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Domain Theory
lectrons orbit the nucleus of an atom. They also spin, revolving around an a!is, as they orbit. The polarity of magnetic field is determined by the direction of electron spin. An atom is magnetized when it has more electrons spinning in one direction than in the other. Atoms do not act independently but are bound in groups called domains. "hen materials are heated they lose there magnetic characteristics. The #urie point is the temperature that a material becomes nonmagnetic.
MAGNETI
FIE!DS
The space surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces act is $nown as a magnetic field. The pattern can be seen by using iron filings. !ines of Force %ines of force are imaginary lines used to illustrate the pattern of the magnetic field. They are also called flu! lines. The lines emanate from the north pole and enter the south pole of a magnet The Ma"#e$$ &ne Ma!well is e'ual to one magnetic flu! line The Weber The weber represents ( times () raised to the * th Ma!wells.
1. Magnetic lies of force are continuous and always form a closed loop. 2. Magnetic lines of force never cross each other. 3. Parallel magnetic lines of force traveling in the same direction repel one another. If
traveling in the opposite directions they tend to unite with each other and form into single lines traveling in a direction determined by the magnetic poles creating the lines of force.
4. Magnetic lines of force tend to shorten themselves. 5. Magnetic lines of force pass through all materials 6. Magnetic lines of force always enter or leave magnetic material at right angles to the
surface. Magnetic Attraction an% Re&'$sion
1. %i$e magnetic poles repel each other 2. +nli$e magnetic poles attract each other 3. The attraction or repulsion between magnets varies directly with the product of their
strength and inversely with the s'uare of the distance between them.
MATERIA!S
Ferrognetism
Iron, cobalt, nickel (and various alloys) are called ferromagnetic materials. erromagnetic materials s!o" a #ermanent, s#ontaneous magneti$ing effect in t!e absence of a magneti$ing field. %!is effect is greatest at absolute $ero. It is reduced by tem#erature. erromagnetic materials "it! !ig! retentivities, are called !ard, and are used for #ermanent magnets.
Paramagnetism
&aramagnetic materials include aluminum, #latinum, manganese, and c!romium. %!ey !ave mild attraction to a magnetic field. Diamagnetism 'iamagnetic materials include bismut!, antimony, co##er, $inc, mercury, gold, and silver. %!ey can become "eakly magneti$ed, but! t!eir magnetic field is in t!e o##osite direction from t!e magneti$ing field.
T()ES OF MAGNETS
Permanent Magnets
A permanent magnet retains its magnetism ,high retentivity- even when the magnetizing force is removed. %oss of magnetism may occur through high temperatures, physical shoc$, or a strong demagnetizing force.
Temporary Magnets
A temporary magnet is a piece of soft iron that is magnetized while in the presence of a magnetizing field but demagnetizes the moment the iron is ta$en away from the magnetizing force. .oft iron possesses low retentivity. Electromagnets A coil produces an electromagnet field around a core. .oft iron is often used for the core to concentrate the flu! lines and create a stronger magnetic field. Applications for Electromagnets lectromagnets are used for lifting ob/ects, buzzers, bells, relays. lectromagnets are used for tape recording. 0lu! in an air gap creates a fringing field that e!tends from the core. This magnetizes the tape passing by the magnet. This is analog. 1is$ drives are similar but use binary, ones and zeros to represent data.
Ferrites
0errites are nonmetallic materials that e!hibit the ferromagnetic properties of iron. Applications for Ferrites 0errites are used as magnetic cores. ddy currents cannot form because the core is nonmetallic. 0errites also come in the form of small toroid ,doughnut shaped beads- that bloc$ high fre'uency currents from passing through. This is $nown as filtering. MAGNETI SHIE!DING There is no $nown insulator for magnetic flu!. 0lu! penetrates nonmagnetic materials. If a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the flu! is redirected. MAGNETI *UANTITIES
Magneto+oti,e Force -++f. Magnetomotive force is the magnetic pressure that produces flu!. This is analogous to voltage in an electric circuit. Re$'ctance Reluctance is the opposition that a material offers to the magnetic lines of force. This is e'uivalent to resistance in an electric circuit. F$'" Density 0lu! density is e'ual to the number of magnetic lines of flu! per s'uare meter. Fie$% Intensity 0ield intensity is a measurement of the mmf needed to establish a specified flu! density in a unit length of the coil. )er+eabi$ity Permeability is the ease with which a material passes flu! lines. It is the electrical e'uivalent of conductance.
Air and other nonmagnetic materials are assigned a permeability of (. Magnetic materials have a value much greater than (.
SE!F0INDU TAN E
(ny conductor !as some inductance because it #roduces a magnetic field around it. )!en t!e current c!anges t!e magnetic field c!anges. )!en t!e magnetic field c!anges an electromotive force is induced in t!e conductor. %!e #olarity of t!is induced force is in t!e o##osite to t!e a##lied voltage of t!e conductor. %!e effect is t!at inductance o##oses a c!ange in current magnitude. *en$+s la" states t!is. %!e induced emf in any circuit is al"ays in a direction to o##ose t!e effect t!at #roduced it. )!en (, ((lternating ,urrent) is #assed t!roug! an inductor t!ere is a continuous c!ange in current. %!e effect of t!e o##osition to current is t!en continuous. )!en ', ('irect ,urrent) is #assed t!roug! an inductor t!e o##osition to current is only #resent "!en t!ere is a c!ange, suc! as starting, sto##ing, or a c!ange in current flo".
The Se$f0In%'ce% 1o$tage E2'ation
( 3 ,3enry- of inductance is seen when a change in current of (A per second causes an induced voltage of (8.
1. -reater number of turns increases inductance 2. ( larger diameter coil !as greater inductance 3. Inductance decreases as t!e coil lengt! increases 4. ( !ig! #ermeability core increases inductance
Air Core
#oils with hollow or non4magnetic cores are called Air4core coils. They have low values of inductance and are generally used for high4fre'uency applications.
Iron Core
Iron4core inductors use iron or an alloy for a core. %arge values of inductance are possible. 3ysteresis and eddy4current losses limit iron4core to low fre'uencies such as power line and audio. %aminated sheet material is often used to reduce eddy currents. .oft iron material such as silicon steel may be used to reduce hysteresis losses.
Ferrite Core
0errites are good magnetic conductors but poor electrical conductors. This reduces eddy current losses.
Toroidal Core
2ecause of the shape most of the flu! flows within the core resulting in very little flu! lea$age loss.
.horts cannot normally be detected with ohmmeters because the change in resistance is so small. A ringing test can be used which creates a magnetic field and then chec$s the number of rings as the field collapses.