Check Box -> then hit ok
4) Click Tools -> Macro -> Visual Basic Editor (or hit Alt + F11), this will open Visual Basic Editor
5) In Visual Basic Editor Click Tools -> References.. -> Check the 'SOLVER' check box
6) Now you can open 'PROPELLER_OR_ROTOR_IN_AXIAL_FLIGHT.xls' in MS Excel
7) When prompted -> Click on 'Enable Macros'
8) Change the Blue values to you design, and click on the 'Calculate Button'

Note: If you get 'NaN' in any cell you can either restart the program by closing and reopening, or put zero's in cells 'N

x -> then hit ok

isual Basic Editor

nd reopening, or put zero's in cells 'N7, N8, T3, and T4' this will fix almost any problem, then you can start turning things back on until you fin

art turning things back on until you find the problem.

Air Properties:
Density
0.00191967
Temp
95
, Kinematic0.00020507
Viscosity
, Dynamic Viscosity
3.9367E-07
a, Speed of Sound
1,154.55

Rotor Properties:
Blade Pitch
0
Blade Pitch
0
_tip
6.208
_tip
0.10835
_.75
14.452
_twist
-20
Blades, Nb
4
Radius, R
23.5
r_root cut out
0
Diam.
47
Root Chord, 31.12122
c_root
Tip Chord, c_tip
10.37374
n_elements
20
,RPM
264.15
,RPS
4.4025
,rad/s
27.66172
V_tip
650.0505
M_tip
0.56
X_tsr
#DIV/0!
V_
0.000
V_
0.000
c
0.0000
Twist Dist
1
Chord Dist
1

slugs/ft^3
F
ft^2/s
lb.s/ft^2
ft/s

Important note:
Must have:
-Tools-Options-Calculation Tab
Iteration check box checked on for
this program to work:
-Tools-Addi-ins-Solver =>Add-in
must be checked
-In Visual Basic
Tools -References-Solver Must be
checked
Hit F9 to Recalculate or Calculate
Button
Items in BLUE are INPUTS
Items in BLACK are Calculated via
magic

element
y_location
number ofdyelement
ft
ft
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1.175
2.35
3.525
4.7
5.875
7.05
8.225
9.4
10.575
11.75
12.925
14.1
15.275
16.45
17.625
18.8
19.975
21.15
22.325
23.5

1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175

Chord
in
31.12122
30.02924
28.93727
27.8453
26.75333
25.66135
24.56938
23.47741
22.38544
21.29346
20.20149
19.10952
18.01755
16.92557
15.8336
14.74163
13.64966
12.55768
11.46571
10.37374

Chord
ft
2.593435
2.502437
2.411439
2.320442
2.229444
2.138446
2.047448
1.956451
1.865453
1.774455
1.683458
1.59246
1.501462
1.410465
1.319467
1.228469
1.137471
1.046474
0.955476
0.864478

deg.
rad.
deg.
rad.
deg.
deg.
Nb
ft
ft
ft
in
in

For Ideal Twist

For Linear Twist

7.1628
0
14.3256
0.7904789
0.263493

rev/min
rev/s
rad/s
ft/s
compressible
tip speed ratio
mph
0
ft/s
(V)/R
1 = linear, 0 = Ideal
2 = constant, 1 = linear taper, 0 = ideal taper

Twist dist. Twist dist.

deg.
deg.
deg.
rad.
Ideal
Input
Local Blade Pitch
124.16
28.45
28.45
0.49658
62.08
27.45
27.45
0.47913
41.39
26.45
26.45
0.46167
31.04
25.45
25.45
0.44422
24.83
24.45
24.45
0.42677
20.69
23.45
23.45
0.40931
17.74
22.45
22.45
0.39186
15.52
21.45
21.45
0.37441
13.80
20.45
20.45
0.35695
12.42
19.45
19.45
0.33950
11.29
18.45
18.45
0.32205
10.35
17.45
17.45
0.30459
9.55
16.45
16.45
0.28714
8.87
15.45
15.45
0.26969
8.28
14.45
14.45
0.25223
7.76
13.45
13.45
0.23478
7.30
12.45
12.45
0.21733
6.90
11.45
11.45
0.19988
6.53
10.45
10.45
0.18242
6.21
9.45
9.45
0.16497

Total:
30.00

Angle (deg)
EFF. ALPHA

INFLOW ANG

LOCAL PITCH

25.00

Angle (deg)

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
x/R

0.6

0.7

0.8

For Ideal Twist

For Linear Twist

m
m
m
m
m

m/s

Airfoil Propeties:
Cl
Cl_
Cd
Section Lift Coeffecient
Section Drag Coeffecient
0.0000 #DIV/0!
0.0080 Table Look Up
5.7
0.0087 Polynomial or Constant
Compressiblity
1 1 = on, 0 = off
Table Look up
0 1 = table look up, 0 = linear approx.

Correction Factors:
Prandtl Tip Loss
1
Prandtl Root Loss 1

Propeller calculator instructions:

1) Open MS Excel before loading the spreadsheet, should have a blank workbook.
2) Click Tools -> Add-ins -> Check the 'SOLVER' Check box
3) Click Tools -> Options -> 'Calculation' Tab -> Check the 'Iteration' Check Box -> then hit ok
4) Click Tools -> Macro -> Visual Basic Editor (or hit Alt + F11), this will open Visual Basic Ed
5) In Visual Basic Editor Click Tools -> References.. -> Check the 'SOLVER' check box
6) Now you can open 'PROPELLER_OR_ROTOR_IN_AXIAL_FLIGHT.xls' in MS Excel
7) When prompted -> Click on 'Enable Macros'
8) Change the Blue values to you design, and click on the 'Calculate Button'

Note: If you get 'NaN' in any cell you can either restart the program by closing and reopening,

nt, 1 = linear taper, 0 = ideal taper

r
deg.
rad.
deg.
rad.
Inflow Angle
Effective Angle of Attack
24.35 0.42503
4.10 0.07155
20.96 0.36584
6.49 0.11329
18.09 0.31574
8.36 0.14593
15.86 0.27675
9.60 0.16747
14.14 0.24684
10.31 0.17993
12.80 0.22332
10.66 0.18600
11.68 0.20392
10.77 0.18794
10.72 0.18718
10.73 0.18723
9.87 0.17226
10.58 0.18470
9.09 0.15872
10.36 0.18079
8.38 0.14629
10.07 0.17576
7.72 0.13480
9.73 0.16979
7.11 0.12411
9.34 0.16303
6.54 0.11409
8.91 0.15559
6.00 0.10468
8.45 0.14755
5.49 0.09582
7.96 0.13896
5.02 0.08757
7.43 0.12976
4.60 0.08030
6.85 0.11957
4.36 0.07612
6.09 0.10630
9.37 0.16349
0.08 0.00148

dr

0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

, Solidity , Solidity V_tan

X_loc
ft/s
local solidityThrust Weighted
local speed ratio
0.140513 1.76E-05
32.503 #DIV/0!
0.135583 6.78E-05
65.005 #DIV/0!
0.130653 0.000147
97.508 #DIV/0!
0.125722 0.000251 130.010 #DIV/0!
0.120792 0.000377 162.513 #DIV/0!
0.115862 0.000521 195.015 #DIV/0!
0.110932 0.000679 227.518 #DIV/0!
0.106001 0.000848 260.020 #DIV/0!
0.101071 0.001023 292.523 #DIV/0!
0.096141 0.001202 325.025 #DIV/0!
0.09121
0.00138 357.528 #DIV/0!
0.08628 0.001553 390.030 #DIV/0!
0.08135 0.001719 422.533 #DIV/0!
0.07642 0.001872 455.035 #DIV/0!
0.071489 0.002011 487.538 #DIV/0!
0.066559
0.00213 520.040 #DIV/0!
0.061629 0.002226 552.543 #DIV/0!
0.056698 0.002296 585.045 #DIV/0!
0.051768 0.002336 617.548 #DIV/0!
0.046838 0.002342 650.050 #DIV/0!

0.0937

0.0750

0.180000

INFLOW RATIO

0.160000

INFLOW GUESS

INFLOW FROM MOMENTUM

0.140000

INFLOW RATIO

0.120000
0.100000
0.080000
0.060000
0.040000
0.020000
0.9

0.000000
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
x/R

0.6

0.7

0.8

Output:
Ct
Cp/
Ct/
Thrust
0.01066
0.0125
0.1421
15,000.32

1 = on, 0 = off
1 = on, 0 = off

Calculate

Check Convergence:
Converged

blank workbook.

on' Check Box -> then hit ok

is will open Visual Basic Editor
'SOLVER' check box
GHT.xls' in MS Excel

m by closing and reopening, or put zero's in cells 'N7, N8, T3, and T4' this will fix almost any problem, then you can start turning things back o

f_tip

Prandtl Tip/Root Loss

f_root
F
Prandtl

local speed ratio

89.40
49.20
35.89
28.91
24.31
20.90
18.21
16.03
14.19
12.60
11.19
9.89
8.68
7.51
6.37
5.22
4.03
2.77
1.38
0.00

0.25
0.61
1.12
1.81
2.70
3.84
5.28
7.12
9.50
12.60
16.71
22.25
29.93
40.90
57.32
83.49
129.42
224.16
499.20
4992.00

0.43
0.63
0.79
0.89
0.96
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.96
0.84
0.00

Don't Use Yet

v_inflow
v_inflow
v_inflow
a_induction factor
, Inflow
(V+vi)/R
mph
mph
ft/s
using lift curve using tables
10.03
0.0000
14.711
#DIV/0!
0.022631
16.98
3.7759
24.902
#DIV/0!
0.038308
21.72
7.6822
31.853
#DIV/0!
0.049001
25.18
7.6069
36.927
#DIV/0!
0.056807
27.92
8.7068
40.950
#DIV/0!
0.062995
30.20
9.7362
44.289
#DIV/0!
0.068132
32.08
10.6893
47.051
#DIV/0!
0.072380
33.58
11.5763
49.248
#DIV/0!
0.075760
34.70
12.4099
50.894
#DIV/0!
0.078292
35.47
13.1983
52.024
#DIV/0!
0.080031
35.92
13.9483
52.680
#DIV/0!
0.081039
36.07
14.6644
52.898
#DIV/0!
0.081375
35.94
15.3526
52.710
#DIV/0!
0.081086
35.55
16.0138
52.143
#DIV/0!
0.080214
34.92
16.6524
51.223
#DIV/0!
0.078798
34.08
17.2726
49.985
#DIV/0!
0.076894
33.08
16.0627
48.511
#DIV/0!
0.074627
32.10
14.5092
47.081
#DIV/0!
0.072426
32.11
12.6474
47.100
#DIV/0!
0.072456
73.11
25.9158
107.233
#DIV/0!
0.164962

1.0000
1.2000

Cl AND Cd

OW FROM MOMENTUM

Cl

Cd

0.5
x/R

0.6

1.0000

Cl

0.8000

0.6000

0.4000

0.2000

0.0000
0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.8

0.9

can start turning things back on until you find the problem.

U_vel_vector Re
ft/s
35.68
69.61
102.58
135.15
167.59
199.98
232.33
264.64
296.92
329.16
361.39
393.60
425.81
458.01
490.22
522.44
554.67
586.94
619.34
658.84

451,193
849,464
1,206,237
1,529,310
1,822,012
2,085,390
2,319,646
2,524,813
2,700,969
2,848,233
2,966,717
3,056,504
3,117,657
3,150,216
3,154,212
3,129,669
3,076,622
2,995,159
2,885,693
2,777,356

Re
check
451,193
849,464
1,206,237
1,529,310
1,822,012
2,085,390
2,319,646
2,524,813
2,700,969
2,848,233
2,966,717
3,056,504
3,117,657
3,150,216
3,154,212
3,129,669
3,076,622
2,995,159
2,885,693
2,777,356

Cl_

Mach
Local
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.56

5.70
5.71
5.72
5.74
5.76
5.78
5.81
5.85
5.89
5.94
5.99
6.06
6.12
6.20
6.29
6.38
6.49
6.61
6.75
6.90

Cl
Cd
dL=
Section Lift Coeffecient
Section Drag Coeffecient
lbf
1 blade
0.4080
0.00920
1.519
0.6468
0.01138
8.845
0.8348
0.01406
23.889
0.9607
0.01629
45.925
1.0359
0.01775
73.157
1.0756
0.01851
103.748
1.0927
0.01876
136.192
1.0953
0.01866
169.266
1.0883
0.01834
201.851
1.0739
0.01786
232.858
1.0536
0.01725
261.254
1.0283
0.01655
286.103
0.9986
0.01580
306.589
0.9650
0.01501
322.018
0.9278
0.01421
331.814
0.8872
0.01341
335.480
0.8423
0.01262
332.454
0.7906
0.01183
321.441
0.7171
0.01092
296.418
0.0102
0.00867
4.317

3,795.14
1.0000E-03

0.01800

9.0000E-04

0.01600

8.0000E-04

0.01400

7.0000E-04

0.01000
0.00800

0.9

Cd

0.01200

Ct - Thrust Coeff

0.02000

Ct - Thrust Coeff
MOMENTUM THEORY

SMALL ANGLE

6.0000E-04
5.0000E-04
4.0000E-04

0.00600

3.0000E-04

0.00400

2.0000E-04

0.00200

1.0000E-04

0.00000

0.0000E+00
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
x/R

0.6

0.7

dD=
lbf
1 blade

dT=
lbf
n blades
0.034
0.156
0.402
0.779
1.254
1.785
2.338
2.884
3.402
3.872
4.277
4.605
4.851
5.010
5.082
5.072
4.982
4.809
4.512
3.669

5.479
32.818
90.333
175.860
282.534
403.104
531.587
663.090
793.121
917.278
1031.359
1131.554
1214.522
1277.417
1317.867
1333.824
1322.976
1280.079
1180.868
14.650

BET
dQ=
ft*lb
n blades
3.090
31.110
109.987
249.985
448.638
697.028
982.728
1290.908
1605.309
1909.428
2187.635
2426.015
2612.985
2739.749
2800.637
2793.407
2719.733
2586.868
2414.788
406.306

dP_i=
ft*lb/s
induced
81.428
822.781
2893.303
6525.477
11619.906
17923.103
25100.542
32761.279
40483.704
47847.743
54462.887
59987.815
64144.302
66727.434
67613.527
66768.282
64263.673
60339.421
55683.350
1827.138

dP_p=
ft*lb/s
profile
4.056
37.786
149.131
389.551
790.188
1357.891
2083.411
2947.471
3921.913
4970.332
6050.869
7119.946
8135.378
9058.751
9856.928
10502.171
10968.829
11217.809
11113.846
9411.977

dP=
ft*lb/s
n blades
85.483
860.567
3042.434
6915.028
12410.094
19280.995
27183.953
35708.750
44405.617
52818.076
60513.756
67107.761
72279.681
75786.184
77470.455
77270.453
75232.502
71557.231
66797.196
11239.115

63.77

15,000.32
66,724.74 N

31,016.34

747,877.10

110,088.23

90000.000

MALL ANGLE

80000.000

EXACT

857,965.3

Power - ft*lb/s
PROFILE POWER

INDUCED POWER

Power - ft*lb/s

70000.000
60000.000
50000.000
40000.000
30000.000
20000.000
10000.000
0.000
0
0.7

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
x/R

dP=
HP
0.155423864
1.564667895
5.531697319
12.57277808
22.56380648
35.05635376
49.42536942
64.92500012
80.73748627
96.03286469
110.0250104
122.0141105
131.417601
137.7930623
140.8553731
140.4917328
136.7863674
130.1040556
121.4494471
20.43475471

dP=
kW
0.11589956
1.16677265
4.12498598
9.37551901
16.8258276
26.1415185
36.8564917
48.4145643
60.2059332
71.6116949
82.0456362
90.9859066
97.9980883
102.752269
105.035834
104.764667
102.001577
97.0185776
90.5648372
15.238194

dCt

EXACT
dCp

3.8927E-06
2.3319E-05
6.4186E-05
1.2496E-04
2.0075E-04
2.8642E-04
3.7772E-04
4.7116E-04
5.6355E-04
6.5177E-04
7.3283E-04
8.0402E-04
8.6297E-04
9.0766E-04
9.3641E-04
9.4774E-04
9.4004E-04
9.0956E-04
8.3906E-04
1.0410E-05

9.3439E-08
9.4066E-07
3.3256E-06
7.5586E-06
1.3565E-05
2.1075E-05
2.9714E-05
3.9032E-05
4.8538E-05
5.7734E-05
6.6145E-05
7.3353E-05
7.9006E-05
8.2839E-05
8.4680E-05
8.4462E-05
8.2234E-05
7.8217E-05
7.3014E-05
1.2285E-05

SMALL ANGLE APPROX

dCt
dCp
, Inflow
(V+vi)/R
check:
check:
3.6173E-06
2.2064E-05
6.1677E-05
1.2135E-04
1.9634E-04
2.8149E-04
3.7251E-04
4.6591E-04
5.5846E-04
6.4700E-04
7.2849E-04
8.0020E-04
8.5972E-04
9.0498E-04
9.3428E-04
9.4614E-04
9.3890E-04
9.0881E-04
8.3858E-04
1.3605E-05

8.0182E-08
8.4060E-07
3.0606E-06
7.0949E-06
1.2903E-05
2.0233E-05
2.8725E-05
3.7938E-05
4.7388E-05
5.6574E-05
6.5018E-05
7.2294E-05
7.8041E-05
8.1986E-05
8.3948E-05
8.3852E-05
8.1740E-05
7.7823E-05
7.2685E-05
1.2104E-05

0.022631
0.038308
0.049001
0.056807
0.062995
0.068132
0.072380
0.075760
0.078292
0.080031
0.081039
0.081375
0.081086
0.080214
0.078798
0.076894
0.074627
0.072426
0.072456
0.164962

MOMEN

1,559.94

1,163.24

0.01066

0.00094

TOTAL POWER

0.5
x/R

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.01060

0.00092

Solver

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

MOMENTUM
v_i_diff
dT
mph
check:
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

7.2081
41.3067
101.3757
181.6647
279.2467
391.9727
516.1073
646.2080
776.4017
901.4045
1016.6928
1118.3340
1202.9454
1267.7528
1310.7793
1331.4136
1332.4326
1328.8260
1403.8016
7659.5607

dCt
check:
2.2013E-06
1.8586E-05
5.6756E-05
1.1553E-04
1.8993E-04
2.7470E-04
3.6553E-04
4.5893E-04
5.5164E-04
6.4049E-04
7.2240E-04
7.9460E-04
8.5466E-04
9.0048E-04
9.3035E-04
9.4277E-04
9.3605E-04
9.0640E-04
8.3644E-04
5.4425E-08

0.000000

22,815.43

0.01050

You are asked to design a rotor that will carry 15000 lbf at 4000 feet pressure altitude at 95 deg F. Due to
geometric limitations, the rotor diameter is 43 feet. The designer decides to use a thrust weighted solidity of
0.1, and has chosen the number of blades to be 4. The designer also decides to use a 3 bladed rotor for this
design. Because the company has prior experience with NACA 0012 airfoils, a NACA0012 airfoil is also
chosen. The tip speed is selected to be 650 feet/sec.
Determine the best combinations of linear taper ratio and linear twist that will minimize power consumption.
Use combined Blade Element Momentum theory, and Prandtls tip loss model F(r). The NACA 0012 airfoil
properties are supplied below as a table of alpha and Mach number. Please use these.
1.

AE 6070 students only:

The designer seeks your advice on changing solidity (between 0.05, 0.075, or 0.10), and the number of blades
(between 2, 3, 4, or 5). Repeat the BEMT simulations for subsets of these combinations and give your
recommendation. Note that a very small value of sigma may cause the rotor to stall.

Held Constant:
Thrust Weighted Solidity = 0.1
Thrust = 15,000lb
Tip Speed is 650 ft/s
Rotor Dia = 47 ft
Root Cut-Out = 0 ft
Hover
Tip and Root Losses Included
Cl corrected for Compressibility
Cp/

Cp/

-60

-50

-40

-30
Twist from Root to Tip

Cp/

Cp/

-60

-50

-40

-30
Twist from Root to Tip

Cp/

Cp/

-60

-50

-40

-30
Twist from Root to Tip

Cp/

Cp/

-60

-50

-40

-30
Twist from Root to Tip

0.00112

Cp

0.00111
0.0011
0.00109

Cp

0.00108
0.00107
0.00106
0.00105
0.00104
0.00103
0.00102
0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

, Solidity, Thrust Weighted

0.00965

0.0096

Cp/

0.00955

0.0095

0.00945

0.0094

Cp/

0.00935
0

6
Taper Ratio Root/Tip

Due to
solidity of
for this
is also

I USED THIS PROGRAM TO DESIGN A ROTOR WHICH FOLLOWED THE CONSTRAINTS IN THIS

nsumption.
012 airfoil

er of blades
our

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

Sea Level
_.75
11.137
11.124
11.091
11.038
10.966
10.875
10.764
10.629
10.466

4-Blades
Taper (r:t, 1:1)
Ct
Cp/
0.008608 0.00778
0.008608 0.007551
0.008608 0.007381
0.008608 0.00727
0.008608 0.007219
0.008608 0.007227
0.008608 0.007296
0.008608 0.007421
0.008608 0.007602

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-50

4k, 95
_.75
13.134
13.118
13.085
13.035
12.969
12.887
12.789
12.674
12.541
12.204

Taper (r:t, 1:1); c = 20.57"

Ct
Cp/
0.010658 0.010445
0.010658 0.01016
0.010658 0.009937
0.010658 0.009774
0.010658 0.009671
0.010658 0.009629
0.010658 0.009646
0.010658 0.009723
0.010658 0.009858
0.010657 0.010293

4k, 95
_.75
13.242
13.218
13.177
13.119
13.045

3-Blades
Taper (r:t, 1:1); c = 27.43"
Ct
Cp/
0.010658 0.010603
0.010658
0.0103
0.010658 0.01006
0.010658 0.009881
0.010658 0.009764

0.011

Data:
_twist

0.0105
0.01
0.0095

min power

0.009
0.0085
0.008

Data:
_twist

0.0075
0.007
-20

-10

min power
0.0106

0.0104

0.0102

0.01

0.0098

Data:
_twist
0
-5
-10
-15
-20

0.0098

min power
0.0096

-25
-30
-35
-40
-45

12.955
12.849
12.726
12.586
12.425

0.010658
0.010658
0.010658
0.010658
0.010658

0.009709
0.009715
0.009781
0.009908
0.010093

Comparison
4-Blades
Cp/ min
c_r/c_t
0.009709
1
0.009604
2
0.009545
3
0.009511
4

Cp/ min
0.009629
0.009519
0.009468
0.00945

0.0094
-20

-10

3-Blades
c_r/c_t
1
2
3
4

0.0106

0.0104

0.0102

0.01

0.0098

0.0096

0.0094
-20

-10

0.0106

0.0104

0.0102

0.01

0.0098

0.0096

0.0094
-20

-10

Data:
Blades, N
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5

0.08

0.09

0.1

Comparison
4k, 95
Taper (r:t, 1:1); _twist = 0 deg.
chord, c , Solidity, Thrust
_.75 Weighted
Ct
20.56
0.05
20.105 0.010658
30.87
0.075
15.686 0.010658
41.17
0.1
13.464 0.010658
13.71938
0.05
19.868 0.010659
20.57907
0.075
15.46 0.010658
27.43
0.1
13.242 0.010658
10.28
0.05
19.772 0.010658
15.43
0.075
15.353 0.010658
20.57
0.1
13.134 0.010658
8.23163
0.05
19.699 0.010658
12.34744
0.075
15.29 0.010658
16.46342
0.1
13.069 0.010658

0.11

Thrust Weighted

Data:
4k, 95
_twist = -25 deg.
Root Chord,Tip
c_root
Chord, c_tip
Taper r/t
20.6
20.6
1
22
20.2 1.089109
26
18.9 1.375661
30 17.61111 1.70347
36 15.68189 2.295641
42 13.76462
3.0513
min power
48 11.84382 4.052748
54 9.92046 5.443296
60
7.95 7.54717

Min power consumption is found at a linear twist of

ratio. I only proceed with this iterative process 3 times, I could go b
twist with this new taper ratio, but this would take a long time. I not
rate was decreased the taper ratio wanted to go up. I noticed that t
un-reasonable and stopped at 6.4:1. I plot this blade in CATIA to se
feasibility.

feasibility.
8

10

12

WED THE CONSTRAINTS IN THIS PROBLEM.

4-Blades
Ct/
0.085997
0.085993
0.085996
0.085994
0.085992
0.085992
0.085997
0.085991
0.08599

Thrust
15000.72
15000.04
15000.59
15000.21
14999.86
14999.97
15000.77
14999.75
14999.57

, 1:1); c = 20.57"
Ct/
0.106631
0.106627
0.10663
0.10663
0.106629
0.106628
0.106627
0.106625
0.106625
0.10662

Thrust
15000.23
14999.73
15000.17
15000.07
15000.06
14999.85
14999.76
14999.37
14999.5
14998.77

3-Blades
, 1:1); c = 27.43"
Ct/
0.106615
0.106613
0.106617
0.106617
0.106617

Thrust
14999.88
14999.62
15000.17
15000.12
15000.15

25.0%

Data:
_twist
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50

4k, 95
_.75
13.108
12.996
12.863
12.71
12.539
12.349
12.14
11.911
11.659
11.378
11.053

Taper (r:t, 2:1); c_r = 41.5", c_t = 13.833"

Ct
Cp/
Ct/
Thrust
0.010659 0.010137 0.106548 15000.69
0.010658 0.009885 0.106546 15000.33
0.010659 0.009698 0.106547 15000.58
0.010658 0.009575 0.106541 14999.74
0.010658 0.009519 0.106543 14999.98
0.010658 0.009527 0.10654 14999.59
0.010658 0.009601 0.106538 14999.29
0.010658 0.00974 0.10654 14999.48
0.010658 0.009943 0.106541 14999.69
0.010658 0.010205 0.10654 14999.58
0.010658 0.010514 0.106538 14999.32

0
-5
-10
-15
-20

4k, 95
_.75
13.205
13.085
12.946
12.787
12.609

Taper (r:t, 2:1); c_r = 44.1", c_t = 22.05"

Ct
Cp/
Ct/
Thrust
0.010658 0.010283 0.106624 15000.04
0.010658 0.010013 0.10662 14999.47
0.010659 0.009812 0.106628 15000.62
0.010658 0.009675 0.106627 15000.4
0.010658 0.009605 0.10662 14999.48

Data:
_twist

0.106616
0.106614
0.106609
0.106615
0.106616

14999.95
14999.77
14999.06
14999.79
14999.94

-25
-30
-35
-40

12.414
12.199
11.964
11.708

0.82%
0.89%
0.81%
0.64%

Cp/ w/Optimized Twist for Min Power

0.01

0.010659
0.010658
0.010658
0.010659

0.009604 0.106629 15000.71

0.009668 0.106625 15000.16
0.009798 0.10662 14999.52
0.009996 0.106629 15000.77

Cp/ w/Optimized Twister for Min Power

0.0099

0.0098

0.0097

0.0096

0.0095

0.0094
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Taper Ratio (c_r/c_t)

Cp/
0.022223
0.014498
0.010921
0.021489
0.014049
0.010603
0.021161
0.013831
0.010445
0.020941
0.013701
0.010349

_twist = -25 deg.

_.75
12.877
12.8
12.623
12.458
12.23
12.022
11.835
11.667
11.524

Ct/
0.213355
0.142101
0.106551
0.213171
0.14211
0.106615
0.213367
0.142143
0.106631
0.213164
0.142112
0.106578

Ct
0.010658
0.010658
0.010658
0.010659
0.010659
0.010658
0.010658
0.010658
0.010659

Thrust
14999.54
14999.74
14999.95
15000.52
15000.09
14999.88
15000.35
14999.41
15000.23
15000
15000.24
14999.53

Cp/
0.009616
0.009583
0.009549
0.009523
0.009496
0.009479
0.009473
0.009479
0.009508

Cp
0.001111
0.001087
0.001092
0.001074
0.001054
0.00106
0.001058
0.001037
0.001045
0.001047
0.001028
0.001035

Ct/
0.106474
0.10627
0.106303
0.106309
0.106286
0.106211
0.10615
0.106105
0.106247

Thrust
15000.07
14999.61
14999.05
15000.49
15000.86
15000.21
14999.72
14999.94
15000.78

d at a linear twist of -20 deg. and a taper ratio of 6.36 root to chord
erative process 3 times, I could go back and continue to optimize the
but this would take a long time. I noticed that as my linear twist
atio wanted to go up. I noticed that the taper was getting a bit
6.4:1. I plot this blade in CATIA to see how it looks in terms of

Data:
4k, 95
_twist = -20 deg.
Root Chord,Tip
c_root
Chord, c_tip
Taper r/t
36 15.68189 2.295641
42 13.76462
3.0513
48 11.84382 4.052748
54 9.92046 5.443296
57 8.959844 6.361718
60
7.95 7.54717
63 6.972974 9.034882
66 6.010943 10.97997

0.2%
1.7%

Data:
_twist

Taper (r:t, 3:1); c_r = 41.5", c_t = 13.833"

Ct
Cp/
Ct/
Thrust
0.010659 0.009973 0.106574 15000.49
0.010658 0.009748 0.10657 14999.88
0.010658 0.009588 0.106573 15000.32
0.010658 0.009495 0.106571 15000.09
0.010658 0.009468 0.106569 14999.83
0.010658 0.009508 0.106567 14999.5
0.010658 0.009617 0.106571 15000.08
0.010658 0.009791 0.106567 14999.48
0.010658 0.010031 0.106571 15000.09
0.010659 0.010331 0.106577 15000.93

Data:
_twist

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45

4k, 95
_.75
13.137
12.962
12.766
12.549
12.312
12.055
11.778
11.478
11.153
10.794

Taper (r:t, 3:1); c_r = 55.3", c_t = 18.433"

Ct
Cp/
Ct/
Thrust
0.010658 0.010104 0.106633 14999.74
0.010658 0.009864 0.106637 15000.37
0.010658 0.00969 0.106635 14999.97
0.010658 0.009583 0.106635 14999.99
0.010658 0.009545 0.106632 14999.6

Data:
_twist

0
-5
-10
-15
-20

4k, 95
_.75
13.221
13.041
12.839
12.617
12.375

Data:
_twist

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

0
-5
-10
-15
-20

-25
-30
-35
-40
-45

12.114
11.832
11.529
11.226
10.84

0.010658
0.010658
0.010659
0.010663
0.010658

or Min Power

3.5

4.5

0.009577
0.009676
0.009845
0.010086
0.010377

0.106637
0.106633
0.106638
0.106683
0.106634

15000.28
14999.82
15000.44
15006.72
14999.83

-25
-30
-35
-40
-45

_twist = -20 deg.

_.75
12.442
12.282
12.1405
12.017
11.961
11.918
11.872
11.828

Ct
0.010658
0.010659
0.010658
0.010659
0.010659
0.010658
0.010658
0.010658

Cp/
0.009475
0.009437
0.009411
0.009397
0.009394
0.009409
0.009416
0.009421

Ct/
0.106279
0.106215
0.106154
0.106108
0.106081
0.106243
0.106273
0.106257

Thrust
14999.9
15000.78
15000.21
15000.42
15000.51
15000.32
14999.4
15000.35

4k, 95
_.75
13.177
12.958
12.718
12.456
12.174
11.871
11.546
11.198
10.823

Taper (r:t, 4:1); c_r = 47.52", c_t = 11.88"

Ct
Cp/
Ct/
Thrust
0.010659 0.009873 0.106618 15000.44
0.010658 0.009667 0.106609 14999.19
0.010658 0.009529 0.106615 15000.01
0.010658 0.009455 0.106612 14999.62
0.010658 0.00945 0.106617 15000.26
0.010659 0.009512 0.106618 15000.42
0.010658 0.009641 0.106613 14999.73
0.010658 0.009838 0.106612 14999.56
0.010658 0.010101 0.106617 15000.24

4k, 95
_.75
13.246
13.022
12.778
12.512
12.225

Taper (r:t, 4:1); c_r = 63.4", c_t = 15.85"

Ct
Cp/
Ct/
Thrust
0.010659 0.009983 0.106551 15000.46
0.010658 0.009763 0.106542 14999.11
0.010659 0.009613 0.106553 15000.7
0.010659 0.009528 0.106552 15000.59
0.010658 0.009511 0.106545 14999.54

11.918
11.591
11.24
10.863
10.45

0.010658
0.010658
0.010658
0.010658
0.010658

0.009564
0.009687
0.009879
0.010138
0.010457

0.106542
0.10655
0.106545
0.106546
0.106545

14999.1
15000.31
14999.63
14999.69
14999.54