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Shear connectors
– Generalities about shear connectors
Shear Connectors and – Design resistance of usual shear connectors
Structural Analysis Structural frame analysis
– Global analysis for Ultimate Limit States
– Global analysis for Service Limit States
V S
Profiled Steel Sheeting Shear connectors T =
I
V: vertical shear force in the beam
I : second moment of area of the section
S: first moment of area of either the concrete
slab or the steel section about the elastic
Steel beam neutral axis.
Transverse rebars
Strains Bending stresses Shear stresses Strains Bending stresses Shear stresses
P
P (shear)
Basic forms of connectors P Rk
P
Rk
su s s
Ductile connector Non ductile connector
Shear connectors
11 12
where :
fu is the ultimate strength of the stud
Distance along the beam Distance along the beam fck is the characteristic strength of the concrete
α is the corrective factor depending on h/d
q = 0,7 times the plastic failure load
q = 0,98 times the plastic failure load
γv is the partial safety factor
Vibrations
– Check that the eigen frequencies of the structure or of parts of
For headed studs with profiled steel sheeting it are different from those at the source of vibrations
the design shear resistance is multiplied by a (machines, …)
– Eigen frequency for a composite floor:
reduction factor. Uncracked properties of the section
Possible slip at shear interface neglected
This reduction factor depends on : Secant elasticity modulus Ecm for concrete (short-
- the geometry of the slab term)
- the relative position (II or ⊥) of the steel beam and Simply supported beam
the sheeting ribs (saç olukları)
- the number of stud connectors in one rib (Oluk g
f= 1 with g =9810 mm/sec2
başına kaynaklanan stud miktarı) 2π δ
(continued)
δ = δ s + δb
δs is the deflection of the slab (with regard to the beam)
Simply Supported
δb is the beam deflection
Composite Beams
– Critical frequencies
– Normal floor: 3 Hz
– Gymnastic or dance floor: 5 Hz
Section Classification of
Principal Design Checks
Composite Beams
19 20
Class 1 and 2
– capable of developing the full plastic bending moment M+
Beams acting compositely with concrete slab
– can also rotate after the formation of a plastic hinge
– Compression flange is restrained from buckling by the
Class 3 concrete slab
– full plastic moment resistance cannot be achieved – Flange may be defined as Class 1
– stresses in the extreme fibres of the steel section can reach Partially encased beams
yield
– Infill between flanges provides incomplete restraint
Class 4 – Slenderness limits apply
– Local buckling occurs before yield is reached – Table 5.4
Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the
Slab Depth Slab Depth
27 28
(compression)
+ 0,85 f γ Plasticaxial resistance of the steel beam (in
b
eff ck / c
tension) Npla
N
hc P.N.A. z
F
cf Npla = Aafy/γa
hp
where Aa is the area of the steel beam
ha / 2
Npla
Axial resistance of the Concrete slab Ncf:
ha
ha / 2 a Ncf = hcb+eff(0.85fck/ γc)
where b+eff is the effective width of the slab
f y / γa
(tension)
Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the
Slab Depth Flange of the Steel Beam
29 30
(compression)
Consider longitudinal equilibrium
Plastic neutral axis is located in the thickness N
cf
hc if
N
pla1
Ncf > Npla
Depth of the plastic neutral axis z: N
pla2
z = Npla/ (b+eff 0.85fck/ γc) < hc
tf
Moment resistance: bf
M+plRd = Npla (0.5ha + hc + hp - 0.5z)
(tension)
Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of
the Steel Beam the Steel Beam
31 32
Also
If Ncf < Npla Npla1 < bf tf fy/γa
– plastic neutral axis is located in below the level of or
the interface within the upper flange of a
Npla - Ncf< 2bf tf fy/γa
symmetric steel beam
– z is greater than the total thickness of the slab (hc Two equal and opposite forces, Npla1 added
+ hp) to:
Ncf + Npla1 - Npla2 = 0
∴ Ncf + 2Npla1 - (Npla2 + Npla1) = 0
Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of
the Steel Beam the Steel Beam
33 34
Noting Npla = Npla1 + Npla2 Taking moments about the centre of gravity of
Npla1 = 0.5(Npla - Ncf) the concrete:
∴ Npla = Ncf + 2Npla1
Depth of the flange in compression is M+pl..Rd = Npla(0.5ha + 0.5hc + hp)
[z - (hc + hp)] - 0.5(Npla - Ncf)(z + hp)
∴ Npla1 = b1 (z - hc - hp)fy/γa,
∴ Npla = Ncf + 2b1 (z - hc - hp).fy/γa
Plastic Neutral Axis in the Web of the Plastic Neutral Axis in the Web of the
Steel Beam Steel Beam
35 36
If,simultaneously:
Ncf > Npla and Npla - Ncf > 2bf tf fy/γa
N Neutral axis is located within the beam web
cf
Tensile force Npla1 is balanced by an equal and
N
P.N.A.
w pla1 opposite force
t N This acts in equivalent position on opposite side
w pla2 of beam centre of gravity
Remaining tensile force balances Ncf
(tension)
Plastic Neutral Axis in the Web of the Shear Resistance
Steel Beam
37 38
'critical
lengths' of beam between
For unstiffened webs, not encased
adjacent critical cross-sections:
d/tw < 69ε
• point of maximum bending moment
For unstiffened, encased webs
• supports
d/tw < 124ε
• concentrated loads
For stiffened webs, not encased Q
d
π 2 .E a t
τ cr = kτ ( w )2 A B C
12.(1 − ν ) d
2
L/2 L/2
kτ = 4+5,34/(a/d)² if a/d ≤ 1 L
Solid slab, equal steel flanges Lc<25m: Reduced longitudinal shear force transferred
η > 1-(355/fy)(0,75-0,03Lc) between steel and concrete
Solid slab, unequal steel flanges Lc<20m: V1red = NPRd < V1N
η > 1-(355/fy)(0,30-0,015Lc) Hence moment resistance reduced
Composite slabs Lc<25m: M+Rdred < M+plRd
η > 1-(355/fy)(1-0,04Lc)
Moment resistance calculated using same
In all cases η > 0,4 principles as full interaction
For critical lengths longer than indicated Stress blocks reduced to V1red in both steel and
η>1 concrete
N 1.0 N
( ) min
Nf Nf
Deflections
Serviceability Limit State Design
51 52
Concluding summary
İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ
57 58
Negative moment
Plastic cross-
cross-section resistance Plastic cross-
cross-section resistance
63 64
Case 1: plastic neutral axis is in the flange of the steel section Case 2: plastic neutral axis is in the web of the steel section
tension tension
b eff f /γ
sk s
hc F
s
P.N.A. hs
hp
tf
f Fa
P.N.A.
zw
ha
tw Fa
h a /2
bf f y / γa f y / γa
compression γ a ⋅ Fs
zw =
2t w f y
− Fs = As f sk / γ s −
M pl . Rd = Fa (0,5ha + hs ) − ( Fa − Fs )(0,5 z f + hs ) M pl . Rd = M apl . Rd + Fc (0,5ha + 0,5hc + h p ) − 0,5 Fc z w
Fa = Fs + 2b f z f f y / γ a Fs = As f sk / γ s
Lateral--torsional buckling
Lateral Lateral-torsional buckling
Lateral-
(Yanal burulması burkulma)
65 66
The theory of lateral-torsional buckling of continuous Prevention of lateral-torsional buckling by detailing rules
beams over supports is rather complex.
These rules refer to: (önlemek için)
In reality, lateral-torsional buckling is affected by: the regularity of adjacent span lengths (komşu açıklık düzenliliği)
– beam distortion / lateral deflection of compressed flange the loading of the spans and the share of permanent loads (kalıcı
– torsional rigidity of section yüklerin paylaşımı)
the shear connection between top flange and concrete slab (üst
başlık ile beton döşemenin kayma birleşimi)
In design, two types of simplified approach may be the neighbouring member supporting the slab (komşu eleman)
followed: the lateral restraints and web stiffeners of the steel member at its
– simplified calculation of lateral-torsional buckling resistance according to supports (mesnette yanal destekler ve gövde berkitmeleri)
analogy to steel beams (EC3 approach)
the cross-sectional dimensions of the steel member (çelik kesiti)
– application of certain detailing rules that prevent lateral-torsional buckling
the depth of the steel member (depending on section shape, steel
grade and presence of encasement) (çelik kesit derinliği)
Shear connection design Shear connection design –
Example
67 68
(red)
M
u
Ultimate load
M u( red ) L + M u′ d …where Mu(red) depends on the degree of
Q=
d (L − d ) shear connection
Serviceability – Conclusions
Cracking of concrete
71 72
This limit state is particular for continuous beams. Continuous beams offer advantages over simply supported
(For other serviceability problems, see lecture on simply supported beams) beams, but special phenomena need particular attention
during design in the hogging moment regions
In simply supported beams, concrete may crack due to In the case of both elastic and plastic design, cross-section
shrinkage classification and resistance calculation are key issues
Lateral-torsional buckling at the hogging moment regions
In continuous beams, concrete cracking is mainly due to must be prevented by appropriate detailing or by direct
tensile stresses in the hogging moment regions check
In shear connection design, hogging moment regions
This cracking is prevented by limiting bar spacing or bar require full shear connection
diameters in the reinforcement In the hogging moment regions, the serviceability limit state
of cracking of concrete may be relevant
Türkçe Kaynaklar
73 74
Çelik
Yapıda Karma Elemanların Plastik
Hesabı, 1991
– Prof. Dr. Tevfik Seno ARDA
– Prof. Dr. Nesrin Yardımcı ÇOK KATLI YAPILARA GİRİŞ
Kompozit Döşemeler, Ocak 2003
Dr. Kağan YEMEZ
– Doç. Dr. Cavidan YORGUN
– TUCSA Yayınları, Teknik Yayınlar Dizisi: 2 KY.IU2008@gmail.com
– www.tucsa.org