Circuits Solutions

Problem 1.
1 Use appropriate multiple and submultiple prexes to express the

following quantities:
(a) 3,620 watts (W)
(b) 0.000004 amps (A)
(c) 5.210
6
ohms ()
(d) 3.910
11
volts (V)
(e) 0.02 meters (m)
(f) 3210
5
volts (V)
Solution:
(a) 3,620 W=3.62 kW.
(b) 0.000004 A =4 A.
(c) 5.210
6
=5.2 .
(d) 3.910
11
V =390 GV.
(e) 0.02 m =20 mm.
(f) 3210
5
V =3.2 MV.
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. c 2013 National Technology and Science Press
Problem 1.2 Use appropriate multiple and submultiple prexes to express the
following quantities:
(a) 4.7110
8
seconds (s)
(b) 10.310
8
watts (W)
(c) 0.00000000321 amps (A)
(d) 0.1 meters (m)
(e) 8,760,000 volts (V)
(f) 3.1610
16
hertz (Hz)
Solution:
(a) 4.7110
8
s =47.1 ns.
(b) 10.310
8
W=1.03 GW.
(c) 0.00000000321 A =3.21 nA.
(d) 0.1 =10 cm.
(e) 8,760,000 V =8.76 MV.
(f) 3.1610
16
Hz =316 aHz.
Problem 1.3 Convert:
(a) 16.3 m to mm
(b) 16.3 m to km
(c) 410
6
F (microfarad) to pF (picofarad)
(d) 2.3 ns to s
(e) 3.610
7
V to MV
(f) 0.03 mA (milliamp) to A
Solution:
(a) 16.3 m =16, 300 mm.
(b) 16.3 m =0.0163 km.
(c) 410
6
F =4 pF.
(d) 2.3 ns =2.310
3
s.
(e) 3.610
7
V =36 MV.
(f) 0.03 mA =30 A.
Problem 1.4 Convert:
(a) 4.2 m to m
(b) 3 hours to seconds
(c) 4.2 m to km
(d) 173 nm to m
(e) 173 nm to m
(f) 12 pF (picofarad) to F (farad)
Solution:
(a) 4.2 m =4.210
6
m.
(b) 3 hours =1.0810
10
s.
(c) 4.2 m =4.210
3
km.
(d) 173 nm =1.7310
7
m.
(e) 173 nm =0.173 m.
(f) 12 pF =1.210
11
F.
Problem 1.5 For the circuit in Fig. P1.5:
(a) Identify and label all distinct nodes.
(b) Which of those nodes are extraordinary nodes?
(c) Identify all combinations of 2 or more circuit elements that are connected in
series.
(d) Identify pairs of circuit elements that are connected in parallel.
4 5
2
1 3
16 V
+
_
Figure P1.5: Circuit for Problem 1.5.
Solution:
4 5 2
1 3
16 V
+
_
a b
d
c
Fig. P1.5 (a)
(a) Nodes identied in Fig. P1.5(a).
(b) Nodes b, c, and d are extraordinary.
(c) Series connections: 16 V and 1 .
(d) Parallel connections: 4 and 5 .
series.
2
4 4
8 V 12 V
+
_
+
_
+
_
+
_
Solution:
Fig. P1.6 (a)
2
4 4
8 V 12 V
+
_
+
_
+
_
+
_
a b
d
c
(b) Nodes b and d are extraordinary.
(c) Series connections: 12 V and 4
4 and 8 V.
(d) Parallel connections: none.
series.
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1
4 V
+
_
Solution:
Fig. P1.7 (a)
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1
4 V
+
_
b a
e
c d
(b) Nodes b, c, d, and e are extraordinary.
(c) Series connections: 4 V and 1 .
(d) Parallel connections: None.
series.
25
40
30
10
20
60
5
12 V
15
+
_
Solution:
Fig. P1.8 (a)
25
40
30
10
20
60
5
12 V
15
+
_
a b
e
f c d
(b) Nodes b, c, e, and f are extraordinary.
(c) Series connections: 12 V and 25
10 and 20
series.
3 6
2
2 4
4 A
48 V
+
_
Solution:
3 6
2
2 4
4 A
48 V
+
_
b
e
a
d
c
Fig. P1.9 (a)
(b) Nodes a, b, c, and e are extraordinary.
(c) Series connections: 2 and 48 V.
series.
6 16
32 8
4 12 V
+
_
Solution:
6 16
32
10
8
4 12 V
+
_
a b c d
b
Fig. P1.10 (a)
(b) Nodes b and c are extraordinary.
(c) Series connections: 8 and 6 .
(d) Parallel connections: 12 V and 4
4 and short circuit.
series.
6
2
4
3
1
5
20 V
+
_
+
_
Solution:
6
2
4
3
1
5
20 V
+
_
e
c
d
b
a
Fig. P1.11
(b) Nodes a, b, and d are extraordinary.
(c) Series connections: 5 and 20 V
4 and 6 .
(d) Parallel connections: 2 and 1 .
Problem 1.12 The total charge contained in a certain region of space is 1 C. If
that region contains only electrons, how many does it contain?
Solution:
n
e
=
Q
q
e
=
1
1.610
19
=6.2510
18
electrons.
Problem 1.13 A certain cross section lies in the xy plane. If 3 10
20
electrons
go through the cross section in the z-direction in 4 seconds, and simultaneously,
1.510
20
protons go through the same cross section in the negative z-direction, what
is the magnitude and direction of the current owing through the cross section?
Solution: Negatively charged electrons moving along +z-direction constitute a
current in the z-direction:
I
e
=
Q
t
=
310
20
1.610
19
4
=12 A, along z-direction.
Positively charged protons moving along z-direction constitute a current in the
z-direction:
I
p
=
Q
t
=
1.510
20
1.610
19
4
=6 A, along z-direction.
Total net current is:
I =I
e
+I
p
=12+6 =18 A, along z-direction.
Problem 1.14 Determine the current i(t) owing through a resistor if the
cumulative charge that has owed through it up to time t is given by
(a) q(t) = 3.6t mC
(b) q(t) = 5sin(377t) C
(c) q(t) = 0.3[1e
0.4t
] pC
(d) q(t) = 0.2t sin(120t) nC
Solution:
(a) i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
(3.6t 10
3
) = 3.610
3
= 3.6 (mA).
(b) i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
[(5sin377t) 10
6
] = 537710
6
cos377t = 1.885cos377t
(mA).
(c) i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
[0.3(1e
0.4t
) 10
12
] = 0.310
12
(0.4) (e
0.4t
)
= 0.12e
0.4t
(pA).
(d) i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
[(0.2t sin120t) 10
9
]
= (0.2sin120t +0.2t 120 cos120t) 10
9
= 0.2sin120t +75.4t cos120t (nA).
Problem 1.15 Determine the current i(t) owing through a certain device if the
cumulative charge that has owed through it up to time t is given by
(a) q(t) =0.45t
3
C
(b) q(t) = 12sin
2
(800t) mC
(c) q(t) =3.2sin(377t)cos(377t) pC
(d) q(t) = 1.7t[1e
1.2t
] nC
Solution:
(a)
i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
[0.45t
3
10
6
] =0.453t
2
10
6
=1.35t
2
(A).
(b)
i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
[(12sin
2
800t) 10
3
] = 212800 10
3
sin800t cos800t
= 60.32sin800t cos800t (A).
(c)
i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
[(3.2sin377t cos377t) 10
12
]
= [(3.2377cos
2
377t +3.2377sin
2
377t) 10
12
]
= 1.21(sin
2
377t cos
2
377t) (nA).
(d)
i(t) =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
[1.7t(1e
1.2t
) 10
9
]
= [1.7(1e
1.2t
) +1.7t(1.2)(e
1.2t
)] 10
9
= 1.7(1e
1.2t
+1.2te
1.2t
) (nA).
Problem 1.16 Determine the net charge Q that owed through a resistor over the
specied time interval for each of the following currents:
(a) i(t) = 0.36 A, from t = 0 to t = 3 s
(b) i(t) = [40t +8] mA, from t = 1 s to t = 12 s
(c) i(t) = 5sin(4t) nA, from t = 0 to t = 0.05 s
(d) i(t) = 12e
0.3t
mA, from t = 0 to t =
Solution:
(a)
Q(0, 3) =
3
0
i dt =
3
0
0.36dt = 0.36t|
3
0
= 1.08 (C).
(b)
Q(1, 12) =
12
1
i dt =
12
1
(40t +8) dt
10
3
=
40t
2
2
+8t
12
1
10
3
= 2.948 (C).
(c)
Q(0, 0.05) =
0.05
0
i dt =
0.05
0
5sin4t dt
10
9
=
5cos4t
4
0.05
0
10
9
= (0.32+0.40) 10
9
= 80 (pC).
(d)
Q(0, ) =

0
i dt =

0
12e
0.3t
dt
10
3
=
12e
0.3t
0.3
0
10
3
= 40 (mC).
Problem 1.17 Determine the net charge Q that owed through a certain device
over the specied time intervals for each of the following currents:
(a) i(t) = [3t +6t
3
] mA, from t = 0 to t = 4 s
(b) i(t) = 4sin(40t)cos(40t) A, from t = 0 to t = 0.05 s
(c) i(t) = [4e
t
3e
2t
] A, from t = 0 to t =
(d) i(t) = 12e
3t
cos(40t) nA, from t = 0 to t = 0.05 s
Solution:
(a)
Q(0, 4) =
4
0
i dt =
4
0
(3t +6t
3
) dt 10
3
3t
2
2
+
6t
4
4
4
0
10
3
= 408 (mC).
(b)
Q(0, 0.05) =
0.05
0
i dt =
0.05
0
4sin40t cos40t dt
10
6
=
4
240
sin
2
40t|
0.05
0
10
6
= 0.
(c)
Q(0, ) =

0
i dt =

0
(4e
t
3e
2t
) dt =
4e
t
+
3
2
e
2t
0
= 2.5 (C).
(d)
Q(0, 0.05) =
0.05
0
i dt =
0.05
0
12e
3t
cos40t dt
10
9
.
From Tables of Integrals,
e
ax
cosbx dx = e
ax
(acosbx +bsinbx)
a
2
+b
2
.
Hence,
Q(0, 0.05) =
12e
3t
(3cos40t +40 sin40t)
9+(40)
2
0.05
0
10
9
= 0.32 (pC).
Problem 1.18 If the current owing through a wire is given by i(t) = 3e
0.1t
mA,
how many electrons pass through the wires cross section over the time interval from
t = 0 to t = 0.3 ms?
Solution:
Q(0, 0.3 ms) =
0.3 ms
0
i dt =
0.3 ms
0
3e
0.1t
dt
10
3
=
3e
0.1t
0.1
10
3
0.310
3
0
=30(e
310
5
1) 10
3
= 910
7
(C).
n
e
=
Q
e
=
910
7
1.610
19
= 5.6210
12
electrons.
Problem 1.19 The cumulative charge in mC that entered a certain device is given
by
q(t) =
0, for t < 0,
5t, for 0 t 10 s,
60t, for 10 s t 60 s
(a) Plot q(t) versus t from t = 0 to t = 60 s.
(b) Plot the corresponding current i(t) entering the device.
Solution:
(a)
10
50 mC
20 30 40 50 60
q(t)
t (s)
(b)
10
5 mA
1 mA
20 30 40 50 60
i(t)
t (s)
Problem 1.20 A steady ow resulted in 3 10
15
electrons entering a device in
0.1 ms. What is the current?
Solution:
i =
Q
t
=
n
e
e
t
=
310
15
1.610
19
0.110
3
=4.8 A.
Problem 1.21 Given that the current in mA owing through a wire is given by
i(t) =
_
_
0, for t < 0,
6t, for 0 t 5 s,
30e
0.6(t5)
, for t 5 s,
(a) Sketch i(t) versus t.
(b) Sketch q(t) versus t.
Solution:
(a)
2
30 mA
4 6 8 10 12 14
i(t)
t (s)
20 mA
10 mA
(b) q(t) =
_
t
i(t) dt.
For 0 t 5 s,
q(t) =
_
_
t
0
6t dt
_
10
3
=
6t
2
2
t
0
10
3
= 3t
2
(mC).
For t 5 s,
q(t) =
_
_
5
0
6t dt +
_
t
5
30e
0.6(t5)
dt
_
10
3
=
_
6t
2
2
5
0
+30e
+3
_
t
5
e
0.6t
dt
_
10
3
= [75+50(1e
0.6(t5)
)] (mC).
2
125
100
75
50
25
4 6 8 10 12 14
q (mC)
t (s)
Problem 1.22 The plot in Fig. P1.22 displays the cumulative amount of charge q(t)
that has entered a certain device up to time t. What is the current at
(a) t = 1 s
(b) t = 3 s
(c) t = 6 s
q(t)
t
2 s 4 s
4 C
4 C
0
6 s 8 s
Figure P1.22: q(t) for Problem 1.22.
Solution:
(a) a =
4
2
= 2 A @ t = 1 s (slope of rst segment).
(b) i = 0 @ t = 3 s (slope of q(t) = 0 at t = 3 s).
(c) i =
8
4
=2 A @ t = 6 s (negative slope of third segment).
Problem 1.23 The plot in Fig. P1.23 displays the cumulative amount of charge q(t)
that has exited a certain device up to time t. What is the current at:
(a) t = 2 s
(b) t = 6 s
(c) t = 12 s
q(t)
t
4 s 8 s
2 C
0
4 C
4e
0.2(t8)
Solution:
(a) i = 0 @ t = 2 s (slope = 0 of rst segment).
(b) i =
42
84
=
2
4
= 0.5 A (slope of second segment).
(c)
i =
dq
dt
=
d
dt
(4e
0.2(t8)
) = 4e
1.6
d
dt
e
0.2t
=40.2e
1.6
e
0.2t
=0.36 A @ t = 12 s.
Problem 1.24 The plot in Fig. P1.24 displays the cumulative charge q(t) that has
entered a certain device up to time t. Sketch a plot of the corresponding current i(t).
q
t (s)
1 2
20 C
20 C
0
3 5 4
Solution: Based on the slope of q(t):
i(t) =
dq
dt
=
20 A for 0 t 1 s
20 A for 1 t 3 s
0 for 3 t 4 s
20 A for 4 t 5 s
0 for t 5 s
Fig. P1.24
i (A)
t (s)
1 2
20
20
0
3 5 4
Problem 1.25 In the circuit of Fig. P1.25, node V
1
was selected as the ground node.
(a) What is the voltage at node V
2
?
(b) What is the voltage difference V
32
=V
3
V
2
?
(c) What are the voltages at nodes 1, 3, 4, and 5 if node 2 is selected as the ground
node instead of node 1?
R
1
R
3
R
4
V
2
V
1
= 0
V
3
= 32 V
V
5
= 20 V V
4
= 10 V
48 V
R
5
R
2
+
_
Solution:
(a) V
2
= 48 V
(b) V
32
=V
3
V
2
= 3248 =16 V
R
1
R
3
R
4
V
2
= 0
V
1
48 V
R
5
R
2
+
_
V
3
V
5
V
4
Fig. P1.25 (a)
(c) V
1
=48 V
From part (b), V
32
=16 V, which means V
3
is belowV
2
by 16 V. Hence,
V
3
=16 V (relative to V
2
).
From the earlier conguration, V
4
was 22 V below V
3
. Hence, in the new
conguration
V
4
=2216 =38 V (relative to V
2
).
Similarly,
V
5
=1216 =28 V (relative to V
2
).
Problem 1.26 In the circuit of Fig. P1.26, node V
1
was selected as the ground node.
(a) What is the voltage difference across R
6
?
(b) What are the voltages at nodes 1, 3, and 4 if node 2 is selected as the ground
node instead of node 1?
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
6
10 V
R
5
+
_
20 V
V
1
= 0 V
2
= 4 V
V
3
= 6 V
V
4
= 12 V
+
_
Solution:
(a) V
3
= 6 V, relative to V
1
. This includes a voltage rise of 10 V due to the voltage
source. Hence, the voltage across R
6
must be 4 V.
(b)
Fig. P1.26 (a)
R
3
R
4
R
6
10 V
R
5
+
_
20 V
V
1
= 4 V V
2
= 0
V
3
= 2 V
V
4
= 8 V
+
_
The new voltages are:
V
1
=4 V (relative to V
2
),
V
3
= 6 V4 V = 2 V (relative to V
2
),
V
4
= 12 V4 V = 8 V (relative to V
2
).
Problem 1.27 For each of the eight devices in the circuit of Fig. P1.27, determine
whether the device is a supplier or a recipient of power and how much power it is
supplying or receiving.
+
_
+
_
6 V
4 A 3 A
16 V
1 A
1 A
2 A
+
_
12 V
+
+
_
_
10 V
+
_
9 V
+
_
7 V
4 V +
_
8 V
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
Solution:
Device 1: p =i = 16(4) =64 W (supplier)
Device 2: p =i = 64 = 24 W (recipient)
Problem 1.28 For each of the seven devices in the circuit of Fig. P1.28, determine
whether the device is a supplier or a recipient of power and how much power it is
supplying or receiving.
+
_
6 V
+
_
4 V
5 A
4 A
2 A
3 A
1 A
2 A
24 V
+
_
1
0

V
6

V
1
2

V
+
_
+
_
+
_
+
_
8

V
1
2
3 4
5
6 7
Solution:
Problem 1.29 An electric oven operates at 120 V. If its power rating is 0.6 kW,
what amount of current does it draw and how much energy does it consume in 12
minutes of operation?
Solution:
i =
p
=
0.610
3
120
=5 (A).
w = pt =0.610
3
1260 =432 (kJ).
Problem 1.30 A 9-V ashlight battery has a rating of 1.8 kWh. If the bulb draws a
current of 100 mA when lit, determine the following:
(a) For how long will the ashlight provide illumination?
(b) How much energy in joules is contained in the battery?
(c) What is the batterys rating in ampere-hours?
Solution:
(a)
t =
w
p
=
W
i
=
1.810
3
910010
3
hours
=2, 000 hours.
(b) W =1.810
3
3600 =6.48 (MJ).
(c) Ampere-hours =
1.8 kWh
9 V
=0.2 (kAh).
Problem 1.31 The voltage across and current through a certain device are given by
(t) = 5cos(4t) V,
i(t) = 0.1cos(4t) A.
Determine:
(a) The instantaneous power p(t) at t = 0 and t = 0.25 s.
(b) The average power p
av
, dened as the average value of p(t) over a full time
period of the cosine function (0 to 0.5 s).
Solution:
(a)
p(t) = i = (5cos4t)(0.1cos4t) = 0.5cos
2
4t (W).
p(0) = 0.5 W @ t = 0
p(0.25 s) = 0.5cos
2
(4 0.25) = 0.5 W @ t = 0.25 s.
(b)
p
av
=
1
T
T
0
p(t) dt =
1
0.5
0.5
0
0.5cos
2
4t dt
=
1
8
[sin4t cos4t +4t]|
0.5
0
=
1
4
(W).
Problem 1.32 The voltage across and current through a certain device are given by
(t) = 100(1e
0.2t
) V
i(t) = 30e
0.2t
mA.
Determine:
(a) The instantaneous power p(t) at t = 0 and t = 3 s.
(b) The cumulative energy delivered to the device from t = 0 to t =.
Solution:
(a)
p(t) =i = 100(1e
0.2t
) 30e
0.2t
10
3
= 3(e
0.2t
e
0.4t
) (W).
(b)
W =

0
p(t) dt = 3(e
0.2t
e
0.4t
) dt
=
3e
0.2t
0.2
+
3e
0.4t
0.4
0
=
3
0.2
3
0.4
= 7.5 (J).
Problem 1.33 The voltage across a device and the current through it are shown
graphically in Fig. P1.33. Sketch the corresponding power delivered to the device
and calculate the energy absorbed by it.
10 A
5 A
1 s 2 s
i(t)
t
5 V
0
0
1 s 2 s
(t)
t
Figure P1.33: i(t) and (t) of the device in Problem 1.33.
Solution: For 0 t 1 s,
p =i = 5t 10 = 50t
For 1 s t 2 s,
p =i = (105t) 5 = 5025t.
W =
2
0
pdt =
1
0
50t dt +
2
1
(5025t) dt
=
50t
2
2
1
0
+
50t
25t
2
2
2
1
= 37.5 (J).
1 s 2 s
50 W
25 W
p(t)
t (s)
10 A
1 s 2 s
i(t)
t
5 V
1 s 2 s
(t)
t
0
0
Figure P1.34: i(t) and (t) of the device in Problem 1.34.
Solution: For 0 t 1 s,
p(t) =i = (5t)(10t) = 50t
2
For 1 s t 2 s,
= 5(2t)
i = 10(2t)
p(t) = 50(2t)
2
1 s 2 s
50 W
p(t)
t
w =
2
0
p(t) dt
=
1
0
50t
2
dt +
2
1
50(2t)
2
dt
= 33.3 J.
10 A
4 s
i(t)
t
1 s 3 s
4 s
1 s
3 s
0
2 s
(t)
t
5 V
0
5 V
Figure P1.35: i(t) and (t) of the device in Problem
1.35.
Solution:
For 0 t 1 s,
p(t) =i = 5(10t) = 50t.
For 1 s t 3 s, p = 0.
For 3 s t 4 s,
=5 V,
i = (10t +40) A,
p(t) =i = 50t 200.
For t 4 s, p = 0.
4 1 2
p(t)
t (s)
50 W
0
50 W
3
Fig. P1.35 (a)
Energy w = 0.
Problem 1.36 After t = 0, the current entering the positive terminal of a ashlight
bulb is given by
i(t) = 2(1e
10t
) (A),
and the voltage across the bulb is (t) =12e
10t
(V). Determine the maximum power
level delivered to the ashlight.
Solution:
p(t) =i
= 12e
10t
[2(1e
10t
)]
= 24(e
10t
e
20t
).
to nd p
max
, we take the derivative of p(t) and equate it to zero:
dp
dt
=
d
dt
[24(e
10t
e
20t
)]
= 24(10)e
10t
24(20)e
20t
= 0,
which simplies to
e
10t
2e
20t
= 0.
Dividing by e
10t
gives
12e
10
t = 0,
or
e
10t
=
1
2
.
Taking the natural log of both sides gives
ln(e
10t
) = ln
1
2
,
10t =0.693,
or
t = 0.0693 s.
Using this value of t in the expression for p(t) gives
p
max
= 24(e
100.0693
e
200.0693
)
= 24(0.50.25) = 6 W.
Problem 1.37 Apply the law of conservation of power to determine the amount of
power delivered to device 4 in the circuit of Fig. P1.37, given that that the amounts
of power delivered to the other devices are: p
1
=100 W, p
2
= 30 W, p
3
= 22 W,
p
5
= 67 W, p
6
=201 W, and p
7
= 120 W.
P
4
= ?
2
6
4
5
1 3 7
Figure P1.37: Circuit of Problem 1.37.
Solution: Conservation of power requires that
p
1
+ p
2
+ p
3
+ p
4
+ p
5
+ p
6
+ p
7
= 0.
Hence,
p
4
=p
1
p
2
p
3
p
5
p
6
p
7
=(100) 302267(201) 120
= 62 W.
Problem 1.38 Determine V
y
in the circuit of Fig. P1.38.
10 2
5
V
y
12 V
1.2 A
+
_
V
x
I = 0.1V
x
+
_
+
_
Solution: Give that a 1.2-A current is entering the + terminal of V
x
it follows that
V
x
=1.25 =6 V.
Hence,
I =0.1V
x
=0.6 A,
and
V
y
=0.62 =1.2 V.
Problem 1.39 Determine V, the voltage of the dependent voltage source in the
circuit of Fig. P1.39.
20
10 V
I
x
30
5
10
V = 2I
x
+
_
+
_ 15 V
+
_
Solution: Given that the voltage across the 5- resistor is 15 V, it follows that
I
x
=
15
5
=3 A.
Hence,
V =2I
x
=23 =6 V.
Problem 1.40 For the circuit in Fig. P1.40, generate circuit diagrams that include
only those elements that have current owing through them for
(a) t <0
(b) 0 <t <2 s
(c) t >2 s
+
_
V
0
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
6
R
5
t = 2 s
t = 0
Solution:
(a) t <0
+
_
V
0
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
6
R
5
(b) 0 <t <2 s
+
_
V
0
R
1
R
2
R
5
(c) t >2 s
+
_
V
0
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
6
R
5
Problem 1.41 For the circuit in Fig. P1.41, generate circuit diagrams that include
only those elements that have current owing through them for
(a) t <0
(b) 0 <t <2 s
(c) t >2 s
V
1
V
2
R
1
SPST
SPST
SPDT
R
2 R
3
R
4
R
6
R
5
+
_
+
_
t = 0
t = 0
t = 2 s
1
2
Solution:
(a) t <0
V
2
R
2 R
3
R
4
R
6
+
_
(b) 0 <t <2 s
V
1
R
1
R
2 R
3
+
_
(c) t >2 s
V
1
R
1
R
3
R
4
R
5
+
_
Problem 1.42 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P1.42 closes at t = 0. Which
elements are in-series and which are in-parallel at (a) t <0 and (b) t >0?
+
_
s
R
4
R
6
R
5
R
3
R
1
R
2
t = 0
2
1
3 4
Solution:
(a) At t <0:

s
and R
1
are in-series
R
5
and R
6
are in-parallel with each other and with a short circuit
R
2
is in-parallel with the series combination of
s
and R
1
(b) At t >0:
All of the above continues to be true, but in addition:
R
3
and R
4
are in-series and their combination is in-parallel with R
2

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Problem 1.

1 Use appropriate multiple and submultiple prexes to express the

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