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İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ

1 2

ÇOK KATLI YAPILARA GİRİŞ ÇOK KATLI YAPILARA GİRİŞ


Dr. Kağan YEMEZ Ders 5
KY.IU2008@gmail.com Döşeme sistemleri.
–Betonarme – Çelik – Kompozit
–Tasarım kriterleri

Scope of the lecture


Structural Steelwork Eurocodes
3 4

 Shear connectors
– Generalities about shear connectors
Shear Connectors and – Design resistance of usual shear connectors
Structural Analysis  Structural frame analysis
– Global analysis for Ultimate Limit States
– Global analysis for Service Limit States

Shear connectors Shear force T in the connectors


5 6

V S
Profiled Steel Sheeting Shear connectors T =
I
V: vertical shear force in the beam
I : second moment of area of the section
S: first moment of area of either the concrete
slab or the steel section about the elastic
Steel beam neutral axis.
Transverse rebars

Formula applicable in the elastic domain


Forces applied to connectors Forces applied to connectors
7 8

 No shear connection  Full connection

Beam section Beam section

Elastic range Elastic range

Full plastic Full plastic


state state

Strains Bending stresses Shear stresses Strains Bending stresses Shear stresses

Shear connectors Shear connectors


9 10

P
P (shear)
 Basic forms of connectors P Rk

P
Rk

Stud connector T connector


slip

su s s
Ductile connector Non ductile connector

Angle connector Hoop block connector


Criteria available in Eurocode 4

Shear connectors
11 12

 Deformation of flexible connectors

Slip Crushed concrete


Shear connectors Design resistance of studs
13 14

 Rigid and flexible connectors PRd = min( PRd(1) , PRd( 2 ) )


q q
h
PRd(1) = 0,8 . f u . (π . d ² / 4) / γ v d

PRd( 2 ) = 0,29 .α . d ² . f ck . Ecm / γ v


Connector force
Connector force

where :
fu is the ultimate strength of the stud
Distance along the beam Distance along the beam fck is the characteristic strength of the concrete
α is the corrective factor depending on h/d
q = 0,7 times the plastic failure load
q = 0,98 times the plastic failure load
γv is the partial safety factor

Design resistance of studs Analysis for


serviceability limit states
15 16

 Vibrations
– Check that the eigen frequencies of the structure or of parts of
 For headed studs with profiled steel sheeting it are different from those at the source of vibrations
the design shear resistance is multiplied by a (machines, …)
– Eigen frequency for a composite floor:
reduction factor.  Uncracked properties of the section
 Possible slip at shear interface neglected
 This reduction factor depends on :  Secant elasticity modulus Ecm for concrete (short-
- the geometry of the slab term)
- the relative position (II or ⊥) of the steel beam and  Simply supported beam
the sheeting ribs (saç olukları)
- the number of stud connectors in one rib (Oluk g
f= 1 with g =9810 mm/sec2
başına kaynaklanan stud miktarı) 2π δ
(continued)

Analysis for Structural Steelwork Eurocodes


serviceability limit states Development of a Trans-
Trans-National Approach
17 18

– Formula valid for simply supported composite beams


– Also applicable for slabs overlapping several parallel
composite beams with:

δ = δ s + δb
δs is the deflection of the slab (with regard to the beam)
Simply Supported
δb is the beam deflection
Composite Beams
– Critical frequencies
– Normal floor: 3 Hz
– Gymnastic or dance floor: 5 Hz
Section Classification of
Principal Design Checks
Composite Beams
19 20

 Composite beam design to EC4 is


according to Limit State Design principles  Local buckling is controlled by section
classification
 The principal checks are:
 Sections are classified according to the least
– Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
favourable class of its steel elements in
• Moment resistance
compression
• Shear connection
– Flange
• Vertical shear – Web
– Serviceability Limit State (SLS)  Class of section and slenderness limits are
• Deflection identical to those for bare steel sections - EC3
• Concrete cracking

Section Classification of Classification of Compression


Composite Beams Flange
21 22

 Class 1 and 2
– capable of developing the full plastic bending moment M+
 Beams acting compositely with concrete slab
– can also rotate after the formation of a plastic hinge
– Compression flange is restrained from buckling by the
 Class 3 concrete slab
– full plastic moment resistance cannot be achieved – Flange may be defined as Class 1
– stresses in the extreme fibres of the steel section can reach  Partially encased beams
yield
– Infill between flanges provides incomplete restraint
 Class 4 – Slenderness limits apply
– Local buckling occurs before yield is reached – Table 5.4

Classification of steel flanges -


Classification of Web
EC4 Table 5.4
23 24

 Limits for rolled and welded sections:


 If
the plastic neutral axis is in the slab or the
Class Limit Rolled (Welded)
upper flange
1 c/t ≤ 10ε 9ε – Web is in tension throughout

2 c/t ≤ 15εε 14ε – Web is designated as Class 1


 If plastic neutral axis is in the web
3 c/t ≤ 21ε 20ε – Slenderness of the web should be checked
– Table 5.2a of EC3
– Seldom applies for simply supported beams
c = flange outstand; t = flange thickness; ε = √(235/fy)
Plastic Moment Resistance of Composite beams with
Class 1 or 2 Sections composite decking
25 26

 Bending resistance based on plastic analysis


 Simplified assumptions  For composite beams with composite floor
– Full interaction (Tam etkileşim)
slabs, additionally assumptions apply
– All fibres of the steel beam are yielded in tension or compression
(Çelik kiriş çekme veya basıç yönünde akması) – Concrete in the ribs is ignored
– Compression stresses in the concrete are uniform and equal to – This limits the depth of concrete in compression
0.85fck/γc (beton gerilmeleri düzgün yayılı)  General analysis of composite beams can be
– Concrete in tension is negligible (betondaki çekme ihmal
edilebilir)
applied to solid floor slabs by setting the
– Slab reinforcement in tension is yielded with a stress of fsk/γs depth of profiles, hp, to zero
(döşeme donatısındaki çekme)
– Slab reinforcement and the decking in compression have
negligible effect (döşeme donatısı ve saçındaki çekme ihmal
edilebilir)

Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the
Slab Depth Slab Depth
27 28

(compression)
+ 0,85 f γ  Plasticaxial resistance of the steel beam (in
b
eff ck / c
tension) Npla
N
hc P.N.A. z
F
cf Npla = Aafy/γa
hp
where Aa is the area of the steel beam
ha / 2
Npla
 Axial resistance of the Concrete slab Ncf:
ha
ha / 2 a Ncf = hcb+eff(0.85fck/ γc)
where b+eff is the effective width of the slab
f y / γa

(tension)

Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the Plastic Neutral Axis Located in the
Slab Depth Flange of the Steel Beam
29 30

(compression)
 Consider longitudinal equilibrium
 Plastic neutral axis is located in the thickness N
cf
hc if
N
pla1
Ncf > Npla
 Depth of the plastic neutral axis z: N
pla2
z = Npla/ (b+eff 0.85fck/ γc) < hc
tf
 Moment resistance: bf
M+plRd = Npla (0.5ha + hc + hp - 0.5z)
(tension)
Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of
the Steel Beam the Steel Beam
31 32

 Also
 If Ncf < Npla Npla1 < bf tf fy/γa
– plastic neutral axis is located in below the level of or
the interface within the upper flange of a
Npla - Ncf< 2bf tf fy/γa
symmetric steel beam
– z is greater than the total thickness of the slab (hc  Two equal and opposite forces, Npla1 added
+ hp) to:
Ncf + Npla1 - Npla2 = 0
∴ Ncf + 2Npla1 - (Npla2 + Npla1) = 0

Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of Plastic Neutral Axis in the Flange of
the Steel Beam the Steel Beam
33 34

 Noting Npla = Npla1 + Npla2  Taking moments about the centre of gravity of
Npla1 = 0.5(Npla - Ncf) the concrete:
∴ Npla = Ncf + 2Npla1
 Depth of the flange in compression is M+pl..Rd = Npla(0.5ha + 0.5hc + hp)
[z - (hc + hp)] - 0.5(Npla - Ncf)(z + hp)
∴ Npla1 = b1 (z - hc - hp)fy/γa,
∴ Npla = Ncf + 2b1 (z - hc - hp).fy/γa

Plastic Neutral Axis in the Web of the Plastic Neutral Axis in the Web of the
Steel Beam Steel Beam
35 36

 If,simultaneously:
Ncf > Npla and Npla - Ncf > 2bf tf fy/γa
N Neutral axis is located within the beam web
cf
 Tensile force Npla1 is balanced by an equal and
N
P.N.A.
w pla1 opposite force
t N  This acts in equivalent position on opposite side
w pla2 of beam centre of gravity
 Remaining tensile force balances Ncf
(tension)
Plastic Neutral Axis in the Web of the Shear Resistance
Steel Beam
37 38

 This force to balance Ncf


– acts over a depth of the web 2zw  For webs not prone to shear buckling:
– at a stress of fy/γa  Shear stresses assumed to be carried by web
– at centre of gravity of steel beam of steel beam alone
– equilibrium gives zw = Ncf/(2tw fy/γa)  EC3 rules apply
 Moment of resistance: Vsd < VplRd
M+pl.Rd = Mapl.Rd + Ncf(0.5ha + 0.5hc + hp)
VplRd = Aw(fy/3) / γa
- 0.5 Ncf zw Aw is the shear area of the bare steel beam

Shear resistance - conditions for Connector design - beams class


no shear buckling 1 or 2
39 40

 'critical
lengths' of beam between
 For unstiffened webs, not encased
adjacent critical cross-sections:
d/tw < 69ε
• point of maximum bending moment
 For unstiffened, encased webs
• supports
d/tw < 124ε
• concentrated loads
 For stiffened webs, not encased Q
d
π 2 .E a t
τ cr = kτ ( w )2 A B C

12.(1 − ν ) d
2

L/2 L/2
kτ = 4+5,34/(a/d)² if a/d ≤ 1 L

kτ = 5,34+4/(a/d)² if a/d >1

Connector design - beams class Partial Interaction


1 or 2
41 42

 The total longitudinal shear force VIN is:


 Partial interaction allowed for
VlN = min(Aa fy / γa; 0,85beff hc fck /γc) – ductile connectors
 For ductile connectors all assumed to be at the – class 1 or 2 sections
same load, PRd, the design strength of a single  Stud connectors defined as ductile if:
connector. – length not less than 4x diameter
 The number of connectors for the critical length – 12mm < diameter < 25mm
is therefore: – Degree of shear connection, η (= N/Nf), is greater
Nf(AB) = Nf(BC) = VlN / PRd than prescribed limits

 spaced uniformly over each critical length


Partial Interaction - minimum Partial Interaction - moment
shear connection resistance
43 44

 Solid slab, equal steel flanges Lc<25m:  Reduced longitudinal shear force transferred
η > 1-(355/fy)(0,75-0,03Lc) between steel and concrete
 Solid slab, unequal steel flanges Lc<20m: V1red = NPRd < V1N
η > 1-(355/fy)(0,30-0,015Lc)  Hence moment resistance reduced
 Composite slabs Lc<25m: M+Rdred < M+plRd
η > 1-(355/fy)(1-0,04Lc)
 Moment resistance calculated using same
 In all cases η > 0,4 principles as full interaction
 For critical lengths longer than indicated  Stress blocks reduced to V1red in both steel and

η>1 concrete

Graph of M+Rdred vs number of Connector design for class 3 or 4


connectors beams
45 46

Neutral axis of the section


(red)
M pl.Rd in the steel web in the steel flange
 Based on elastic behaviour
C
M pl.Rd  Longitudinal shear stress V is given by:
B
V = T S1 / l
 Connectors spaced to reflect shear
DUCTILE CONNECTORS
distribution
M apl.Rd – more closely spaced near supports
A

N 1.0 N
( ) min
Nf Nf

Transverse reinforcement Transverse reinforcement


47 48
At A bh At
a a
a
 Total area of transverse reinforcement per
unit length crossing potential shear failure b b
a
a a Ab c Ab
surface = Ae c

 Total length of potential failure surface = Ls Ae


Plane
 Design shear per unit length, VSc1, must a
A bh At
a-a A +At
b
not exceed shear resistance VRd of failure
b-b 2 Ab
surface.
c-c 2 ( A b+ A bh ) a Ab
d-d 2 A bh d d
Transverse reinforcement Transverse reinforcement -
composite slabs
49 50

 VSc1 < VRd  Profiled sheeting can be considered as


equivalent reinforcement
 VRd = min(VRd(1) , VRd(2))
 VRd(1) = 2,5τRd Ls + Ae fsk / γs + Ap fp / γap
VRd(1) = 2,5τRd Ls + Ae fsk / γs
VRd(2) = 0,2 Ls fck / γRd where
Ap - area of sheeting crossing failure surface
τRd is the design shear strength for concrete
fp - nominal elastic limit of sheet
γap - appropriate partial safety factor (taken as 1,1)
fck 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
τRd 0,26 0,30 0,34 0,38 0,42 0,46 0,50

Deflections
Serviceability Limit State Design
51 52

 Concerns:  Calculated deflections based on


– deflections transformed section
– cracking of concrete  Deflection limits as for bare steel (EC3)
– vibrations
 Simplified approaches using limiting
 For conventional buildings, rigorous span:depth ratios (açıklık/derinlik oranı)
analysis often unnecessary
 For simply supported beams the limits are:
 No serviceability limits imposed for – 15 to 18 for main beams
stresses – 18 to 20 for secondary beams (joists)

Concrete cracking - simplified


Concrete cracking
rules for minimum reinforcement
53 54

 Minimum area of reinforcement, As:


 EC2 procedures may be adopted As = ks kc k fct,eff Act / σs
fct,eff - mean tensile strength of concrete (∼3N/mm2)
 A simplified alternative is to
k ∼ 0,8; ks ∼ 0,9
– provide minimum reinforcement kc = 1 / {1 + hc / (2 zo)} + 0,3 ≤ 1,0
– limit bar spacing hc is the thickness of the concrete flange
zo - distance between centroids of concrete flange and composite
section
Act - area of effective width of concrete
σs = fsk but lower values may apply (Table 5).
Concluding summary
Concrete cracking - Values of σs
55 56

 Sections are classified as for bare steel


sections, but webs may be reclassified.
steel stress σs max bar diameter (mm) for design crack width
N/mm2 wk = 0,4mm wk = 0,3mm wk = 0,2mm  The moment resistance of class 1 and 2
160 40 32 25 sections is calculated using plastic analysis
200 32 25 16
 The moment resistance of class 3 sections is
240 20 16 12
280 16 12 8 calculated using elastic analysis
320 12 10 6  Vertical shear strength is as the bare steel
360 10 8 5
section
400 8 6 4
450 6 5 -

Concluding summary
İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ
57 58

 Longitudinal shear connection is based on the


force transmitted between the steel section and
concrete slab.
 If connectors are insufficient beam may be
designed as partially composite
ÇOK KATLI YAPILARA GİRİŞ
 Deflection limits are as stated in EC3
Ders 4
 Concrete cracking can be controlled by
Döşeme sistemleri.
appropriate slab reinforcement
–Betonarme – Çelik – Kompozit
–Tasarım kriterleri

Structural Steelwork Eurocodes Introduction


59 60

 Continuous beams may be more economical than simply


supported beams.
 However, special phenomena may occur which must be
taken into account in design, such as:
Continuous Beams – local buckling of compressed plate elements
– lateral-torsional buckling
– cracking of concrete due to tensile stresses
 These all occur in the hogging moment regions.
 In the sagging moment regions, design checks are similar
to those of simply supported beams. See previous lecture.
Introduction Plastic cross-
cross-section resistance
61 62

 In the construction  Basic assumptions:


phase, hogging moment – full connection between steel and concrete
regions may extend to a – all fibres yielded – steel & reinforcement: full yield strength
Negative moment – all concrete is in tension; resistance of concrete in tension is zero
larger part of a span than
in normal conditions.
(a) Both spans loaded
 Two main cases for which formulae are developed
– case 1: plastic neutral axis is in the flange of the steel section
– case 2: plastic neutral axis is in the web of the steel section

Negative moment

(b) One span loaded

Plastic cross-
cross-section resistance Plastic cross-
cross-section resistance
63 64

 Case 1: plastic neutral axis is in the flange of the steel section  Case 2: plastic neutral axis is in the web of the steel section
tension tension
b eff f /γ
sk s

hc F
s
P.N.A. hs
hp
tf
f Fa
P.N.A.
zw
ha
tw Fa
h a /2

bf f y / γa f y / γa

compression γ a ⋅ Fs
zw =
2t w f y
− Fs = As f sk / γ s −
M pl . Rd = Fa (0,5ha + hs ) − ( Fa − Fs )(0,5 z f + hs ) M pl . Rd = M apl . Rd + Fc (0,5ha + 0,5hc + h p ) − 0,5 Fc z w
Fa = Fs + 2b f z f f y / γ a Fs = As f sk / γ s

Lateral--torsional buckling
Lateral Lateral-torsional buckling
Lateral-
(Yanal burulması burkulma)
65 66

 The theory of lateral-torsional buckling of continuous  Prevention of lateral-torsional buckling by detailing rules
beams over supports is rather complex.
These rules refer to: (önlemek için)
 In reality, lateral-torsional buckling is affected by:  the regularity of adjacent span lengths (komşu açıklık düzenliliği)
– beam distortion / lateral deflection of compressed flange  the loading of the spans and the share of permanent loads (kalıcı
– torsional rigidity of section yüklerin paylaşımı)
 the shear connection between top flange and concrete slab (üst
başlık ile beton döşemenin kayma birleşimi)
 In design, two types of simplified approach may be  the neighbouring member supporting the slab (komşu eleman)
followed:  the lateral restraints and web stiffeners of the steel member at its
– simplified calculation of lateral-torsional buckling resistance according to supports (mesnette yanal destekler ve gövde berkitmeleri)
analogy to steel beams (EC3 approach)
 the cross-sectional dimensions of the steel member (çelik kesiti)
– application of certain detailing rules that prevent lateral-torsional buckling
 the depth of the steel member (depending on section shape, steel
grade and presence of encasement) (çelik kesit derinliği)
Shear connection design Shear connection design –
Example
67 68

 Basic rules Problem:


– Connectors should be ductile Design of shear connection for a continuous beam with Class 1 cross-
– Plastic design of shear connection is possible even if global analysis is sections (rigid-plastic analysis), assuming ductile connectors
elastic, provided that the end cross-sections of the critical length to be
designed are at least Class 2 L M u'
Q
– In hogging moment regions, use of full shear connection is recommended
– In sagging moment regions, partial shear connection may be applied A B C
d

(red)
M
u

 Ultimate load
M u( red ) L + M u′ d …where Mu(red) depends on the degree of
Q=
d (L − d ) shear connection

Shear connection design – Shear connection design –


Example Example
69 70

 Equilibrium of slab For section AB:  Number of connectors


bending diagram
Vl ( AB ) = N ( AB ) PRd = Fu( red ) 1   Aa f y 0 ,85beff hc f ck  As f sk 
M
necessary for a full N (f BC ) = ⋅ min ;  + 
 γa γc γ s 
pl.Rd PRd 
A B
connection over BC: 
+(red)
M + C
pl.Rd
For section BC:
Q
A B
Vl ( BC ) = N ( BC ) PRd = Fu( red ) + Fs  Ultimate load in the Qu Plastic hinge theory A'
1,0
-F (red) function of total number
(AB)
+- V F (red)
L of connectors B'

Fu( red ) = N ( BC ) PRd − Fs


B C Fs
-F (red)
(BC)
F (red) +- V
L -F
s
M u(red ) C'

 Total number of connectors: N = N ( AB ) + N ( BC ) = 2 N ( BC ) − FS / PRd 0 ( N/N f ) B' 1,0 N/N f

Serviceability – Conclusions
Cracking of concrete
71 72

 This limit state is particular for continuous beams.  Continuous beams offer advantages over simply supported
(For other serviceability problems, see lecture on simply supported beams) beams, but special phenomena need particular attention
during design in the hogging moment regions
 In simply supported beams, concrete may crack due to  In the case of both elastic and plastic design, cross-section
shrinkage classification and resistance calculation are key issues
 Lateral-torsional buckling at the hogging moment regions
 In continuous beams, concrete cracking is mainly due to must be prevented by appropriate detailing or by direct
tensile stresses in the hogging moment regions check
 In shear connection design, hogging moment regions
 This cracking is prevented by limiting bar spacing or bar require full shear connection
diameters in the reinforcement  In the hogging moment regions, the serviceability limit state
of cracking of concrete may be relevant
Türkçe Kaynaklar
73 74

 Çelik
Yapıda Karma Elemanların Plastik
Hesabı, 1991
– Prof. Dr. Tevfik Seno ARDA
– Prof. Dr. Nesrin Yardımcı ÇOK KATLI YAPILARA GİRİŞ
 Kompozit Döşemeler, Ocak 2003
Dr. Kağan YEMEZ
– Doç. Dr. Cavidan YORGUN
– TUCSA Yayınları, Teknik Yayınlar Dizisi: 2 KY.IU2008@gmail.com
– www.tucsa.org

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